taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FD87FDFFE5FFE485A2C82C94C4BE1B.taxon	discussion	A sister-group relationship is found between NI and SI R. cruentata, with the exception of two Wellington specimens that group within the SI clade (Figs 4, 5 A). These relationships are informed primarily by the cox 1 gene. Some weak geographical concordance is present. The earliest splits in the NI R. cruentata clade divide a set of samples from north-eastern NI from the remainder, and the majority of south-eastern NI individuals, specifically from Hawkes Bay (HB) and Rangitikei (RI), form a weakly supported subclade distinct from the rest of the NI specimens. Within the mainly SI R. cruentata clade, the earliest splits separate samples from the northern part of the range of the clade [Wellington (WN), Marlborough Sounds (SD) and northern Kaikoura (KA)].	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
03FD87FDFFE7FFE585A2C9FE95D8BE2B.taxon	discussion	The trees reveal strong support for a split between R leptomera along the northern coasts of NI, including Northland (ND), Auckland (AK), Taranaki (TK) and Waikato (WO), vs. the eastern and southern coasts of NI, including Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa (WA) and Wanganui (WI) (Figs 4, 5 A). Both individual cox 1 and combined gene trees show one R. leptomera specimen from the far north (05. NZ. ND. TOB. 02; Karikari Peninsula) as sister to the rest of the clade (Figs 4, 5 A).	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
03FD87FDFFE0FFE28590CFFC94BCB8CE.taxon	discussion	This species comprises three main clades. The southern SI clade is composed of specimens from North Canterbury (NC), Mid Canterbury (MC), South Canterbury (SC), Mackenzie region (MK) and Central Otago (CO). It is sister to an eastern clade made up of a Kaikoura group (SI) + mixed SI / NI clade composed of specimens from Marlborough (MB) (SI) and Rangitikei, Taupo and Hawkes Bay (NI) districts (Figs 4, 5 A). GENETIC DISTANCES Corrected (patristic) and uncorrected genetic distances from the cox 1 locus are presented in the Supporting Information (Table S 4). Average uncorrected distances between the three species groups are as follows: Rhodopsalta cruentata – R. leptomera, 0.031; R. cruentata – R. microdora, 0.047; and R. microdora – R. leptomera, 0.047. Average uncorrected intraspecific distances were near zero among populations of eastern NI R. leptomera and largest among populations of SI R. microdora (≤ 0.040). As a whole, R. microdora had the greatest intraspecific average distance (0.019) and R. leptomera the least (0.003) (Supporting Information, Table S 5). MOLECULAR CLOCK DATING The * BEAST multispecies coalescent analysis estimated that Rhodopsalta diverged from its sister genera, Maoricicada and Kikihia, between ~ 5 and 20 Mya (mean 11.6 Mya; see interspecific divergence dates plotted in Fig. 4). The wide confidence interval reflects the uncertainty encoded in the cox 1 molecular clock prior. The earliest split in the Rhodopsalta clade is the split between R. microdora and the ancestor of R. cruentata and R. leptomera, with a mean estimate of 5.5 Mya (Fig. 4). Rhodopsalta leptomera diverged from R. cruentata between 0.8 and 3.6 Mya (mean 2.0 Mya). Although * BEAST cannot be used to estimate dates within assumed populations (species), we present the dated mtDNA gene tree from this analysis (Fig. 7), which can be used to obtain approximate divergence times for geographically coherent intraspecific clades that might correspond to diverging, isolated populations (keeping in mind that this violates the * BEAST model assumptions, as discussed later in this paper). Note that mtDNA clade divergence dates necessarily overestimate any corresponding population splits to an unknown degree, which adds to the uncertainty (Edwards & Beerli, 2000). The three deepest cox 1 subclades within R. microdora diverged during the Pliocene to early Pleistocene (Fig. 7). The mean estimated divergence date for the split of the central-eastern SI clade from the ancestor of the Kaikoura and Hawkes Bay clades is 2.8 Mya, and the mean estimated date for the Kaikoura / Hawkes Bay split is 2 Mya, about the time R. leptomera split from R. cruentata. North Island R. cruentata split from SI R. cruentata between 0.5 and 2.5 Mya (mean 0.9 Mya). These date estimates involve additional uncertainty, which is not reflected in the wide confidence intervals, owing to choice of priors and potential violations of model assumptions (see Discussion).	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
03FD87FDFFE2FFE0866ECDFE9440BD65.taxon	discussion	Rhodopsalta microdora split from its congeners ~ 5.5 Mya according to the * BEAST analysis (see Fig. 4), at the beginning of the Pliocene epoch. At this time, NI was separated from SI by a wide sea strait, the Manawatu Strait (Fig. 1). We suggest a few hypotheses to shed light on the potential evolutionary scenarios for Rhodopsalta. These scenarios are based on mean date estimates, but alternative scenarios might be supported if the true dates are substantially different for reasons noted above.	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
03FD87FDFFFDFFFD863ACE9692F0BD2F.taxon	discussion	Rhodopsalta cruentata was described by I. C. Fabricius in 1775 as Tettigonia cruentata (see translation of the original Latin in the Supporting Information, Supplementary Materials). The description was based on specimens collected during Cook’s first Endeavour voyage by the naturalist Joseph Banks or one of his associates, as indicated by ‘ Mus. Banks’ in the original description (see also Radford, 1981). Rhodopsalta cruentata possesses, among other features listed in that description, a prominent yellow midline stripe on the head, yellow forewing costa, and prominent red bands on the margins of all but the first or second abdominal segments. In addition, the proximal wing veins are green, the cruciform elevation is uniformly pale yellow – green to red in colour, and a broken silvery midline stripe is usually present from the head to at least the first abdominal segments. Zimsen (1964: 290) and Larivière et al. (2010: 54) state that two syntypes of this species are lodged at The Natural History Museum in London (NHM). This matches the NHM entomology register from 1863, which records the transfer of two types from the Linnean Society (B. Price, pers. comm.). The two specimens are kept in a separate drawer together with other Banks collection material, and they are accompanied by an unattached outlined label that reads, on two lines, ‘ Tettigonia cruentata / Fab. Entomol. p. 680 n. 10 ’ and a second unattached small underlined label reading ‘ Type’. The outlined label text resembles other labels attributed to Fabricius by Radford (1981). Both syntypes were photographed for us by B. Price. One of them, number BMNH (E) # 668764 (Supporting Information, Fig. S 6), is a poor match to the description and current concept of R. cruentata. This specimen is ~ 13.5 mm in body length (tip of head to tip of abdomen). In addition to its NHM code label, it bears handwritten labels reading ‘ New Zealand. ’ and ‘ 63 / 47 ’. (The latter numbers are written one above the other and indicate entry 47 for 1863 in the NHM specimen register mentioned above.) It has a black ground colour, a small, partial midline stripe on the pronotum, a dark midline stripe through the cruciform elevation and metanotum, and muted, narrow yellow bands on the abdomen, all features that are consistent with N. sericea rather than R. cruentata. The other NHM syntype, male specimen BMNH (E) # 668765 (Fig. 8), bears a red-circled round label that reads ‘ Type’ and a handwritten round label ambiguously reading either ‘ 63 / 47 ’ or (less likely) ‘ 69 / 47 ’, in addition to its NHM specimen code label. The specimen has a body length of ~ 16 mm, has only one (left) antenna protruding anteriorly (the other is tucked beneath the head) and is missing the left forewing. The features of this specimen are consistent with the current concept of R. cruentata, especially the prominent red bands on the margins of the abdominal segments, the prominent yellow midline stripe on the pronotum and the yellow forewing costa. In addition, the specimen possesses a declivous, unflanged pronotum and a subacute, subascending upper pygofer lobe, which is a combination of attributes reported for Rhodopsalta but not the other NZ genera (for illustrations of the male and female genitalia of R. cruentata, see Dugdale, 1972). Andrews & Gibbs (1989: 105 – 106) reported finding an unlabelled male of N. sericea pinned alongside an R. cruentata specimen that they inspected in Fabricius’ personal collection now kept at the Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen. We believe that the Copenhagen specimens are the two indicated by Zimsen (1964: 290) with the parenthetical phrase ‘ Kiel 2 specimens’, because the Zoological Museum in Kiel now holds no material of Tettigonia cruentata (M. Kuhlmann, pers. comm.). Photographs of these two specimens sent to us by L. Vilhelmsen confirm the report by Andrews and Gibbs. One specimen is clearly an N. sericea male and bears only a determination label from J. S. Dugdale dated 1987. The other matches the description of R. cruentata and bears a small handwritten label with what looks like the species epithet ‘ cruentata’, consistent with other labels made by Fabricius (Zimsen, 1964: 10). Not being part of the Banks collection in London, the two Copenhagen specimens are not regarded as syntypes. To eliminate the uncertainty caused by the heterogeneous syntype series for the identity of R. cruentata and for genus Rhodopsalta, of which R. cruentata is the type species, we designate NHM specimen BMNH (E) # 668765 as the lectotype for Tettigonia cruentata Fabricius, 1775 in accordance with Article 74.7 of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). Given that the other NHM syntype is not a R. cruentata specimen, we designate no paralectotype. Rhodopsalta cruentata is the most widely distributed species of the genus, and it can be found singing on a wide range of vegetation types, ranging from grasses and sedges, including those on sand dunes, to native manuka myrtle (Leptospermum scoparium J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) to introduced species, such as common alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) and kiwifruit (Chinese gooseberry, Actinidia Lindl.). Adults are active from November to April (Myers, 1929 b; Larivière et al., 2010).	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
03FD87FDFFFFFFFD85A2CBB694B9BE0D.taxon	description	(Supporting Information, Figs S 4, S 7, S 8)	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
03FD87FDFFFFFFFD85A2CBB694B9BE0D.taxon	discussion	Rhodopsalta microdora was described by G. V. Hudson as Melampsalta microdora from two female specimens collected at Cape Kidnappers on the NI (see Supporting Information, Supplementary Materials); the smaller of these two syntypes was designated as the lectotype by Fleming & Ordish (1966). No male specimens were discussed by Hudson, who referred to the species as a diminutive version of Kikihia scutellaris Walker, 1850 without mentioning R. cruentata. Dugdale (1972) omitted mention of R. microdora while listing R. cruentata and R. leptomera for his description of genus Rhodopsalta, and Larivière et al. (2010) discussed the uncertainty of the status of R. microdora. In many NZ cicadas, females are substantially different in appearance from males of the same species, and they are generally paler, often lacking well-defined aspects of species-specific coloration commonly observed in males. This has probably contributed to the neglect of Hudson’s taxon. We examined a large series of Rhodopsalta specimens from Cape Kidnappers, the type location of R. microdora, collected after the description of R. microdora and kept at the National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongariro (also discussed by Larivière et al., 2010). Rhodopsalta microdora and R. cruentata, as here defined, are broadly sympatric in that region (but not R. leptomera). Our findings suggest that Hudson’s selection of a female syntype series might be attributable to clearer differentiation from R. cruentata in that sex. The male Rhodopsalta specimens from Cape Kidnappers range from larger ones tending to possess a prominent silvery midline stripe, as in R. cruentata, to smaller males with often subtler or nearly absent stripes, as described for Hudson’s female R. microdora specimens, but there is no large break in size to separate the males of the two species, and the silvery pubescence varies considerably throughout the series, perhaps owing to wear. In contrast, the nine female specimens group into two distinct clusters (see Supporting Information, Supplementary Materials), the smaller one with dimensions accommodating those of the R. microdora lectotype and paralectotype, which are also lodged at Te Papa. We provide photographs of the R. microdora lectotype (Supporting Information, Fig. S 7), in addition to a comparison of R. cruentata and R. microdora females from the Cape Kidnappers series (Supporting Information, Fig. S 8). Therefore, we are confident that the smaller-bodied Rhodopsalta species that we are calling R. microdora, which we have collected from Ocean Beach south of Cape Kidnappers, is indeed Hudson’s species. We note that the path taken by the Endeavour on its first voyage also helps to show that the R. cruentata lectotype specimen is unlikely to belong to the species we have identified as R. microdora. According to Banks’s journal (Banks, 1896), on the NI the Endeavour anchored at Poverty Bay, Anaura Bay, Tolaga Bay, Mercury Bay, the Thames River tidal portion and the Bay of Islands. Endeavour then sailed along the northernmost point of NI and down the west coast without stopping until arriving at the Marlborough Sounds (SI) and anchoring at Ship Cove in Queen Charlotte Sound. Although Endeavour circumnavigated the SI, it did so without stopping until it returned to the Marlborough Sounds and anchored in Low Neck Bay, D’Urville Island. Based on our records (Fig. 2), none of these locations is within the range of the taxon we have identified as R. microdora. We have not surveyed D’Urville Island, but this location lies ~ 50 km north of the nearest known populations of R. microdora, and it was visited by Banks in late March, which is late in the season for that species, based on our records. Rhodopsalta microdora inhabits drier scrub environments along the eastern sides of NI and SI. We have often found this species singing on matagouri shrubs (Discaria toumatou Raoul).	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
03FD87FDFFF8FFFA8590CFFC921ABD7E.taxon	description	(Supporting Information, Fig. S 5)	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
03FD87FDFFF8FFFA8590CFFC921ABD7E.taxon	discussion	The largest of the three species in this genus, R. leptomera, is readily distinguished by its strawto orange – yellow-coloured legs and forewing costal margins. The species has a longer, more slender body and wings (on average) than its congeners and more abundant short silvery pubescence (Myers, 1921). Rhodopsalta leptomera is restricted to the NI (Fig. 2; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1), where it uses dune grass and sedge species such as the introduced marram [Ammophila arenaria (L.) Roem. & Schult.] and endemic pingao [Ficinia spiralis (A. Rich.) Muasya & de Lange] (Myers, 1929 a). Rhodopsalta leptomera is unique among NZ cicadas in its apparent dependence upon coastal dune habitat. Other, unrelated cicadas inhabiting saline environments can be found in the south-eastern USA (genus Diceroprocta Stål, 1870), Argentina (Derotettix Berg, 1882; Simon et al. 2019), South Africa [Azanicada zuluensis (Villet, 1987); Villet & Van Noort, 1999], Queensland, Australia [Arunta perulata (Guérin-Méneville, 1831); Sanborn, 1996; Sanborn et al., 2004], south-eastern Australia [the ‘ sand fairy’, Sylphoides arenaria (Distant, 1907); (Moulds, 1990, 2012)] and NZ (Kikihia ‘ tuta’ along SI saline mud flat sedges and grasses). Adults are active from November to March (Myers, 1929 b).	en	Bator, John, Marshall, David C, Hill, Kathy B R, Cooley, John R, Leston, Adam, Simon, Chris (2022): Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1219-1244, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998
