taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FFE6320A0CF579FF68CE4BA87DFBC3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Figured by Petit de la Saussaye (1851: 267, pl. 7, fig. 8; as “ balenoidea ”) and by Reeve (1856 e: pl. 27, figs. 129 a, b), who attributed the name to “ Gould, MS., Mus. Hanley ”. + nimbae	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0CF57AFF68CABFA977F8FF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Misspelled as “ Lanites ” by Swainson (1840: 339).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0CF57AFF68CABFA977F8FF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Gray (1847: 148), followed by G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68), considered Paludina olivacea G. B. Sowerby I as the type species, although bulimoides Swainson was the only originally included species. Synonym of Lanistes Montfort, teste Berthold (1991: 201, 246).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0CF57AFF68CABFA977F8FF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of Lanistes Montfort, teste Berthold (1991: 201, 246).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0CF57AFF68CABFA977F8FF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of Lanistes Montfort, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 183). LIBYCIANA Bourguignat, 1889: 176 [as section of Meladomus Swainson]. Type species: Ampullaria libyca Morelet, 1848, by subsequent designation of Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 183). Remarks. Synonym of Lanistes Montfort, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 183). NYASSANA Bourguignat, 1889: 179 [as section of Meladomus Swainson]. Type species: Lanistes nyassanus Dohrn, 1865, by monotypy. Remarks. Synonym of Lanistes Montfort, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 183). OLIVACEANA Bourguignat, 1889: 172 [as section of Meladomus Swainson]. Type species: not designated. PURPURIANA Bourguignat, 1889: 170 [as section of Meladomus Swainson]. Type species: not designated. PLESIOLANISTES Berthold, 1991: 210, 247. Type species: Helix varica Müller, 1774, by monotypy. N. syn. Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927) and Brown (1980, 1994) treated Meladomus Swainson, Leroya Grandidier and Lanistes s. str. as subgenera of Lanistes Montfort. However, all are here treated as synonyms of Lanistes Montfort, following Berthold (1991: 202), who considered that these subdivisions may not be valid and that the genus Lanistes be subdivided into only two subgenera, Lanistes s. str. and Lanistes subg. Plesiolanistes Berthold. Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187) thought that Lanistes nyassanus Dohrn “ seemingly belongs in a distinct group ” but refrained from formally treating Nyassana Bourguignat as a valid subgenus. Plesiolanistes Berthold was erected on very little basis for a single species and is here treated as a synonym of Lanistes Montfort. + adansoni	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0CF57AFF68CABFA977F8FF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original description was explicitly based on a single shell that Kobelt had had in his possession for many years. The SMF shell matches the description well and is therefore considered the holotype by monotypy (Code, Art. 73.1.2). Form of ovum Troschel, teste Boettger (1913: 106). Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 196). Form of varica Müller, teste Brown (1980: 50, 1994: 60), followed here. aegyptiaca	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0CF57AFF68CABFA977F8FF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name attributed to “ Ehrenb. Mus. Berol ” by Jickeli (1874: 227), apparently based only on labels associated with the shells (9 spms.) in Berlin (ZMB 13929; M. Glaubrecht pers. comm. 7 & 8 May 2013), as it seems not to have been published prior to this. Treated as a synonym of carinata Olivier by G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 65; as “ aegyptica ”) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 186). affinis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0CF57AFF68CABFA977F8FF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety of ovum Troschel, teste Kobelt (1909: 79, 1911: 12). Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 194). Synonym of ovum Troschel and ellipticus Martens, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67) and Brown (1994: 63), respectively, followed here. + albersi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0EF57BFF68CE42AFA8F9C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Martens (1866: 292) referred the illustration of Ampullaria ovum [= Lanistes ovum (Troschel)] of Philippi (1852 a: pl. 7, fig. 7) to this variety; the shell represented by that illustration is also therefore part of the type series (Code, Art. 72.4.1). Original locality given as “ Mossambique ” by Martens (1866: 293), restricted on designation of the lectotype. Variety of olivacea G. B. Sowerby I, teste Paetel (1887: 480), Kobelt (1909: 79, 1911: 6) and Connolly (1912: 258). Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 194), followed by Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 201) and here. + assiniensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0EF57BFF68CE42AFA8F9C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Kobelt (1912 a) was published on 15 January, as indicated on p. 48 of the issue (Heft 1, Januar – März), yet cited Kobelt (1912 b), which, although dated 24 May 1911, was not considered to have been published until 22 April 1912 (Welter-Schultes 1999: 198). Pending further dating research, the original description is considered to have been Kobelt (1912 a). bangweolicus	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0EF57BFF68CE42AFA8F9C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. While Haas (1936: 37) mentioned only three paratypes, the additional specimens listed above appear also to be paratypes. Synonym of ovum Troschel, teste Mandahl-Barth (1968: 31) and Brown (1980: 52, 1994: 63).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A09F57CFF68CD62A862FD86.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 193), Brown (1980: 49, 1994: 59) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes s. str.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A09F57DFF68CE69AE1EFD89.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety of purpurea Jonas, teste Martens (1897 a: 164) and Kobelt (1909: 79). Synonym of olivacea G. B. Sowerby I, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68). Valid species, teste Kobelt (1911: 18), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 194) and Cowie & Héros (2012: 797), followed here. + boettgeri	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A09F57DFF68CE69AE1EFD89.taxon	discussion	Remarks. See also Roth (1839: 26), who treated bolteniana “ Chemnitz ” as the valid name for carinata Olivier, by bibliographic reference to Olivier (1804 a: 38 [4 o edition], 1804 c: pl. 31, fig. 1 [error]), Deshayes & Milne Edwards (1838: 537; as “ Lamarck ”) and the illustrations of Savigny (1817, pl. 2, figs. 31.1 – 5) combined with their explanations by Audouin (1826: 33). Also made available by Jay (1850: 281) and Adams & Adams (1854: 349, pl. 37, figs. 5, 5 a, b). Valid species, teste Germain (1907 b: 116). Synonym of carinata Olivier, teste Philippi (1851: 23), Bourguignat (1864: 81), Nevill (1885: 13), Kobelt (1911: 19), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 186) and Brown (1980: 49, 1994: 59). Some authors have used bolteni as the name of this taxon, though giving the author as “ Chemnitz ” (e. g. Mayer-Eymar 1900: 120, 1901: 23; Pallary 1909: 61). Such instances are here treated as incorrect subsequent spellings (and therefore unavailable) rather than emendations (Code, Art. 33.5). bourguignati	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A09F57DFF68CE69AE1EFD89.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Illustrated by Bourguignat (1888: pl. 6, fig. 2). Variety of farleri Craven, teste Kobelt (1909: 79; as “ farleyi ”). Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 36). Synonym of farleri Craven, teste Germain (1916: 324 – 325) and Brown (1980: 54), followed here, though only tentatively synonymized by Brown (1994: 65). bourguignoni Lanistes Bourguignoni Putzeys, 1898 a: xxiii. Type material — syntypes: RBINS MT 2039 (1 spm.). Type locality — “ Embouchure de la Luima ” [mouth of the Luima]; “ L’état indépendant du Congo ” [in publication title; = Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 66). Synonym of congicus Boettger, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 188), Mandahl-Barth (1968: 31) and Brown (1980: 50), followed here. Type species of Leroya Grandidier, here treated as a synonym of Lanistes Montfort. bulimoides	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A09F57DFF68CE69AE1EFD89.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of olivacea G. B. Sowerby I, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68) and Connolly (1939: 556), and of purpurea Jonas, teste Kobelt (1911: 4) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 194 – 195), followed here. Type species of Meladomus Swainson, here treated as a synonym of Lanistes Montfort.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A08F57DFF68CE69AB75FA51.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier’s text was published in two formats (Baur & Adler 2003; Cowie & Héros 2012: 798), both of which use the genus name Ampullaria. The atlas, which includes an “ explication des planches ” and the plates themselves, uses the genus name Cyclostoma. There is no evidence that the two versions of the text and the Atlas were not published simultaneously (Baur & Adler 2003; Cowie & Héros 2012: 798). It is therefore not possible to ascertain the original combination, Ampullaria or Cyclostoma. MHNG-INVE- 51294 and MHNG-INVE- 512945 (formerly 1093 / 97 and 1093 / 98) were listed as “ types ” by G. Mermod in his index card file of the MHNG Lamarck collection. However, this merely means that they were the original specimens to which Lamarck (1822 a) referred, and are not to be considered as part of Olivier’s type series (Y. Finet pers. comm. 1 October 2013). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 65), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 186), Brown (1980: 49, 1994: 57) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in subg. Lanistes s. str., and Cowie & Héros (2012: 798), who simply placed it in Lanistes. Type species of Lanistes Montfort and Bolteniana Bourguignat. + castaneus	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A08F57DFF68CE69AB75FA51.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name attributed by Kobelt to Sowerby & Fulton. Kobelt explicitly based his description on two specimens; that there are three specimens in the type series may reflect an error by him (R. Janssen pers. comm. 18 October 2013).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0BF57EFF68CCB9A82DFE25.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Kobelt (1911: 23), G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 69), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 186), Brown (1980: 52, 1994: 61) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all (except Sowerby, who placed it in Lanistes subg. Leroya) placed it in Lanistes s. str.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0BF57EFF68CDC8AB69FAB3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name and description attributed to O. Boettger by Schepman (1891: 111). Boettger in Schepman (1891: 111) gave ranges of shell dimensions and Schepman (1891: 112) mentioned “ type specimens ”, indicating that the description was based on more than one specimen. Kobelt (1912 b: 40, pl. 30, figs. 2, 3) noted “ Boettgers Typus ” as the shell illustrated in his pl. 30, figs. 2 and 3, and C. R. Boettger (1913: 104) also referred to Kobelt (1912 b: pl. 30, figs. 2, 3) as having illustrated the “ Typus ”; neither of these statements constituted a lectotype designation as neither explicitly indicated selection of this specimen as the name-bearing type (Code, Art. 74.5). The specimen in SMF 7455 matches the illustration (R. Janssen pers. comm. 20 October 2013). Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 39), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 188), Brown (1980: 50, 1994: 60) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes s. str. connollyi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0BF57EFF68CDC8AB69FAB3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. MCZ 173423 from “ Northern Rhodesia [= Zambia]: River Kafue, at N’kana, near the Congo border ” (Pain 1954: 2). Form but not a subspecies of ovum Troschel, teste Brown (1980: 52, 1994: 63), so here treated as a synonym. N. syn.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0AF57FFF68C918ABFCF94B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Connolly (1939: 556), in stating “ Type in Berlin museum ”, did not explicitly select that specimen as the name-bearing type; this statement therefore did not constitute a valid lectotype designation (Code, Art. 74.5). Synonym of ovum Troschel, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67). Valid species, teste Kobelt (1911: 8), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 198), Brown (1980: 54, 1994: 63) and Berthold (1991: 246), followed here, who all placed it in Lanistes subg. Meladomus.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0AF560FF68CB2BAFA6FD89.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 34), G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 69), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 200), Brown (1980: 54, 1994: 64) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes subg. Leroya. The listing of “ farlanei. Crosse Afric. or. ” by Paetel (1883: 76) is here considered a lapsus calami and unavailable. foai	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A0AF560FF68CB2BAFA6FD89.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Kobelt (1909: 79) listed it from Tanganyika [= Tanzania]. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 66). Synonym of nsendweensis Dupuis & Putzeys, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 190), followed here. + fraternus	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A15F560FF68CE69A961FC84.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original description was based on a single specimen received from Sowerby and Fulton, which is the holotype by monotypy (Code, Art. 73.1.2). The specimen matches the illustration of Kobelt (1912 b: pl. 27, figs. 1, 2). Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 186).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A15F561FF68C8A9A956FDF1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The SMF specimen is not that figured by Thiele (R. Janssen pers. comm. 12 August 2014) but is the specimen illustrated by Kobelt (1911: pl. 26, figs. 8, 9). Possibly a variety (Thiele 1911: 214) or form (Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927: 201) of stuhlmanni Martens. Synonym of stuhlmanni Martens, teste Dupuis & Putzeys (1923: 79). Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 38) and Brown (1980: 55, 1994: 66), followed here, who both placed it in Lanistes subg. Leroya. gribinguiensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A15F561FF68C8A9A956FDF1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Reported from both Guinea and Nigeria by Nevill (1885: 14) and Dahomey [= Benin] by Germain (1918: 511, 513). Lamarck (1822 a: 178) cited various previous works in his synonymy, and listed a number of available names derived from those publications: lusitanica Linnaeus, varica Müller and olivacea Lamarck. The oldest of these names is lusitanica Linnaeus, but this may not be an ampullariid (see lusitanica Linnaeus, herein), although guinaica Lamarck was synonymized with it by Paetel (1887: 479). Lamarck also cited Gualtieri (1742: pl. 2, fig. T) in synonymy, but questionably. Listed as “ guineensis, Chem. ” by Adams & Adams (1854: 349). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 66). Synonym of varica Müller, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187), who noted that many authors had not adopted Müller’s earlier name, and, teste Brown (1980: 50, 1994: 60), followed here. + hessei Meladomus (Lanistes) intortus var. hessei Kobelt, 1912 b: 43, pl. 30 a, figs. 6 – 8. Type material — syntypes: SMF 7446 (1 spm., figured), SMF 7447 (2 spms.). Type locality — “ Kongomündung; bei Banana ” [mouth of the Congo, near Banana]. Distribution — only known from the type locality.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A14F561FF68CEA1A87EFB79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 66) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187). The name holostoma is treated as a noun in apposition (Code, Art. 31.2.2). Locality given as “ Haute-Guinée ” and “ Haute Guinée ” by Bourguignat (1879: 37, 1889: 176). + ingens	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A14F562FF68C939AF23FDCA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mermod (1952: 92 – 95) discussed the single specimen in the Lamarck collection in MHNG, considering it to be “ le Type ” and that it is faithfully represented by the illustrations of Lamarck (1816: pl. 457, fig. 4 a, b). Binder (1957: 108) also referred to it as “ Le type ”. However, neither citation of “ Type ” / ” type ” is necessarily evidence that the specimen is a holotype (Code, Art. 72.4.7), they do not constitute lectotype designations (Code Arts. 74.5, 74.6) and, following the Code (Rec. 73 F), a holotype should not be assumed. Therefore, it is here treated as a syntype, pending possible future designation as a lectotype. Binder (1957: 107 – 109) discussed the confused history of this species, arising primarily from the supposed misidentification of Lamarck’s species by Martens (1879: 191, pl. 157, figs. 1 – 3), Kobelt (1912 b: 27, pl. 29, figs. 4 – 6) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 192, pl. 18, figs. 2 – 4), and from the identification by Morelet (1848: 354) of his specimen of intorta Lamarck as a distinct species that he named libyca. To maintain stability of the usage of intorta sensu Martens and of libyca Morelet, Binder suppressed intorta Lamarck as a junior synonym of libyca Morelet. This treatement was followed by Brown (1980: 49, 1994: 59) and Berthold (1991: 246), and by Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 206), who designated a lectotype (ZMB 39407 a) and paralectotypes (ZMB 39407 b (2 spms.), ZMB 111747 (1 spm. )) for intorta sensu Martens. However, according to the Code (Art. 49) a “ previously established specific or subspecific name wrongly applied to denote a species-group taxon because of misidentification cannot be used as an available name for that taxon ”. Hence, intorta Martens is unavailable and another name must be used for the taxon he actually treated, if indeed it is distinct from intorta Lamarck. The lectotype and paralectotypes designated by Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 206) have no status. In addition, if libyca Morelet is in fact not distinct from intorta Lamarck, it must be treated as a junior synonym of intorta Lamarck. Binder’s interpretations require verification. Therefore this catalogue does not assess the status of intorta sensu Martens as either the same as intorta Lamarck or a misidentification of his material as intorta Lamarck; and it treats libyca Morelet as distinct from intorta Lamarck, following Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187, 192). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 66) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 192), who both placed it in Lanistes s. str. inversa	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A14F562FF68C939AF23FDCA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name attributed to “ Lam. ” (= Lamarck) and the material stated as originating from Egypt. Listed here under Lanistes, as the name inversa probably reflects the superficially sinistral shell of this genus.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A16F563FF68CE42A9B3FB79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187), Brown (1980: 51, 1994: 60) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes s. str., and Cowie & Héros (2012: 807), who simply placed it in Lanistes. Sometimes misspelled “ lybicus ” or “ lybica ” (e. g. Schaufuss 1869: 55; Dupuis & Putzeys 1902: 51; Germain 1907 d: 535; G. B. Sowerby III 1916: 67; Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927: 183). Type species of Libyciana Bourguignat, here treated as a synonym of Lanistes Montfort. luapulensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A16F563FF68CE42A9B3FB79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of ovum Troschel [as “ Peters ”], teste Mandahl-Barth (1968: 31), followed here. Valid subspecies of ellipticus Martens, teste Cowie & Héros (2012: 807).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A16F563FF68CD2AA946FDAD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Only known from the original description and the more detailed description and illustration of Berthier (1885: 101, pl. 6, fig. 4), who gave an additional location, “ Mansourah ”, in the Nile Delta. Kobelt (1911: 22) mistakenly reported the locality as that of Ampullaria letourneuxi Bourguignat, 1879 (listed under Pila herein), which was described in the same publication as Meladomus letourneuxi Bourguignat, 1879. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A16F564FF68C939AE6DFD61.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A giant form of procerus Martens, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 198). Synonym of procerus Martens, teste Germain (1907 d: 532). Synonym of ovum Peters, teste Mandahl-Barth (1968: 31). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67) and Cowie & Héros (2012: 808), followed here. Listed by Paetel (1887: 479) as magnus “ Cross. ”. major Lanistes procerus forme major Germain, 1907 a: 233. Unavailable name: first published as a junior synonym of magnus Furtado; not treated as an available name or adopted as the name of a taxon before 1961 (Code, Art. 11.6). + major	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A16F564FF68C939AE6DFD61.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety of ovum Troschel, teste Kobelt (1909: 79). Synonym of ovum Troschel, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68; as “ manayarana ”), followed here. martensianus	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A11F564FF68CF31AEAEFAE9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Brown (1994: 60) treated it under varicus Müller but did not clearly synonymize it. + minor Lanistes procerus variété minor Germain, 1907 d: 532. Type material — location unknown. Type locality — “ le Mamoun (pays de Senoussi) ” [northern Central African Republic]. Distribution — no additional information. mweruensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A11F564FF68CF31AEAEFAE9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paratypes from various locations in Lake Mweru: “ Katenge near Kilwa ”, “ Pweto ”, “ Moba (Chamfubu River), near Pweto ”. Synonym of ovum Peters, teste Mandahl-Barth (1968: 31).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A11F564FF68C98CA858F8FB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mandahl-Barth (1972: 266) noted nine specimens from the type locality and two from “ north of Boadzula Isl. 150 feet ”, a total of 11 specimens. He specifically identified the holotype and only one paratype, in MRAC, the other nine specimens are therefore not paratypes, as the separate mention of the latter expressly excludes them from the type series (Code, Art. 72.4.6). Six of these are ZMUC GAS 1713. However, this ZMUC lot does contain an additional three specimens but they are orthostrophic and therefore not Lanistes. Whether they are the remaining three of the 11 original specimens is not known and requires further research. All the MRAC and ZMUC specimens are supposedly from the type locality, so the whereabouts of the specimens from “ north of Boadzula Isl. ” also requires further research. Valid species, teste Brown (1980: 52, 1994: 62) and Berthold (1991: 246), who both placed it in Lanistes s. str.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A11F565FF68CBBBA8B1FE19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187), Brown (1980: 50, 1994: 60) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes s. str. The name leavei Kobelt (1909: 79) is considered a lapsus calami and unavailable.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A10F565FF68CD99AF2BFD5C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Brown (1994: 66), followed by Cowie & Héros (2012: 808) and here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A10F565FF68C9C1AF22F895.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of libyca Morelet, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67). Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 41), who placed it in Meladomus, and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 190), Brown (1994: 60) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes s. str. Also treated as a valid species by Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 207).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A10F565FF68C84AA89EFA51.taxon	discussion	Remarks. An immature purpurea Jonas, teste Martens (1897 a: 164), or a variety of purpurea Jonas, teste Kobelt (1909: 79). Synonym of olivacea G. B. Sowerby I, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68). Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 194), followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A10F566FF68CB1AAE31FDAC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Gaudion (1880: 35) and Bourguignat (1879: 39) both listed it from the Zambezi, probably considering the type locality part of the Zambezi system, although it is the Shire River, a tributary of the Zambezi, that connects Lakes Malawi and Malombe, and Dohrn (1865: 233) explicitly said it was not found in the Zambezi. Brown (1980: 52, 1994: 61) and Berthold (1990: 48) incorrectly stated that it was endemic to Lake Malawi. Valid species, teste Kobelt (1911: 17), who placed it in Meladomus, and G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187), Brown (1980: 52, 1994: 61) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes s. str. Type species of Nyassana Bourguignat, here synonymized with Lanistes Montfort. olivacea	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A10F566FF68CB1AAE31FDAC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lamarck (1822 a: 178) listed olivacea Lamarck in the synonymy of guinaica Lamarck. Synonym of varica Müller, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187; as “ Bory de St. Vincent ”).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A13F566FF68CAB7AE1AF867.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of carinata Olivier, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 186).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A13F566FF68CE42AB83FBC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68). Undeterminable, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 195) and Haas (1936: 34). May be either ovum Troschel or purpureus Jonas but not olivacea Lamarck, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 195). olivierii Lanistes Oliverii [lapsus calami pro Olivierii] Montfort, 1810: 123 [un-numbered figure, p. 122]. Type material — as for carinata Olivier. Type locality — as for carinata Olivier. Remarks. The name olivierii was introduced to replace carinata Olivier [as “ carinatans ”] in homage to Olivier. As it was intended as the valid name of the taxon it is available (Code, Art. 11.5), but nonetheless a junior synonym of carinata Olivier, 1804.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A13F566FF68C8A9A87FF9E5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name attributed to Peters by Troschel but Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 208) considered that Peters was only the collector. By designating the lectotype, Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 208) restricted the type locality to Tete, although paralectotypes are also from Sena. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67), who placed it in Lanistes s. str., and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 196), Brown (1980: 52, 1994: 62) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes subg. Meladomus.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A12F567FF68CDF2A919F9C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Zanzibar given as locality by Kobelt (1881: 52). Synonym of intorta Lamarck and of grasseti Morelet, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 66) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 194), respectively. The name plicatus Kobelt (1909: 79) is here considered a lapsus calami and unavailable. + plicosus	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A12F567FF68CDF2A919F9C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. By designating the lectotype, Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 208) restricted the type locality; paralectotypes are also from “ Ilindi in Ugogo ”. Described as new (“ n. ”) by Martens (1897 a: 167) and not intended as the same taxon as plicosus Martens, 1879, as recognized by Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 194), although Kobelt (1911: 12) synonymized them. Junior primary homonym of plicosus Martens, 1879. No replacement name provided here, pending further research. procerus	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A12F567FF68CDF2A919F9C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety of olivacea G. B. Sowerby I, teste Paetel (1887: 480), Dupuis & Putzeys (1902: 58) and Kobelt (1909: 79, 1911: 6). Synonym of olivacea G. B. Sowerby I, teste Paetel (1888: 481), G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68) and Connolly (1939: 557). Subspecies of ovum Troschel, teste Haas (1936: 36). Valid species, teste Germain (1907 b: 116, 1907 d: 531) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 197). Synonym of ovum Troschel, teste Mandahl-Barth (1968: 31) and Brown (1980: 52, 1994: 63), followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A12F567FF68CA54A897F847.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of olivacea G. B. Sowerby I, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68) and Connolly (1939: 556). Possible senior synonym of ovum Troschel, teste Brown (1980: 54) but purpurea and ovum both treated as valid species by Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 195), Brown (1994: 63) and Berthold (1991: 246), followed here, who all placed purpurea in Lanistes subg. Meladomus.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1DF568FF68CCB9A89CFAC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name attributed to “ Letourneux, mss ” by Bourguignat. Variety of purpurea Jonas, teste Kobelt (1909: 79). Synonym of olivacea G. B. Sowerby I, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68). Valid species, teste Kobelt (1911: 7) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 199), followed by Cowie & Héros (2012: 816) and here. Type species of Meladomus Swainson, here treated as a synonym of Lanistes Montfort. sanagaensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1DF568FF68CCB9A89CFAC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of libyca Morelet, teste Brown (1980: 51, 1994: 61). + schepmani	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1DF568FF68CCB9A89CFAC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Boettger (1913: 104) introduced the name by reference to Schepman (1891: 111 – 112, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2), referring to the shell in pl. 8, figs. 1 a – c as the “ Original ”, which in the German of the time is to be interpreted as “ some equivalent expression ” to holotype or “ the type ” (Code, Art. 73.1.1). He also referred to the four sets of measurements given by Schepman, but also referred more generally to Schepman’s material in the Leiden Museum (RMNH). Horst & Schepman (1899: 321) listed 16 specimens in RMNH, two of which are presumed to have been sent to the MCZ, thus leaving 14 now at RMNH. The three ZMA specimens (now also at RMNH) are from Schepman’s private collection. Schepman sent at least two additional specimens to Boettger, presumably those now in SMF and noted by Boettger (1913: 104) as “ Cotypen ”. Thus all these specimens from Landana are here considered to constitute the type series. Further research is necessary to ascertain which specimen (if any of these) is the holotype, which was fixed by Boettger (1913: 104) as the specimen illustrated by Schepman (1891: pl. 8, fig. 1 a – c). Also spelled “ schepmanni ” by Boettger (1913: 104), here considered a lapsus calami. Variety of congicus Boettger, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 190).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1CF569FF68CEA1AF08FC59.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety of ellipticus Martens, teste Kobelt (1909: 78). Synonym of ellipticus Martens, teste Connolly (1912: 257). Synonym of procerus Martens, teste Haas (1936: 36). Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 10), G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 187), who placed it in Lanistes s. str., and Brown (1980: 54, 1994: 61) and Berthold (1991: 246), who both placed it in Lanistes subg. Meladomus. Here treated as a valid species, following these authors. Misspelled as “ solidulus ” by Gaudion (1880: 40) and Paetel (1888: 481).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1CF569FF68CFD9AEEFFB55.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Dupuis & Putzeys (1902: 60), Kobelt (1912 b: 33), G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 69), Brown (1980: 55, 1994: 65) and Berthold (1991: 246), who all placed it in Lanistes subg. Leroya.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1FF56AFF68C912ABA0F805.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Form of libyca Morelet, teste Kobelt (1911: 21). Synonym of libyca Morelet, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 67). Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 188), followed here. zambesianus	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1FF56AFF68C912ABA0F805.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of ellipticus Martens, teste Germain (1907 d: 534, 1908: 670), Kobelt (1909: 78; 1911: 8) and Connolly (1912: 257), followed by Cowie & Héros (2012: 819) and here. Synonym of ovum Troschel, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 68). Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 195). Listed by Paetel (1888: 482) as zambesianus “ Cross. ”.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1EF56BFF68CCB6AF35FA77.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Nevill (1885: 8) incorrectly considered Nerita urceus Müller, 1774 as the type species.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1EF56BFF68CCB6AF35FA77.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Swainson (1840: 339) wrote “ Pachystoma Guild., already used in Ichthyology ”. Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 172) considered Pachystoma Guilding preoccupied by “ Pachystoma Latreille, 1809 ” (Diptera, not ichthyology), but the latter is correctly spelled Pachystomus (see also Dall 1904: 53; Neave 1940: 517; Evenhuis & Thompson 1990: 258; Sabrosky 1999: 229). The different spellings (Pachystoma and Pachystomus) mean that they are not homonyms (Code, Art. 56.2). There appear to have been no earlier introductions of Pachystoma (see Neave 1940: 517).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1EF56BFF68CCB6AF35FA77.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Baker (1930: 27) considered the name an unjustified emendation and Pilsbry (1956: 33 – 34) considered it merely a suggestion of how to improve Swainson’s name.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1EF56BFF68CCB6AF35FA77.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of Pila Röding, teste Berthold (1991: 202). The validity of the names Pila Röding, Ampullaria Lamarck and Ampullarius Montfort were discussed by Cowie (1997 b) and ruled on by ICZN (1999 a). + adusta	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1EF56BFF68CCB6AF35FA77.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Nevill (1885: 10) gave the locality as “ South America ”. Confirmed as African (and hence to be placed in Pila) by Alderson (1925: 86; see also Cowie & Thiengo 2003: 80), although Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 176) expressed doubt about this, synonymizing it with the South American sordida Reeve. Both adusta and pilula Reeve were first published on the same plate. G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 56) and Alderson (1925: 86) synonymized them, explicitly treating adusta as the senior synonym. Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 55), who placed it in Pachylabra. Placed in Pila as a form of ovata Olivier by Brown (1980: 45, 1994: 54), followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1EF56CFF68CA3BABCDFCA9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A specimen in the Brot collection, from “ Abetifi, Côte d’Or ” (MHNG-INVE- 33484), is considered to be a topotype only (Y. Finet pers. comm. 26 August 2002). Placed in Pila by Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 199). alucinans Ampullaria alucinans G. B. Sowerby III, 1910: 63, text fig. Type material — syntypes: NHMUK 1910.9.30.2 (1 spm., labelled “ type ”); SMF 50654 (1 spm.). Type locality — “ Ceylon ”. Remarks. Prashad (1923: 588, 1925: 83) noted a “ cotype ” that Sowerby sent to Kobelt (SMF 50654) but considered this specimen to have “ nothing in common ” with alucinans G. B. Sowerby III but to be a juvenile of conica Wood, or its variety gracilis Lea. It nonetheless remains part of the original type series and therefore a syntype. Valid species, teste Preston (1915: 103). Synonym of cinerea Reeve, teste Prashad (1925: 82), followed here, which he treated as a variety of layardi Reeve. amplior	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A1EF56CFF68CA3BABCDFCA9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 179) based their description on four specimens, one from the type locality, one from “ near Bumba ” and two from “ Medje ”. The first two are accounted for by the AMNH holotype and the MCZ paratype, as stated by Boyko & Cordeiro (2001: 102), who considered the other two possibly to be AMNH 72124 (1 spm.) from “ Bumba Lie ” and AMNH 72125 (1 spm.) from “ near Bumba ” but with incorrect label information; both are lost, according to Boyko & Cordeiro (2001: 102). However, ANSP 131964, listed as a paratype by ANSP, is from Medje and is surely one of these specimens, although ANSP 131963, also listed as a paratype by ANSP is from “ Zambi ” and may not be. Further research is needed to verify the status of these specimens and to determine whether they are the two paratypes from Medje. Synonym of congoensis Pilsbry & Bequaert, teste Pain (1961: 16).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A19F56CFF68CF49A9AEFBEC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. For further discussion of the syntype see linnaei Philippi. Valid species of Pila, teste Habe (1964: 49; as “ ampullaria ”), Brandt (1974: 49), Keawjam (1986: 61, 1987: 69, 1990: 1), Berthold (1991: 10, etc.), Pagulayan & Remigio (1993: 1) and Low et al. (2013: 55), among many others.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A19F56DFF68C882AE4FFB81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The description appears to be based on numerous specimens but only those in NZSI M. 11649 / 2 were explicitly indicated by Annandale (1920 a: 14) as “ Type-specimens ” (presumably the two shells illustrated in pl. 1, figs. 9, 10, and stated in the “ Description of Plate I ” to be “ Type-specimens ”), thereby excluding any others from the type series (Code, Art. 72.4.6). Synonym of pesmei Morlet, teste Brandt (1974: 51). Valid species of Pila, teste Keawjam (1986: 61, 1987: 69, 1990: 1), followed here. begini	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A19F56DFF68C882AE4FFB81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Reported from Cambodia and Thailand (G. B. Sowerby III 1910: 57; Annandale 1920 a: 23). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 57), Kobelt (1912 b: 87) and Annandale (1920 a: 5), followed by Cowie & Héros (2012: 797), although a synonym of pesmei Morlet, teste Brandt (1974: 51), followed here. borneensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A19F56DFF68C882AE4FFB81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety or form of conica Wood, teste Nevill (1885: 5), G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 57) and Prashad (1925: 85). Synonym of scutata Mousson, teste Brandt (1974: 52), Low et al. (2013: 56) and Ng et al. (2014: 34), followed here. bourguignati	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A19F56DFF68C882AE4FFB81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Noted as from “ Ballat-See, Egypten ” by Paetel (1887: 477), referencing the listing of the species by Mayer (1886 [as “ 1885 ”]: 78). Valid species in Pachylabra, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 54), although he thought it might just represent individual variation. Synonym of ovata Olivier, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 60) and Pain (1952: 287), followed here. bridouxi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A19F56DFF68C882AE4FFB81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Additional localities given in the later description (Bourguignat 1890: 74): “ vers le déversoir du lac, le Loukouga, au-dessous des îles Chakabala ”. Variety of ovata Olivier, teste Alderson (1925: 93), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 181) and Pain (1952: 291) but a synonym of ovata Olivier, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 60) and Pain (1961: 10), followed here. brohardi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A19F56DFF68C882AE4FFB81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Listed among “ Varieties and aberrations ” of polita Deshayes by Alderson (1925: 82), despite Granger (1892: 97) explicitly stating that he thought it not to be “ monstruosité ”. Synonym of virescens Deshayes, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 69) and Brandt (1974: 49), both as “ polita ”, followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F551FF68C912A94EF8D6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Also described subsequently by Mabille (1887 b: 155). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 58) and Cowie & Héros (2012: 801, in Pila). dewulfi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F551FF68C912A94EF8D6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Form of ovata Olivier, teste Brown (1980: 45), though not mentioned by Brown (1994: 54). Synonym of wernei Philippi, teste Pain (1961: 18), followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F554FF68CB5FAEC1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Possibly a young specimen of occidentalis Mousson, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 71). Probably a synonym of madagascariensis Smith, teste Alderson (1925: 84). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 58), and retained here as such, pending further research. Appears to be a N. comb. with Pila. dumesniliana	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F554FF68CB5FAEC1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Noted as from Somalia by Paetel (1887: 478), referencing the listing of the species by Mayer (1886 [as “ 1885 ”]: 78). Variety of ovata Olivier, teste Alderson (1925: 93). Synonym of ovata Olivier, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 60), followed by Pain (1952: 287), and of wernei Philippi, teste Pain (1961: 18), followed here, all as “ dumesmiliana ”. Misspelled as “ Dumesnili ” by Germain (1907 a: 232). + eleanorae	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F554FF68CB5FAEC1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A very distinct subspecies of ovata Olivier, teste Pain (1961: 16). elongata	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F554FF68CB5FAEC1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of ovata Olivier, teste Pain (1952: 286). emini Ampullaria ovata Var. emini Martens, 1897 a: 160, text fig. Type material — lectotype (Pain 1961: 15): location unknown. Type locality — “ Victoria-Nyansa bei Nyemirembe im Südwesten ” [Lake Victoria at Nyemirembe in the south west]. Remarks. Martens (1897 a: 160) listed a number of localities. Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 182) gave the type locality as “ Nyemirembe on Lake Victoria ”, the locality of the shell illustrated by Martens. Dartevelle & Schwetz (1947: 15) reported it from Lake Edward. Pain (1952: 290) referred to the “ type shell ” (presumably that illustrated by Martens), from Nyemirembe, but this statement does not constitute a lectotype designation as there were multiple specimens of different ages (“ in verschiedenem Alter ”) indicated by Martens from Nyemirembe and it does not explicitly identify a particular one of these and indicate that it was being selected from the type series to serve as the name-bearing type (Code, Art. 74.5). Pain (1961: 15), in a table of measurements of gordoni Smith, repeated the measurements given by von Martens’ in the first row, with the correct locality, but on the second row gave those of a smaller shell from “ Napoleon Gulf ” (a locality not listed by von Martens), apparently identified as the “ Type of emini Mtns. ”; this is considered here as an error in the layout of the table (perhaps by the printer) and is treated as designation of the specimen with the dimensions in the first row as a lectotype, as Pain unambiguously selected that particular syntype to act as the unique name-bearing type of the taxon (Code, Art. 74.5). NMW. 1955.158.25258 (1 spm.) bears a label indicating that it is a “ cotype ” of emini Martens and that it originated from the ZMB, but it does not match the original description in shape or size and is here not considered as such. Variety of ovata Olivier, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 52), Alderson (1925: 93, 95) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 182) and retained as a subspecies, but doubtfully, by Pain (1952: 289). Treated as an “ extreme form ” of gordoni Smith but listed in its synonymy by Pain (1961: 14, 15), which is here considered as having synonymized it. encaustica	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F554FF68CB5FAEC1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. NHMUK label says “ India ”. Variety of globosa Swainson, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59). Synonym of globosa Swainson, teste Prashad (1923: 587, 1925: 71), followed here. erythrochila	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F554FF68CB5FAEC1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety of turbinis Lea, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 61; as “ erythrocheila ”). Synonym of turbinis Lea, teste Annandale (1920 a: 15), of ampullacea Linnaeus (as “ ampullaria ”), teste Habe (1964: 49 – 50; as “ erythrocheila ”), and of pesmei Morlet, teste Brandt (1974: 51; as “ erythrocheila ”), followed here. Treated as a valid species by Cowie & Héros (2012: 802). exigua	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F554FF68CB5FAEC1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Nile given as locality by Bourguignat (1879: 32), specifically in Egypt by Billotte (1885: 109), although Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 176) doubted that this species is African. Valid species from Egypt, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 58), citing Paetel. Synonym of ovata Olivier, teste Pain (1952: 287), followed here. expansa Ampullaria conica Var. expansa Nevill, 1877: 9. Type material — holotype [by original designation]: NZSI 2426; paratypes: NZSI (8 – 10 spms., not found in 2014), the shell illustrated by Hanley & Theobald (1874: pl. 114, fig. 5), location unknown. Type locality — “ Pegu ” [“ Tenasserim? ”; “ Mandalay? ” also listed as localities of type material]. Remarks. Nevill (1877: 9) listed 7 specimens from Pegu and 1 each from “ Tenasserim? ” and “ Mandalay? ” in the Indian Museum, also stating that this was the form figured by Hanley & Theobald (1874: pl. 114, fig. 5) as paludinoides of Philippi. Although he stated that the “ The Pegu shell is well worthy of a distinguishing name ”, the term “ shell ” is here taken to mean the species as represented by the shells from Pegu, and including those possibly from Tenasserim and Mandalay. He gave measurements of the “ Type ”, thereby distinguishing it as the holotype, as well as of one other specimen. Nevill (1885: 5) clarified that Pegu was the type locality [“ Pegu (type var.) ”] and listed a total of 3 specimens from “ Tennasserim (?) ”. Variety of conica Wood, teste Nevill (1885: 5), Preston (1915: 101) and Prashad (1923: 590). Synonym of ampullacea Linnaeus, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 56) or of gracilis Lea, teste Prashad (1925: 81); here treated as a synonym of one or other of these, pending further research. fasciata Ampullaria globosa var. fasciata Hanley & Theobald, 1874: 46, pl. 113, fig. 5. Type material — location unknown [not found in NHMUK or Leeds Museum (Coan & Kabat 2012: 325)]. Type locality — “ Moradabad ” [northern India]. Remarks. Junior primary homonym of fasciata Roissy, 1805, fasciata Lamarck, 1816 and fasciata Reeve, 1856 (see Cowie & Thiengo 2003: 63 – 64). Variety of globosa Swainson, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59) and Preston (1915: 97). Synonym of globosa Swainson, teste Prashad (1923: 587, 1925: 71), followed here. filosa	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A24F554FF68CB5FAEC1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 176) doubted that filosa Reeve is African. Synonym of largillierti Philippi, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59) and Alderson (1925: 84), and of cecillei Philippi, teste Starmühlner (1969: 119), followed here. fruhstorferi Pachylabra javanica Reeve var. fruhstorferi Kobelt, 1912 b: 90. Type material — syntypes: SMF 25308 (1 spm., figured), SMF 25309 (1 spm.). Type locality — “ Tenggergebirge in Ost-Java bei 800 ' Seehöhe ” [Tengger massif, east Java, 800 feet above sea level], “ Sukabumi in 2000 ' Seehöhe ” [Sukabumi [west Java], 2000 feet above sea level]. Remarks. Synonym of scutata Mousson, teste Low et al. (2013: 56) and Ng et al. (2014: 34), followed here. fuliginea	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F554FF68CDD4ABB6FA96.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Junior synonym of orbata Perry, teste Pilsbry (1927 b: 63), and of ampullacea Linnaeus (as “ ampullaria ”), teste Habe (1964: 49). Widely treated as a valid species, e. g. by G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 58), Preston (1915: 97), Annandale (1920 a: 5), Alderson (1925: 70), Prashad (1925: 70), Keawjam (1986: 63), Subba Rao (1989: 58) and Jahan et al. (2001: 581), in Pila. Listed, incorrectly, from Siam and near Bangkok [Thailand] by Martens (1860: 12) and Morelet (1875: 289), respectively. globosa	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F554FF68CDD4ABB6FA96.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59), Alderson (1925: 96) and Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 175, in Pila). Subspecies of ovata Olivier, teste Pain (1952: 289, 1961: 14), followed here. Not mentioned by Brown (1980, 1994).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety of conica Wood, teste Prashad (1925: 80). Variety of scutata Mousson, teste Subba Rao (1989: 60). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59), Annandale (1920 a: 5), Brandt (1974: 52) and Keawjam (1986: 71, 1987: 69, 1990: 11), in Pila, followed here. gradata	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59). Synonym of letourneuxi Bourguignat, teste Pain (1963: 153). Use of the term “ named form ” by Brown (1980: 45, 1994: 54) was probably intended to mean synonymy, but is not explicit; however, Brown (1980: 45) stated that neither gradata nor letourneuxi seem distinct from ovata Olivier, which is here considered as synonymizing them. Therefore treated here as a synonym of ovata Olivier. gruneri	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. From Cambodia, teste Gaudion (1880: 31) and Paetel (1887: 479). Synonym of ampullacea Linnaeus, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 56) and Brandt (1974: 49). incrassatula	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original description was based on a series of 14 specimens and Prashad (1925: 74, pl. 13, fig. 9) subsequently unambiguously selected one of these syntypes to act as the unique name-bearing type (Code, Art. 74.5), thereby designating the lectotype. In 2014, in addition to the lectotype, 8 spms. (paralectotypes) were found in NZSI; the location of the other five is not known. The type locality was restricted to Calcutta by designation of the lectotype. Other localities (of paralectotypes) given by Nevill (1877: 4) were “ Dum-Dum ” (see also Nevill, 1885: 2) and “ at the village of Koakally, close to Dum-Dum ”. Variety of globosa Swainson, teste Paetel (1887: 479), G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59), Preston (1915: 97), Prashad (1925: 71) and Subba Rao (1989: 58). Synonym of globosa Swainson, teste Prashad (1923: 587), followed here. inops	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Prashad (1923: 590) referred to “ the type ” without providing explicit details of its identity or whereabouts, although it can be inferred from his publication that it was in NHMUK. This is not considered a valid lectotype fixation and the specimen is therefore treated here as a syntype (Code, Rec. 73 F). Variety of scutata Mousson, teste Gaudion (1880: 32). Variety of conica Wood, teste Nevill (1885: 5), G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 58), Prashad (1923: 590) and Alderson (1925: 78). Synonym of scutata Mousson, teste Brandt (1974: 52), Low et al. (2013: 56) and Ng et al. (2014: 34), followed here. javensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The NZSI specimen is labelled “ subcelebensis ” a name that has never been published. In his original description of javensis, Nevill (1885: 6) said that this was celebensis of Mousson and of Philippi (non Quoy & Gaimard) and that it had a less produced spire than true celebensis. So the name “ subcelebensis ” makes sense. The dimensions of the NZSI specimen match those given by Nevill (63 mm high, 56 mm wide) for his specimen, which is therefore here considered a syntype of javensis Nevill. Synonym of ampullacea Linnaeus, teste Paetel (1887: 479; as “ javanica ”) and of magnifica Philippi, teste Boettger (1890: 155). + koleensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Venmans (1956: 140 – 141) listed the holotype and 19 paratypes, two of which were in the collection of T. Pain. The RMNH specimens listed above are from Venmans and the NMW specimens are from Pain. The whereabouts of the other seven paratypes is unknown. kordofana	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name attributed to “ Parreyss in lit. ” by Philippi. The legend to the illustrations of Bourguignat (1864: pl. 11, figs. 12, 13) says “ 12 13 Ampullaria kordofana (type) ”, with no explicit selection of one of the two specimens (the illustrations of which differ in size) as the “ type ” and no additional explanation of their provenance; this therefore does not constitute designation of a lectotype (Code, Art. 74.5, 74.6), especially as Bourguignat often used the term “ type ” to mean “ typical ” (E. Neubert pers. comm. 25 September 2014). Valid species, teste Bourguignat (1864: 78, 1879: 32, 1889: 167) and Germain (1907 b: 116). Variety of ovata Olivier, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 60) and Alderson (1925: 95). Synonym of ovata Olivier, teste Gaudion (1880: 35), Pain (1952: 286, 1961: 10) and Mandahl-Barth (1954: 40), followed here. lacustris Pachylabra turbinis Race lacustris Annandale, 1920 a: 20. Type material — holotype [by original designation]: NZSI 11571 / 2 M; possible paratypes: NZSI 10511 / 2 (4 spms.). Type locality — “ edge of the inner or freshwater region of the Tale Sap or Inland Sea of Singgora ” [Thailand]. Remarks. Annandale (1920 a: 20 – 21) gave measurements for three specimens, but designated one as the “ Typespecimen ”. Race of turbinis Lea, teste Annandale (1920 a: 5). Synonym of ampullacea Linnaeus, teste Brandt (1974: 50), followed here. lamellosa Ampullaria ovata Var i ét é lamellosa Germain, 1912: 323 – 324, fig. 61. Type material — location unknown. Type locality — “ Le Niger ” Remarks. Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 182). Synonym of wernei Philippi, teste Pain (1961: 18), followed here. largillierti	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A21F556FF68C918AF56F926.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The location of the type locality is ambiguous. Nossi-bé (Philippi 1852 a: 47) is an island (now known as Nosy Be) off the northwest coast of Madagascar. However, Alderson (1925: 85) presumed the type locality to be the lake on the east of Madagascar south of Tamatave (now Toamasina). Listed by Bourguignat (1889: 167) as from the coast of Mozambique. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59) and Alderson (1925: 84), who both considered largillierti Reeve non Philippi to be a variety of virens Lamarck. Synonym of cecillei Philippi, teste Starmühlner (1969: 119) and Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic (1974: 349), followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2FF55AFF68CF52AAE5FBD9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 60) and Kobelt (1912 b: 75). Pila, teste Preston (1915: 101).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2FF55AFF68CE82A928FCC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pila, teste Pagulayan & Remigio (1993: 2).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2FF55BFF68C843AED5FB54.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype is the shell figured as “ the type-shell ” by Annandale & Prashad (1921: fig. 2). However, the number of specimens in the type series is unclear. The description was based solely on the shells of Nevill, who noted 8 (Nevill 1877: 5) and 9 (Nevill 1885: 4) specimens (the reason for the discrepancy is unknown). Annandale & Prashad (1921: 11, 12) reported the “ type-specimens ” as NZSI M 11864 / 2 but gave measurements for only 3 shells. On this basis, the original type series contained at least 3 and up to 9 specimens; some of Nevill’s original shells may have been lost. However, this type lot now only contains one shell, treated in the NZSI as the holotype. There are 5 specimens in NZSI 25078 / 5, labelled as paratypes. It is possible that these were subsequently separated from the original type series, so that there are now 6 known type (or possible type) specimens and the additional 2 or 3 specimens noted by Nevill appear lost. Nevill was of the opinion that the “ [type] locality could only be accepted with considerable reserve ” (Annandale & Prashad 1921: 12), although Annandale & Prashad seemed not to have shared this doubt. Pila, teste Subba Rao (1989: 59). nigricans Ampullaria nigricans G. B. Sowerby III, 1910: 60, 63, text fig. Type material — syntype: NHMUK 1910.9.30.1 (1 spm.). Type locality — “ Buddhu, Uganda, 4000 feet ”. Remarks. Synonym or infra-subspecific form of ovata Olivier, teste Mandahl-Barth (1954: 41). Synonym of ovata Olivier, teste Pain (1952: 287; as “ nigriscens ”), who stated that “ Sowerby’s holotype ” was in the British Museum. nux	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2FF55BFF68C843AED5FB54.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Berthold (1991: 10, fig. 14) illustrated a specimen he considered to be the “ Holotypus ”. However, there are three specimens in the type series, which precludes the assumption of holotype (Code, Rec 73 F), and nor does Berthold’s action constitute lectotype fixation as it does not fulfil the requirements of the Code (Arts. 74.5, 74.6). Type species of Turbinicola, which was synonymized with Pila by Berthold (1991: 202). Only known from small streams near Khandalla and Igatpuri (Poona and Nasik districts) in the Western Ghats from altitudes between 2500 and 3000 feet (Annandale & Prashad 1921: 11). Valid species in Pila, teste Preston (1915: 99). Synonym of saxea Reeve, teste Prashad (1923: 591, 1925: 87) and Subba Rao (1989: 61), followed here. + nyanzae	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2FF55BFF68C843AED5FB54.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type series consisted of three specimens (NHMUK 1892.8.27.1 – 3), but a note in the NHMUK collection (by F. Naggs, 12 October 1993) states that two of these were stolen. The one remaining shell is the one illustrated by Brown (1980; fig. 23 a, 1994; fig. 23 a). Pain (1951: 230) noted that a specimen in the NHMUK marked as Smith’s “ type ” was in fact not the holotype, which he therefore stated was lost. Nonetheless, on obtaining a shell of nyanzae from the Sowerby collection, labelled as from Lake Victoria and collected by E. C. Gordon, the collector of Smith’s material, Pain (1951: 230) designated this specimen as the “ neotype and possible holotype ” as it “ fits the original description extremely well ”. His designation of this specimen as a neotype was not valid, not only because it was not deposited immediately on publication in a recognized scientific or educational institution but also as it did not clearly fulfil the other requirements of the Code (Art. 75). This specimen is now NMW. Z. 1981.118.00514. Pain (1961: 15) subsequently designated a “ lectotype ”, presumably the same specimen he had formerly designated as the neotype, with the measurements given (see also Pain 1952: 290, 1961: 15) being identical to those of Smith (1892: 382). It is probably Smith’s original measured specimen; it matches his measurements closely except for the width, which is 10 mm less, perhaps an error by Smith, repeated by Pain. Pain (1961: 15) also noted a “ syntype ”, also from the type locality; this specimen (NMW. Z. 1981.118.00119) is that illustrated by Pain (1951: pl. 28, fig. 3) (H. Wood pers. comm. 15 October 2013) and Kobelt (1912 b: pl. 30 a, fig. 1). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 60). Race, subspecies or form of ovata Olivier, in Pila, teste Pain (1952: 290, 1961: 15), Mandahl-Barth (1954: 45) and Brown (1980: 45, 1994: 54), followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2EF55BFF68C8C2A819FA26.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Noted as from Madagascar by Paetel (1887: 480), referencing the listing of the species by Mayer (1885 [as “ 1884 ”]: 33). Not mentioned by Starmühlner (1969) nor by Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic (1973). Appears to be a N. comb. with Pila.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2EF55BFF68C9CCAEFAF88A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Both Connolly (1912: 257, 1939: 554) and Pain (1961: 23) stated “ Type in Zurich Museum ”; however, neither identified an actual specimen and therefore neither constitutes a lectotype designation (Code, Art. 74.5). Pila, teste Haas (1936: 34), Connolly (1939: 553), Pain (1961: 23) and Brown (1994: 54).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2EF55CFF68CB64AF71FCCD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pila, teste Preston (1915: 102) and Subba Rao (1989: 59). orbata	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2EF55CFF68CB64AF71FCCD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Perry stated that this species was “ supposed to be a native of the West Indies ”, but it was placed in Pachylabra (synonym of Pila) by Mörch (1852: 50) as a senior synonym of virens Lamarck and globosa Swainson. Synonym of globosa Swainson, teste Pilsbry (1927 b: 63), but of ampullacea Linnaeus, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 56), Brandt (1974: 49) and Ng et al. (2014: 32), followed here. The name ornata of Paetel (1887: 480) is here considered an incorrect subsequent spelling of orbata Perry and therefore unavailable (Code, Art. 33.3). orientalis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2EF55CFF68CB64AF71FCCD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The material in the Philippi collection in MNHNCL labelled as orientalis Philippi appears to belong to more than one species and may not all be type material. Synonym of conica Wood, teste Nevill (1877: 7). Variety of conica Wood, teste Nevill (1885: 5), G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 58) and Preston (1915: 101). Synonym of scutata Mousson, teste Philippi (1851: 9), Gaudion (1880: 39; as “ scuttata ”), Brandt (1974: 52), Low et al. (2013: 56) and Ng et al. (2014: 34), followed here. Synonym of scutata Philippi, non Mousson, teste Alderson (1925: 78).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A29F55DFF68CFA2AE56FEF4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There is no evidence that the two versions of Olivier’s text, and the atlas, were not published simultaneously (see carinata Olivier, above, for more explanation). It is therefore not possible to ascertain which constitutes the original description. The specimen illustrated by Bourguignat (1864: pl. 10, fig. 11; shell height 60 mm) was collected by Bruguière and Olivier from the type locality and is therefore considered part of the type series, and may be the same specimen as that illustrated by Cowie & Héros (2012, fig. 5 E; shell height 64.3 mm). The statement of Bourguignat (1864: 79) that his specimen was “ un individu type ” does not constitute a lectotype designation as it does not identify it as the type specimen. In fact Bourguignat often used the term “ type ” to mean “ typical ” (E. Neubert pers. comm. 25 September 2014). His figure legend, which simply says “ type ”, is interpreted in the same way. Pila, teste Pain (1952: 286), Brown (1994: 54) and many others. pagoda	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A29F55DFF68CFA2AE56FEF4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Treated as a monstrosity and among “ Varieties and aberrations ” of virescens Deshayes by Nevill (1885: 7) and Alderson (1925: 82), respectively, and as a synonym of virescens Deshayes by Morelet (1875: 291), Kobelt (1912 b: 83), G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 69) and Brandt (1974: 49) (all as “ polita ”), followed here. “ Siam ” [Thailand] given as locality by Gaudion (1880: 36). + pallens	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A29F55DFF68CFA2AE56FEF4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Gaudion (1880: 36) gave Mexico as the locality, probably in error. Variety of virens Lamarck, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 62) and Alderson (1925: 74) but probably a synonym. Appears to be a N. comb. with Pila. perakensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A29F55DFF68CFA2AE56FEF4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 61), Kobelt (1912 b: 91) and Cowie & Héros (2012: 812), though a synonym ampullacea Linnaeus, teste Habe (1964: 49; as “ ampullaria ”), and of scutata Mousson, teste, Brandt (1974: 52), Low et al. (2013: 56) and Ng et al. (2014: 34), followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A28F55DFF68CDBAAB3DFBED.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 88), Annandale (1920 a: 5, 24), in Pila, teste, Brandt (1974: 51), Keawjam (1986: 61, 1987: 69, 1990: 1) and Cowie & Héros (2012: 812). pilula	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A28F55DFF68CDBAAB3DFBED.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 87). Synonym of adusta Reeve, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 56), Alderson (1925: 77) and Pain (1961: 22), followed here. Locality given as “ Accra?, W. Coast of Africa ” by Alderson (1925: 87). Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 176) doubted that it is African. polita	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A28F55DFF68CDBAAB3DFBED.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Unjustified replacement name for virescens Deshayes, and therefore a junior objective synonym of virescens, with the same name-bearing type (Code, Art. 72.7). For further discussion see Cowie & Héros (2012: 813, 819).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A28F55EFF68C882A99DFED1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Fischer-Piette (1950: 12, pl. 1, fig. 7) listed it and figured one specimen but did not designate a lectotype. Not listed by G. B. Sowerby III (1916: 72). Junior primary homonym of pygmaea Lamarck (Lamarck 1804: 30, 1822 b: 547; not Ampullariidae). No replacement name provided here, pending further research. quadrasi Pachylabra (lubrica var.?) quadrasi Kobelt, 1912 b: 99, pl. 41, figs. 8, 9. Type material — holotype [by monotypy]: SMF 25319. Type locality — “ der Insel Mainit, Philippinen ” [probably Lake Mainit, Mindanao, Philippines]. Remarks. Kobelt’s description seems to have been based on a single specimen, although not explicitly. There is only a single specimen in SMF, labelled as the holotype by Zilch (R. Janssen pers. comm. 18 October 2013). There is no reason to think that there were additional specimens, so this specimen is considered here to be the single specimen constituting the type series (Code, Art. 72.4.1.1) and therefore the holotype. Synonym of conica Wood, teste Pagulayan & Remigio (1993: 1 – 27). raymondi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A28F55EFF68C882A99DFED1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of ovata Olivier, teste Jickeli (1874: 231), Gaudion (1880: 35), Paetel (1888: 481), G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 60) and Pain (1952: 287), followed here. Variety of ovata Olivier, teste Kobelt (1912 b: 47) and Alderson (1925: 93). revoili	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2BF55EFF68CA3AA8CDF8B9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym or variety of aperta Philippi, teste Nevill (1877: 6) and Nevill (1885: 4), respectively. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 61), in Pila, teste Preston (1915: 100) and Subba Rao (1989: 61), followed here, and in Turbinicola, teste Prashad (1925: 87) and Berthold (1991: 22); Turbinicola synonymized with Pila by Berthold (1991: 202), also followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2BF55EFF68CD41AADBFA74.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Prashad (1925: 86) gave a table of measurements of 4 specimens (all referred to NZSI 2414), indicating that the holotype (“ Type ”) was by far the largest. The 3 specimens in NZSI 21546 / 4 are from the same locality as the holotype and have been considered as paratypes in the NZSI. It seems likely that the holotype was removed from the original type series and retained the original catalogue number, with the remaining 3 specimens given the new number NZSI 21546 / 4. rotundata	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2BF55EFF68CD41AADBFA74.taxon	discussion	Remarks. G. B. Sowerby III (1909: 357) considered it “ most likely a form of Hopetonensis ” [= paludosa Say, 1829], a North American species (Cowie & Thiengo 2003: 66), but it was subsequently synonymized with globosa Swainson by Pilsbry (1927 b: 64; see also Walker 1918: 124; Pilsbry 1953: 60; Clench 1955: 107; Clench & Turner 1956: 120). Spelled by Binney (1858: 147) as “ Ampluria rotundata ”. ruchetiana	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2BF55EFF68CD41AADBFA74.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Noted as from Somalia by Paetel (1887: 481), referencing the listing of the species by Mayer (1886 [as “ 1885 ”]: 78). Variety of speciosa Philippi, teste Alderson (1925: 99). Valid species, teste Germain (1907 a: 232, 1907 b: 116, 1907 d: 529; as “ Rucheti ”), Kobelt (1912 b: 60), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 176) and Prashad (1931: 168). Synonym of speciosa Philippi, teste Pain (1961: 20), followed here. rugosa	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2BF55EFF68CD41AADBFA74.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name attributed to “ Parreyss in lit. ” by Philippi. Cowie & Thiengo (2003: 74) followed Swainson (1822 b: un-numbered text page, pl. 120) and others in treating rugosa G. B. Sowerby I (1822: un-numbered text page, pl. [184], figs. 1 – 2), clearly a species of Pila, as a misidentification of rugosa Lamarck, a New World species.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2BF55FFF68CB79AF45FDF1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variety of conica Wood, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 58) and Alderson (1925: 78). Synonym of compacta Reeve, teste Gaudion (1880: 27) and of conica Wood, teste Nevill (1877: 7), Preston (1915: 100) and many others (Low et al. 2013: 56). Synonym of gracilis Lea, teste Keawjam (1986: 71, 1990: 11). The name scutata Mousson has priority over all these names. Treated as the valid name for conica Wood, non Lamarck, nec Swainson, by Brandt (1974: 52) and Low et al. (2013: 56), both in Pila. The names sulcata of Adams & Adams (1854: 346) and of Paetel (1888: 482) are here considered incorrect subsequent spellings of scutata Mousson (see also G. B. Sowerby III 1910: 58) and therefore unavailable (Code, Art. 33.3). sennaariensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF55FFF68CEA1AEE3FAA1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Nevill (1877: 2) referred to a single “ reversed ” specimen in the Indian Museum (NZSI) from the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, but did not name it. Nevill (1885: 2) indicated in addition to this specimen a specimen of unknown location, though labelled “ Mauritius ”, implying that this locality was in error. Prashad (1925: 73, pl. 13, figs. 10, 11) illustrated these two sinistral shells but treated them as “ sinistral abnormalities of the typical P. globosa ”. NZSI 2396 appears to be the specimen from Calcutta; the other was not found in 2014. sinistrorsa Ampullaria globosa carinata subvar. sinistrorsa Nevill, 1885: 3. Unavailable name: infrasubspecific (Code, Art. 1.3.4). Remarks. Nevill (1885: 3) listed a single specimen in the Indian Museum; not found in NZSI in 2014. Listed as a variety of globosa Swainson by G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 59) and Preston (1915: 97) but neither act made it available as it was not adopted as the valid name of a species or subspecies (Code, Art. 45.6.4.1).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF541FF68C971AF5EFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pila, teste Pain (1949 b: 69) and Brown (1965: 44, 1980: 47, 1994: 55), followed by Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 210). sphaerica	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF541FF68C971AF5EFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In addition to the shells of Deshayes (1830 a: 30) the shell illustrated by G. B. Sowerby I (1822: pl. [184], figs. 1, 2) and referenced by Deshayes is part of the type series. By implication, rugosa G. B. Sowerby I non Lamarck (considered a species of Pila based on Sowerby’s illustration of the calcified operculum) was considered by Swainson (1822 a: pl. 119), Deshayes (1830 a: 30) and Prashad (1925: 70) to be a misidentification of rugosa Lamarck (synonym of urceus Müller, a species of Pomacea, teste Cowie & Thiengo (2003: 74 )) rather than the proposal of a new name. Swainson proposed the name corrugata for Sowerby’s shell, prior to Deshayes’ proposal of sphaerica. Synonym of corrugata Swainson, teste Philippi (1851: 7) and Martens (1857: 209), followed here. sphaerica Ampullaria globosa var. sphaerica Hanley & Theobald, 1874: 46, pl. 113, fig. 4. Type material — syntype: UMZC I. 104725 (1 spm., with label “ figured in Conch. Indica CXIII, f. 4 ”) [not found in Leeds Museum or NHMUK (Coan & Kabat 2012: 325)]. Type locality — “ Moradabad ”. Remarks. Junior primary homonym of sphaerica Deshayes. Variety of globosa Swainson, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 58) and Preston (1915: 97). Synonym of globosa Swainson, teste Nevill (1877: 1) and Prashad (1923: 587, 1925: 71), followed here. stoliczkana	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF541FF68C971AF5EFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Nevill (1877: 11) noted 7 spms. but subsequently (Nevill 1885: 7) listed only 6; the reason that there are now 8 considered as type material in NZSI requires further research. Variety of conica Wood, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 50) and Alderson (1925: 78). Synonym of scutata Mousson, teste Low et al. (2013: 56) and Ng et al. (2014: 34), followed here. + stuhlmanni	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF541FF68C971AF5EFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The placement of this taxon by Martens (1897 a: 155) as a variety of erythrostoma Reeve is in error as the latter is a South American species (Cowie & Thiengo 2003: 63; Köhler & Glaubrecht 2006: 211). The two large specimens from “ Albert-Nyanza ” and the one from “ Kassesse in Karagwe ” (Martens 1897 a: 155) were not found by Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 211). The parenthetical “ type Stuhlmann ” in the tables of shell dimensions given by Pain (1952: 289, 1961: 13) is here considered as referring to the type locality and not to be lectotype designations. Treated as a distinct species by Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 182 – 183) and Dartevelle & Schwetz (1947: 32), but a subspecies of ovata Olivier, teste Pain (1952: 288, 1961: 13) and Mandahl-Barth (1954: 45), followed here, all in Pila. Form of ovata Olivier, teste Brown (1980: 45), though not so listed by Brown (1994: 54). subampullacea	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF541FF68C971AF5EFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Annandale (1920 a: 19) indicated a “ Type-specimen ” (NZSI “ 2427 M ”) but whether this was one of the two specimens deposited by Nevill has not been definitively determined. Neither it nor other material identifiable as Nevill’s types were found in NZSI in 2014. Var iety or race of turbinis Lea, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 61) and Annandale (1920 a: 5), respectively. Synonym of ampullacea Linnaeus, teste Paetel (1888: 481) and Brandt (1974: 49), followed here. subglobosa	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF541FF68C971AF5EFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym or variety of turbinis Lea, teste Paetel (1888: 482). Variety of turbinis Lea, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 61). Synonym of turbinis Lea, teste Annandale (1920 a: 15). Possibly a senior synonym of dalyi Blanford, teste Alderson (1925: 65). Synonym of ampullacea Linnaeus, teste Brandt (1974: 49), followed here. subscutata	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF541FF68C971AF5EFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 61), Kobelt (1912 b: 57) and Alderson (1925: 91). Synonym of cecillei Philippi, teste Starmühlner (1969: 119) and Fischer & Vukadinovic (1974: 349), followed here. The names subsulcata of Paetel (1888: 482) and of Kobelt (1909: 91) are considered incorrect subsequent spellings of subscutata Mousson and therefore unavailable (Code, Art. 33.3). sumatrensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A2AF541FF68C971AF5EFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synonym of ampullacea Linnaeus, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 56), Kobelt (1912 b: 76), Habe (1964: 49; as “ ampullaria ”), Brandt (1974: 49) and Ng et al. (2014: 32). Recorded from Perak (Paetel 1888: 481), throughout peninsular Malaysia (de Morgan 1885: 418) and in Cambodia (Dautzenberg & Fischer 1905: 427).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A37F542FF68CCB9A8F2FE3C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Recorded from Singapore by Alderson (1925: 74) but not by Ng et al. (2014). Subvariety of globosa subspecies carinata variety layardi Reeve, teste Nevill (1885: 3). Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 61) and Subba Rao (1989: 60), in Pila, followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A37F543FF68CDF2AB58FF44.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original publication is the plate, with the name in the legend on the plate, published in the fifth livraison of plates of the Dictionnaire, with the name and authorship given on the reverse side of the front wrapper of the livraison. The shell illustrated is therefore the holotype by monotypy. Each livraison of plates was published separately. The wrapper also explicitly states that the plates were not numbered as, once all the plates would be completed, they were to be combined in an order reflecting classification, as indeed they were in volume 17 of the Dictionnaire, published in 1831, when they were numbered sequentially. Ampullaria virescens Deshayes appeared on what was then numbered plate 87. The name polita Deshayes was introduced as an unjustified replacement name for virescens Deshayes and is therefore a junior objective synonym of virescens. For further discussion see Cowie & Héros (2012: 819). Valid species of Pila, teste Brandt (1974: 49) and Keawjam (1986: 61, 1987: 69, 1990: 1), both as “ polita ”, and Cowie & Héros (2012: 818). vittata	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A37F543FF68CDF2AB58FF44.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 62). Synonym of conica Wood, teste Pagulayan & Remigio (1993: 1, etc.), followed here. volkensi Ampullaria gordoni Var. volkensi Martens, 1897 a: 157. Type material — lectotype (Köhler & Glaubrecht 2006: 212, fig. 3 k): ZMB 109521 a; paralectotypes: ZMB 109521 b (3 spms.). Type locality — “ Jipe-See, südöstl. vom Kilima-Ndjaro, an der Grenze des deutschen und britischen Gebiets ” [Lake Jipe, southeast of Kilimanjaro, on the border between Tanzania and Kenya]. Remarks. Synonym of wernei Philippi, teste Pain (1961: 18). wellesleyensis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A37F543FF68CDF2AB58FF44.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 62) and Kobelt (1912 b: 91). Synonym of scutata Mousson, teste Habe (1964: 49; as “ ampullaria ”), Brandt (1974: 52), Low et al. (2013: 56) and Ng et al. (2014: 34), followed here. welwitschi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A37F543FF68CDF2AB58FF44.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valid species, teste Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 176). Synonym of wernei Philippi, teste Pain (1961: 18), followed here.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A36F543FF68CCD0A9F6FA06.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Both figures of Philippi (1851: pl. 5, fig. 4, 1852 a: pl. 17, fig. 2) were referenced by Philippi (1851: 19), although pl. 17 may not have been published until 1852, so both specimens are part of the type series of wernei Philippi. Bourguignat (1879: 32) referenced the shell illustrated in pl. 17, fig. 2 as the “ échantillon type ”. However, as Bourguignat often used the term “ type ” to mean “ typical ” (E. Neubert pers. comm. 25 September 2014), this cannot be considered definitively as a lectotype designation, and similarly nor can the usage of Germain (1905 b: 329). Bourguignat (1879: 32) considered the shell in the other illustration of Philippi (pl. 5, fig. 4) to be sufficiently distinct from that of pl. 17, fig. 2 to warrant its recognition as variety minor Bourguignat (see minor Bourguignat), the shell of pl. 5, fig. 4, as the only representative of minor, thereby becoming the holotype by monotypy. Köhler & Glaubrecht (2006: 212, fig. 3 L) designated this specimen (pl. 5, fig. 4) as the lectotype of wernei, thereby rendering wernei Philippi and minor Bourguignat objective synonyms. If Bourguignat was correct in thinking the two illustrations to be of different species, unfortunately it is the specimen that he considered to be typical of wernei Philippi (pl. 17, fig. 2) that would require a new name. Billotte (1885: 107) treated minor Bourguignat as a variety of charmesiana Billotte. Kobelt (1912 b: 62 – 63) discussed the confusion surrounding the three names and came to essentially the same conclusion that if considered distinct, the shell illustrated in pl. 17, fig. 2 would require a new name. Pain (1961: 19) listed minor Bourguignat (as “ Kobelt ”) as a synonym of wernei Philippi. Reports of wernei further south than the distribution above, e. g. Mozambique and Lake Albert (Alderson 1925: 89 – 90), Uganda, Zanzibar, Namibia and Angola (Connolly 1939: 553; Pain 1961: 19), are probably incorrect identifications (Brown 1994: 56). Pila, teste Connolly (1939: 553), Pain (1961: 18) and Brown (1994: 56). Misspelled as “ werneri ” by Gaudion (1880: 42). winkleyi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A36F543FF68CA5AA981F8D1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The locality was unknown to Reeve (1856 c: pl. 17, figs. 80 a, b) but Billotte (1885: 111) and Bourguignat (1889: 168) gave Egypt as a locality, no doubt incorrectly.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A31F544FF68CED7ABC6FAE7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Nevill (1877: 6; 1885: 4) seems to have been the first to identify specimens from Burma / Myanmar as aperta Philippi, considering his specimens to be the same as those illustrated as saxea Reeve and an un-named variety of it by Hanley & Theobald (1874: pl. 115, figs. 3, 4). However, he did not discuss the original description of Philippi (1849 b: 18) nor Philippi’s subsequent description and illustrations (Philippi 1851: 14, pl. 3, fig. 5); the basis for Nevill’s identification of his specimens and the figures of Hanley & Theobald as aperta Philippi is therefore not clear. Nonetheless, Nevill’s identification was accepted with no further question by G. B. Sowerby III (1910: 57) and Prashad (1925: 88), the latter placing aperta Philippi in Turbinicola. Prashad was in turn followed by Subba Rao (1989: 61) and Berthold (1991: 22), the latter synonymizing Turbinicola with Pila. On this basis, Cowie & Thiengo (2003: 80) treated aperta Philippi as a non-American species. All these interpretations rely on the original identification by Nevill. However, two possible syntypes in MNHNCL, of which Cowie & Thiengo (2003: 80) were not aware, are labelled as from Venezuela and have non-calcified opercula; and Paetel (1873: 64, 1887: 476) and Gaudion (1880: 24) listed the species as from Venezuela. It is therefore possible that aperta Philippi is in fact a New World species.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A30F545FF68CCB9A995FD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Attributed to Hardwicke by Gray. Whether intended to represent fasciata Roissy, fasciata Lamarck or a new proposal is not clear. gibbosa	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A32F547FF68CEABA878FCC3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The location has been suggested as “ Siam ” (Gaudion 1880: 41), or as Brazil (Rio de Janeiro or Bahia) or possibly India (notes associated with the specimen). Not listed by G. B. Sowerby III (1909: 358, 1910: 61, 1916: 73) or Cowie & Thiengo (2003).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3DF548FF68CFA4A826F8B6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Amphibolidae Gray; placed in their new genus Ampullacera by Quoy & Gaimard (1832: 196) and Deshayes & Milne Edwards (1838: 539) and in Amphibola Schumacher by Martens (1857: 205) and as a synonym of Amphibola crenata (Martyn) by Golding et al. (2007: 7). See Cowie & Thiengo (2003: 57 – 58) for avellana G. B. Sowerby III (Ampullariidae), which is a junior primary homonym. borealis	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3DF548FF68CFA4A826F8B6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Viviparidae; synonym of Campeloma crassula Rafinesque, teste Clench (1962: 277). Junior primary homonym of crassa Swainson. digona	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3DF548FF68CFA4A826F8B6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paetel (1887: 478) placed it in Ampullaria, citing Hanley & Theobald (1874: 47; as “ Theob. ”), who listed it as Paludina Férussac. Viviparidae; synonym of Vivipara bengalensis race doliaris (Gould), teste Annandale & Sewell (1921: 273).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3DF548FF68CEF8A903FCCA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Considered a “ helice ” by Pilsbry (1927 b: 63).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3CF549FF68C8C3AB15F93E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Martens (1857: 207) listed neritella Cuvier as among the Ampullariidae of the Berlin Museum but indicated that it was in fact Helicina neritella Lamarck. Helicinidae; type species of Helicina Lamarck (Cowie et al. 1995: 23). phaeostoma	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3CF549FF68C8C3AB15F93E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paetel (1888: 481) listed “ phaeostoma Nevil. India. ” in Ampullaria. However, Nevill did not describe a phaeostoma in Ampullaria and Paetel’s listing is here presumed to be of the above subvariety. Viviparidae.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3CF549FF68CF49AB58FB54.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lamarck (1822 a: 178) placed lusitanica Linnaeus in the synonymy of his new species guinaica Lamarck (now in Lanistes), as did Philippi (1852 a: 28), although with doubt, and Gaudion (1880: 31). Listed in Ampullaria and as from Guinea by Jay (1850: 282) and Paetel (1887: 479). However, Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927: 188), while listing it as a valid species in Lanistes, stated that it “ was based upon a specimen of Zonites algirus [Pulmonata: Zonitidae Mörch], according to Hanley, although Linnaeus referred to a figure of Lanistes carinatus (Olivier) in Gualtieri as illustrating his species ”. Haas (1936: 35) considered it undeterminable. The shell in LSL is not an ampullariid.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3CF549FF68CE69AAC6FCA6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Neither the description nor the illustration suggest that it is an ampullariid. Unknown to Say (1829: 260) and Binney (1865: 7). Paetel (1887: 479) may have been referring to Binney’s article when listing “ linearis Orb. Binn. Amer. 1869 ”. Considered a “ helice ” by Pilsbry (1927 b: 63). Treated by Petit (2003: 39) as a nomen dubium.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3CF549FF68CD2AABD0FD89.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Amphibolidae; placed in Ampullacera by Quoy & Gaimard (1832: 201) and Deshayes & Milne Edwards (1838: 539), in Amphibola by Philippi (1852 a: 73) and Martens (1857: 205) and in his new genus Salinator by Hedley (1900: 510 – 511), followed by Thiele (1931: 470), Woolacott (1945: 36), Smythe (1975: 335) and Golding et al. (2007: 10).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3CF549FF68CAF0AE2EF862.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Name attributed to Férussac by Potiez & Michaud. Additional type material was probably in the Douai Museum, which was destroyed during World War II (Golding et al. 2007: 25). Gaudion (1880: 39) gave the locality as Australia. No ampullariids are known from either New Zealand or Australia. Placed in Ampullaria by Woolacott (1945: 35). The shells of MNHN 4625 match the original illustration well. Amphiboloidea; listed as Salinator quoyana but under species incertae sedis by Golding et al. (2007: 25).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3FF54AFF68CDD1AACFFD5D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Martens (1857: 210) listed striata Cuvier as among the Ampullariidae of the Berlin Museum but indicated that it was in fact Helicina striata Lamarck. Helicinidae; listed as a valid species in Helicina by Dall & Simpson (1901: 447, 508) and subsequently placed in Alcadia Gray (e. g. Baker 1940: 71; Thompson & Deisler 1980: 3).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3FF54AFF68CCB9A9F9FE41.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Spix illustrated rosea as a species of Ampullaria, but Wagner (1827: 3, tabulae explicatae), in revising the work for publication, doubted this placement and suggested its placement in Bulimus Scopoli (suppressed by ICZN Opinion 475), in which genus it was subsequently placed by others, e. g. Philippi (1852 a: 74) and Martens (1857: 209). Suggested as possibly a young Borus oblongus (Müller), by Alderson (1925: ix), now Megalobulimus oblongus (Müller); Strophocheilidae Pilsbry or Megalobulimidae Leme (Bequaert 1948: 58; Bouchet & Rocroi 2005: 267; Simone 2006: 214; Wade et al. 2006: 596).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3FF54AFF68CA19A899F895.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Listed by Paetel (1888: 482) among Ampullariidae. Lymnaeidae Rafinesque; placed in his new genus Peplimnea by Iredale (1943: 212); valid species in Austropeplea Cotton, teste Blair & Finlayson (1981: 757), followed by Ponder & Waterhouse (1997: 441).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3FF54AFF68CF9EA94DFB31.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Hydrobiidae Stimpson s. l. (Wilke et al. 2013: 721); placed in Beddomeia Petterd by Ponder et al. (1993: 573). Junior secondary homonym of Valvata tasmanica Tenison-Woods, 1876 (un-numbered inserted page) when both are placed in Beddomeia (see Ponder et al. 1993: 574).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3FF54AFF68C8E1A883FAE9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Listed in Ampullariidae by Paetel (1888: 482) but in Paludina by Hanley & Theobald (1874: 47, pl. 115, fig. 8). Viviparidae (e. g. Eschner 2008: 23).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A39F54CFF68C971AED6F971.taxon	discussion	Remarks. See comments under maculata Perry regarding synonymy. hanleyi	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A39F54CFF68CD2AA9FDFE41.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Species described subsequent to Cowie & Thiengo (2003).	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A39F54DFF68CB21AEA4FC11.taxon	discussion	Remarks. See comments under maculata Perry regarding synonymy. knorrii Ampullariia Knorrii Philippi, 1852. Additional detail of type material – possible syntype: MNHNCL 15877 (1 spm., old number 61.043). lamarckii	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A38F54DFF68CF81A9D9FBC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Hayes et al. (2012: 730) designated the same specimen as the neotype of gigas Spix, insularum d’Orbigny and maculata Perry, thereby rendering them objective synonyms.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3BF54FFF68CAC2AB9EFE3C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Cowie & Thiengo (2003: 48) stated that the location of the type material and the type locality were unknown to them. In fact, a specimen identified, listed and illustrated by Schniebs (2002: 266, figs. 1 a, b) as the “ holotype ” is in Dresden (MTD 1147). Its locality, as given in Anton’s handwritten inventory of his collection, is “ Strom Parana in Brasilien ”. However, K. Schniebs (pers. comm. 2 February 2004) says that there were in fact three specimens in Anton’s possession. That identified as the “ holotype ” above was obtained by Anton from a Mr. Marguier and is the specimen from which Anton wrote the detailed description. A second specimen is from a Mr. Tile and is also listed as from “ Parana in Brasilien ” in Anton’s handwritten catalog. A third specimen has no locality but Anton received it also from Mr. Tile. When the MTD mollusc collection was inventoried at the end of the 19 th century, the third specimen was no longer present. The first two specimens were both given the MTD catalog number 1147. The identification by Schniebs (2002: 266, figs. 1 a, b) of one of these as the “ holotype ” was not a valid lectotype designation (Code, Art. 74.7). Therefore, rather than a holotype and paratype, there are in fact two remaining syntypes.	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
03FFE6320A3BF54EFF68CF6AAB65FB31.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The lot (USNM 380698; 133 spms.) described by Marshall (1930: 5) as “ embryonic shells ” is not type material, as its listing separately from the “ type ” and “ paratypes ” expressly excludes it from the type series (Code, Art. 72.4.6). phaeostoma	en	Cowie, Robert H. (2015): The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa 3940 (1): 1-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1
