identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FC87B1C06DF95E4A8A1762FE355778.text	03FC87B1C06DF95E4A8A1762FE355778.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kalanchoe	<div><p>Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Invasores Gideon F.Sm., ser. nov.</p><p>Type:— Kalanchoe delagoensis Ecklon &amp; Zeyher (1837: 305) (Fig. 1), here designated. Kalanchoe delagoensis is also the type of K. [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Invasores.</p><p>Designations not validly published:—“ Kalanchoe [sect. Bryophyllum] subsect. Bulbilliferae ” Boiteau (1947: 8), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 39.1), by inference because included species were not explicitly stated.</p><p>“ Kalanchoe [sect. Bryophyllum] [infragen. unranked, as an (unnumbered) “§”] Bulbilliferae ” Boiteau &amp; Mannoni (1949a: 14), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 39.1), pro parte, excluding K. daigremontiana Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1914: 128) [see also Boiteau &amp; Mannoni (1949b: 43–44)].</p><p>Informally proposed “Groupe” not intended as a name sensu Turland et al. (2018: Art. 6.3):—Groupe VI. Bulbilliferae Boiteau &amp; Allorge-Boiteau (1995: 16 [page not numbered], 89), pro parte, excluding K. daigremontiana .</p><p>Included taxa:—One species. [1] K. delagoensis Ecklon &amp; Zeyher (1837: 305) (see Smith 2024d for a discussion).</p><p>Diagnosis:— Kalanchoe delagoensis, the only species included in K. ser. Invasores, differs from the other taxa included in K. sect. Invasores, i.e., those included in K. ser. Fruticosa, K. ser. Herbacea, and K. ser. Vilana, by a combination of characters, including that plants are generally biennial; thin- stem med, and erect to leaning; have sessile, terete, cylindrical to very narrowly oblong leaves that are tricussately arranged; an inflorescence that is a dense-flowered, head-shaped to rounded thyrse; and flowers that are various shades of red to orange, with corolla tubes that are slightly enlarged basally or basally as well as at the level of the ovaries and slightly constricted above the level of the ovaries, enlarged in the middle, and slightly flared towards the mouth. Bulbil production is constitutive in K. ser. Invasores.</p><p>Description:—Biennial or, rarely, multi-annual, erect to leaning to procumbent, glabrous, somewhat brittle, succulent, herb-like, to 2 m tall when in flower; unbranched or very rarely sparsely branched or suckering near base, with stems terminating in an inflorescence. Stem generally weak, rather thin, light yellowish brown to yellowish grey to brownish grey, usually erect or toppling over under weight of leaves and inflorescence. Leaves many, tricussate, sparsely arranged, generally evenly spaced throughout, slanted away from branches at ± 45°, succulent, glabrous, sessile, bluish to purplish to brownish green to grey-green with irregular dark green or bluish purple mottling, somewhat waxy; petiole absent; blade terete, cylindrical to very narrowly oblong, often grooved above; base slightly narrowed; apex with several small, conical teeth, with bulbils constitutively produced on short, duct-like pedestals, also once leaves are detached. Inflorescence a terminal, apically branched, many-flowered, head-shaped to rounded thyrse, erect, peduncle short, straight, non-flori-bulbiliferous until post-anthesis, then sometimes bulbiliferous; pedicels prominent, glabrous. Flowers tetramerous, pendent, glabrous, waxy bloom ± absent, subtended by small bracts that soon shrivel, corolla much exceeding calyx at anthesis, papery when dry, drying purplish brown, buds yellowish; calyx shorter than corolla, very slightly balloon-like inflated; sepals basally fused for ± ⅓ of their lengths, free portion elongated-triangular, acute-tipped, obscuring lower ± ¼ to ⅓ of corolla tube, light greenish red, red-infusion more prominent towards tip, red arranged in feint longitudinal lines, creamy to purplish when young; corolla tube various shades of red, from crimson to deep orange to yellowish orange, ± campanulate, enlarged basally or basally as well as at level of ovaries, slightly constricted above level of ovaries, enlarged in middle, slightly flared towards mouth; corolla lobes subcircular to obovate, apically obtuse-rounded, minutely apiculate. Stamens inserted very low-down in corolla tube at ± same level as carpels, included to hardly exserted; filaments thin, light greenish red, basally light green; anthers visible at mouth; pollen yellowish grey. Pistil consisting of 4 carpels; carpels light shiny green; nectar scales ± rectangularrounded to square, free, rounded to flat to slightly indented above. Chromosome number: 2 n = 68 [tetraploid] (Smith 2022b: 159, 171–173).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC87B1C06DF95E4A8A1762FE355778	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.	Smith, Gideon F. (2025): Refinements to the infra-sectional classification of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Invasores (Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae) at the rank of series: description of K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Invasores, K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Fruticosa, and K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Phytotaxa 698 (4): 196-208, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.698.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.698.4.1
03FC87B1C06EF9584A8A11D4FBD35434.text	03FC87B1C06EF9584A8A11D4FBD35434.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kalanchoe	<div><p>Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Fruticosa Gideon F.Sm., ser. nov.</p><p>Type:— Kalanchoe serrata Mannoni &amp; Boiteau (1947: 152) (Fig. 2), here designated.</p><p>Designations not validly published:—“ Kalanchoe [sect. Bryophyllum] subsect. Suffrutescentes ” Boiteau (1947: 9), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 39.1), by inference because included species were not explicitly stated.</p><p>“ Kalanchoe [sect. Bryophyllum] [infragen. unranked, as “§ 7”] Suffrutescentes ” Boiteau &amp; Mannoni (1949c: 69), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 39.1).</p><p>Informally proposed “Groupe” not intended as a name sensu Turland et al. (2018: Art. 6.3):—Groupe VII. Suffrutescentes Boiteau &amp; Allorge-Boiteau (1995: 16 [page not numbered], 96).</p><p>Included taxa (including the type species) in alphabetical sequence, with, if applicable, autonymic varieties not listed:—Eleven species. [1] Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1915: 75), [1.1] K. fedtschenkoi var. boiteaui Smith (2024e: 108), [2] K. laxiflora Baker (1887: 472), [3] K. marnieriana H.Jacobsen ex Boiteau &amp; Allorge-Boiteau (1995: 102), [4] K. peltigera Descoings (2005a: 6), [5] K. perrieri Shtein, Gideon F.Sm. &amp; D.-P.Klein in Shtein et al. (2021a: 270), [6] K. rosei Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1914: 132), nom. cons., [7] K. serrata Mannoni &amp; Boiteau (1947: 152), [8] K. tenuiflora Descoings (2004: 233), [9] K. torrejacqii Shtein &amp; Smith (2021b: 206), [10] K. variifolia (Guillaumin &amp; Humbert 1941: 319) Shtein, D.-P.Klein &amp; Gideon F.Sm. in Shtein et al. (2021b: 233), [10.1] K. variifolia var. seyrigii (Boiteau &amp; Mannoni 1949c: 71) Shtein, D.-P.Klein &amp; Gideon F.Sm. in Shtein et al. (2021b: 236), and [11] K. waldheimii Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1915: 71) .</p><p>Note that the name K. rosei Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1914: 132), i.e., number ‘6’, above, is conserved against the name K. bouvieri Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1912: 366) [see Smith &amp; Figueiredo (2018b: 1039, 2019a: 138–139), Applequist (2022: 227, 2024: 294), Smith (2022c: 693), Wilson (2023: 423, 2024: 1082), and Turland et al. (2024: 1313, 1321, 1323)].</p><p>Diagnosis:—The taxa included in K. ser. Fruticosa, differ from the other taxa included in K. sect. Invasores, i.e., those included in K. ser. Invasores, K. ser. Herbacea, and K. ser. Vilana, by a combination of characters, including that plants are generally perennial shrubs; usually thin- stem med, with the stems being erect to leaning, brittle-woody, sprouting numerous stilt-like roots and covered in a slightly peeling to flaking bark; have generally flat, sessile or petiolate, decussate leaves that vary from obovate to round to hastate; leaf margins that are phyllo-bulbiliferous under stress; have inflorescences that are usually apically distinctly pendent pre-anthesis but later erect; and have colourful, pendent flowers at anthesis, with the inflorescences generally being flori-bulbiliferous post-anthesis, if at all.</p><p>Description:—Perennial, erect to spreading, tuft-like, glabrous, brittle shrubs, densely branched especially basally, with haphazard, untidy canopies; succulent, to 0.5–0.6(–1.0) m tall when in flower, clumps annually increasing in size. Stems thin, light green when young, becoming brown, variously erect, leaning or even prostrate, rooting along the way, erect and leaning branches developing long, near-woody stilt-like roots; bark slightly peeling to flaking with age, hard, brown. Leaves many, sparsely or very densely packed, especially in young plants, more widely dispersed on older stems, erect to variously slanted away from branches, often in one plane, succulent, glabrous, petiolate, flattened above and below, often slightly indented above and below along midrib and leaf veins, green to glaucous green, slightly waxy, wax easily rubs off; petiole generally robust if present, concolorous or light whitish green, succulent; blade ± flat, ovate, obovate, round, or hastate, succulent; base attenuate or winged to slightly to distinctly auriculate to peltate; apex rounded-obtuse to bluntly pointed; margins rarely ± entire, usually irregularly toothed with well-defined, round-tipped or acute crenations along part or entire length of margin, depressions between teeth usually dark brown purple, crenations often somewhat angled towards apex, bulbiliferous. Inflorescence a terminal, apically branched, many-flowered head-shaped corymb, apically distinctly pendent pre-anthesis, later erect; some corymb branches often terminating in sterile, curved, pedicel-like branchlets; peduncle straight, light brownish purple; pedicels glabrous. Flowers tetramerous, pendent at anthesis, becoming suberect when dry, glabrous, subtended by small leaf-like bracts that remain persistent for a long time, waxy bloom absent, papery when dry, dries a deeper shade of purple than calyx; calyx ± tubular to somewhat balloon-like inflated for ± ⅔; sepals with free portion deltoid- to elongated-triangular, acute-tipped, obscuring up to ¾ of the corolla tube, light greenish to yellowish to light greenish purple; corolla red, reddish purple, pinkish, orange, to pale yellow; tube ± cylindrical, slightly flared at the mouth; lobes somewhat round to ovate to obovate, apically obtuse. Stamens inserted very low-down in corolla tube at ± upper end of carpels, slightly exserted; filaments thin, purplish red to light greenish; anthers black, visible at mouth to slightly exserted. Pistil consisting of 4 carpels; carpels light shiny green; nectar scales ± square, free, slightly indented above. Chromosome number: 2 n = 34 [diploid], rarely 2 n = 68 [tetraploid] (Smith 2022b: 158–159, 162, 173).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC87B1C06EF9584A8A11D4FBD35434	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.	Smith, Gideon F. (2025): Refinements to the infra-sectional classification of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Invasores (Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae) at the rank of series: description of K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Invasores, K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Fruticosa, and K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Phytotaxa 698 (4): 196-208, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.698.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.698.4.1
03FC87B1C068F9594A8A1638FDFF5714.text	03FC87B1C068F9594A8A1638FDFF5714.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kalanchoe	<div><p>Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Herbacea Gideon F.Sm., ser. nov.</p><p>Type:— Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1914: 128) (Fig. 3), here designated.</p><p>Designations not validly published:—“ Kalanchoe [sect. Bryophyllum] subsect. Bulbilliferae ” Boiteau (1947: 8), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 39.1), by inference because included species were not explicitly stated.</p><p>“ Kalanchoe [sect. Bryophyllum] [infragen. unranked, as an (unnumbered) “§”] Bulbilliferae ” Boiteau &amp; Mannoni (1949a: 14), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 39.1), pro parte, excluding K. tubiflora (Harvey 1862: 380) Hamet (1912: 44), i.e., K. delagoensis [see also Boiteau &amp; Mannoni (1949b: 43–44)].</p><p>Informally proposed “Groupe” not intended as a name sensu Turland et al. (2018: Art. 6.3):—Groupe VI. Bulbilliferae Boiteau &amp; Allorge-Boiteau (1995: 16 [page not numbered], 89), pro parte, excluding K. tubiflora, i.e., K. delagoensis .</p><p>Included taxa (including the type species) in alphabetical sequence:—Four species. [1] Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1914: 128), [2] K. inopinata Rebmann (2023: 6), [3] K. laetivirens Descoings (1997: 85) (treated as K. × laetivirens by Smith 2020a: 105), and [4] K. sanctula Descoings (1997: 87) .</p><p>Diagnosis:—The species included in K. ser. Herbacea, differ from the other taxa included in K. sect. Invasores, i.e., those included in K. ser. Invasores, K. ser. Fruticosa, and K. ser. Vilana, by a combination of characters, including that plants are usually thinstem med, biennial herbs, with the stems generally being unbranched, erect to leaning, herbaceous, very rarely sprouting few stilt-like roots, and lacking a peeling bark; have generally lengthwise-folded, petiolate, decussate leaves that vary from elliptic to obovate to elongate-triangular and are basally often auriculate to peltate; leaf margins that are phyllo-bulbiliferous on small, duct-like pedestals; inflorescences being erect, terminal, branched, many-flowered corymbose cymes; and have colourful, pendent flowers at anthesis, with the flowers generally being flori-bulbiliferous post-anthesis. Bulbil production is constitutive in K. ser. Herbacea .</p><p>Description:—Bi- or, rarely, triennial, glabrous, medium-sized, robust shrub-like succulent herbs, to 0.8–1.4 m tall when in flower. Stem simple or very rarely branched, erect to leaning, then curved upwards, green to yellowish to brownish. Leaves auriculate to distinctly peltate with basal blade ‘wings’ often stretching well beyond point of petiole attachment, smooth, petiolate, ± flattened above and below to strongly guttered, adaxially uniformly green or yellowish to brownish green, abaxially variously spotted with purplish, pinkish, or brownish blotches arranged into stripes and skeleton-like configurations on lighter background; petiole green or yellow and purple-infused, succulent; blade elliptic to obovate to elongate-triangular, often irregularly folded lengthwise especially when under environmental stress, succulent; base broadened, rounded, auriculate to peltate; apex subacute to acute to bluntly rounded; margins irregularly dentate with plantlets developing on duct-like pedestals. Inflorescence a terminal, apically branched, many-flowered, head-shaped corymb or branched, seemingly compounded inflorescence, successively produced corymbs arising from single peduncle, erect, often bulbiliferous after flowering, forming discrete, large bulbils; peduncle straight, generally light greenish to purple or yellowish green; pedicels glabrous. Flowers pendent, glabrous, subtended by small bracts that soon shrivel, waxy bloom ± absent, papery when dry; calyx tubular for ± ½–⅔, somewhat succulent, shiny light green infused with purple to almost uniformly purple; sepals free portion short-lanceolate to elongated-triangular, acute-tipped, obscuring ± ¼ of corolla tube; corolla generally dull light to dark pinkish purple, pink-infused green around carpels, tube ± funnel-shaped, more or less cylindrical lower down, often narrowed at carpel height, gradually widening higher up, flared at mouth; lobes ± round to obovate, apically rounded-obtuse, minutely apiculate. Stamens inserted below middle of corolla tube at ± upper level of carpels, included or hardly exserted; filaments thin, generally purple to purplish red; anthers greyish black, hardly exserted. Pistil consisting of 4 carpels; carpels shiny mid-green; nectar scales ± square, slightly narrowing apically, free, slightly indented above. Chromosome numbers: 2 n = 34 (Smith 2022b: 158, 163, 167, 170). The veracity of the identifications of the material of K. daigremontiana studied by Sharma &amp; Gosh (1967: 318–319) and for which they recorded 2 n numbers of 60 [a deviating number for Kalanchoe], 68 [tetraploid], and 176 [ca. decaploid] could not be verified and confirmed, and the species was interpreted as diploid by Smith (2022b: 163), as is done here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC87B1C068F9594A8A1638FDFF5714	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.	Smith, Gideon F. (2025): Refinements to the infra-sectional classification of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Invasores (Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae) at the rank of series: description of K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Invasores, K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Fruticosa, and K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Phytotaxa 698 (4): 196-208, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.698.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.698.4.1
03FC87B1C06AF95A4A8A14E8FCFF5348.text	03FC87B1C06AF95A4A8A14E8FCFF5348.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kalanchoe	<div><p>Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Vilana Shtein &amp; Smith (2021a: 107).</p><p>Type:— Kalanchoe beauverdii Hamet (1907: 887) (Fig. 4), designated by Shtein &amp; Smith (2021a: 107).</p><p>Included taxa (including the type species) in alphabetical sequence, with, if applicable, autonymic varieties not listed:—Four species. [1] Kalanchoe beauverdii Hamet (1907: 887), [1.1] K. beauverdii var. juelii (Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie 1914: 135) Smith &amp; Figueiredo (2019b: 119), [1.2] K. beauverdii var. pertinax Shtein &amp; Smith (2021a: 109), [2] K. costantinii Hamet (1907: 889), [2.1] K. costantinii var. unguifera Shtein &amp; Smith (2021a: 111), [3] K. guignardii Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1912: 368), [3.1] K. guignardii var. schistopetala Shtein &amp; Smith (2021a: 112), and [4] K. scandens Perrier de la Bâthie (1928: 28) .</p><p>Diagnosis:—The taxa included in K. ser. Vilana differ from the other taxa included in K. sect. Invasores, i.e., those included in K. ser. Invasores, K. ser. Fruticosa, and K. ser. Herbacea, by a combination of characters, including that they are perennial and have a climbing, scrambling habit; by having basally woody, hard-wiry stems; by being phyllo-bulbiliferous and bulbil production being constitutive; by carrying single-tipped spinules between the petiole bases in a leaf pair; by the petiole being basally broadened, and often somewhat amplexicaul; by the corolla being funnelform to funnelform-campanulate; and by the free corolla segments being at least as long as or longer than the corolla tube.</p><p>Description:—Perennial, climbing to scrambling, entirely glabrous, non-pruinose, non-tomentose succulent plants. Stems basally somewhat woody, hard-wiry, thin, flexuose, enlarged at internodes, with single-tipped spinules formed between petiole bases in each leaf pair. Leaves decussate, broadest at base, sessile to petiolate, simple to lobed, curved towards the stem at maturity, apical portion often rolled under to assist climbing; petiole subcylindrical if petiolate, at least somewhat amplexicaul; blade symmetrical, linear to oblong or ovate, sometimes cordate, or trilobate-hastate; base amplexicaul if sessile or attenuate to peltate if petiolate; margins crenate to ± subentire; apex acute to obtuse; bulbil production constitutive. Inflorescence a few-flowered cyme, leaning to drooping, not flori-bulbiliferous; peduncle indistinct, decurved to pendant; pedicels of equal diam. throughout. Flowers tetramerous, pendent to omnidirectional, glabrous, papery when dry, leaf-like bracts succulent, prominent, persisting for a long time; calyx shorter than corolla, forming a tube, tube often as long as free portion or much shorter; sepals substantially fused, free portion lanceolate to ovate-triangular, acute-tipped; corolla pale green, grey-green, brown, or bluish purple, funnelform to funnelform-campanulate, flaring basally, unconstricted higher up; lobes obovate to ovate to somewhat subcircular, acute to rounded, at least as long as the corolla tube, usually longer, flared open towards mouth. Stamens 8, inserted low down in corolla tube, at ± just above lower level of carpels, included or exerted, exceeding corolla tube; filaments of two similar lengths, thin; anthers purplish black, ovoid to hastate, visible at corolla mouth between corolla lobes. Pistil consisting of 4 carpels; carpels oblong, bulged in the middle, attenuating towards styles; styles uniformly dull green or reddish purple; stigmas very slightly capitate, dark green; nectar scales shorter than wide, free, slightly incurved, somewhat variable, ± horizontally rectangular, basally broadest, tapering upwards, slightly tooth-like indented above. Chromosome numbers: 2 n = 34 (Smith 2022b: 159, 162, 168).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC87B1C06AF95A4A8A14E8FCFF5348	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.	Smith, Gideon F. (2025): Refinements to the infra-sectional classification of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Invasores (Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae) at the rank of series: description of K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Invasores, K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Fruticosa, and K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Phytotaxa 698 (4): 196-208, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.698.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.698.4.1
