identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FAB267FFB1FFCCFCA4FB54DFAFD9B8.text	03FAB267FFB1FFCCFCA4FB54DFAFD9B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys Coues 1884	<div><p>A NEW THOMASOMYS</p><p>Among the material collected near Papallacta is a previously unknown murid rodent belonging to the sigmodontine genus Thomasomys Coues. Formerly construed broadly to include southeastern Brazilian taxa (e.g., by Osgood, 1933; Ellerman, 1940; Cabrera, 1961; Pine, 1980), Thomasomys has subsequently been restricted (Voss, 1993; González, 2000) to a smaller but still speciose group that is endemic to tropical Andean cloud forests from Venezuela to Bolivia. Apparently, the center of diversity for the genus includes eastern Ecuador, where the new species described below may occur sympatrically with at least seven other congeners.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFB1FFCCFCA4FB54DFAFD9B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFBFFFC5FF24FF53DA07DBE6.text	03FAB267FFBFFFC5FF24FF53DA07DBE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys ucucha VOSS 2003	<div><p>Thomasomys ucucha, new species</p><p>Figures 7–13</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL: The holotype, UMMZ 155644 (skin, skull, and fluid­preserved carcass; original number RSV 660), is an adult male that I collected on 26 April 1980 at an elevation of 11,100 ft (3384 m) in the valley of the Río Papallacta (ca. 3–5 km by trail NNW Papallacta), Provincia Napo, Ecuador .</p><p>Forty­two other specimens collected in 1978 and 1980, hereby designated as paratypes, are from 8.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,200 ft (UMMZ 127119, 127120, 155717) ; 7.5 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,000 ft (UMMZ 155652–155655, 155722– 155732); 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (AMNH 244611–244613; UMMZ 127121, 155742, 155649–155651, 155714– 155716, 155718, 155719, 155733–155736); and the Río Papallacta valley [3–5 km by trail NNW Papallacta], 11,100 ft (UMMZ 155643, 155645–155648, 155720, 155721) . Three additional paratypes (AMNH 46621, 46622, 46624) were collected in 1903 by L. Söderström at Tablón, in Provincia Pichincha (see appendix 1) .</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the crest of the Cordillera Oriental (between ca. 3400 and 3700 m) just south of the equator in the Ecuadorean provinces of Pichincha and Napo.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: Ucucha is the local Quichua word for ‘‘mouse’’ (Orr, 1978), here treated as a noun standing in aposition to the generic name.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: A medium­sized, dark­furred, long­tailed species of Thomasomys with short, blunt rostrum; narrow interorbital region with rounded supraorbital margins; widely flaring zygomatic arches; straight fronto­nasal profile; broad, vertically oriented zygomatic plate; short incisive foramina; separate buccinator­masticatory and accessory oval foramina; primitive (pattern 1) carotid circulation; small, uninflated auditory bullae; small, hypsodont molars lacking well­developed cingula and stylar cusps; very small upper third molars; broad and conspicuously procumbent upper incisors; and a distinctive range of morphometric variation (table 1).</p><p>DESCRIPTION: Pelage dense, fine, and soft, about 13–15 mm long over the back and rump; somberly colored (dark) and not abruptly countershaded. Mass­effect dorsal coloration near Smithe’s (1975) Brownish Olive (color 29) along flanks, shading to Dark Grayish Brown (color 20) middorsally. Ventral pelage Dark Neutral Gray (color 83) basally, with superficial wash of Light Neutral Gray (color 85) or Glaucous (color 80); not sharply set off from dorsal coloration. Mystacial vibrissae long, extending just behind pinnae when laid back alongside head. Ears sparsely covered with short, blackish hairs, not contrasting conspicuously with color of head. Hairs over metapodials and digits of manus and pes dark, but tufts of longer hairs at bases of pedal claws silvery. Pes neither very narrow nor conspicuously broad; digit V long (its claw extending almost to base of claw of digit IV), but apparently nonopposable. Tail substantially longer than combined length of head and body, uniformly dark in most specimens but occasionally tipped with white; sparsely haired except for 5–10 mm terminal pencil. Mammae six in inguinal, abdominal, and postaxial pairs.</p><p>Skull (in dorsal view) characterized by short, blunt rostrum flanked by shallow zygomatic notches; narrow, hourglass­shaped interorbit with rounded (not beaded or squared) margins; broadly flaring zygomatic arches; and large, oblong braincase unmarked by prominent temporal scars or lambdoidal ridges. Dorsal profile (in lateral view) distinctively flattened from nasal tips to midfrontal region; anterior margin of zygomatic plate straight and nearly vertical, not conspicuously sloping backward from base. Incisive foramina widest just behind premaxillary/maxillary suture and short (averaging 60% of diastemal length), not approaching first molar alveoli. Palatal bridge broad, smooth (without prominent ridges or grooves), and short (not extending posteriorly behind molar rows); posterolateral pits small, simple, inconspicuous perforations (never large, complex, or recessed in shallow fossae). Mesopterygoid fossa broad, straightsided, extending anteriorly between third molars; bony roof complete or perforated by narrow, slit­like sphenopalatine openings flanking the presphenoid/basisphenoid suture. Parapterygoid fossae narrow, approximately triangular, with shallow (unexcavated) anterior limits. Alisphenoid strut present, separating buccinator­masticatory from accessory oval foramina. Carotid circulation primitive (pattern 1), as indicated by large stapedial foramen, prominent squamosal­alisphenoid groove, and sphenofrontal foramen. Postglenoid foramen and subsquamosal fenestra subequal; tegmen tympani broadly overlaps posterior suspensory process of squamosal. Auditory bullae small, uninflated, flask­shaped; without sharply defined transition between capsular part and bony eustacian tube. Tympanic membrane pars flaccida present, large. Malleus with large orbicular apophysis.</p><p>Mandible with distinct capsular process for lower incisor alveolus on lateral surface posteroventral to base of coronoid process. Basihyal more­or­less straight (not strongly arched), without entoglossal process.</p><p>Upper incisors large, broad, and conspicuously procumbent, with heavily pigmented enamel bands (near Smithe’s [1975] Spectrum Orange [color 17] in fresh material). Upper molars in parallel left and right series, small, pentalophodont, hypsodont when unworn (by comparison with more brachydont congeners), and lacking well­developed cingula and stylar cusps. M1 anterocone divided by anteromedian flexus into subequal anterolabial and anterolingual conules. Paralophs and metalophs (on M1 and M2) connect corresponding labial cusps to mesolophs and posterolophs, respectively, or to median mures, not to opposing lingual cusps. M3 conspicuously smaller than M2 (&lt;50% as estimated by occlusal areas) and usually lacking a distinct lingual fold (hypoflexus). Lower molars similar to upper teeth in general design, but m1 anteroconid often undivided (even in unworn dentitions), and m3 not conspicuously reduced. Molar root formulas unknown (no specimens are available with loose teeth), but M1 and m1 apparently without accessory rootlets.</p><p>Stomach unilocular­hemiglandular. Adult males with one pair each of dorsal prostate, anterior prostate, ampullary, vesicular, and bulbo­urethral glands; and with two pairs of ventral prostate glands. Macroscopic preputial glands absent. Glans penis small, short, and subcylindrical (weakly divided into right and left halves by a shallow middorsal trough and an inconspicuous midventral raphe but otherwise unmarked by external folds); externally covered with coarse spines except for broad rim of soft, crenulated tissue surrounding terminal crater; crater contents include three bacular mounds, bifurcate urethral flap, and one dorsal papilla; two small spinous patches of rugose epithelium present dorsolateral to bacular mounds, but remaining crater contents unarmed.</p><p>COMPARISONS: As restricted by Voss (1993) and González (2000), the genus Thomasomys consists of 6­mammate pentalophodont Andean sigmodontines with very shallow zygomatic notches; hourglass­shaped interorbital regions that lack well­developed beads or projecting supraorbital shelves; short palates lacking prominent posterolateral pits; and auditory bullae firmly attached to the skull by overlap of the tegmen tympani with a posterior suspensory process of the squamosal. Because all of these traits are currently thought to be plesiomorphies within the Neotropical muroid radiation (Voss, 1993), the genus lacks compelling evidence of monophyly. Pending a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the ‘‘thomasomyine’’ group, however, there is no more restricted taxonomic category within which to assess the relationships of T. ucucha . Phenetically, the new species most closely resembles T. hylophilus Osgood (1912), an allopatric taxon that occurs in northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela. 3</p><p>Thomasomys ucucha and T. hylophilus overlap in all external and craniodental measurements (table 1), and they share many qualitative traits in common: both lack genal vibrissae but have moderately long mystacial hairs; relatively long tails; similarly proportioned hind feet; flattened fronto­nasal profiles; narrow interorbital regions with rounded supraorbital margins; straight, vertically oriented zygomatic plates; broad palates; alisphenoid struts that separate buccinator­masticatory and accessory oval foramina; complete (pattern 1) carotid arterial circulations; oblong braincases; small, uninflated auditory bullae; relatively hypsodont molars that lack well developed cingula and stylar cusps; and unilocular­hemiglandular stomachs. Despite this suite of resemblances, ucucha and hylophilus differ in other points of comparison.</p><p>3 Specimens of Thomasomys hylophilus examined for this report include the holotype (FMNH 18583) together with 43 other specimens collected in or near the Páramo de Tamá on the border between Venezuela (Estado Táchira) and Colombia (Departamento Norte de Santander): AMNH 143667, 143668; FMNH 18563, 18565, 18566, 18576, 18580, 18584, 18587, 18591, 18593, 18595; USNM 259613, 442305, 442307–442311, 442313– 442320, 442322–442331, 442336–442341 .</p><p>In dorsal cranial view (fig. 7), Thomasomys ucucha is distinguishable at a glance by its relatively short, broad rostrum and by its widely flaring, rounded zygomatic arches. By contrast, the rostrum of T. hylophilus is proportionately longer and narrower, and the zygomatic arches converge anteriorly from a widest point across their squamosal roots. In ventral view, the incisive foramina of ucucha are absolutely shorter than those of hylophilus, and they are also proportionately shorter in relation to the diastema: the ratio LIF/LD averages about 61% in the former species versus about 76% in the latter. The posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal, a tiny perforation behind each parapterygoid fossa in ucucha, is a conspicuously larger orifice in hylophilus .</p><p>Thomasomys ucucha and T. hylophilus are also dentally distinctive. The upper incisors of ucucha are broader, more deeply pigmented, and more procumbent than those of hylophilus . In side­by­side comparisons, the contrast in upper incisor procumbency between the two species is visually obvious (fig. 7), but measurements provide a more objective basis for discrimination. Measured with an ocular goniometer, the chord that subtends the exposed greater curvature of these teeth defines an average anterior angle of 87° with the occlusal plane of the upper molars in ucucha (observed range, 85–89°; N = 14), whereas the homologous angle has an average value of 77° in hylophilus (observed range, 76–79°; N = 11). 4 A correlated species difference in the lower incisors is likewise apparent: whereas the lower incisor root of ucucha is contained in a prominent capsular process on the lateral mandibular surface just below the base of the coronoid process (fig. 8A), the lower incisor root of hylophilus terminates in an inconspicuous bony ridge without a distinct process (fig. 8B).</p><p>The molar dentition provides several additional traits of diagnostic value. The upper toothrow is shorter on average in Thomasomys ucucha than in T. hylophilus (table 1), a difference that is primarily attributable to the size of M3. That tooth ranges from 0.8 to 1.0 mm long and accounts for just 21% of average toothrow length in ucucha, versus 1.2– 1.3 mm long and 25% of toothrow length in hylophilus . Correlated species differences in occlusal complexity are also apparent (fig. 9). In the upper molars, the anterolophs and mesolophs of M1 and M2 are much more weakly developed in ucucha than in hylophilus, and M3 usually lacks a distinct lingual fold (hypoflexus) in ucucha that is consistently present in hylophilus . In the lower dention, the anteromedian flexid of m1 is shallower, less persistent with wear, or altogether absent in ucucha, whereas this fold is always present and usually persistent in hylophilus .</p><p>4 This angle is equivalent to the incisive index of Thomas (1919), who defined the standard descriptive terminology for rodent incisor procumbency. According to Thomas’s definitions, proodont incisors are those with index values&gt;90°, orthodont incisors are those with index values close to 90°, and opisthodont incisors are those with index values &lt;90°. Therefore, the incisors of Thomasomys ucucha are orthodont, whereas those of T. hylophilus are opisthodont.</p><p>Incisor procumbency alone is sufficient to set Thomasomys ucucha apart from other congeners, only two of which approach the orthodont condition (defined in footnote 4, above). However, both of those species— T. australis with an index value of 85°, and T. daphne with an index value of 90°—have chisel­like incisors that are much shorter and narrower than the more scooplike, longer, and broader teeth of ucucha (fig. 10), and neither species closely resembles ucucha in other respects. Thomasomys ucucha is readily distinguished from other congeneric species known to occur in the Cordillera Oriental of northern Ecuador ( T. aureus, T. baeops, T. cinnameus, T. erro, T. paramorum, T. rhoadsi, T. silvestris; see below) by numerous qualitative and quantitative character differences that are summarized in table 2.</p><p>REMARKS: In a previous list of Papallacta mammals (Voss, 1988: table 43), I referred to this taxon as ’’ Thomasomys sp. ’’</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The 42 specimens of Thomasomys ucucha that I collected near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3380 to 3720 m. Of these, 3 were taken in grassy páramo, 22 were taken in the shrubby páramo/forest ecotone or in grassy glades surrounded by forest, and 17 were taken deep inside Subalpine Rain Forest. Most recorded captures were on the ground, of which 18 were in rabbit trails or runways through dense grass or low herbs; 16 were in runways through moss or damp litter, under mossy debris, or at the bases of mossy trees; and 7 were along the wet margins of small streams. Only one specimen was trapped off the ground, on the mossy limb of a low tree. Other muroid species that were trapped syntopically (in the same habitats) with T. ucucha include Akodon latebricola, Akodon mollis, Anotomys leander, Chilomys instans, Microryzomys altissimus, M. minutus, Neusticomys monticolus, T. aureus, T. baeops, T. cinnameus, T. erro, and T. paramorum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFBFFFC5FF24FF53DA07DBE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFB8FFDAFC8FFA06D9A5DC35.text	03FAB267FFB8FFDAFC8FFA06D9A5DC35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes 1863)	<div><p>Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 10.6 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,600 ft (UMMZ 155581); 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (AMNH 248261–248271; UMMZ 127107– 127109, 127152–127157, 155571–155580, 155688–155689, 155692–155695); Río Papallacta Valley, 11,100 ft (UMMZ 155570, 155690, 155691).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Three additional specimens (FMNH 43164–43166) were collected on Cerro Antisana by R. Olalla in 1930 .</p><p>TAXONOMY: The genus Caenolestes was revised by Bublitz (1987), who examined eight of the specimens listed above and identified the local population as belonging to the nominotypical subspecies C. f. fuliginosus .</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The 40 specimens of Caenolestes fuliginosus that I collected near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3380 to 3840 m. Of these, 39 were taken in Subalpine Rain Forest, and one was trapped in a Polylepis thicket in the páramo zone. Most recorded captures were on the ground: 24 along mossy or muddy stream margins, 5 in narrow runways or tunnels through wet moss, 5 in wet leaf litter beneath tangled shrubs or branches, and 3 in shallow cavities beneath earth banks or root mats. Only three individuals were taken above ground level, on the inclined trunks or horizontal limbs of low, moss­covered trees.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFB8FFDAFC8FFA06D9A5DC35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA7FFDAFF3AFA11DFA1DA46.text	03FAB267FFA7FFDAFF3AFA11DFA1DA46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis montivagus (Anthony 1921)	<div><p>Cryptotis cf. montivagus (Anthony)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 7.5 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,000 ft (UMMZ 155585); 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (UMMZ 155583, 155584, 155704, 155705).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: A single specimen (AMNH 63844) labeled ‘‘Guamanı´’’ on one side of the original label and ‘‘Cerro Guamanı´’’ on the other side was collected by the Olallas in 1922. Additional shrews from the Cordillera Oriental include one (MCN 150) collected at Papallacta by C. Olalla in 1931 and another (QCAZ 307) collected on Antisana by R. Sierra in 1985 (D. Tirira, personal commun.).</p><p>TAXONOMY: The Ecuadorean species of Cryptotis were recently reviewed by Vivar et al. (1997), who identified the Guamaní specimen (AMNH 63844) as C. montivagus . The five Papallacta shrews, collected only a few kilometers from Guamanı´, appear to be indistinguishable from AMNH 63844 and presumably represent the same taxon. However, measurements of these six specimens (from Papallacta and Guamanı´) indicate that they have slightly narrower zygomatic plates and broader interorbits than typical montivagus, and side­by­side comparisons reveal that they have much less robust anterior unicuspids than any specimen of the type series (AMNH 47197–47201; from Bestión, in the Ecuadorean province of Azuay). The possible taxonomic significance of these and other differences (V. Pacheco and N. Woodman, personal commun.) remain to be determined by a more comprehensive evaluation of character variation in Ecuadorean shrews.</p><p>REMARKS: In a previous list of Papallacta mammals (Voss, 1988: table 43), I misidentified this material as Cryptotis thomasi (Merriam, 1897) .</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The five shrews that I collected near Papallacta in 1980 were taken at elevations ranging from 3570 to 3660 m. Of these, three were trapped on the ground in runways or small tunnels through moss in Subalpine Rain Forest, one was found dead on a trail in Subalpine Rain Forest, and one was trapped in a runway though tall grass at the páramo/forest ecotone.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA7FFDAFF3AFA11DFA1DA46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA7FFDAFF5BFCF6DA78DA2A.text	03FAB267FFA7FFDAFF5BFCF6DA78DA2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphis pernigra J. A. Allen 1900	<div><p>Didelphis pernigra J.A. Allen</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 1.4 km (by road) E Papallacta, 9980 ft (UMMZ 155582).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Apparently none.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The white­eared Neotropical Didelphis were recently revised by Lemos and Cerqueira (2002), who distinguished the Andean form ( D. pernigra) as a distinct species from the predominantly lowland taxon D. albiventris Lund, with which it was formerly synonymized (e.g., by Gardner, 1993).</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The single specimen of Didelphis pernigra that I collected near Papallacta in 1980 was taken at 3040 m in a wire live trap set on the ground in wet secondary growth surrounded by pastures and agricultural fields.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA7FFDAFF5BFCF6DA78DA2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA7FFD9FC82FACCD97CDEB6.text	03FAB267FFA7FFD9FC82FACCD97CDEB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudalopex culpaeus (Molina 1782)	<div><p>Pseudalopex culpaeus (Molina)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: I examined a single specimen (AMNH 66739) collected at 4145 m elevation on Cerro Antisana by G.H.H. Tate in 1923. Another specimen (MNCN 3652), which I have not seen, was collected on Antisana by M. Jiménez de la Espada in 1865 (J. Barreiro, personal commun.).</p><p>TAXONOMY: There has been no comprehensive revision of the wolf­like canid taxa currently referred to this species. According to Lönnberg (1922) and Cabrera (1958) the local form is reissii Hilzheimer (1906), which was originally described from material collected on Volcán Cotopaxi (0°40'S, 78°26'W).</p><p>REMARKS: According to Emerson and Johnson (1960) and Black (1982), Pseudalopex culpaeus is common in the páramo landscapes surrounding Cerro Antisana.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA7FFD9FC82FACCD97CDEB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF2EFB7FD821DE92.text	03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF2EFB7FD821DE92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conepatus semistriatus (Boddaert 1785)	<div><p>Conepatus cf. semistriatus (Boddaert)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: I examined a single specimen (AMNH 66719) that was collected by H.E. Anthony at 4145 m on Cerro Antisana in 1923. Other material that I have not seen (Diego Tirira, personal commun.) includes one specimen from 4200 m on Cerro Antisana (QCAZ 0638), and another from 2800 m near Cuyuja (E of Papallacta on the road to Baeza; QCAZ 0726) .</p><p>TAXONOMY: Ecuadorean hog­nosed skunks are currently referred to Conepatus semistriatus (e.g., by Cabrera, 1958; Kipp, 1965; Wozencraft, 1993), but no substantive analysis of character data is apparently available to justify this convention. 5 Van Gelder’s (1968) detailed analysis of variation in cranial and pelage traits within a very large Uruguayan sample of Conepatus could serve as the basis for a much­needed revision of this genus in South America.</p><p>REMARKS: Although none were seen in the course of our fieldwork, skunks are said to be common in local páramo habitats (Black, 1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF2EFB7FD821DE92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF36FE7BDA81DC04.text	03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF36FE7BDA81DC04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lynchailurus pajeros (Desmarest)	<div><p>Lynchailurus pajeros (Desmarest)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: A single specimen (FMNH 43291) was collected by R. Olalla at 4000 m elevation on Cerro Antisana in 1934.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The pampas cat genus Lynchailurus was revised by García­Perea (1994), who examined FMNH 43291 and identified the local population as L. pajeros thomasi Lönnberg (1913) . Wozencraft (1993) included this taxon in the synonymy of Oncifelis colocolo (Molina) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF36FE7BDA81DC04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA4FFD9FC90FD84D857D9B8.text	03FAB267FFA4FFD9FC90FD84D857D9B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mustela frenata Lichtenstein 1831	<div><p>Mustela frenata Lichtenstein</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: I examined two specimens from the Stockholm museum collected by L. Söderström in 1918. One (NHRS A58 / 6157) is an adult male labeled ‘‘side of Guamani near Papallacta 11,000 ft’’ [3353 m], and the other (NHRS A58 /6145) is an adult female labeled ‘‘below Papallacta 9000 ft’’ [2743 m]; both are skins and skulls in good condition .</p><p>TAXONOMY: Lönnberg (1921) and Hall (1951) examined the material described above and provided qualitative descriptions and measurements in their systematic accounts. However, whereas Lönnberg identified the local population as Mustela macrura Taczanowski (1874), Hall treated macrura and other South American long­tailed weasels as subspecies of M. frenata (the type locality of which is in Mexico). Hall’s concept of frenata (the basis for Wozencraft’s [1993] synonymy) implies genetic continuity among populations of long­tailed weasels from Canada to Bolivia, a hypothesis that has yet to be tested by any geographically extensive analysis of morphometric or molecular data.</p><p>REMARKS: Although uncommon and rarely seen, weasels are locally regarded as pests that enter houses to kill domesticated guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus). Hall (1951: 402) incorrectly copied the locality of NHRS A58/ 6157 as ‘‘Nára [sic] Papallacta’’ from the Swedish museum label rather than from Söderström’s original (English) specimen tag.</p><p>5 Kipp’s (1965) paper, cited as a generic revision by Wozencraft (1993), only analyzed character data from Patagonian material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA4FFD9FC90FD84D857D9B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF6CFC05DA1EDBB2.text	03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF6CFC05DA1EDBB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Puma concolor (Linnaeus 1771)	<div><p>Puma concolor (Linnaeus)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Apparently none.</p><p>REMARKS: Pumas are hunted along the crest of the Cordillera Oriental, where they are said to follow the movements of deer in remote parts of the páramo near Cerro Antisana (Emerson and Johnson, 1960), but I did not observe any in the course of my work near Papallacta.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA4FFD9FF6CFC05DA1EDBB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF15FD1CDA56DAE6.text	03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF15FD1CDA56DAE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippocamelus antisiensis (D'Orbigny)	<div><p>Hippocamelus antisiensis (D’Orbigny)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: An adult female specimen and a juvenile male, formerly preserved in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid), were collected on Cerro Antisana in 1865 by M. Jiménez de la Espada. This material was originally reported by Cabrera (1917), whose taxonomic identification can be accepted as authoritative. Unfortunately, both specimens were lost during the Spanish Civil War or its aftermath, when the collections of the MNCN remained uncurated for several decades (J. Barreiro, personal commun).</p><p>REMARKS: The huemal is thought to be extinct in Ecuador (Albuja, 1991), and only four specimens appear to have ever been collected there. Mysteriously, all are now lost. In addition to the Madrid specimens, a single skull (MACN 31.69) alleged to have come from eastern Ecuador was formerly preserved in Buenos Aires (Tirira, 1999), and another specimen (from ‘‘Ecuador’’ without other locality data) was formerly in the FMNH (Elliot, 1907).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF15FD1CDA56DAE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF5AFA28D848DC56.text	03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF5AFA28D848DC56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odocoileus peruvianus (Gray)	<div><p>Odocoileus peruvianus (Gray)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: The holotype of Odocoileus peruvianus consul Lönnberg is an adult female specimen (NHRS A63 /0094) , collected by L. Söderström in 1920 at ‘‘Guamani on the road to Papallacta, altitude 12,000 feet’’ (Lönnberg, 1922: 13; O. Grönwall, personal commun.). Additional specimens of white­tailed deer (AMNH 66743, 66744) were collected by H.E. Anthony between 4100 and 4300 m on Cerro Antisana in 1923.</p><p>TAXONOMY: Cabrera (1961) and most subsequent authors (including Grubb, 1993) treated Odocoileus peruvianus as a synonym or subspecies of O. virginianus, but all South American white­tailed deer appear to be diagnostically distinct from the latter species (Molina and Molinari, 1999). Pending a comprehensive revision of the Neotropical forms of Odocoileus, I recognize peruvianus (with type locality in the Peruvian highlands) as a distinct species following Molina and Molinari’s (1999) provisional taxonomy.</p><p>REMARKS: White­tailed deer are said to be common throughout the páramo landscapes surrounding Cerro Antisana (Black, 1982), but I did not observe any in the course of my fieldwork.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF5AFA28D848DC56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA5FFD8FD73FCD3D88CD923.text	03FAB267FFA5FFD8FD73FCD3D88CD923.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pudu mephistopheles (de Winton)	<div><p>Pudu mephistopheles (de Winton)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: The holotype of the northern pudu (BMNH 96.1.28.5), which I have not examined, was collected in the ‘‘ Paramo of Papallacta’ ’ by native collectors in the employ of Ludovic Söderström, the Swedish consul in Quito (de Winton, 1896). Another Söderström specimen (which I did examine) is NHRS A58 /4636, a dried skin with the skull inside labeled ‘‘Papallacta 12000 ft’’, collected in 1908 and originally reported by Lönnberg (1913) .</p><p>TAXONOMY: The genus Pudu was revised by Hershkovitz (1982), who reviewed the scant literature on these rare deer and summarized information about the diagnostic characters, geographic distribution, and natural history of P. mephistopheles .</p><p>REMARKS: Pudus are avidly hunted everywhere they occur and appear to be uncommon or hard to observe throughout their dwindling geographic range. I did not see any in the course of my fieldwork near Papallacata, but Black (1982) reported recent sightings of spoor in the páramos surrounding Cerro Antisana.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA5FFD8FD73FCD3D88CD923	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF40FF53DAB4DD12.text	03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF40FF53DAB4DD12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tremarctos ornatus (F. Cuvier)	<div><p>Tremarctos ornatus (F. Cuvier)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Apparently none.</p><p>REMARKS: The local population of spectacled bears was studied by Suárez (1988), who described their seasonal distribution and diet on the eastern slopes of Cerro Antisana. No locally collected specimens, however, are apparently preserved in museums. Although I did not see any bears in the course of my fieldwork, signs of their foraging (consisting of shredded terrestrial bromeliads whose pith is an important item of diet) were sometimes observed above treeline.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA5FFD8FF40FF53DAB4DD12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA5FFDFFD59F9E6DB91DCB6.text	03FAB267FFA5FFDFFD59F9E6DB91DCB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tapirus (Pinchacus) pinchaque (Roulin 1829)	<div><p>Tapirus (Pinchacus) pinchaque (Roulin)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Two specimens of the woolly tapir are known from Papallacta. The first (AMNH 70521), consisting of a skull collected by the Olallas (a family of professional collectors) in 1925, is unaccompanied by other geographic data. The second (AMNH 149370) is the skin and skull of an individual that was captured alive by C. Cordier, who sold it to the New York Zoological Society in 1952; an index card in the AMNH collection archives indicates that this specimen was captured at 11,500 ft (3505 m), but Hershkovitz (1954: 476) reported the capture elevation as 3150 m .</p><p>TAXONOMY: The taxonomy of living Neotropical tapirs was revised by Hershkovitz (1954), who diagnosed the subgenus Pinchacus and established that Roulin’s is the oldest valid name for the woolly montane species.</p><p>REMARKS: Woolly tapirs have long been hunted in the vicinity of Papallacta and Antisana, from which hides and meat are still exported for sale in the street markets of Quito (Downer, 1997). Although tracks and droppings are commonly encountered (Black, 1982), the animal itself is seldom seen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA5FFDFFD59F9E6DB91DCB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA2FFDEFF58FC62DA5DDCED.text	03FAB267FFA2FFDEFF58FC62DA5DDCED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Akodon latebricola (Anthony 1924)	<div><p>Akodon latebricola (Anthony)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 10.6 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,600 ft (UMMZ 155616); 7.5 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,000 ft (UMMZ 155607–155615, 155768–155772, 155774); 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (UMMZ 155773, 155775, 155776); Río Papallacta valley [3–5 km by trail NNW Papallacta], 11,100 ft (UMMZ 155617, 155618).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: None.</p><p>TAXONOMY: Originally described as Microxus latebricola, this species has long been known only from the holotype (AMNH 67506) collected by G.H.H. Tate in 1924 at Hacienda San Francisco, a locality in the Cordillera Oriental east of Ambato (Anthony, 1924b: 3). A peculiar feature of AMNH 67506 is its intensely black fur, which is quite unlike the normal coloration of any other muroid rodent species known to me. Anthony (1924b) considered and rejected the hypothesis that the holotype was a melanistic mutant, but the rediscovery of this taxon at Papallacta lends support to the opposite conclusion.</p><p>Except in pelage color, the Papallacta specimens are qualitatively indistinguishable from the type of latebricola, and measurements of the type fall within the range of morphometric variation in the Papallacta series. By contrast with the unnatural appearance of AMNH 67506, the Papallacta skins are dark grizzled­brown dorsally, and the ventral fur is gray­based with a superficial brownish wash; the ears, feet, and the dorsal surface of the tail are likewise dark brown, but the ventral surface of the tail is covered with long silvery hairs. Because brownish pigmentation is almost universal among the small akodontine rodents that inhabit humid Andean habitats, it is more parsimonious to assume that this is the normal coloration of Akodon latebricola, and that the coloration of the type is not, in point of fact, typical.</p><p>This species closely resembles Akodon bogotensis Thomas (1895a), another eastern­ Andean species that was formerly referred to the genus Microxus . Among other shared similarities, both species differ from typical Akodon by their very small size; possession of a slender, tapering rostrum flanked by very shallow zygomatic notches (versus a shorter, stouter rostrum flanked by deeper zygomatic notches); origin of the superficial masseter from an indistinct tubercle or scar on the anterior margin of the zygomatic plate (versus from a scar posteroventral to the anterior edge of the zygomatic plate); confluence of the buccinator­ masticatory foramen and foramen ovale (versus buccinator masticatory foramen and foramen ovale accessorius separated by a vertical strut of the alisphenoid); proportionately shorter incisive foramina, wider parapterygoid fossae, and more inflated bullae; and highly distinctive molars with opposite (versus alternating) cusps. Although phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences do not support the separate generic status of Microxus (as represented by the type species mimus Thomas; see Smith and Patton [1993] and references cited therein), sequence data from latebricola and bogotensis have not been analyzed. Despite their current generic classification, these two northern­Andean endemics clearly form a distinct clade that merits nomenclatural recognition. Subtle but consistent craniodental differences (M. Gómez­Laverde, personal commun.) distinguish latebricola from bogotensis and support their current status as valid species.</p><p>REMARKS: In a previous list of Papallacta mammals (Voss, 1988: table 43), I misidentified this material as Microxus bogotensis .</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The 21 specimens of Akodon latebricola that I collected near Papallacta in 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3380 to 3840 m. Of these, 16 were taken in the shrubby páramo/forest ecotone, 2 in Subalpine Rain Forest, 2 in grassy glades surrounded by Subalpine Rain Forest, and 1 in grassy páramo. All recorded captures were on the ground: 9 in runways under dense bunch grass, 8 among mixed grasses and mossy shrubs, and 4 under moss mats or low herbs. Unlike other murid rodents that I collected near Papallacta (which appear to be strictly nocturnal), several individuals of A. latebricola were captured in broad daylight, between the time when traps were checked just after dawn and when they were rebaited in the late afternoon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA2FFDEFF58FC62DA5DDCED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA3FFDEFF70FC51D884DB3D.text	03FAB267FFA3FFDEFF70FC51D884DB3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Akodon mollis Thomas 1894	<div><p>Akodon mollis Thomas</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 12.5 km W (by road) Papallacta, 13,520 ft (UMMZ 155597); 10.6 km W (by road) Papallacta, 12,600 ft (UMMZ 155596, 155777); 7.5 km W (by road) Papallacta, 12,000 ft (UMMZ 155591– 155595); 6.2 km W (by road) Papallacta, 11,700 ft (UMMZ 155586–155590, 155778– 155780).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Three additional specimens were collected at ‘‘ Tablon, road to Papallacta’ ’ with recorded elevations of 10,500–11,500 ft [3200–3505 m] by L. Söderström in 1903 and 1913. Another nine specimens (AMNH 47156–47164) taken by the same collector in 1914 are labeled ‘‘ Mt. Antisana 12000 feet’’ [3658 m]. Forty­two more specimens (AMNH 66450 –66491) were collected by H.E. Anthony and G.H.H. Tate between 4115 and 4570 m on Antisana in 1923. Lastly, three specimens (AMNH 67330, 67332, 67334) collected in 1924 by R. Olalla are labeled ‘‘ Mt. Guamanı´, road to Papallacta’ ’ with recorded elevations of 12,000–13,000 ft [3658–3962 m] .</p><p>TAXONOMY: The Papallacta material closely resembles the type of Akodon mollis altorum as originally described by Thomas (1913) based on a specimen collected at 2600 m in the Ecuadorean province of Cañar. No substantive analysis of character data, however, is available to support the current hypothesis (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993) that altorum, a highland taxon, is really conspecific with the geographically adjacent lowland forms mollis Thomas (1894) and fulvescens Hershkovitz (1940) . As noted by Myers and Patton (1989), Akodon mollis as currently recognized has a very large geographic range and exhibits substantial geographic variation. Given their conclusion that fumeus Thomas (1902) —another taxon formerly ranked as a subspecies or synonym of mollis —is a valid species, a comprehensive revision of this complex is long overdue.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The 16 specimens of Akodon mollis that I collected near Papallacta in 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3600 to 4160 m. Of these, 13 were taken in the shrubby páramo/forest ecotone, and 3 in grassy páramo. All recorded captures were on the ground: 5 in tunnels among the bases of tall bunch grass, 5 among wet litter under mossy shrubs, 4 in runways through mixed bunch grass and bushes, 1 in a rabbit trail beneath low herbaceous cover, and 1 beneath an earth bank .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA3FFDEFF70FC51D884DB3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA3FFDDFCAFFBE1D9ABDEFD.text	03FAB267FFA3FFDDFCAFFBE1D9ABDEFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anotomys leander Thomas 1906	<div><p>Anotomys leander Thomas</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 8.9 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,480 ft (AMNH 244607; UMMZ 126294); 8.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,000 ft (UMMZ 155603); 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (AMNH 244605, 244606; UMMZ 126295, 126296, 155598–155602).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: None.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The murid rodent tribe Ichthyomyini was revised by Voss (1988), who summarized available information about the diagnostic morphological characters of Anotomys leander based in part on this material.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The 12 specimens of Anotomys leander that I collected near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3600 to 3750 m. All were taken along swift, cold, turbulent streams bordered by Subalpine Rain Forest or grassy páramo. Eight recorded captures were in traps set on rocky ledges or gravel beneath undercut banks at the water’s edge, but four specimens were trapped on rocks or logjams surrounded by swift current. More detailed habitat information about this series was summarized by Voss (1988: 412–413).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA3FFDDFCAFFBE1D9ABDEFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA0FFDDFF68FE3EDA03DA09.text	03FAB267FFA0FFDDFF68FE3EDA03DA09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilomys instans (Thomas 1895)	<div><p>Chilomys instans (Thomas)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 7.5 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,000 ft (UMMZ 155795); 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (UMMZ 155619, 155620).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: None.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The morphologically distinctive genus Chilomys Thomas (1897a) is currently thought to contain only a single valid species, C. instans (Thomas, 1895b); another nominal taxon, fumeus Osgood (1912) is either a subspecies or synonym according to Cabrera (1961) and Musser and Carleton (1993). The Papallacta specimens closely resemble the holotype of instans (BMNH 95.10.14.1, from Bogota´) in qualitative characters, but they have slightly broader interorbits and shorter molar rows. A revision of this long­neglected northern­Andean endemic genus is necessary in order to evaluate the taxonomic significance of character variation among these and other specimens from Ecuador, Colombia, and western Venezuela.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The three specimens of Chilomys instans that I collected near Papallacta in 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3600 to 3690 m. One specimen was trapped on a mossy log over a stream in Subalpine Rain Forest, another on the ground in a narrow runway beneath mossy shrubs in the same habitat, and the third in a mossy tunnel beneath bunch grass in the páramo/ forest ecotone .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA0FFDDFF68FE3EDA03DA09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA0FFDDFF3DFA32DF36DBD5.text	03FAB267FFA0FFDDFF3DFA32DF36DBD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microryzomys altissimus (Osgood 1933)	<div><p>Microryzomys altissimus (Osgood)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 10.6 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,600 ft (UMMZ 155799); 8.9 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,480 ft (AMNH 248497); 8.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,200 ft (UMMZ 155677); 7.5 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,000 ft (UMMZ 155672–155676, 155802); 6.9 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,020 ft (AMNH 248279, 248280); 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (UMMZ 155798); near Papallacta, 10,480 ft (UMMZ 127125); 1.6 km (by road) E Papallacta, 10,250 ft (AMNH 248277).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Three specimens collected by L. Söderström in 1913 and 1914 are labeled ‘‘ Papallacta 11,000 ft’’ (AMNH 47068, 47071) or ‘‘ Tambo above Papallacta 12,000 ft’’ (AMNH 47069). Four others (AMNH 66577–66580) were collected by G.H.H. Tate in 1923 on Cerro Antisana at 13,500–13,600 ft [4116–4146 m] .</p><p>TAXONOMY: The genus Microryzomys was revised by Carleton and Musser (1989), who provided morphological diagnoses of both currently recognized species based in part on the material listed above and below.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The 14 specimens of Microryzomys altissimus that I collected near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3124 to 3840 m. Of these, five were taken in the shrubby páramo/ forest ecotone, four in grassy páramo, and three in Subalpine Rain Forest; two captures in anthropogenic habitats (secondary vegetation surrounded by cow pastures) were the only ones below 3600 m. All recorded captures were in traps set on the ground, five of which were placed along the margins of small streams; of the remaining nine captures (away from streams), six were in runways under tall bunch grass and/or low shrubs mixed with grass, two were in relatively open sites without grass inside the forest, and one was under a mossy bank.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA0FFDDFF3DFA32DF36DBD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA0FFDCFC80FB59DB87DE88.text	03FAB267FFA0FFDCFC80FB59DB87DE88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microryzomys minutus (Tomes 1860)	<div><p>Microryzomys minutus (Tomes)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta (UMMZ 155678); Río Papallacta valley [3–5 km by trail NNW Papallacta], 11,100 ft (UMMZ 155679, 155801); 1.4 km (by road) E Papallacta (UMMZ 155797); 1.6 km (by road) E Papallacta, 10,250 ft (AMNH 248278; UMMZ 127126).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: A single specimen (AMNH 46804) collected by L. Söderström in 1914 is labeled ‘‘Papallacta 11,000 ft’’.</p><p>TAXONOMY: Carleton and Musser (1989) reviewed the morphological characters and taxonomy of this species, based in part on the material listed above.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The six specimens of Microryzomys minutus that I collected near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3040 to 3570 m. Of these, three were taken in dense secondary growth surrounded by pastures (below 3200 m), and three were in Subalpine Rain Forest (above 3300 m). Five specimens were trapped on the ground (two on the banks of small streams, two under tangles of mossy debris, one inside a hollow trunk), but one was trapped on the mossy limb of a small tree.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA0FFDCFC80FB59DB87DE88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA1FFDCFF37FDB3D90CDBDA.text	03FAB267FFA1FFDCFF37FDB3D90CDBDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neusticomys monticolus Anthony 1921	<div><p>Neusticomys monticolus Anthony</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 8.2 km W Papallacta, 12,200 ft (UMMZ 155605, 155606); 6.2 km W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (UMMZ 155604); 1.6 km E Papallacta, 10,250 ft (UMMZ 126297; AMNH 244608, 244609).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: None.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The murid rodent tribe Ichthyomyini was revised by Voss (1988), who provided a morphological diagnosis of the genus Neusticomys and its constituent species based in part on this material.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The six specimens of Neusticomys monticolus that I collected near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 were trapped on the ground at elevations ranging from 3042 to 3719 m. Of these, three were taken along small rivulets descending narrow ravines choked with secondary vegetation, and three others were taken along the wet margins of larger streams bordered by Subalpine Rain Forest or grassy páramo vegetation .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA1FFDCFF37FDB3D90CDBDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA1FFDCFF6BFB41D8D8DB22.text	03FAB267FFA1FFDCFF6BFB41D8D8DB22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllotis haggardi Thomas	<div><p>Phyllotis haggardi Thomas</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Nine specimens in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH 66624–66632) were collected by H.E. Anthony and G.H.H. Tate between 4115 and 4570 m on Cerro Antisana in 1923. Other specimens from the vicinity of Papallacta are labeled ‘‘Papallacta 11,500 ft about’’ (AMNH 46824, collected by L. Söderström in 1903) and ‘‘Antisana 12,000 ft’’ (AMNH 36293–36296, collected by W.B. Richardson in 1913).</p><p>TAXONOMY: The genus Phyllotis was revised by Pearson (1958) and by Hershkovitz (1962), both of whom examined the material listed above. However, whereas Pearson referred the local population to the subspecies P. haggardi fuscus Anthony (1924a), Hershkovitz attributed phenotypic variation among samples of P. haggardi to clinal environmental factors and did not recognize subspecific taxa.</p><p>Reithrodontomys (Aporodon) mexicanus (Saussure)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 8.9 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,480 ft (UMMZ 127159).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: None.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The single available specimen of a harvest mouse from the Papallacta region, a fluid­preserved old adult with extracted skull, is referable to Reithrodontomys mexicanus as that taxon was recognized in Hooper’s (1952) generic revision. According to Hooper, three valid subspecies of R. mexicanus are present in northern Ecuador, including soderstromi Thomas (1898), milleri Allen (1912), and eremicus Hershkovitz (1941). Unfortunately, none can be effectively diagnosed by cranial characters, and meaningful pelage color comparisons are impossible with the alcohol­bleached material at hand.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The specimen I collected in 1978 was trapped at an elevation of 3754 m next to a rocky stream bordered by grassy páramo vegetation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA1FFDCFF6BFB41D8D8DB22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA1FFD0FC9BFBE9D848DEB2.text	03FAB267FFA1FFD0FC9BFBE9D848DEB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys aureus (Tomes 1860)	<div><p>Thomasomys aureus (Tomes)</p><p>Figures 11–13</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (AMNH 248281, 248498; UMMZ 127114, 155621–155624, 155626, 155707); Río Papallacta valley [3– 5 km by trail NNW Papallacta], 11,100 ft (UMMZ 155625).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: None.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The holotype of Thomasomys aureus (BMNH 7.1.1.104) consists of the skin only of a specimen collected by Louis Fraser, allegedly at Pallatanga (1°59'S, 78°57'W; 1500 m above sea level) in the Ecuadorean province of Chimborazo (Allen, 1914; Ellerman, 1941; Cabrera, 1961), or at Gualaquiza (3°24'S, 78°33'W; 971 m above sea level) in the Ecuadorean province of Morona­Santiago (Thomas, 1920). Neither locality, however, is within the usual altitudinal range of this species (ca. 3000–4000 m), and the exact provenance of Fraser’s Ecuadorean material is uncertain due to inadequate labelling and the lack of detailed field records (Gardner, 1983). Despite the absence of cranial material and a definite geographic datum, however, the type serves to establish that aureus is a distinctively large, shaggy rat with grizzled yellowish­brown dorsal fur; yellow­washed, gray­based ventral fur; long, blackish mystacial vibrissae; dark, broad hind feet with semiopposable fifth digits; and a tail that is much longer than the combined length of head­and­body. Other Ecuadorean specimens with these external characters exhibit the qualitative craniodental characters listed in table 2 and approximate the range of morphometric variation summarized in table 3.</p><p>Among the several nominal taxa currently synonymized with Thomasomys aureus by Musser and Carleton (1993), the same qualitative and morphometric traits are shared by princeps Thomas (1895a) from the eastern Andes of Colombia and by altorum Allen (1914) from the western Andes of Ecuador. Other putatively synonymous taxa, however, differ conspicuously from aureus in side­byside morphological comparisons: popayanus Allen (1912) from the western Andes of Colombia and nicefori Thomas (1921) from the Colombian central Andes have substantially shorter (33–34 mm) hind feet and smaller (6.0 –6.6 mm) molar toothrows, whereas praetor Thomas (1900) from northern Peru has grayish dorsal fur, pale­silvery ventral fur, pale hind feet, shorter tail, narrower interorbit, and a broad, distinctively flattened braincase. These three taxa were first treated as conspecific with T. aureus by Cabrera (1961), who (as usual) offered no explanation for his nomenclatural changes. In view of such trenchant character differences, at least four species appear to be represented in this complex: T. aureus (including altorum and princeps), T. praetor, and T. popayanus (possibly including nicefori).</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The 10 specimens of Thomasomys aureus that I collected near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 were all taken in Subalpine Rain Forest at elevations ranging from 3380 to 3570 m. Six were trapped in well­worn paths through mats of moss and liverworts on horizontal tree limbs, and four were trapped on the ground. Of the latter, two were trapped at the edge of a stream, one was trapped among tall grass in a clearing, and one was trapped in a runway through dense mats of moss .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA1FFD0FC9BFBE9D848DEB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFADFFD0FC8CFE66DF00D9B8.text	03FAB267FFADFFD0FC8CFE66DF00D9B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys baeops (Thomas 1899)	<div><p>Thomasomys baeops (Thomas)</p><p>Figures 11–13</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (AMNH 248499; UMMZ 127117, 155630–155632, 155708, 155739); Río Papallacta valley (3–5 km by trail NNW Papallacta), 11,100 ft (UMMZ 155629); 1.4 km (by road) E Papallacta, 9,980 ft (UMMZ 127118, 155627, 155628, 155767).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Another specimen (KU 109495) was collected by W.E. Duellman in 1967 near Laguna Papallacta at 3350 m elevation.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The type material of Thomasomys baeops consists of a single specimen (BMNH 98.8.1.7) collected near the Río Pita in the Ecuadorean province of Pichincha, from which a small series of topotypes is also available for comparisons. The Papallacta series is essentially indistinguishable from this material in qualitative characters of the skin and skull, as well as in measurements (table 4). No synonyms of T. baeops are currently recognized.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The 12 specimens of Thomasomys baeops that I collected near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3040 to 3565 m. Of these, one was taken in the shrubby páramo/ forest ecotone, seven were in Subalpine Rain Forest, and four were in dense thickets of secondary growth at the bottom of a narrow ravine surrounded by pastures. Eight specimens were trapped on the ground: three along the wet margins of small streams, three in narrow trails through mossy debris and damp leaf litter, one under a mossy log, and one in a hole in a bank under the roots of a tree. Four specimens were trapped on the mossy branches of small trees .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFADFFD0FC8CFE66DF00D9B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFAAFFD6FF33FB27D9D5DD20.text	03FAB267FFAAFFD6FF33FB27D9D5DD20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys cinnameus Anthony 1924	<div><p>Thomasomys cinnameus Anthony</p><p>Figures 11–13</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 1.6 km (by road) W Papallacta, 10,500 ft (UMMZ 155668– 155670); Río Papallacta valley [3–5 km by trail NNW Papallacta], 11,100 ft (AMNH 155671, 155800).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: None.</p><p>TAXONOMY: This material of Thomasomys cinnameus was the first to be reported (by Voss, 1988: table 43) since the original description based on a single specimen collected at 8000 ft (2438 m) near Hacienda San Francisco, Provincia Tunguragua, Ecuador (Anthony, 1924b). Side­by­side comparisons indicate that the Papallacta series closely resembles the holotype (AMNH 67401) in all qualitative and most quantitative characters. Although the holotype slightly exceeds the Papallacta specimens in several external and craniodental measurements (table 5), the differences are so small and the number of Papallacta specimens (five) is so few that these discrepancies do not seem taxonomically significant.</p><p>One of the smallest known species of the genus, Thomasomys cinnameus is currently regarded as a subspecies or junior synonym of T. gracilis Thomas (1917), originally described from a specimen collected at Machu Picchu in southern Peru (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993). However, the hypothesis that cinnameus and gracilis (with type localities separated by 1500 km of highly dissected mountainous terrain) are conspecific is unsupported by any published analysis or discussion of character data. Rather, my examination of both holotypes and other representative material 6 indicates that these are unambiguously diagnosable taxa that should be recognized as distinct species.</p><p>Although similar to Thomasomys gracilis in size, external proportions, and pelage coloration, T. cinnameus consistently lacks genal vibrissae, long black tactile hairs of the upper cheek that are consistently present in gracilis . Among other trenchant craniodental comparisons, cinnameus is distinguished by (1) incisive foramina that are widest posteriorly, behind the maxillary/premaxillary suture; (2) absence of sphenopalatine vacuities; (3) smaller and less inflated auditory bullae; and (4) larger and more hypsodont molars with weakly developed cingula and stylar cusps. By contrast, gracilis exhibits (1) incisive foramina that are widest anteriorly, at or near the maxillary/premaxillary suture; (2) large sphenopalatine vacuities that perforate the bony roof of the mesopterygoid fossa on each side of the basisphenoid/presphenoid suture; (3) larger and more inflated auditory bullae; and (4) smaller, brachydont molars with better developed cingula and stylar cusps.</p><p>6 The comparative material of Thomasomys gracilis that I examined included the holotype (USNM 194816), two topotypes (USNM 194799, 194801), and 12 other specimens (AMNH 95206, 95207; USNM 194785– 194787, 194790, 194807, 194808, 194811–194813), all of which were collected between 2774 and 4267 m above sea level in the Peruvian department of Cusco .</p><p>Thomasomys hudsoni Anthony (1923) is another small Ecuadorean taxon that has been treated without explanation as a synonym or subspecies of T. gracilis (see Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993). However, I agree with Anthony (1924b) that hudsoni is a distinct species, differing from both gracilis and cinnameus in details of coloration and craniodental morphology. Unlike any specimens of the other small species, the type of hudsoni (AMNH 47690, from Bestión in Provincia Azuay) has a rostrum that is peculiarly produced beyond the incisors as a flaring bony tube with a concave (rather than convex) dorsal profile. As in cinnameus (and unlike gracilis) genal vibrissae and sphenopalatine vacuities are absent in hudsoni, but as in gracilis (and unlike cinnameus) the incisive foramina are widest anteriorly (near the maxillary/premaxillary suture). The auditory bullae of hudsoni are larger and more inflated than those of cinnameus but smaller and less inflated than those of gracilis . Unfortunately, the molars of the type (and only known specimen) of hudsoni are too worn to support confident dental comparisons.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: The five specimens of Thomasomys cinnameus that I collected near Papallacta in 1980 were trapped at elevations ranging from 3200 to 3380 m. Of these, three were taken among mossy boulders in an old lava flow that impounds the Río Tambo to form Laguna Papallacta (fig. 1), and two were trapped on the ground in Subalpine Rain Forest in the valley of the Río Papallacta 3–5 km (by trail) NNW of the town .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFAAFFD6FF33FB27D9D5DD20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFABFFD4FC96FD12DAC6D9B8.text	03FAB267FFABFFD4FC96FD12DAC6D9B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys erro Anthony 1926	<div><p>Thomasomys erro Anthony</p><p>Figures 11–13</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (UMMZ 155711); Río Papallacta valley [3–5 km by trail NNW Papallacta], 11,100 ft (UMMZ 155640– 155642, 155712, 155713); 1.4 km (by road) E Papallacta (AMNH 248283; UMMZ 155633–155639, 155709, 155710); 9 km (by road) E Papallacta, 9280 ft (UMMZ 127133).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: None.</p><p>TAXONOMY: Thomasomys erro was originally described on the basis of a single specimen (AMNH 68195) collected by the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Olallas</a> on the ‘‘upper slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Mt. Sumaco</a>, exact altitude unknown, but probably 8000– 9000 feet [2440–2740 m], at head of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Río Suno</a>, a tributary of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Río</a> Napo, eastern Ecuador; June 10, 1924 ’’ (Anthony, 1926: 5). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Although</a> only about 50 km SE of Papallacta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Volcán Sumaco</a> (0°34'S, 77°38'W) is an isolated peak that is separated from the main range of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Cordillera Oriental</a> by the lowland valley of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Río Quijos</a> (fig. 14). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.63333/lat -0.56666666)">Populations</a> of montane organisms on the upper slopes of Sumaco are therefore likely to be ecologically disjunct from those in the vicinity of Papallacta.</p><p>The Papallacta specimens are the only additional material of Thomasomys erro to have been collected since 1924 and merit close comparison with the holotype (AMNH 68195). No noteworthy differences in pelage color or other external characters are apparent, however. The skull of AMNH 68195 is partially crushed, so only an incomplete set of measurements can be taken, but most of these fall within the range of variation observed among the Papallacta specimens; the exceptions are two molar dimensions in which the type is slightly larger (table 6). In all qualitative craniodental comparisons, the holotype appears to be indistinguishable from the Papallacta series and appears to represent the same taxon.</p><p>Cabrera (1961) listed Thomasomys erro as a subspecies of T. cinereiventer Allen (1912) without explanation, and no discussion of character information has been published to justify the current treatment of erro as a junior synonym of that species (e.g., by Musser and Carleton, 1993). However, side­by­side comparisons of the holotypes and other representative material of erro and cinereiventer do not support the hypothesis that these taxa are conspecific. Among other differences, typical cinereiventer from the Cordillera Occidental of southern Colombia 7 is a much bigger animal with longer hind feet (33–36 mm); deeper zygomatic notches; less inflated interorbital region; more strongly convergent zygomatic arches; more elongate (less globular) braincase; broader and more vertically oriented zygomatic plates; consistently separate buccinator­masticatory and accessory oval foramina; larger (5.7–6.2 mm), incipiently lophodont molars with interpenetrating lingual and labial flexi (see illustrations and discussion of this trait in Voss, 1993); and relatively much broader incisors. Other Colombian taxa that are currently considered to be subspecies or synonyms of T. cinereiventer —including contradictus Anthony (1925) from the Cordillera Central and dispar Anthony (1925) from the Cordillera Oriental—are smaller than the nominotypical form but do not exhibit any other noteworthy similarities with T. erro .</p><p>7 In addition to the holotype of Thomasomys cinereiventer (AMNH 32436), I examined 17 paratypes (AMNH 32417, 32419, 32421–32425, 32427, 32428, 32430, 32433–32435, 32437–32440), all of which were collected at 3152 m on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera Occidental west of Popayán in Departamento Cauca, Colombia .</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: I collected 17 specimens of Thomasomys erro in the vicinity of Papallacta, at elevations ranging from 2830 to 3570 m. Of these, 11 were taken in dense secondary vegetation, 5 in Subalpine Rain Forest, and 1 in Upper Montane Rain Forest. All recorded captures were on the ground. Eleven specimens were trapped in runways through wet leaf litter and mossy debris; three were trapped beneath mossy logs, branches, or roots; and one was trapped inside the trunk of a hollow tree .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFABFFD4FC96FD12DAC6D9B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FFA9FFD4FD7FFF53D8A0D9B8.text	03FAB267FFA9FFD4FD7FFF53D8A0D9B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys paramorum Thomas 1898	<div><p>Thomasomys paramorum Thomas</p><p>Figures 11–13</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: 10.6 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,600 ft (UMMZ 155662– 155667); 7.5 km (by road) W Papallacta, 12,000 ft (UMMZ 155661, 155745–155747); 6.2 km (by road) W Papallacta, 11,700 ft (AMNH 248282; UMMZ 127123, 127124, 155656–155660, 155737, 155738, 155740– 155744, 155748–155751).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Five specimens (AMNH 46627, 46628, 46631, 46633, 46636) were collected at ‘‘El Tambo, Papallacta 12,000 ft’’ by L. Söderström between 1912 and 1914, and another specimen (AMNH 46643) taken by the same collector at the same time is labeled ‘‘Tablon, road to Papallacta 11,000 ft about’’. Five additional Söderström specimens (AMNH 46629, 46630, 46634, 46641, 46642) are labeled ‘‘Cuyuco [probably Cuyuja] below Papallacta, 7000 ft’’.</p><p>TAXONOMY: The type material of Thomasomys paramorum consists of a single specimen collected at an Ecuadorean locality that Thomas (1898: 454) described vaguely as ‘‘Paramo, south of Chimborazo’’, but a small series from Urbina (1°30'S, 78°44'W) just a few kilometers SE of Chimborazo can be considered topotypic. Although these topotypes average larger than the Papallacta sample in most measurements and have proportionately narrower zygomatic plates (table 7), the two series are similar in qualitative external and craniodental traits and appear to represent the same taxon. No synonyms of T. paramorum are currently recognized.</p><p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS: I recorded 29 captures of Thomasomys paramorum near Papallacta in 1978 and 1980 (one specimen was lost in the field), at elevations ranging from 3570 to 3840 m. Of these, 15 were taken in Subalpine Rain Forest, 7 in Polylepis thickets in the páramo, and 7 in the shrubby páramo/ forest ecotone. Twenty­two captures were on the ground, of which nine were trapped in runways through moss, six along the banks of small streams, six in wet leaf litter under shrubs and branches, and one under a clump of grass. Seven specimens were trapped in low, mossy trees.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FFA9FFD4FD7FFF53D8A0D9B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FF96FFEBFF56FB0AD821D957.text	03FAB267FF96FFEBFF56FB0AD821D957.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys rhoadsi Stone 1914	<div><p>Thomasomys rhoadsi Stone</p><p>Figures 11–13</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: Five specimens (FMNH 43246–43250) collected by R. Olalla in 1934 are labeled ‘‘ Cerro Antisana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.553" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.554/lat 54.553)">Andes Orientales’</a> ’, and two others (BMNH 54.553, 55.554) collected by C.S. Webb in 1937 are labeled ‘‘ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-13.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -13.0/lat 12.5)">Mt. Antisana</a>, E. Andes 12,500 – 13,000 ft’ ’.</p><p>TAXONOMY: Thomasomys rhoadsi was originally described from material collected in 1911 by S.N. Rhoads on Volcán (‘‘Mt.’’) Pichincha in the western Andes above Quito (Stone, 1914: 12). The Antisana specimens listed above were compared with a series of topotypes, which they resemble qualitatively despite averaging slightly larger in several external and craniodental dimensions (table 8). In the absence of other character differences between these samples, I assume that they represent the same taxon. An apparently related form originally described as T. rhoadsi fumeus is substantially smaller than typical rhoadsi and also differs from it in qualitative external and cranial characters as remarked by Anthony (1924b).</p><p>REMARKS: Although Olalla’s and Webb’s labels do not state whether their specimens were collected on the eastern or western slopes of Antisana, it seems probable they were collected near Hacienda Antisana on the western side, the only inhabited site described in published accounts of visitors to this famous mountain (e.g., Orton, 1870; Whymper, 1892; Emerson and Johnson, 1960).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FF96FFEBFF56FB0AD821D957	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FF96FFEAFC89F9D9D8D7DE66.text	03FAB267FF96FFEAFC89F9D9D8D7DE66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thomasomys silvestris Anthony 1924	<div><p>Thomasomys silvestris Anthony</p><p>Figures 11–13</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL COLLECTED: A single specimen (FMNH 43251) was collected on Cerro Antisana by R. Olalla in 1934.</p><p>TAXONOMY: Thomasomys silvestris was originally described from a large series of specimens collected on the densely forested western slope of the western Andes south of Quito in the Ecuadorean provinces of Pichincha and Bolívar (Anthony, 1924a). I compared the Antisana specimen with the type series, which it exactly resembles in qualitative characters. The Antisana specimen is an old adult, however, with molars that are worn below the widest part of the crowns, so most of its measurements are larger than those of adults with measurable teeth in the type series (table 9). No synonyms of T. silvestris are currently recognized.</p><p>REMARKS: It seems probable that the Antisana specimen of Thomasomys silvestris was collected on the western side of Antisana as previously remarked for similarly labeled specimens of T. rhoadsi collected at the same time by the same collector.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FF96FFEAFC89F9D9D8D7DE66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FF97FFE9FCADFEACDB97DA47.text	03FAB267FF97FFE9FCADFEACDB97DA47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coendou quichua Thomas 1899	<div><p>Coendou quichua Thomas</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: I examined three NHRS specimens (A58/2822, A58/2962, A59/2962) collected by Ludovic Söderström in 1911 at ‘‘Tablon above Tumbaco’’ with recorded elevations of 9000– 11,000 ft [2744–3354 m].</p><p>TAXONOMY: Coendou quichua is a morphologically distinctive porcupine whose diagnostic characters were accurately described by Thomas (1899). Cabrera (1961), however, treated quichua as a subspecies of C. bicolor Tschudi without providing any justification for doing so. Although Emmons (1990), Albuja (1991), Tirira (1999), and Alberico et al. (1999) have subsequently recognized that quichua is a valid species, some checklists (e.g., Woods, 1993) continue to treat this name as a synonym of bicolor .</p><p>To date, no rationale has been provided for the zoogeographically incoherent and morphologically divergent collection of taxa that Cabrera (1961) lumped together as Coendou bicolor . Although this name has been applied by authors to a wide range of morphologies, specimens collected in the vicinity of the Peruvian type locality (e.g., AMNH 147500, FMNH 65799) are distinctively large porcupines (ca. 900 mm total length) with tails that are almost as long as the combined length of head­and­body; the visible dorsal pelage consists entirely of bicolored (blacktipped) quills, of which those over the forequarters are conspicuously longer than those over the lower back and rump. By contrast, C. quichua is much smaller (ca. 600 mm or less) with a proportionately much shorter tail (approximately half the length of head­andbody) and tricolored (pale­tipped) dorsal quills that are not conspicuously longer over the forequarters than on the lower back and rump. Cranially, quichua has a proportionately narrower rostrum than bicolor, smaller orbits, less expanded jugals, and less inflated frontal sinuses. Other relevant morphological comparisons will be provided in an upcoming generic revision (Voss, in prep.), but the characters given here together with other traits mentioned by Emmons (1990) and Alberico et al. (1999) are sufficient for unambiguous identifications of these dissimilar taxa.</p><p>REMARKS: The original specimen tag of NHRS A58/2822 notes that the animal was ‘‘found in the underbrush’’. Lönnberg (1913) originally reported this material as having been collected above Tumbaco, without mentioning the actual collecting site (Tablón).</p><p>Cuniculus (Stictomys) taczanowskii (Stolzmann)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: A single specimen that I have not examined (QCAZ 954) was collected in the páramo near Paso de Guamaní by G. Onore in 1993 (D. Tirira, personal commun.).</p><p>TAXONOMY: The mountain paca is morphologically distinctive (Thomas, 1924) and was formerly distinguished generically (as Stictomys) from the lowland paca ( Cuniculus paca). Although only a single species of mountain paca is currently recognized, no critical analysis of morphological or molecular data is currently available to test the hypothesis that C. taczanowskii (from Ecuador and Peru) is actually conspecific with populations from Venezuela and Colombia that were formerly known as C. sierrae (e.g., by Thomas, 1905; Krumbiegel, 1940). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1998) recently ruled that Cuniculus Brisson, 1762, is the oldest available name for pacas, previously referred by most American authors to Agouti Lacépède, 1799 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FF97FFE9FCADFEACDB97DA47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
03FAB267FF94FFE9FF37FACCD9D2DC56.text	03FAB267FF94FFE9FF37FACCD9D2DC56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvilagus brasiliensis (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Sylvilagus brasiliensis (Linnaeus)</p><p>SPECIMENS COLLECTED: None.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL: The type of Sylvilagus nivicola is a specimen collected at 4800 m ‘‘en el límite de nieves perpetuas’’ on Cerro Antisana, about 10 km south of Papallacta (Cabrera, 1913: 6). Ten additional specimens of rabbits from Antisana (AMNH 66659– 66668) were subsequently collected between 4115 and 4265 m by H.E. Anthony in 1923. Other material from Antisana (in the BMNH) was reported by Laurie (1955), and a few more specimens are scattered among other museums (e.g., MCN, MNCN).</p><p>TAXONOMY: All of the material at hand is referable to Sylvilagus brasiliensis in the sense of Hershkovitz (1950), the last comprehensive taxonomic review of South American lagomorph taxonomy. Hershkovitz (1950) treated nivicola Cabrera (1913) as a valid subspecies of S. brasiliensis, but Laurie (1955) synonymized nivicola with S. b. andinus (Thomas, 1897b). The current treatment (Hoffmann, 1993) of 41 nominal taxa ranging from southern Mexico to northern Argentina as synonyms or subspecies of S. brasiliensis obviously merits critical scrutiny, but is far beyond the scope of this faunal report.</p><p>REMARKS: Although I did not collect any rabbits near Papallacta, they were abundant in grassy habitats throughout the páramo zone.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FAB267FF94FFE9FF37FACCD9D2DC56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	VOSS, ROBERT S.	VOSS, ROBERT S. (2003): A New Species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Eastern Ecuador, with Remarks on Mammalian Diversity and Biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental. American Museum Novitates 3421: 1-48, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ANSOTR>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282003%29421%3C0001%3AANSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2
