taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FD87C79471FFCE7016F92DFE0D2D0C.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The Latin name ‘ Japalura ’ may be derived from a locality name in India, and the term is feminine gender. We suggest the English common name as ‘ Himalayan Dragon’, and the Chinese name as ‘ 攀蜥’ (pronounced as ‘ Pan-Xi’). Type species: Japalura variegata, Gray, 1853. Diagnosis: Lizards of the genus Japalura sensu stricto differ from closely related genera by possessing the following morphological characteristics: (1) head width moderate, HW mostly <70 % of HL; (2) nuchal and dorsal crest scales relatively low and thick, not significantly elongated into lanceolate spines, CL / HL <10 %; (3) post-orbital and post-occipital spines absent; (4) gular scales mostly homogeneous in size; (5) size of scales on lateral jaw subequal in size across gular region; (6) dorsal scale significantly heterogeneous in size and shape, not regularly imbricate; (7) pair of distinctively enlarged, conical scales on nape above shoul- der absent; (8) paravertebral rows of enlarged scales present on dorsolateral body; and (9) V-shaped ridges present along dorsal midline, formed by enlarged, keeled scales. Phylogenetic definition: We define Japalura sensu stricto using the maximum crown-clade definition, which includes species that share a more recent common ancestor to Japalura veriegata than Draco volans or Ptyctolaemus gularis. Included species: Based on our phylogenetic results, we assign the following species to the genus Japalura sensu stricto: J. andersoniana, J. kumaonensis, J. tricarinata and J. variegata. Following our morphological results and proposed morphological diagnoses, we also assign J. dasi, J. major and J. sagittifera into this genus, pending future phylogenetic studies. Geographic distribution: Members of the genus are distributed along the southern foothills of the Himalayas, including north-eastern Pakistan (J. kumaonensis and J. major), northern and north-eastern India (J. andersoniana, J. kumaonensis, J. major, J. sagittifera, J. tricarinata and J. variegata), Nepal (J. dasi, J. tricarinata and J. variegata), Bhutan (J. andersoniana, J. tricarinata and J. variegata), southern parts of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China (J. andersoniana and J. tricarinata), and northern part of Myanmar (J. sagittifera). Congeners may also be found in north-western Bangladesh (Fig. 5).	en	Wang, Kai, Che, Jing, Lin, Simin, Deepak, V., Aniruddha, Datta-Roy, Jiang, Ke, Jin, Jieqiong, Chen, Hongman, Siler, Cameron D. (2019): Multilocus phylogeny and revised classification for mountain dragons of the genus Japalura s. l. (Reptilia: Agamidae: Draconinae) from Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 246-267
03FD87C79476FFCE70DBFAE1FAF22BF8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The Latin term ‘ Cristidorsa ’ means ‘ ridged dorsum’, which describes the distinct, characteristic ridges on the dorsal surface of the body in the new genus. The generic name is feminine and it consists of two parts, namely ‘ Cristi - ’ (meaning ‘ ridged’) and ‘ - dorsa ’ (meaning ‘ dorsum’). We suggest the English common name as ‘ Ridged Dragons’ and the Chinese name as ‘ 棱背蜥’ (pronounced as ‘ Leng-Bei-Shi’). Type species: Cristidorsa otai (Mahony, 2009). Diagnosis: Lizards of the genus ‘ Cristidorsa ’ differ from other closely related Draconinae genera by having the following morphological characteristics: (1) head robust and relatively wide, HW / HL mostly> 70 %; (2) scales of lateral head keeled; (3) nuchal and dorsal crest feeble, CL / HL <5 %; (4) post-occipital and post-orbital spines absent; (5) gular scales mostly homogeneous in size; (6) size of scales on lateral jaw subequal in size across gular region; (7) single pair of distinctively enlarged conical scales present on nape above shoulder, one scale on each side of vertebral crest; (8) dorsal scale significantly heterogeneous in sizes and shapes; (9) distinct, dorsolateral rows of enlarged, keeled scales present on dorsum; and (10) V-shaped ridges present along dorsal midline, formed by enlarged, keeled scales. Phylogenetic definition: We define Cristidorsa using the maximum crown-clade definition, which includes species that share a more recent common ancestor with Cristidorsa otai than with Salea horsfieldii. Included species: Based on our phylogenetic results, we assign C. otai and C. planidorsata to the genus Cristidorsa. Geographic distribution: Members of the genus Cristidorsa are distributed on the south-east extreme of the Himalayan foothills, including north-east India (C. otai and C. planidorsata), and the north-west part of Myanmar [C. otai; see discussion on taxonomic status of the Myanmar population below (Fig. 5)].	en	Wang, Kai, Che, Jing, Lin, Simin, Deepak, V., Aniruddha, Datta-Roy, Jiang, Ke, Jin, Jieqiong, Chen, Hongman, Siler, Cameron D. (2019): Multilocus phylogeny and revised classification for mountain dragons of the genus Japalura s. l. (Reptilia: Agamidae: Draconinae) from Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 246-267
03FD87C79476FFCF72E8FB97FE232E88.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The Latin generic name ‘ Diploderma ’ consists of two parts, ‘ Diplo - ’ means ‘ double’ or ‘ many’, and ‘ - derma ’ means ‘ skin’, and the whole word is in a neuter gender. As the previous generic name ‘ Japalura ’ and most species names of the genus s. l. are feminine, most names of species that are now assigned to Diploderma need their gender changed to neutral (except for existing neutral-gender names like brevipes or flaviceps, Latin nouns like vela or names derived from peoples’ names, i. e. dymondi, luei, makii, swinhonis, varcoae and zhaoermii). We suggest the English common name of the genus as ‘ Mountain Dragon’, and the Chinese common name as ‘ 龙蜥’ (pronounced as ‘ Long-Xi’). Type species: Diploderma polygonatum Hallowell, 1861. Diagnosis: Lizards of the genus Diploderma differ from closely related genera by having the following morphological characteristics: (1) scales of lateral head keeled; (2) nuchal and dorsal crest scales relatively short and thick, not elongated into lanceolate spines, CL / HL mostly <10 %; (3) post-occipital and post-orbital spines absent; (4) gular scales mostly homogeneous in size, not decreasing in size toward the centre; (5) scales on lateral jaw subequal in size across gular region; (6) dorsal scale significantly heterogeneous in size and shape, not regularly imbricate; (7) paravertebral dorsolateral ridges of body present in most species, formed by enlarged, keeled scales (except in D. swinhonis and D. leui); and (8) V-shaped ridges along dorsal body midline absent in all but one species (except in D. swinhonis). Phylogenetic definition: We define Diploderma using the maximum crown-clade definition, which includes species that share a more recent common ancestor with Diploderma polygonatum than with Pseudocalotes tymanistriga and Acanthosaura lepidogaster. Included species: Based on our phylogenetic results, we assign the following species into the genus Diploderma: D. batangense, D. brevipes, D. chapaense, D. dymondi, D. flaviceps, D. laeviventre, D. luei, D. makii, D. micangshanense, D. polygonatum (and all of its subspecies), D. slowinskii, D. splendidum, D. swinhonis, D. varcoae, D. vela, D. yulongense, D. yunnanense and D. zhaoermii. According to our proposed morphological diagnoses, we also assign Diploderma brevicaudum, D. fasciatum, D. grahami, D. hamptoni and D. iadinum to this genus, pending on future phylogenetic confirmations. In total, 24 species of Japalura s. l. are reclassified into the genus Diploderma (for discussion on the taxonomic status of D. ngoclinense see below). Geographic distribution: Members of the genus are distributed across mainland East Asia, East Asian islands and northern Indochina, including central, southern and south-western Mainland China (D. batangense, D. brevicaudum, D. chapaense, D. dymondi, D. fasciatum, D. flaviceps, D. grahami, D. iadinum, D. laeviventre, D. micangshanense, D. slowinskii, D. splendidum, D. vela, D. yulongense, D. yunnanense and D. zhaoermii) and Taiwan (D. brevipes, D. luei, D. makii, D. polygonatum and D. swinhonis), the southern islands of Japan (D. polygonatum), central and eastern Myanmar (D. hamptoni), northern Vietnam (D. fasciatum and D. chapaense) and northern Thailand (D. yunnanense). Congeners such as D. yunnanense may also be distributed in Myanmar and northern Laos close to the Chinese border (Fig. 5).	en	Wang, Kai, Che, Jing, Lin, Simin, Deepak, V., Aniruddha, Datta-Roy, Jiang, Ke, Jin, Jieqiong, Chen, Hongman, Siler, Cameron D. (2019): Multilocus phylogeny and revised classification for mountain dragons of the genus Japalura s. l. (Reptilia: Agamidae: Draconinae) from Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 246-267
03FD87C79477FFCF7051F96EFB782CE0.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pseudocalotes tympanistriga (Gray, 1831). Diagnosis: Pseudocalotes can be diagnosed from other Draconinae genera by having: (1) scales of lateral head smooth, especially loreal and subocular region; (2) scales of lateral jaw enlarged; (3) scales of central gular region distinctively smaller than others of throat; (4) sub-orbital scale row usually one, or multiple but with the middle one significantly enlarged; (5) post-orbital and post-occipital spines absent; (6) nuchal crest scales mostly elongated and tall, CL / HL mostly> 10 %; (7) dorsal crest scales feeble and low; (8) dorsal body scales heterogeneous in size and shape; (9) enlarged dorsal body scales not arranged in paravertebral, dorsolateral or V-shaped ridges. Phylogenetic definition: We define Pseudocalotes using the maximum crown-clade definition, which includes species that share a more recent common ancestor with Pseudocalotes tympanistriga than with Diploderma polygonatum and Acanthosaura lepidogaster. Included species: A single species of Japalura s. l. Pseudocalotes kingdonwardi bapoensis, is reclassified into the genus Pseudocalotes. Currently, the genus includes 22 recognized species in total (Grismer et al., 2016 a; Harvey et al., 2017). Geographic distribution: The genus is distributed in South-East Asia and Indochina, including southern Mainland China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sumatra, Thailand and Vietnam (Fig. 5). PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF JAPALURA S. L.	en	Wang, Kai, Che, Jing, Lin, Simin, Deepak, V., Aniruddha, Datta-Roy, Jiang, Ke, Jin, Jieqiong, Chen, Hongman, Siler, Cameron D. (2019): Multilocus phylogeny and revised classification for mountain dragons of the genus Japalura s. l. (Reptilia: Agamidae: Draconinae) from Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 246-267
03FD87C7946BFFD371C1FBF8FA8C2F51.taxon	materials_examined	Historically, almost all Diploderma diversity in central and south-west China was thought to be a single species, D. flaviceps (Zhao et al., 1999). Although numerous new species have been described from the D. flaviceps complex, including D. batangense, D. brevicaudum, D. flaviceps, D. iadinum, D. laeviventre, D. micangshanense, D. vela, D. yulongense and D. zhaoermii (Song, 1987; Li et al., 2001; Gao & Hou, 2002; Manthey et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2015, 2016, 2017), many outlier records of D. flaviceps in south-west China have not been examined, some of which may represent either cryptic diversity in the genus or misidentifications (Wang et al., 2016). For example, the genetic sequence data of an MVZ specimen from Wenchuan, north-west Sichuan Province, China (MVZ 216622) was recorded as D. flaviceps upon deposition in GenBank, and subsequently has been used for numerous phylogenetic studies (GenBank accession no. AF 128500; Macey et al., 2000; Schulte et al., 2004; Zug et al., 2006; Pyron et al., 2013; Grismer et al., 2016 b). However, according to the museum record, the collection locality of this specimen is east of Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, China, which is geographically proximate to the type locality of a different congener, D. zhaoermii (Gao & Hou, 2002). Furthermore, our phylogenetic analyses recover this individual of D. cf. flaviceps as nested within topotypic material of D. zhaoermii (Fig. 2). Additionally, as D. flaviceps is not recognized to occur outside the upper Dadu River Valley and its direct tributaries (Manthey et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016), we suspect that the Diploderma specimen (MVZ 216622, genetic sequence on GenBank AF 128500) was misidentified, and it represents the species D. zhaoermii instead. Poorly studied groups and continuous taxonomic revisions create problems such as this for museum and online databases, and numerous changes to the taxonomy of the D. flaviceps complex in China are no exception. We propose major natural history collections update the taxonomy of Japalura s. l., particularly members of the D. flaviceps complex from south-west China.	en	Wang, Kai, Che, Jing, Lin, Simin, Deepak, V., Aniruddha, Datta-Roy, Jiang, Ke, Jin, Jieqiong, Chen, Hongman, Siler, Cameron D. (2019): Multilocus phylogeny and revised classification for mountain dragons of the genus Japalura s. l. (Reptilia: Agamidae: Draconinae) from Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 246-267
