taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111358/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111358	Fig. 3. Peterson’s holotype of Borocyon robustum (CM 1918): an anterior mandible with right p2, p1 alveolus, and worn canine; two caudal vertebrae indicating a long tail; distal right tibia and fibula; partial right tarsus-metatarsus including astragalus, navicular, ecto-, meso-, and entocuneiforms, and parts of metatarsals 3, 4, and 5. Runningwater Fm., Whistle Creek area, Sioux Co., Nebraska.	Fig. 3. Peterson’s holotype of Borocyon robustum (CM 1918): an anterior mandible with right p2, p1 alveolus, and worn canine; two caudal vertebrae indicating a long tail; distal right tibia and fibula; partial right tarsus-metatarsus including astragalus, navicular, ecto-, meso-, and entocuneiforms, and parts of metatarsals 3, 4, and 5. Runningwater Fm., Whistle Creek area, Sioux Co., Nebraska.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111360/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111360	Fig. 4. Cranium of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 26416), Hemingford Quarry 12D, Box Butte Co., Nebraska, upper Runningwater Fm., early Hemingfordian. A, Dorsal view showing broad forehead for expanded frontal sinuses; B, ventral view showing broad palate, P4–M2, and characteristic absence of M3 in B. robustum.	Fig. 4. Cranium of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 26416), Hemingford Quarry 12D, Box Butte Co., Nebraska, upper Runningwater Fm., early Hemingfordian. A, Dorsal view showing broad forehead for expanded frontal sinuses; B, ventral view showing broad palate, P4–M2, and characteristic absence of M3 in B. robustum.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111362/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111362	Fig. 5. Stereoimage of the diagnostic upper molars (M1–M2) and carnassial (P4) of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25547), Hemingford Quarry 7B, upper Runningwater Fm., Box Butte Co., Nebraska. Note elongate P4, the notch (at arrow) in the anterolingual cingulum of M1, the ‘‘folded’’ M2 (see text), and absence of M3.	Fig. 5. Stereoimage of the diagnostic upper molars (M1–M2) and carnassial (P4) of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25547), Hemingford Quarry 7B, upper Runningwater Fm., Box Butte Co., Nebraska. Note elongate P4, the notch (at arrow) in the anterolingual cingulum of M1, the ‘‘folded’’ M2 (see text), and absence of M3.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111364/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111364	Fig. 6. Mandible of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25548), Hemingford Quarry 7B, Box Butte Co., Nebraska, upper Runningwater Fm., early Hemingfordian. A, Lateral view, right c, p1–p4, m1–m3; B, medial view. Note m3 elevated on margin of ascending ramus.	Fig. 6. Mandible of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25548), Hemingford Quarry 7B, Box Butte Co., Nebraska, upper Runningwater Fm., early Hemingfordian. A, Lateral view, right c, p1–p4, m1–m3; B, medial view. Note m3 elevated on margin of ascending ramus.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111366/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111366	Fig. 7. Comparison of dentitions of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and B. neomexicanus (C–E), end member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, UNSM 25547, P2, P4–M2, alveoli for C, P1, P3; B, UNSM 25684, c, p1–p4, m1–m3; C, F:AM 49241, juvenile, p2, p4–m3; D, F:AM 49239, P1–P4, M1–M3; E, F:AM 49239, c, p1–p4, m1, m3, alveoli of m2.	Fig. 7. Comparison of dentitions of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and B. neomexicanus (C–E), end member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, UNSM 25547, P2, P4–M2, alveoli for C, P1, P3; B, UNSM 25684, c, p1–p4, m1–m3; C, F:AM 49241, juvenile, p2, p4–m3; D, F:AM 49239, P1–P4, M1–M3; E, F:AM 49239, c, p1–p4, m1, m3, alveoli of m2.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111368/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111368	Fig. 8. Occlusal views of p4–m3 of the end-member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, B. robustum, UNSM 25552; B, B. neomexicanus, F:AM 49241. The squared posterior border of p4 is characteristic of species of the subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon.	Fig. 8. Occlusal views of p4–m3 of the end-member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, B. robustum, UNSM 25552; B, B. neomexicanus, F:AM 49241. The squared posterior border of p4 is characteristic of species of the subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111380/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111380	Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 of (A) Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 68242) from Standing Rock Quarry and (B) B. robustum (F:AM 68254) from Blick Quarry, Sandoval Co., New Mexico, demonstrating that the Borocyon lineage persisted in the southwestern United States from latest Arikareean into the early Hemingfordian. The only Hemingfordian record of Borocyon in the Southwest are these two metacarpals from Blick Quarry.	Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 of (A) Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 68242) from Standing Rock Quarry and (B) B. robustum (F:AM 68254) from Blick Quarry, Sandoval Co., New Mexico, demonstrating that the Borocyon lineage persisted in the southwestern United States from latest Arikareean into the early Hemingfordian. The only Hemingfordian record of Borocyon in the Southwest are these two metacarpals from Blick Quarry.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111398/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111398	Fig. 21. Comparison of the distal humerus of Borocyon robustum (right, UNSM 26420) and Amphicyon galushai (left, UNSM 26375). The narrow distal humerus and symmetric olecranon fossa of B. robustum parallel the form of the distal humerus of the wolf and cheetah, indicating parasagittal orientation of the forelimb with minimal elbow eversion.	Fig. 21. Comparison of the distal humerus of Borocyon robustum (right, UNSM 26420) and Amphicyon galushai (left, UNSM 26375). The narrow distal humerus and symmetric olecranon fossa of B. robustum parallel the form of the distal humerus of the wolf and cheetah, indicating parasagittal orientation of the forelimb with minimal elbow eversion.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111400/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111400	Fig. 22. Elongate radii of Borocyon robustum and the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus compared to the short, robust radius of Amphicyon galushai. A slender, elongate radius with flattened blade-like shaft and transversely narrow proximal and distal ends characterizes both B. robustum and the cheetah. Left, Acinonyx; center, B. robustum; right, A. galushai.	Fig. 22. Elongate radii of Borocyon robustum and the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus compared to the short, robust radius of Amphicyon galushai. A slender, elongate radius with flattened blade-like shaft and transversely narrow proximal and distal ends characterizes both B. robustum and the cheetah. Left, Acinonyx; center, B. robustum; right, A. galushai.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111404/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111404	Fig. 24. Comparison of the carpus (anterior view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. 1, Elevated bony ridge on scapholunar forcing ulnar deviation of the forepaw during flexion of the wrist; 2, scapholunar process inserted in concavity of magnum preventing hyperextension within the carpus (this stop mechanism is maximally developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations: a, scapholunar; b, carpal cuneiform; c, unciform; d, magnum; e, trapezoid; f, trapezium.	Fig. 24. Comparison of the carpus (anterior view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. 1, Elevated bony ridge on scapholunar forcing ulnar deviation of the forepaw during flexion of the wrist; 2, scapholunar process inserted in concavity of magnum preventing hyperextension within the carpus (this stop mechanism is maximally developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations: a, scapholunar; b, carpal cuneiform; c, unciform; d, magnum; e, trapezoid; f, trapezium.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111408/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111408	Fig. 25. Comparison of the carpus (plantar view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. Gray tone indicates extent of articular surfaces for scapholunar on magnum and unciform; in ursid and B. robustum the scapholunar moves largely unimpeded over these surfaces during intracarpal flexion but in lion and wolf there is a bony stop (3) between unciform and scapholunar that arrests this movement (this stop is even more developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations as in figure 24: vp, volar process.	Fig. 25. Comparison of the carpus (plantar view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. Gray tone indicates extent of articular surfaces for scapholunar on magnum and unciform; in ursid and B. robustum the scapholunar moves largely unimpeded over these surfaces during intracarpal flexion but in lion and wolf there is a bony stop (3) between unciform and scapholunar that arrests this movement (this stop is even more developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations as in figure 24: vp, volar process.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111410/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111410	Fig. 26. Restoration of the Borocyon robustum forefoot illustrating the interosseous muscle supporting each paraxonic metacarpal-phalangeal joint, the short middle phalanges, elongate unguals, and presumed dense fibrous metacarpal and digital pads.	Fig. 26. Restoration of the Borocyon robustum forefoot illustrating the interosseous muscle supporting each paraxonic metacarpal-phalangeal joint, the short middle phalanges, elongate unguals, and presumed dense fibrous metacarpal and digital pads.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111412/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111412	Fig. 27. Placement of the fovea capitis femoris for the femoral ligament in Borocyon robustum and some living carnivorans. In cheetah, puma, and wolf the fovea is more centrally situated on the femoral head, whereas in the lion, tiger, and B. robustum it is more posteriorly placed, indicating a somewhat more abducted femur in these large felids and Borocyon. Diagram of articulated femur and pelvis shows femoral head of B. robustum fully adducted; the femur is more abducted in normal stance. A, Acinonyx jubatus; B, Canis lupus; C, Felis concolor; D, Panthera leo; E, Borocyon robustum; F, Panthera tigris.	Fig. 27. Placement of the fovea capitis femoris for the femoral ligament in Borocyon robustum and some living carnivorans. In cheetah, puma, and wolf the fovea is more centrally situated on the femoral head, whereas in the lion, tiger, and B. robustum it is more posteriorly placed, indicating a somewhat more abducted femur in these large felids and Borocyon. Diagram of articulated femur and pelvis shows femoral head of B. robustum fully adducted; the femur is more abducted in normal stance. A, Acinonyx jubatus; B, Canis lupus; C, Felis concolor; D, Panthera leo; E, Borocyon robustum; F, Panthera tigris.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111414/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111414	Fig. 28. Tibia of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25558) compared with the tibia of the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (ZM 16913) showing a similarity in form. The sulcus muscularis (sm), a groove for the long digital extensor muscle of cheetah and wolf is absent in B. robustum, but the extended cnemial crest and developed tibial tuberosity are shared traits.	Fig. 28. Tibia of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25558) compared with the tibia of the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (ZM 16913) showing a similarity in form. The sulcus muscularis (sm), a groove for the long digital extensor muscle of cheetah and wolf is absent in B. robustum, but the extended cnemial crest and developed tibial tuberosity are shared traits.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111420/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111420	Fig. 31. Comparison of the astragalus of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and Amphicyon galushai (C, D). Dimorphic astragali within each species are thought to represent large males (B, D) and smaller females (A, C).	Fig. 31. Comparison of the astragalus of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and Amphicyon galushai (C, D). Dimorphic astragali within each species are thought to represent large males (B, D) and smaller females (A, C).	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111422/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111422	Fig. 32. Comparison of calcanea of Amphicyon galushai (A) and Borocyon robustum (B, male; C, female). Digitigrade calcanea of B. robustum are more slender and distally narrower than Amphicyon calcanea. Cuboids of A. galushai (D, F) and B. robustum (E, G), anterior and medial views: a, calcaneal articular surface; b, ectocuneiform and c, navicular facets.	Fig. 32. Comparison of calcanea of Amphicyon galushai (A) and Borocyon robustum (B, male; C, female). Digitigrade calcanea of B. robustum are more slender and distally narrower than Amphicyon calcanea. Cuboids of A. galushai (D, F) and B. robustum (E, G), anterior and medial views: a, calcaneal articular surface; b, ectocuneiform and c, navicular facets.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111432/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111432	Fig. 37. Hypothetical restoration of the skeleton of Borocyon robustum (A) compared to the holotype skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus (B, from Peterson, 1910), representing the two end-member species of the Borocyon lineage during the early Miocene in North America. Fossils show that Borocyon robustum, the terminal species of the subgenus, was widely distributed from the Pacific Northwest to the Gulf Coast of Florida by the end of the early Hemingfordian.	Fig. 37. Hypothetical restoration of the skeleton of Borocyon robustum (A) compared to the holotype skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus (B, from Peterson, 1910), representing the two end-member species of the Borocyon lineage during the early Miocene in North America. Fossils show that Borocyon robustum, the terminal species of the subgenus, was widely distributed from the Pacific Northwest to the Gulf Coast of Florida by the end of the early Hemingfordian.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111434/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111434	Fig. 38. Mandibular symphyses of (A) Borocyon robustum, (B) Ursus americanus, and (C) Canis lupus, in medial view, showing the symphyseal plate. Dashed line encloses the smooth bone for attachment of the subrectangular fibrocartilage pad (fc) in the wolf, which is inferred for Borocyon robustum. The symphyses of Borocyon and the wolf are considered to be flexible. The rugose, bony interdigitations of B. robustum symphyseal	Fig. 38. Mandibular symphyses of (A) Borocyon robustum, (B) Ursus americanus, and (C) Canis lupus, in medial view, showing the symphyseal plate. Dashed line encloses the smooth bone for attachment of the subrectangular fibrocartilage pad (fc) in the wolf, which is inferred for Borocyon robustum. The symphyses of Borocyon and the wolf are considered to be flexible. The rugose, bony interdigitations of B. robustum symphyseal	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFE4F34DA1107BEC85C9FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111436/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111436	Fig. 39. Mandibular force profiles of large living carnivorans and the amphicyonid Borocyon robustum	Fig. 39. Mandibular force profiles of large living carnivorans and the amphicyonid Borocyon robustum	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFDF34DA1F07F5580ADFC3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111370/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111370	Fig. 9. Reconstructed palate of Borocyon cf. B. robustum (cast, KU 114592) from sinkhole or fissure, Suwanee River, north Florida. Complete dentition includes I1–I3, C, P1–P4, M1–M2. Note absence of M3.	Fig. 9. Reconstructed palate of Borocyon cf. B. robustum (cast, KU 114592) from sinkhole or fissure, Suwanee River, north Florida. Complete dentition includes I1–I3, C, P1–P4, M1–M2. Note absence of M3.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFDF34FA3827D3887CAFD72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111372/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111372	Fig. 10. Holotype right mandible of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis with c, p1–p4, and m1–m3 from Aletomeryx Quarry, lower Runningwater Fm., Cherry Co., Nebraska (ACM 3452).	Fig. 10. Holotype right mandible of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis with c, p1–p4, and m1–m3 from Aletomeryx Quarry, lower Runningwater Fm., Cherry Co., Nebraska (ACM 3452).	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFDF34FA3827D3887CAFD72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111374/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111374	Fig. 11. Associated holotype right forelimb of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis (ACM 3452), Aletomeryx Quarry, Cherry Co., Nebraska.	Fig. 11. Associated holotype right forelimb of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis (ACM 3452), Aletomeryx Quarry, Cherry Co., Nebraska.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFDF34FA3827D3887CAFD72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111396/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111396	Fig. 20. Comparison of the scapulae of (A) Borocyon niobrarensis (ACM 3452); (B) Ursus americanus	Fig. 20. Comparison of the scapulae of (A) Borocyon niobrarensis (ACM 3452); (B) Ursus americanus	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFDF34FA3827D3887CAFD72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111402/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111402	Fig. 23. Comparison of the ulnae of Amphicyon galushai (left) and Borocyon niobrarensis (center and right), showing the more elongate, slender, curved ulna of the latter species. No complete ulna of B. robustum is known; however, eight radii of this species demonstrate the existence of an even more slender, elongate ulna.	Fig. 23. Comparison of the ulnae of Amphicyon galushai (left) and Borocyon niobrarensis (center and right), showing the more elongate, slender, curved ulna of the latter species. No complete ulna of B. robustum is known; however, eight radii of this species demonstrate the existence of an even more slender, elongate ulna.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111366/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111366	Fig. 7. Comparison of dentitions of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and B. neomexicanus (C–E), end member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, UNSM 25547, P2, P4–M2, alveoli for C, P1, P3; B, UNSM 25684, c, p1–p4, m1–m3; C, F:AM 49241, juvenile, p2, p4–m3; D, F:AM 49239, P1–P4, M1–M3; E, F:AM 49239, c, p1–p4, m1, m3, alveoli of m2.	Fig. 7. Comparison of dentitions of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and B. neomexicanus (C–E), end member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, UNSM 25547, P2, P4–M2, alveoli for C, P1, P3; B, UNSM 25684, c, p1–p4, m1–m3; C, F:AM 49241, juvenile, p2, p4–m3; D, F:AM 49239, P1–P4, M1–M3; E, F:AM 49239, c, p1–p4, m1, m3, alveoli of m2.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111368/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111368	Fig. 8. Occlusal views of p4–m3 of the end-member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, B. robustum, UNSM 25552; B, B. neomexicanus, F:AM 49241. The squared posterior border of p4 is characteristic of species of the subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon.	Fig. 8. Occlusal views of p4–m3 of the end-member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, B. robustum, UNSM 25552; B, B. neomexicanus, F:AM 49241. The squared posterior border of p4 is characteristic of species of the subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111376/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111376	Fig. 12. Holotype cranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view. This is the only known cranium and is an old adult with worn teeth: P1–P4, M1–M3. Although reduced in size, an M3 persists in this species.	Fig. 12. Holotype cranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view. This is the only known cranium and is an old adult with worn teeth: P1–P4, M1–M3. Although reduced in size, an M3 persists in this species.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111378/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111378	Fig. 13. Basicranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Right auditory region; B, left auditory region. Despite crushing, the auditory bulla and surrounding basicranium are anatomically similar to the bulla and basicranium of Daphoenodon superbus. The bulla of the Standing Rock amphicyonid is a thin-walled, flask-shaped, single chamber, as is the rudimentary auditory bulla of D. superbus.	Fig. 13. Basicranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Right auditory region; B, left auditory region. Despite crushing, the auditory bulla and surrounding basicranium are anatomically similar to the bulla and basicranium of Daphoenodon superbus. The bulla of the Standing Rock amphicyonid is a thin-walled, flask-shaped, single chamber, as is the rudimentary auditory bulla of D. superbus.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111384/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111384	Fig. 14. Elongate radii of (A) female and (B) male Borocyon neomexicanus, Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. Note large distal radial exostosis (arrow) of the male, a trait also present in Daphoenus vetus and Daphoenodon superbus but not developed in B. robustum despite a sample of eight radii from the Hemingford and Bridgeport Quarries. The single radius of Borocyon cf. B. robustum from Florida retains a small exostosis.	Fig. 14. Elongate radii of (A) female and (B) male Borocyon neomexicanus, Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. Note large distal radial exostosis (arrow) of the male, a trait also present in Daphoenus vetus and Daphoenodon superbus but not developed in B. robustum despite a sample of eight radii from the Hemingford and Bridgeport Quarries. The single radius of Borocyon cf. B. robustum from Florida retains a small exostosis.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111380/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111380	Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 of (A) Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 68242) from Standing Rock Quarry and (B) B. robustum (F:AM 68254) from Blick Quarry, Sandoval Co., New Mexico, demonstrating that the Borocyon lineage persisted in the southwestern United States from latest Arikareean into the early Hemingfordian. The only Hemingfordian record of Borocyon in the Southwest are these two metacarpals from Blick Quarry.	Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 of (A) Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 68242) from Standing Rock Quarry and (B) B. robustum (F:AM 68254) from Blick Quarry, Sandoval Co., New Mexico, demonstrating that the Borocyon lineage persisted in the southwestern United States from latest Arikareean into the early Hemingfordian. The only Hemingfordian record of Borocyon in the Southwest are these two metacarpals from Blick Quarry.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111386/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111386	Fig. 16. Upper dentition and palate of Daphoenodon superbus (A) and Borocyon neomexicanus (B). Although the teeth of B. neomexicanus are worn, both species show similar unreduced premolar form, reduction of M3, and shearing P4. The New Mexican beardog has developed the ‘‘folded’’ M2, a synapomorphy of Borocyon species, not yet evident in D. superbus.	Fig. 16. Upper dentition and palate of Daphoenodon superbus (A) and Borocyon neomexicanus (B). Although the teeth of B. neomexicanus are worn, both species show similar unreduced premolar form, reduction of M3, and shearing P4. The New Mexican beardog has developed the ‘‘folded’’ M2, a synapomorphy of Borocyon species, not yet evident in D. superbus.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111390/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111390	Fig. 17. Comparison of (A) M1 and (B) M2 dimensions of species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon and the amphicyonine Amphicyon galushai from the early Miocene of North America.	Fig. 17. Comparison of (A) M1 and (B) M2 dimensions of species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon and the amphicyonine Amphicyon galushai from the early Miocene of North America.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111392/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111392	Fig. 18. Comparison of (A) m1 dimensions and (B) m1 length relative to m2 length for species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon from the early Miocene of North America.	Fig. 18. Comparison of (A) m1 dimensions and (B) m1 length relative to m2 length for species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon from the early Miocene of North America.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111408/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111408	Fig. 25. Comparison of the carpus (plantar view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. Gray tone indicates extent of articular surfaces for scapholunar on magnum and unciform; in ursid and B. robustum the scapholunar moves largely unimpeded over these surfaces during intracarpal flexion but in lion and wolf there is a bony stop (3) between unciform and scapholunar that arrests this movement (this stop is even more developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations as in figure 24: vp, volar process.	Fig. 25. Comparison of the carpus (plantar view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. Gray tone indicates extent of articular surfaces for scapholunar on magnum and unciform; in ursid and B. robustum the scapholunar moves largely unimpeded over these surfaces during intracarpal flexion but in lion and wolf there is a bony stop (3) between unciform and scapholunar that arrests this movement (this stop is even more developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations as in figure 24: vp, volar process.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
03FF87A3FFFFF30BA3B47C6787EDFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/10111432/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10111432	Fig. 37. Hypothetical restoration of the skeleton of Borocyon robustum (A) compared to the holotype skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus (B, from Peterson, 1910), representing the two end-member species of the Borocyon lineage during the early Miocene in North America. Fossils show that Borocyon robustum, the terminal species of the subgenus, was widely distributed from the Pacific Northwest to the Gulf Coast of Florida by the end of the early Hemingfordian.	Fig. 37. Hypothetical restoration of the skeleton of Borocyon robustum (A) compared to the holotype skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus (B, from Peterson, 1910), representing the two end-member species of the Borocyon lineage during the early Miocene in North America. Fossils show that Borocyon robustum, the terminal species of the subgenus, was widely distributed from the Pacific Northwest to the Gulf Coast of Florida by the end of the early Hemingfordian.	2009-03-17	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.		Zenodo	biologists	Robert M. Hunt, Jr.			
