identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FCC76FFF9F2E2A76DECBAAFA11F854.text	03FCC76FFF9F2E2A76DECBAAFA11F854.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrgulopsis harrymilleri Perez & Leal & Glover & Chastain & Hutchins & Schwartz 2021	<div><p>Pyrgulopsis harrymilleri Perez, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 5A–F, 6A–F, 7A–D.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E2CA0B7D-0283-4C6F-8F42-3BE8BB36FF1B</p><p>Diagnosis. A globose to low-conical snail with strong growth lines on teleoconch. Aperture ovate and usually slightly separated from body whorl. Mantle tissue pigmented gray-black. Sharply pointed median cusp of central radular teeth. Penial gland bifurcate at proximal end.</p><p>Types. Holotype ANSP A483285, paratypes ANSP A483286, all from Vasquez Springs, Presidio County, Texas.</p><p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-30.22407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=104.58399" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -30.22407/lat 104.58399)">Vasquez Spring</a>, N of Candelaria, 30.224070 W, - 104.583990 N, Presidio County, TX</p><p>Etymology. We use the specific epithet “ harrymilleri ” in honor of Dr. Harry Miller III and Harry Miller IV who provided support and access to land, which allowed discovery of this Pyrgulopsis species.</p><p>Remarks. We propose the common name “Millers’ springsnail” in honor of the Millers and aligning with common naming convention for honorific names in Pyrgulopsis .</p><p>Description. Shell globose to broadly low-conical, light tan in color, relatively short spire with convex to slightly shouldered whorls. Whorls with a distinct suture. Protoconch with periostracum mostly eroded in some individuals. The initial portion lightly wrinkled with a few small spiral lines. Teleoconch with strong growth lines. Aperture ovate, angled above, adnate, or usually slightly separated from the body whorl (in larger shells). Peristome complete, inner lip slightly thickened and slightly reflected in the columellar portion. Outer lip slightly prosocline, sinuate adapically. Umbilicus narrow to rimate. Average shell measurements for n= 10 adult individuals: shell height= 2.40 mm (SD=0.21), spire height= 0.46 mm (SD=0.08), body whorl height= 1.95 mm (SD=0.15), shell width= 1.78 mm (SD=0.09), body whorl width= 1.47 mm (SD=0.08), aperture height= 1.24 mm (SD=0.07), aperture width= 1.03 mm (SD=0.06), number of whorls, 4.05 (SD=0.23).</p><p>Operculum(Fig.6E,F)narrowly ovate,flat,light amber;eccentric nucleus,paucispiral growth pattern.Attachment scar slightly thickened midway between nucleus and columellar edge. Attachment region callus moderately thick. Growth lines distinct, simple. Outer margin thin (nearly colorless), but with raised ridge, particularly along outer margin but with narrow thicker edge along inner margin.</p><p>Central radular tooth (Fig. 7) with moderately indented dorsal edge; lateral cusps 5–8; central cusp sharply pointed, considerably broader and longer than laterals, basal cusp 1, narrowly elongate, with strong dorsal support. Basal process medium width, broadly v-shaped; basal sockets deep. Lateral tooth face tall with broad neck and outer wing; central cusp shovel-like, sometimes flexed, lateral cusps 1–3 (inner) and 1–4 (outer); outer wing broad and about 200% length of cutting edge; basal tongue well developed. Inner marginal teeth having 20–25 cusps; fifth cusp from outer edge enlarged, sometimes buttressed with wide base including adjacent teeth. Outer marginal teeth having 31–34 cusps, inner edge sometimes having a short wing, near mid-length.</p><p>Tentacles pale with darkly pigmented patch at base and one solid black line running the entire length of the tentacle. Snout dark gray-black, light colored on distal edge. Foot darkly pigmented on anterior surface, and light colored beneath. Opercular lobe black along anterior edge and with sides, pale in the center. Neck pigmented along edges, pale in center. Visceral coil and pallial roof both darkly pigmented, almost black.</p><p>Ctenidium occupies a portion of the pallial cavity, filaments much broader than high, with filaments elongate, roughly triangular, wider at the base, lateral surface with elongate ridge, ~15–20. Middle and posterior filaments with widely elongated base. Osphradium elongate, short, opposite posterior end to middle of ctenidium, anterior end simple.</p><p>Penis large (Fig. 5D,E); filament medium length, narrow; lobe slightly shorter than filament, very broad. Penial gland covers half the length of the filament, distal to the body, with a strong bifurcation proximally. Dorsal gland (Dg) 1 short, broad, situated at proximal end of filament; Dg2 slightly curved, situated on a swelling left of Dg1; Dg3 similar in size, positioned near inner edge of lobe. Terminal gland elongate, curved, and situated entirely on ventral side of lobe. Ventral gland weakly curved and prominent, on large subterminal swelling. Filament with moderately dark internal pigment.</p><p>Capsule and albumen gland similar in size. Pallial portion of the albumen gland is large. Genital aperture near terminal end of capsule gland. Coiled oviduct a large loop, partially imbedded in albumen gland, with a light scattering of pigment. Bursa copulatrix rounded. Seminal receptacle elongate to pyriform, narrows near insertion with common duct of seminal receptacle and coiled oviduct. In many individuals, a line of oval fecal pellets fills intestine, passing along lateral edge of ctenidium. No fecal pellets observed in P. rubra sp. nov. or P. metcalfi individuals.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution. This species’ known range is in Vasquez Spring on the western slopes of the centralsouthern portion of the Sierra Vieja mountains (~ 7 km SW of Capote Peak). The habitat is approximately the upper 10 m of a 20 m length of narrow, high-gradient spring run, 10 to 30 cm wide and 0.5 to 3 cm deep on the upstream. The snails occupy ~50% of a tiny spring run that discharges from below a boulder on a steep hillslope at a geologic contact between volcanic talus and an underlying lens of weathered volcanic ash. Substrate consisted of gravel and small rocks, with sand and fine organics, surrounded by spike rushes. Habitat is partly fenced but fence is broken, and stream is visibly impacted by animals; likely audad (Fig. 11A). At the source, water temperature was 26.81 °C, pH = 7.73, conductivity = 1297 (µS/cm), dissolved oxygen = 10.87 mg /L. Two adjacent seeps did not have snails.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FCC76FFF9F2E2A76DECBAAFA11F854	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Perez, Kathryn E.;Leal, Manuel Spor;Glover, Houston;Chastain, Rebecca T.;Hutchins, Benjamin T.;Schwartz, Benjamin	Perez, Kathryn E., Leal, Manuel Spor, Glover, Houston, Chastain, Rebecca T., Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin (2021): Two new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from springs in the Rio Grande watershed in Texas. Zootaxa 5071 (3): 384-402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.5
03FCC76FFF902E2076DECF90FCCDFEC2.text	03FCC76FFF902E2076DECF90FCCDFEC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrgulopsis rubra Perez & Leal & Glover & Chastain & Hutchins & Schwartz 2021	<div><p>Pyrgulopsis rubra Perez, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 8A–F, 9A–F, 10A–E.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C7481249-6B82-4C95-A08F-26E5AD4ACC7E</p><p>Diagnosis. Shell ovate-conic, pale brown with slightly convex whorls. Aperture ovate, usually appressed to body whorl. Mantle tissue pigmented reddish. Rounded median cusp of central radular teeth. Penial gland does not bifurcate at proximal end, terminal gland of the penis extending to ventral and dorsal aspects.</p><p>Types. HolotypeANSPA483288,paratypesANSPA483289, all from PaloAmarillo Springs, Presidio County,TX .</p><p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-104.17158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.50925" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -104.17158/lat 29.50925)">PaloAmarillo Springs</a>, Big Bend Ranch State Park, 29.50925N,- 104.17158W, Presidio County,TX .</p><p>Etymology. We use the specific epithet “rubra” to refer to both the reddish pigmentation on the tissues of this snail and the red volcanic rock faces in the high canyon walls and surrounding landscape.</p><p>Remarks. Among the 30 individuals dissected from this population, only 1 male was observed. Therefore, features of the male anatomy were observed in one individual and should be considered accordingly.</p><p>Description. Shell ovate-conic, very pale brown in color, taller spire with slightly convex and shouldered whorls. Protoconch uneroded, mostly smooth with scattered raised granules. Teleoconch with strong growth lines. Aperture ovate, angled above, nearly appressed to body whorl. Peristome complete, inner lip slightly thickened. Outer lip prosocline, simple. Narrowly umbilicate. Average shell measurements for n= 10 adult individuals: shell height= 2.49 mm (SD=0.17), spire height= 0.48 mm (SD=0.08), body whorl height= 2.01 mm (SD=0.13), shell width= 1.84 mm (SD=0.10), body whorl width= 1.34 mm (SD=0.15), aperture height= 1.30 mm (SD=0.05), aperture width= 1.06 mm (SD=0.09), number of whorls=4.20 (SD=0.16).</p><p>Operculum (Fig. 9E, F) narrowly ovate, flat, light amber, nucleus eccentric and paucispiral. Attachment scar thickened midway to columellar edge. Attachment region callus concentrated near nucleus but with usual extent for the group. Growth lines distinct, but slight, simple. Wide band of thinned outer edges especially along outer margin, without a hint of a ridge, not elevated.</p><p>Central radular tooth (Fig. 9) with moderately indented dorsal edge; lateral cusps 5; central cusp rounded, considerably broader, and longer than laterals, basal cusp 1, widely elongate, slightly curved, with moderate, wide dorsal support. Basal process medium width, narrowly v-shaped; basal sockets deep. Lateral tooth face wide; Central cusp narrowly shovel-like, lateral cusps bluntly pointed, 3–4 (inner) and 3–4 (outer); outer wing broad and about same length as cutting edge. Inner marginal teeth having 14–16 cusps which enlarge rapidly beginning with the 5th tooth from the outer edge. Outer marginal teeth having ~13-small, terminal cusps, outermost tooth usually shorter and wider than others, inner edge of tooth margin sometimes with a short wing, near mid-length.</p><p>Cephalic tentacles tapered,rounded, nonexpanded, weakly developed eye lobes.Tentacles pale, except for weakly pigmented patch just distal to eye. Some individuals have patch extended into two lines of weak pigment running proximal to eyespot and ending halfway to distal end of tentacle. Snout with dark reddish-brown pigmentation, light colored on distal end. Foot pigmented reddish along anterior portion. Opercular lobe broadly pigmented along anterior portion, with spotty pigment throughout. Neck pale. Pallial roof uniformly dark reddish-brown. Mantle edge of pallial roof without coloration. Visceral coil consistent red pigment, with regular dark reddish-brown patches. Ctenidium occupies nearly the entire length of pallial cavity, filaments broader than high, with filaments elongate, roughly triangular in shape, wider at the base, slightly rounded at tip, ~15. Osphradium broadly ovate, short, opposite near middle of ctenidium, anterior end simple.</p><p>Penis large (Fig. 8D,E); filament medium length, narrow; lobe half the length of filament, broad. Penial gland covering most of filament, not noticeably bifurcate. Dg1 short, slightly oblique, stretching from just behind penial gland to near base of penis; Dg2 positioned along far left edge, slightly curved proximally toward Dg1; Dg3 very short, positioned at conjunction of lobe and filament. Terminal gland long, transverse, reaching from midpoint of dorsal lobe across outer edge and to near midpoint of ventral lobe. Ventral gland short, vertically aligned. Filament with moderately dark internal pigment.</p><p>Capsule gland similar in size to albumen gland. Coiled oviduct a large loop, as large as albumen gland and covering it, with a darkly pigmented stripe. Bursa copulatrix rounded at posterior end, same width as albumen gland, posterior to gland and nearly the same size. Seminal receptacle elongate, slightly curved, larger at the end and narrow near insertion with common duct of seminal receptacle and coiled oviduct, extends nearly to end of albumen gland.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution. Palo Amarillo Spring, (89 km SSE of Vasquez Spring) is in a canyon on the SW side of the Big Bend Ranch State Park. The Palo Amarillo Spring population (~ 10 m 2) is found in high concentrations on or just below a vertical igneous bedrock face where a single small spring discharges from a horizontal fracture and flows into a small spring-fed creek in a canyon. Habitat is in a sheet of water flowing down a 2–3 m vertical rock face and through vegetation into an adjacent pool in the canyon. In lower densities on cattail, algae, and on fallen Opuntia sp. pads where spring flows into main pool (Fig. 11B). Water temperature was 22.45 °C, pH = 7.85, conductivity = 894.1 (µS/cm), dissolved oxygen = 7.83 mg /L.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FCC76FFF902E2076DECF90FCCDFEC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Perez, Kathryn E.;Leal, Manuel Spor;Glover, Houston;Chastain, Rebecca T.;Hutchins, Benjamin T.;Schwartz, Benjamin	Perez, Kathryn E., Leal, Manuel Spor, Glover, Houston, Chastain, Rebecca T., Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin (2021): Two new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from springs in the Rio Grande watershed in Texas. Zootaxa 5071 (3): 384-402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.5
