identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FA6858F502BE39FEE1F95D9A66FE60.text	03FA6858F502BE39FEE1F95D9A66FE60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirostomum minus Roux 1901	<div><p>SPIROSTOMUM MINUS ROUX, 1901</p><p>(FIGS 2A–F, 3A–O; TABLE 2)</p><p>Spirostomum minus was first recorded as a variety of  S. ambiguum (Roux, 1901) . During the past century, numerous populations of this taxon have been reported, although most descriptions lack molecular and detailed morphological data. It is, therefore, challenging to evaluate these isolates (Repak &amp; Isquith, 1974; Foissner et al., 1992; Fernandes &amp; da Silva Neto, 2013; Boscaro et al., 2014). An improved diagnosis is supplied here based on both previous and current data.</p><p>Improved diagnosis: Body about 300–900 × 30–50 μ m in vivo when extended, length to width ratio about 7–20:1, lanceolate in outline when contracted; peristome length variable, 35–65% of body length; adoral zone with 166–216 membranelles; 12–40 somatic kineties; cortical granules arranged in 2–4 rows between adjacent somatic kineties; macronucleus moniliform with 5–50 nodules; contractile vacuole terminally positioned, less than 20% of body length, with a long canal that extends anteriorly.</p><p>Voucher specimens: Four protargol slides (registration no. CY 2018043001- 01, 02, 03, 04) with voucher specimens are deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China (OUC).</p><p>Description of Qingdao population: Body size about 425–580 × 40–50 μ m in vivo when extended, slender body with length to width ratio about 7–13:1 (Figs 2A, 3A–C, F); lanceolate when contracted (Fig. 3D). Pellicle thin and soft, with greenish spherical cortical granules (0.7–1.0 μ m in diameter) sparsely distributed in 2–4 rows between adjacent somatic kineties (Figs 2D, 3I, J). Peristome about 50–65% of body length (Figs 2A, C, 3A–C). Cilia of adoral membranelles about 15 μ m long. Somatic cilia about 10 μ m long. Cytoplasm colourless or brownish, usually packed with numerous dark-grey granules and inclusions, which render the main part of the body somewhat opaque (Fig. 3C). Macronucleus moniliform with 9–19 interconnected nodules arranged in a line on the dorsal side of the body (Figs 2A, E, 3G, H, K); micronuclei inconspicuous, invariably closely associated with macronuclear nodules (Fig. 3M). Contractile vacuole up to 20% of body length, terminally located, with a long collecting canal on the dorsal side that extends almost to the anterior end of the body (Figs 2A, 3A, C, F, G). Locomotion by gliding over substratum, occasionally swims slowly while rotating about the main body axis.</p><p>Ciliary pattern as shown in Figures 2B, E, F, 3K– O. Adoral zone of membranelles makes one turn of the body (when observed in spirally contracted individuals), beginning at the apical end and terminating in the mid-body region (Figs 2E, F, 3K); adoral zone composed of 166–216 membranelles, each of which consists of one short and two long rows of basal bodies (Figs 2B, 3N). Paroral visible in vivo (Fig. 3E) and located to the right side of the proximal portion of the adoral zone of membranelles (Figs 2B, 3L). Circumoral kinety comprises a single row of kinetids and lies parallel to the right margin of the distal portion of the adoral zone of membranelles, connects with the anterior end of the paroral and continues a short distance beyond the posterior end of the paroral (Figs 2B, E, F, 3L).</p><p>Twenty-five to 32 spiral somatic kineties composed of dikinetids; most kineties extend the entire cell length but there are several shortened rows on both ventral and dorsal sides (Figs 2E, F, 3O; Table 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA6858F502BE39FEE1F95D9A66FE60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chi, Yong;Duan, Lili;Luo, Xiaotian;Cheng, Ting;Warren, Alan;Huang, Jie;Chen, Xiangrui	Chi, Yong, Duan, Lili, Luo, Xiaotian, Cheng, Ting, Warren, Alan, Huang, Jie, Chen, Xiangrui (2020): A new contribution to the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of three, well-known freshwater species of the ciliate genus Spirostomum (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Heterotrichea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189 (1): 158-177, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz115, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/189/1/158/5638959
03FA6858F506BE34FC97FF019E42FC76.text	03FA6858F506BE34FC97FF019E42FC76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirostomum subtilis BOSCARO ET AL. 2014	<div><p>SPIROSTOMUM SUBTILIS BOSCARO ET AL., 2014</p><p>(FIGS 4A–J, 5A–J; TABLE 2)</p><p>Spirostomum subtilis was first reported by Boscaro et al. (2014) who provided features of the morphology in vivo, the macronucleus and gene sequence data, but without details of the infraciliature based on silver staining. Thus, an improved diagnosis, based on the original description and new data, is supplied here.</p><p>All measurements in μ m. Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation in %; M, Median; Ma, macronucleus; Max., maximum; Mean, arithmetic mean; Min., minimum; N, number of specimens investigated; SD, standard deviation. Ma nodules were selected randomly in each individual.</p><p>* data based on living cells; ** data based on protargol-stained specimens.</p><p>Improved diagnosis: Large, freshwater  Spirostomum, body vermiform when fully extended, about 700–1100 μ m long in vivo, contracted body lanceolate in outline; peristome length variable, about 30–50% of body length; adoral zone with 145–195 membranelles; 18–28 somatic kineties; cortical granules greyish, arranged in a single row between adjacent ciliary rows; macronucleus moniliform with 10–25 nodules, 1–6 micronucleus; conspicuous contractile vacuole caudally positioned, up to one-third of body length, with a long canal that extends anteriorly.</p><p>Voucher specimens: Three protargol slides (registration no. CY2018050201-01, 02, 03) with voucher specimens are deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China (OUC).</p><p>D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e Q i n g d a o p o p u l a t i o n: B o d y flexible and contractile, when extended about 680–1100 × 30–50 μ m in vivo, slender and band-like, length to width ratio about 21–35:1 (Figs 4A, B, 5A– C); when contracted, lanceolate in shape (Fig. 5E). Peristome about 30–40% of body length (Figs 4B, 5A, B, G). Adoral zone of membranelles conspicuous, cilia of membranelles 15–20 μ m long (Fig. 5A, F). Somatic cilia about 10 μ m long. Pellicle soft and transparent with spherical, greyish cortical granules (0.5–0.7 μ m in diameter) distributed in rows, almost single line between each adjacent pair of somatic kineties (Figs 4F, 5H, I). Cytoplasm somewhat opaque at low magnification due to numerous dark-grey inclusions and food vacuoles containing bacteria and organic debris. Macronucleus moniliform, with 10–25 nodules, located in the middle portion of the body (Figs 4A–C, F, 5D, J). Three or four micronuclei, inconspicuous, invariably closely associated with macronuclear nodules (Fig. 5J, arrowheads). Contractile vacuole up to one-third body length, terminally positioned, with a long collecting canal on the dorsal side that extends nearly to the anterior end of the body (Figs 4A, B, 5A– G). Cells relatively active, gliding slowly on substrate, occasionally swims slowly while rotating about the main body axis.</p><p>Adoral zone of membranelles makes about one turn of the body (when observed in spirally contracted individuals), beginning at the apical end and terminating in the mid-body region (Fig. 4C, D, G). About 145–195 adoral membranelles, each composed of one short and two long rows of basal bodies (Fig. 4E, H). Paroral short and lies parallel to the right margin of the proximal portion of the adoral zone (Fig. 4D, E, H). Circumoral kinety comprises a single row of kinetids and lies parallel to the right margin of the distal portion of the adoral zone of membranelles, connects with the anterior end of the paroral and continues a short distance beyond the posterior end of the paroral (Fig. 4E, I).</p><p>Nineteen to 28 longitudinal somatic kineties spirally twisted in contracted cells, most commence at the apical end of the adoral zone of membranelles and terminate at the posterior end of the cell, but some originate near the left margin of the adoral zone of membranelles or below the proximal end of the adoral zone; such shortened rows occur on both ventral and dorsal sides (Fig. 4C, D, J; Table 2). All somatic kineties are composed of dikinetids, only one basal body of each dikinetid is ciliated.</p><p>SPIROSTOMUM TERES CLAPARÈDE &amp; LACHMANN, 1858</p><p>(FIGS 6A–F, 7A–M; TABLE 2)</p><p>Spirostomum teres was originally reported by Claparède &amp; Lachmann (1858) and is commonly found in freshwater habitats worldwide. Although  S. teres has been reported many times in recent decades, there are still doubts about its identification (Repak &amp; Isquith, 1974; Foissner et al., 1992; Jang et al., 2012; Fernandes &amp; da Silva Neto, 2013; Boscaro et al., 2014). An improved diagnosis is supplied, based on previous reports and new data.</p><p>Improved diagnosis: Body contractile and flexible, extended specimens 150–600 × 20–75 μ m in vivo, length:width ratio about 5–16:1, contracted body lanceolate in outline; peristome length variable about 30–50% of body length; adoral zone with about 79–92 membranelles, 10–30 somatic kineties; cortical granules arranged in 2–5 rows between adjacent somatic kineties; single ellipsoidal macronucleus positioned near the middle portion of the body; contractile vacuole positioned at the posterior end, up to 25% of body length with a long canal that extends anteriorly.</p><p>Voucher specimens: Three protargol slides (registration no. CY2018043002-01, 02, 03) with voucher specimens are deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China (OUC).</p><p>Morphology description of Qingdao population: Body about 225–370 × 30–50 μ m in vivo, ratio of length to width about 5–10:1 (Figs 6A, 7A–D); shape somewhat variable when extended (Fig. 6B); lanceolate when contracted. Pellicle thin and transparent, with numerous spherical, greyish cortical granules (0.6– 0.8 μ m in diameter) densely distributed in 3–5 rows between adjacent somatic kineties (Figs 6D, 7F, G). Peristome about 30–50% of body length, adoral zone of membranelles conspicuous (Fig. 7A, B). Cytoplasm usually greyish, typically packed with small granules and food vacuoles (Fig. 7A, C). Single ellipsoidal macronucleus in the middle portion of the body (Figs 6A, B, E, 7D, E, H, I); micronuclei inconspicuous and invariably closely associated with macronucleus (Fig. 7K). Contractile vacuole up to 25% of body length, located at the posterior end of the body with a long collecting canal (Figs 6A, 7D, E). Locomotion mainly by gliding over substratum, sometimes swims while rotating about the main body axis.</p><p>Adoral zone of membranelles makes one turn of the body (when observed in spirally contracted individuals), beginning at the apical end and terminating in the mid-body region (Figs 6E, F, 7I, M). About 79–88 adoral membranelles, each consists of three rows of basal bodies, two long and one short (Figs 6C, 7J, M). Paroral short and lies parallel to the right margin of the proximal portion of the adoral zone (Figs 6C, F, 7I, M). Circumoral kinety comprises a single row of kinetids and lies parallel to the right margin of the distal portion of the adoral zone of membranelles, connects to the anterior end of the paroral and continues a short distance beyond the posterior end of the paroral (Figs 6C, E, F, 7I, M).</p><p>Sixteen to 18 longitudinal somatic kineties spirally twisted in contracted cells. Most kineties extend complete length of cell, some shortened kineties originate from the left margin of the adoral zone of membranelles or below the oral cavity (Figs 6E, F, 7L; Table 2). All somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.</p><p>MOLECULAR DATA AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES</p><p>The three new SSU rRNA gene sequences obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank. Their lengths, G+C contents and accession numbers are as follows:  Spirostomum minus, 1597 bp, 48.34%, MK929559 ;   S. subtilis, 1597 bp, 47.46%, MK929558 ;   S. teres, 1597 bp, 48.53%, MK929560  .</p><p>The ML and BI analyses based on the SSU rDNA sequences generated phylogenetic trees with similar topologies. Therefore, only the ML tree is shown here (Fig. 8). In the class  Heterotrichea, there are nine monophyletic families and one paraphyletic family ( Blepharismidae). All species of  Spirostomum group together with strong support (ML 95%, BI 1.00) in a clade that is sister to  Anigsteinia .  Spirostomum is divided into two subclades: ( S. minus +  S. semivirescens +  S. ambiguum +  S. subtilis) and ( S. yagiui +  S. dharwarensis +  S. teres +  S. caudatum).</p><p>The Qingdao population of  Spirostomum subtilis (MK929558) clusters with two other populations of  S. subtilis (HG939549, HG939550) with maximum support (Fig. 8). The populations of  S. minus form two paraphyletic clades because a sequence under the name of  S. semivirescens is nested within clade II of  S. minus . Clade I is strongly supported (ML 99%, BI 1.00), whereas clade II is poorly supported (ML 62%, BI 0.80). The Qingdao population of  S. minus (MK929559) is nested in clade II, forming a polytomy with other populations of that species. One sequence of  S. teres (HG939538) groups with  S. dharwarensis, and the remaining populations group together with variable support values (ML 39%, BI 0.96). The Qingdao population of  S. teres (MK929560) is closely related to a Korean population (KU848235).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA6858F506BE34FC97FF019E42FC76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chi, Yong;Duan, Lili;Luo, Xiaotian;Cheng, Ting;Warren, Alan;Huang, Jie;Chen, Xiangrui	Chi, Yong, Duan, Lili, Luo, Xiaotian, Cheng, Ting, Warren, Alan, Huang, Jie, Chen, Xiangrui (2020): A new contribution to the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of three, well-known freshwater species of the ciliate genus Spirostomum (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Heterotrichea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189 (1): 158-177, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz115, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/189/1/158/5638959
