identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FB87EB5220E34757BEAF79FC99DBA9.text	03FB87EB5220E34757BEAF79FC99DBA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pocillorhynchus spiroductus Schockaert 1982	<div><p>Pocillorhynchus spiroductus Schockaert, 1982</p><p>(Fig. 1)</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.279028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485806/lat -28.279028)">New</a> locality. iSimangaliso <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.279028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485806/lat -28.279028)">Wetland Park</a>, Eastern Shores, Mission Rocks (28°16’44.5’’S, 32°29’08.9’’E), ± 100 m south of footpath to parking lot, algae (mainly small brown algae) taken from the mid-eulittoral in a highlyexposed tidal area with sandstone terrace covered with invertebrates (barnacles, mussels, limpets, corals, tunicates), December 12, 2009.</p><p>Known distribution. Somalia, north of Mogadiscio, Hawadli (Schockaert 1982).</p><p>Material. One animal studied alive and whole mounted (HU, no. VII.3.41).</p><p>Additional remarks. The general organisation of the specimen from South Africa is completely in accordance with the description given by Schockaert (1982). The specimen is 0.5 mm long (measured on whole mount), transparent to pale reddish-brown and has eyes with “lenses”. The ovovitellaria could not be observed. The hard parts of the male genital system (Fig. 1 B–C) consist of at least five spines of different length and they most probably form a short cirrus, which is 26 µm long and 19 µm wide at its broadest point in the highly squeezed individual. Schockaert (1982) does not provide any measurements in the description proper, but measured on his Fig. 10, the specimen from Somalia has a copulatory organ comparable in dimensions to that of the South African specimen (22 µm long and 14 µm wide at its broadest). According to Schockaert (1982), the spines are attached to a common base giving the impression of the whole being a single stylet. Although the current material is inadequate to allow any definitive statements, it most probably is a cirrus instead of a single stylet. Also in the two other species of Pocillorhynchus Brunet, 1973 (see Brunet 1973a) the copulatory organ is a cirrus with many spines. The female bursa carries two strongly-coiled insemination ducts (Fig. 1 A: ba, 1D), which are 14–15 µm long (measured from top to bottom, not axially; i.e. length of the straight line between distal and proximal end of the structure as depicted in Fig. 1 D). This is considerably longer than those of the Somali specimen (8 µm in Schockaert 1982, measured in the same way on his Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5220E34757BEAF79FC99DBA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB5221E34757BEAEB1FE49DEC9.text	03FB87EB5221E34757BEAEB1FE49DEC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prognathorhynchus	<div><p>Prognathorhynchus spec.</p><p>(Fig. 2 A–D)</p><p>Locality. iSimangaliso <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485085&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.280582" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485085/lat -28.280582)">Wetland Park</a>, Eastern Shores, Mission Rocks (28°16’50.1’’S, 32°29’06.3’’E), sand and shrubby red algae from rock pool in the mid-eulittoral of a highly-exposed tidal area with sandstone terrace covered with invertebrates (barnacles, mussels, limpets, corals, tunicates), December 5, 2009.</p><p>Material. One animal studied alive and whole mounted (HU, no. VII.3.42).</p><p>Description and remarks. Rather small (0.5 mm measured on whole-mounted specimen) and slender, colourless animals with two eyes and prominent caudal glands. The globular proboscis measures approximately 1/ 10 of the total body length and carries two proboscis hooks (Fig. 2 B: h, 2D). These hooks are 19–20 µm long and each consists of a small, distal sharp-ending part, and a wider, plate-like base that is 19 µm wide at its broadest point. In between both parts of each hook, two very thin projections pointing sideways are present. The opening of the proboscis cavity is surrounded by sensory bristles. The pharynx is situated midbody and has a diameter of approximately 1/6 of the body. Testis and ovary are unpaired, situated in the first and last third of the body respectively. A vitellarium could not be observed. The single individual is clearly infected by an apicomplexan parasite (see Fig. 2 B: x). The testis is rather small, with few sperm and the seminal vesicle is clearly empty and therefore hard to discern. The tubiform stylet (Fig. 2 B: pst, 2C) is 14 µm long and 5 µm wide proximally. It is shaped like a pipe with a short proximal part and a longer, straight distal part, both parts forming a right angle with a very short projection on the convex side.</p><p>Based on the general organisation and the structure of both the stylet and the proboscis hooks, this species clearly belongs to the taxon Prognathorhynchus Meixner, 1929 . At present, this taxon contains 11 valid species, of which the stylets of Prognatorhynchus busheki Ax, 1997 and P. eurytuba Ax &amp; Armonies, 1987 and to a lesser degree those of P. dividibulbosus Ax &amp; Armonies, 1990, P. dubius Meixner, 1929, P. kurilensis Evdonin, 1972, P. lacteus Evdonin, 1971 and P. parvulus Brunet, 1973 are similar in shape to that of the South African specimen. However, the stylet is between two (in P. parvulus) and ten times (in P. lacteus) longer in these species (Ax 1952, 1997; Evdonin 1971, 1972, 1977; Brunet 1973b; Ax &amp; Armonies 1987, 1990; Reygel et al. 2011). Since only one specimen was studied, which was furthermore infected by a parasite, which could have affected the development of the male system as it is far less developed than the female system, we refrain from formally identifying it or describing it as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5221E34757BEAEB1FE49DEC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB5226E34157BEA804FD12DBA9.text	03FB87EB5226E34157BEA804FD12DBA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uncinorhynchus linusi Willems & Artois	<div><p>Uncinorhynchus linusi Willems &amp; Artois n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 2 E–H)</p><p>Locality. iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Lake St. Lucia estuary, detritus-rich, fine-grained sand taken from the land side of a sandbank that cuts off the estuary from the Indian Ocean, December 16, 2009 (type locality).</p><p>Material. One animal studied alive and whole mounted, designated holotype (SMNH, Type-8853).</p><p>Etymology. Species dedicated to Linus Willems, the first author’s son.</p><p>Diagnosis. Unpigmented species of Uncinorhynchus, lacking eyes; proboscis hooks ± 37 µm high with basal wings ± 33 µm long and a dagger-like hook; complex male hard part consisting of a 30 µm-long, hollow stylet, attached to a 35 µm-long, club-shaped plate and an 18 µm-long, spine-like projection.</p><p>Description. Habitus and general organisation are almost identical to those of other species of Uncinorhynchus Karling, 1947 (see Karling 1947, 1989; Brunet 1973b).</p><p>The rather slender animal is mainly colourless with a brownish intestine, and lacks eyes. It is 1.7 mm long (measured on a whole-mounted specimen). The pharynx is situated almost at midbody. The proboscis is approximately 1/10 of the body length long and carries two proboscis hooks (Fig. 2 E: h, 2F), which are 36–38 µm high, each with two 29–37-µm-long basal wings and a rather straight, dagger-like hook. Testis and ovary unpaired; a vitellarium could not be observed. The prostate vesicle is elongated and somewhat pear-shaped. It encloses the prostate glands, which have clearly-visible extracapsular parts, and a small internal seminal vesicle. Proximally, this internal seminal vesicle is connected to a large, external seminal vesicle. Distally, the prostate vesicle is connected to a complex hard part (Fig. 2 E: pst, 2G–H), which consists of the hollow stylet, a spine-like projection (x in Fig. 2 G) and a club-shaped plate (y in Fig. 2 G). The stylet proper is 30 µm long and has a cup-shaped, 12 - µm-wide proximal part and a curved and slender distal part. At the convex side of the cup-shaped part, the stylet carries a perpendicularly-bent, spine-like projection, which is 18 µm long. Additionally, the proximal part of the stylet also carries a 35 µm-long, bent, plate-like part, which is very slender proximally with a distal rectangular part, giving it the overall appearance of a golf club.</p><p>Discussion. Species of Uncinorhynchus are characterised by the typical shape of their proboscis hooks, the absence of eyes, a hook-shaped stylet and the absence of a bursal organ in the female genital system (Karling 1947, 1952, 1989; Brunet 1973b; Kolasa 1977; Willems et al. 2007). At present, seven species are known, which can be distinguished from each other by the detailed structure of the stylet. Whereas the stylet is triangular in shape without any attached processes in U. flavidus Karling, 1947, U. karlingi Kolasa, 1977 and U. vorago Willems et al., 2007, it is funnel-shaped and carries a plate-like part in U. hamatus Brunet, 1973, U. pacificus Karling, 1989, U. proporus Brunet, 1973, U. westbladi Karling, 1952, and the new South African species. However, in U. linusi n. sp. this plate-like extension is only slightly curved, ends bluntly and is attached to the concave side of the stylet, whereas in the other four species the extension is spine-like, bent perpendicularly, has a sharp distal point and is attached to the convex side of the stylet. In addition, the stylet of U. linusi n. sp. carries a second, club-shaped projection, which is missing in all other species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5226E34157BEA804FD12DBA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB5227E34C57BEAEB1FC2ADB94.text	03FB87EB5227E34C57BEAEB1FC2ADB94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bhambathorhynchus abursalis Willems & Artois	<div><p>Bhambathorhynchus abursalis Willems &amp; Artois n. gen. n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 3)</p><p>Locality. iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Lake St. Lucia estuary, detritus-rich, fine-grained sand taken from the land side of a sandbank that cuts off the estuary from the Indian Ocean, December 16, 2009 (type locality).</p><p>Material. Several animals studied alive. One whole mount, designated holotype (SMNH, Type-8854) and two serially-sectioned individuals, designated paratypes (HU, nos 575–576).</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is dedicated to Bhambatha kaMancinza (ca. 1860–1906?), a Zulu chief of the amaZondi clan in present-day KwaZulu-Natal, famous for his role in an armed rebellion against the British. The species name refers to the absence of a (primary) bursa, which is present in most other koinocystidids.</p><p>Diagnosis. Bhambathorhynchus n. gen. Genus of Koinocystididae with proboscis of the typical koinocystidid construction with a proboscis juncture sphincter; pharynx without a mouth sphincter; prepharyngeal cavity with rostrodorsal bulge. Two seminal vesicles. Ovoid copulatory organ with filiform prostatic gland ducts; wall of male atrium with two large, bent hooks, each one connected to a muscular bulb. Female duct consisting of a proximal seminal receptacle and a distal ‘receptacle bursa’, the latter divided into two sections; female system without sphincters. Copulatory bursa absent.</p><p>Type species (by original monotypy): Bhambathorhynchus abursalis n. sp., provisionally with the same diagnosis as the genus. Hooks of male system 29–35 µm long.</p><p>Description. Unpigmented animals, ± 1.9 mm long (measured on the whole mount) with two eyes. The epidermis is cellular, 2–3 µm thick with 2–3-µm-long cilia. Rhabdites are very small and hard to discern on sectioned material.</p><p>The proboscis is approximately 1/6 of the body length long and of a typical koinocystidid construction (see Brunet 1972; Karling 1980), with a very strong Itaipusa - type proboscis juncture sphincter (Fig. 3 A–B: sph). This sphincter is part of a layer of strong circular muscles, which are present over most of the organ’s length. The proboscis sheath (Fig. 3 B: ps) is surrounded by an inner circular and an outer longitudinal muscle layer. Nuclei are present in the sheath epithelium in its distal part and in the contact zone with the cone epithelium. The retractor system consists of three pairs of integument (Fig. 3 B: iret) and four pairs of proboscis retractors (Fig. 3 B: pret). The exact number of dilatator (Fig. 3 B: dil) and protractor (Fig. 3 B: prot) muscles could not be determined.</p><p>The pharynx appears globular on live animals, but is pear-shaped in sections. It is inclined forwards, has a diameter of ± 1/7 of the body length and is situated in the first third of the body, closely behind the proboscis. The narrow prepharyngeal cavity is lined with a low, nucleated epithelium and surrounded by an inner circular and an outer longitudinal muscle layer. On the dorsal side, the cavity shows a small bulge (Fig. 3 C: y) in which the epithelium is more densely stained (glandular?) and nuclei are concentrated. The pharynx lumen and the distal rim of the pharynx bulb are lined with a membranous, anucleated epithelium. Internal and external circular muscles are very strong. Radial muscles are distributed evenly (on sagittal sections) and number 48 (on horizontal sections). The same number of internal longitudinal muscles is present. A pharynx mouth sphincter is absent. Three types of pharynx glands are present. Coarse-grained, eosinophilic glands (Fig. 3 C: phg1) open into the pharynx lumen proximally from the distal rim. Fine-grained, eosinophilic (Fig. 3 C: phg2) and coarse-grained, basophilic glands (Fig. 3 C: phg3) open into the prepharyngeal cavity near the distal pharynx opening. The latter type of glands (phg3) also has very few, slender gland necks opening into the pharynx lumen (not shown in Fig. 3 C) together with the coarse-grained, eosinophilic glands (Fig. 3 C: phg1). A large bundle of eosinophilic glands surrounds the proximal pharynx opening (Minot glands, Fig. 3 C: gm).</p><p>Male and female gonads are paired. The elongated testes lie ventro-laterally, and extend from the level of the pharynx to the ovaries. The elongated, ovoid ovaries are situated at approximately 60% and are directed ventrocaudally. The short and narrow vitellaria are situated medio-dorsally from the testes, with a large distal bulge running ventrally towards the ovaries. The vitelloducts proper bend towards the dorsal side, but the exact location of their opening into the female system could not be observed.</p><p>The common genital pore is situated subterminally at approximately 95% and can be closed by a strong sphincter. It opens into the common genital atrium, which is lined with a high, nucleated epithelium and surrounded by an inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer. The tubular atrium receives the ventrallysituated uterus anteriorly. The male and female genital systems open into the atrium from the dorsal side, the former ventrally from the latter. The proximal part of the female system lies ventrally from the male system, whereas the most distal part lies dorsally from it. For reasons of clarity, the position of the proximal part of the female system is altered to a slightly more dorsal position in Fig. 3 E.</p><p>The paired seminal vesicles are lined with a high, nucleated epithelium and are surrounded by a circular muscle layer. They fuse just before entering the ovoid copulatory organ, forming the ejaculatory duct, which is lined with a nucleated epithelium. Its exact course through the copulatory organ is hard to discern, but more-or-less marked by the filiform gland necks of the coarse-grained, basophilic prostate glands, of which the glandular bodies with nuclei are situated extracapsularly. The copulatory organ proper is surrounded by a strong, inner circular and a weak, outer longitudinal muscle layer. Ventro-distally to the opening of the ejaculatory duct, two prominent muscle bulbs (Fig. 3 E: mb) are present, each of them attached to a slightly-bent hook (Fig. 3 D, 3E: mh). These hooks are probably outgrowths of the basement membrane of the male atrium, as indicated by the presence of a pseudocuticularised network connecting their bases (see Fig. 3 D). The hooks are 29 and 35 µm long, with their distal tips pointing away from each other. The tubular male atrium is lined with a membranous, anucleated epithelium and surrounded by an inner circular and an outer longitudinal muscle layer.</p><p>The oviducts are very long and thin, and not surrounded by any muscles. They are lined with a rather high, nucleated epithelium, making the lumen invisible on sectioned material. Slightly distally from the junction of the oviducts, the female duct (Fig. 3 E: fd = sr + rbu1 + rbu2) widens and is surrounded by a prominent, inner circular and an outer longitudinal muscle layer. Its most proximal part is lined with a high, nucleated epithelium and shows a narrow, sperm-filled lumen (Fig. 3 E: sr; seminal receptacle of Karling 1980). The remainder of the muscular female duct (i.e. the ‘receptacle bursa’ of Karling 1980) consists of two parts: a sperm-filled proximal globular part (Fig. 3 E: rbu1) and a distal tubular part (Fig. 3 E: rbu2). Both parts are lined with a low, anucleated epithelium and surrounded by the above-mentioned muscle layers, although the inner circular one appears to be considerably weaker around the globular part. Only the distal tubular part is surrounded by a syncytial tissue. Typical koinocystidid sphincters are lacking over the entire course of the female duct, as is a typical bursa with distinct resorptive vesicle and bursal stalk (see Reygel et al. 2011; primary bursa of Karling 1980).</p><p>The uterus is rather atypical, lacking the large mass of glands present in other koinocystidids. It is lined with a high, frayed and nucleated epithelium, and distally surrounded by inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. About halfway along its length, the uterus receives some small, diffuse glands, producing a fine-grained, basophilic secretion.</p><p>Discussion. The new species shows all features of the taxon Koinocystididae, as given by Karling (1980), except for the presence of a strong sphincter around the female duct, distally from the seminal receptacle. However, the female duct does show a clear constriction at this location. Furthermore, a (copulatory) bursa consisting of a muscular bursal stalk with or without a resorptive vesicle (terminology of Reygel et al. 2011; primary or copulatory bursa with or without resorptive vesicle of Karling 1980) is missing in this species. This condition is already mentioned by Karling (1980) as rather exceptional for koinocystidids, and it appears that the only other species in which this structure is missing, is Tenerrhynchus magnus Brunet, 1972 (Brunet 1972; Karling 1980).</p><p>Furthermore, the presence of large hooks in the absence of an armed cirrus is also uncommon within Koinocystididae and only occurs in Brunetia camarguensis (Brunet, 1965) Karling, 1980 and Getula uncinata (Karling, 1978) Karling, 1980 . Both taxa clearly differ from B. abursalis n. gen. n. sp. in the shape of the hooks, the detailed organisation of the copulatory bulb and the overall structure of the female system. Indeed, apart from the fact that B. abursalis n. gen. n. sp. is the only one of these three taxa that lacks a true copulatory bursa (see above), it is also the only one of the three that lacks a sphincter between the seminal receptacle and the rest of the female duct (see Brunet 1965; Karling 1978, 1980 for the details on the other two taxa). B. abursalis n. gen. n. sp. also differs in the fact that the ejaculatory duct distally ends dorsally from the two hooks, whereas in G. uncinata and B. camarguensis it ends in between both hooks. In addition, G. uncinata also lacks a proboscis juncture sphincter, which is present in both B. abursalis n. gen. n. sp. and B. camarguensis .</p><p>The above-mentioned, specific combination of features is clearly unique within the taxon Koinocystididae, and does not allow a placement of our specimens in any existing genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5227E34C57BEAEB1FC2ADB94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB522AE34F57BEAE27FB69DAB5.text	03FB87EB522AE34F57BEAE27FB69DAB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Itaipusa sbui Willems & Artois	<div><p>Itaipusa sbui Willems &amp; Artois n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>Locality. iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Sodwana Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.679974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.541222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.679974/lat -27.541222)">Jesser Point</a> (lighthouse) (27°32'28.4"S, 32°40'47.9"E), green algae from swirl holes on a rocky plateau in the mid-eulittoral of a highly-exposed, steep beach, December 10, 2009 (type locality).</p><p>Material. Several animals studied alive. One whole mount, designated holotype (SMNH, type-8855) and two serially-sectioned individuals, designated paratypes (HU, nos 577–578).</p><p>Etymology. Species named after Sibusiso “Sbu” Mfeka (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife), whose help was indispensable during collection of most of the material in this study.</p><p>Diagnosis. Species of Itaipusa with an ovoid copulatory bulb connected to an armed cirrus with two transversal bands of lamellar spines, the distal one U-shaped and the proximal one figure-eight-shaped. Female system with seminal receptacle, muscular 'receptacle bursa' consisting of two compartments and globular bursa with muscular bursal stalk. Large sphincter and bundle of glands present at the transition between female duct and common genital atrium.</p><p>Description. The animals are colourless, ± 1 mm long (measured on the whole mount) and have two eyes. The epidermis is syncytial, 3–5 µm thick, carrying 2–5 -µm-long cilia. A few sensory bristles surround the opening of the proboscis sheath. Rhabdites are elongated, rod-shaped and are absent from the region around the opening of the proboscis sheath, where the epidermis is more densely stained.</p><p>The proboscis is approximately 1/6 of the body length long and of a typical koinocystidid construction (see Brunet 1972; Karling 1980), with a very strong Itaipusa - type proboscis juncture sphincter (Fig. 4 B: sph). Proximally from the sphincter, a strong internal circular muscular layer is present. The proboscis sheath (Fig. 4 B: ps) is surrounded by an inner circular and an outer longitudinal muscle layer. The epithelium of the sheath lacks nuclei in its narrow, distal part, whereas they are present in its proximal part, with the largest nuclei in the contact zone between sheath and cone epithelium. There are three pairs of integument (Fig. 4 B: iret) and at least three, but most probably four, pairs of proboscis retractors (Fig. 4 B: pret), as in most koinocystidids (Brunet 1972). The exact number of dilatator and protractor muscles could not be determined (Fig. 4 B: dil and prot).</p><p>The globular pharynx is inclined forwards, has a diameter of ± 1/7 of the body length, and is situated in the first third of the body, closely behind the proboscis, with only the brain and eyes in between them. The narrow prepharyngeal cavity is lined with a low, anucleated epithelium and is surrounded by an inner circular and an outer longitudinal muscle layer, the former lacking proximally and becoming stronger towards the mouth. The pharynx lumen and the distal rim of the pharynx bulb are lined with a membranous, anucleated epithelium. The internal circular muscle layer is weak, whereas the external one is very strong. Radial muscles are weak and sparsely distributed. The exact number of internal, longitudinal and radial muscles could not be determined. A pharynx mouth sphincter is absent. At least three types of glands are present. Fine-grained, basophilic (Fig. 4 B: phg1) and coarse-grained eosinophilic glands (Fig. 4 B: phg2) are most probably opening into the pharynx lumen at some distance from the distal rim. Coarse-grained, basophilic glands (Fig. 4 B: phg3) open very close to this rim.</p><p>Male and female gonads are paired. The elongated testes lie ventro-laterally, just behind the pharynx, and extend to the most proximal part of the copulatory organ. The elongated, kidney-shaped to ovoid ovaries are situated in the caudal third of the body with their proximal part directed caudally. The vitellaria flank the testes, but are situated medio-dorsally.</p><p>The common genital pore, situated subterminally at approximately 95%, can be closed by a strong sphincter and opens into the common genital atrium, which is distally lined with a high nucleated epithelium, proximally transitioning to a frayed epithelium without nuclei. The atrium is surrounded by an inner weak circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer. Close to the genital pore a rosette-shaped bundle of small, fine-grained, eosinophilic glands (Fig. 4 C: gl) opens into the atrium. It receives the uterus and the male genital system anteriorly, the former more ventrally than the latter. The female genital system opens into the atrium from the dorsal side, together with a bundle of large, coarse-grained, basophilic glands (Fig. 4 C: fg).</p><p>The paired seminal vesicles are lined with a high, nucleated epithelium and are surrounded by a circular muscle layer. They fuse upon entering the duplex-type copulatory organ (terminology of Karling 1956), forming the ejaculatory duct. This ovoid duct is 108 µm long and 72 µm wide at its broadest point (measured on the whole mount), which is situated at approximately half of its length. The surrounding septum consists of an inner circular and an outer longitudinal muscle layer. Three types of glands accompany the ejaculatory duct: the first type of glands (Fig. 4 C: pg1) is extracapsular with filiform gland necks entering the copulatory organ proximally and producing coarse-grained, basophilic secretion; a second type of glands (Fig. 4 C: pg2) is intracapsular and produces coarse-grained, eosinophilic secretion that is released into the ejaculatory duct together with the first type; a third type of glands (Fig. 4 C: pg3) is indistinguishable from the first type, but is situated entirely intracapsularly. The ejaculatory duct is surrounded by circular muscles and lined with a pseudocuticular epithelium. More distally the epithelium is replaced by pseudocuticular lamellar spines, which are organised in two separate bands (Fig. 4 D). These bands are clearly visible on live and whole-mounted material, but hard to distinguish on sectioned specimens. The more proximal band of this armed cirrus is 116 µm long, has the appearance of a twisted figure eight and consists of ± 5-µm-long lamellae. The more distal band is clearly U-shaped, 58 µm long and consists of ± 3-µm-long lamellae. The ejaculatory duct is connected to the male atrium, which is lined with a rather high, anucleated epithelium and surrounded by inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. The latter are a continuation of the muscle layers forming the septum of the duplex-type copulatory organ.</p><p>The oviducts are rather short and swollen, filled with sperm and lined with a high, anucleated epithelium. Distally, they are surrounded by circular muscles and open into the proximal part of the female duct (Fig. 4 C: sr; seminal receptacle of Karling, 1980), most probably together with the common vitelloduct. This part of the female duct is filled with sperm and probably functions as a resorptive vesicle. It is surrounded by a circular muscle layer and can be closed distally by a very strong, symmetrical sphincter (Fig. 4 C: sph2), which is situated at the transition with the so-called ‘receptacle bursa’ (Fig. 4 C: rbu1 and rbu2; distal part of the female duct; terminology of Karling 1980, but also see Reygel et al. 2011). The latter is entirely surrounded by a syncytial tissue (Fig. 4 C: syn) and consists of two parts: a globular, sperm-filled part proximally (Fig. 4 C: rbu1) and a tubular part distally (Fig. 4 C: rbu2). Both parts are lined with a low, anucleated epithelium and surrounded by a strong circular muscle layer, which becomes a very large sphincter (Fig. 4 C: sph1) consisting of broad lamellar circular muscle fibres. Proximally to this sphincter, the female duct (i.e. ‘receptacle bursa’ and seminal receptacle) receives a muscular bursal stalk (Fig. 4 C: bs; primary bursa of Karling 1980), which is connected to a globular bursa (Fig. 4 C: bu), filled with sperm (resorptive vesicle of Karling 1980). The stalk is surrounded by circular muscles and lined with a low, anucleated epithelium.</p><p>The uterus (Fig 4 C: ut) is surrounded by an inner, weak, circular to spirally-running muscle layer and an outer longitudinal layer and lined with a high, nucleated epithelium. Distally, just before opening into the genital atrium, it receives a single type of coarse-grained, basophilic secretion.</p><p>Discussion. This new species of Itaipusa Marcus, 1949 possesses all diagnostic characters of the taxon, as given by Karling (1980) and, slightly amended, by Reygel et al. (2011).</p><p>The taxon Itaipusa consists of 15 known species. Whereas I. biglandula Reygel et al., 2011 has an unarmed penis papilla and I. scotica (Karling, 1954) Karling, 1978 and I. sophiae (Graff, 1905) Karling, 1978 have an armed penis papilla, all other 12 species possess a long and armed cirrus. Only five of these 12 species, i.e. I. acerosa (Brunet, 1972) Karling, 1978, I. divae Marcus, 1949, I. karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968, I. similis (Brunet, 1972) Karling, 1978 and I. spinibursa Karling, 1978, have a spiny cirrus that is not accompanied by any large hooks (see Karling 1980). The cirrus spines can be arranged in longitudinal bands, as in I. acerosa, I. similis and I. spinibursa (Brunet 1972; Karling 1978, 1980), or in transversal bands, as in I. divae, I. karlingi (Marcus 1949; Mack-Fira 1968; Karling 1980) and I. sbui n. sp. The number of transversal bands and their shape clearly differ among the three latter species. Whereas at least three parallel bands are present in I. divae (see Reygel et al. 2011: fig. 3B), I. karlingi possesses two U-shaped bands (Mack-Fira 1968) and I. sbui n. sp. has one U-shaped and one figure-eightshaped band.</p><p>A striking feature in the female system is the presence of a 'receptacle bursa' (terminology of Karling 1980), which is defined as the most distal part of the female duct. It is swollen, highly muscular and separated from the proximal part of the female duct, which functions as a seminal receptacle, by a strong sphincter (Reygel et al. 2011). A 'receptacle bursa' occurs in Brunetia camarguensis (Brunet, 1965) Karling, 1980, and in five species of Itaipusa: I. evelinae (Marcus, 1954) Karling, 1980, I. karlingi, I. ruffinjonesi Karling, 1978, I. sbui n. sp. and I. spinibursa . In the latter species, its wall is provided with some spines, whereas the new species is the only one in which it is clearly divided into two different parts.</p><p>Furthermore, the female duct of I. sbui n. sp. is characterised by the presence of a giant sphincter, distally from the opening of the bursal stalk and at the transition to the common genital atrium. Such a sphincter, at exactly the same location, is only found in I. karlingi (Mack-Fira 1968; Karling 1980). In I. acerosa and I. similis a sphincter is present, but its exact location is unclear. It is probably located on the most distal part of the bursal stalk, very close to or at the transition with the female duct (Brunet 1972; Karling 1978, 1980). A similar-sized sphincter is located on the bursal stalk proper in I. renei Reygel et al., 2011 and I. biglandula (see Reygel et al. 2011). For three species of Itaipusa, I. bispina Karling, 1980, I. curvicirra Karling, 1980 and I. sophiae, literature is unclear whether or not a sphincter is present.</p><p>All species with a sphincter on the female duct or the most distal part of the bursal stalk (i.e. I. sbui n. sp., I. karlingi, I. acerosa and I. similis), also show a bundle of glands opening into the female duct, very close to the transition with the common genital atrium (Mack-Fira 1968; Brunet 1972; Karling 1978, 1980).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB522AE34F57BEAE27FB69DAB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB5229E34F57BEA9BDFF48DC2C.text	03FB87EB5229E34F57BEA9BDFF48DC2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachyrhynchoides oosterlyncki (Willems, Reygel & Artois 2013) (Willems, Reygel & Artois, 2013) Willems, Reygel & Artois 2013	<div><p>Brachyrhynchoides oosterlyncki (Willems, Reygel &amp; Artois, 2013) Willems, Reygel &amp; Artois, 2013</p><p>Known distribution. South Africa, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Eastern Shores, Mission Rocks ; India, Goa, Anjuna beach (see Artois et al. 2013b for details).</p><p>Material. Several animals studied alive. Two whole mounts from South Africa, and two from India. Additional remarks. This species was recently described by Artois et al (2013b), whom we refer to for the details.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5229E34F57BEA9BDFF48DC2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB5229E34F57BEA885FBD8DEA8.text	03FB87EB5229E34F57BEA885FBD8DEA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Duplacrorhynchus heyleni Artois & Schockaert 1999	<div><p>Duplacrorhynchus heyleni Artois &amp; Schockaert, 1999</p><p>(Fig. 5 A–B)</p><p>New locality. iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Kosi Bay estuary, eastern shore of main lake, water plants, salinity 3– 4‰, December 15, 2009 (collected by Xander Combrink).</p><p>Known distribution. Tanzania, Zanzibar, widely distributed in mangrove sand flats (see Artois &amp; Schockaert 1999).</p><p>Material. Several animals studied alive. One whole mount and three serially-sectioned individuals (HU, nos VII.3.43–VII.3.46).</p><p>Additional remarks. One individual measured on whole mount, considerably larger (1.4 mm) than those from Zanzibar (1 mm; see Artois &amp; Schockaert 1999). Habitus and internal organisation almost identical to the original description, showing all diagnostic features of the taxon (Artois &amp; Schockaert 1999), the only difference being the shorter length of the common genital atrium in comparison with that of specimens from Zanzibar. This observation could, however, be the result of the slightly-different orientation of the sections.</p><p>The South African specimens occur in a brackish habitat with very low salinity, whereas on Zanzibar they were only found in pure marine habitats. This seems to indicate that this species is euryhaline.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5229E34F57BEA885FBD8DEA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB522EE34857BEA9AFFD00DE02.text	03FB87EB522EE34857BEA9AFFD00DE02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg 1831	<div><p>Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg, 1831 species complex</p><p>New localities. iSimangaliso Wetland Park: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485027&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.280416" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485027/lat -28.280416)">Eastern Shores</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485027&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.280416" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485027/lat -28.280416)">Mission Rocks</a> (28°16’49.5’’S, 32°29’06.1’’E), on small red algae from a sandy shallow rock pool in the higher eulittoral of a highly-exposed tidal area with a sandstone terrace covered with barnacles, mussels, limpets, corals, tunicates and algae, December 5, 2009 ; same locality, on red algae, December 12, 2009; same locality, in sand from a swirl hole in mid-eulittoral, December 12, 2009; Sodwana Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.679974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.541222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.679974/lat -27.541222)">Jesser Point</a> (lighthouse) (27°32'28.4"S, 32°40'47.9"E) highly-exposed, steep beach, on green algae from swirl holes in rocky plateau in mid-eulittoral, December 10, 2009 ; Kosi Bay estuary, eastern shore of main lake, water plants, salinity 3–4‰, December 15, 2009 (collected by Xander Combrink).</p><p>Known distribution. Cosmopolitan and euryhaline, found from pure marine to pure limnic habitats.</p><p>Material. Several specimens observed at each location, 14 specimens collected and preserved for DNAanalysis: Mission Rocks, on red algae, 1 specimen; Mission Rocks, in sand, 4 specimens ; Jesser Point, 6 specimens (including one yellow) ; Kosi Bay, 3 specimens (see Tessens 2012).</p><p>Remarks. Morphological, karyological and molecular research by (among others) Curini-Galletti &amp; Puccinelli (1989, 1990, 1994, 1998), Puccinelli &amp; Curini-Galletti (1987), Puccinelli et al. (1990), Timoshkin et al. (2004), and, more recently, Tessens (2012) have shown that this "species" is a large complex of cryptic species. The molecular analysis by Tessens (2012), including marine and limnic specimens of Gyratrix Ehrenberg, 1831 from all continents, reveals several clades, which can be distinguished from each other by subtle differences in the construction of stylet and sheath. The South African specimens are attributed to different clades and morphotypes. For more information, refer to Tessens (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB522EE34857BEA9AFFD00DE02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB522FE34A57BEADAFFE1FD844.text	03FB87EB522FE34A57BEADAFFE1FD844.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lagenopolycystis mandelai Willems & Artois	<div><p>Lagenopolycystis mandelai Willems &amp; Artois n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 5 C–E)</p><p>Lagenopolycystis n. sp. 2 in Tessens et al. (2014)</p><p>Locality. iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Sodwana Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.679974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.541222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.679974/lat -27.541222)">Jesser Point</a> (lighthouse) (27°32'28.4"S, 32°40'47.9"E), coarse-grained sand from swirl holes on rocky plateau in mid-eulittoral, covered with the acoel Symsagittifera macnaei (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1957) Kostenko &amp; Mamkaev, 1990 from a highly-exposed, steep beach, December 10, 2009 (type locality) ; same locality, fine-grained sand from swirl holes on rocky plateau in mideulittoral, covered with the acoel S. macnaei, December 10, 2009 .</p><p>Material. Two animals studied alive. One whole mount, designated holotype (SMNH, type-8858).</p><p>Etymology. Species name in honour of Nelson Mandela (1918–2013), famous anti-apartheid activist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1993, together with Frederik Willem de Klerk) and former president of South Africa (1994– 1999).</p><p>Diagnosis. Species of Lagenopolycystis with ± 115-µm-long prostate stylet type III, with proximal funnel-like part and distal tubular part, which is bent perpendicularly at 2/3 and has a blunt, club-shaped end. Slightly bent, needle-shaped accessory stylet type II ± 65 µm long and attached to prostate stylet type III.</p><p>Description. Habitus and internal organisation similar to that of Lagenopolycystis peresi (Brunet, 1965) Artois &amp; Schockaert, 2000 . In live animals, the proboscis is approximately 1/4 of the total body length, although appearing slightly shorter in Fig. 5 C because of stretching of the observed individual. Animal colourless, ± 0.9 mm long (measured on whole mount), with two eyes.</p><p>The prostate stylet type III (Fig. 5 C–D: pst3) is 115 µm long and rather complex. Proximally it is funnelshaped, 30 µm wide, with a thickened rim on one side. This rim shows a subtle striation and ends in a rounded knob. Following the funnel-shaped part, the stylet is straight, but bends perpendicularly at 2/3 of its length. It ends in a blunt, club-shaped part. The accessory stylet type II (Fig. 5 C–D: ast2) is attached to the thickened rim of the prostate stylet through a narrow bridge that ends in a comma-shaped part, which constitutes the proximal rim of the accessory stylet proper. The accessory stylet curves away from the club-shaped end of the prostate stylet. It is hook shaped and 65 µm long. A rather large, globular accessory vesicle type II opens close to the accessory stylet. The prostate vesicle type III can barely be seen on the whole mount as it is very small and probably (partly) obscured by the prostate stylet.</p><p>The female duct receives the oviduct and a large female bursa. A seminal receptacle could not be observed.</p><p>Discussion. Although some diagnostic features could not be observed (e.g. parallel cone retractors, 4+1 retractor system, seminal receptacle), L. mandelai n. sp. fits the diagnosis of the taxon Typhlopolycystidinae Evdonin, 1977 (see Artois &amp; Schockaert 2000). In addition, the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Tessens et al. (2014) shows that this species belongs to the monophyletic taxon Lagenopolycystis Artois &amp; Schockaert, 2000 . Within Typhlopolycystidinae, only representatives of Lagenopolycystis and Typhlopolycystis Karling, 1956 have both a prostate stylet type III and an accessory stylet type II, whereas species of Myobulla Artois &amp; Schockaert, 2000 and Sabulirhynchus Artois &amp; Schockaert, 2000 possess a prostate stylet type III, and species of Limipolycystis Schilke, 1970 and Brunetorhynchus Schockaert et al., 2014 have an accessory stylet type II (see Artois &amp; Schockaert 2003; Artois et al. 2012; Schockaert et al. 2014). Furthermore, species of Typhlopolycystis and Limipolycystis are characterised by the presence of a pear-shaped seminal receptacle (Karling 1956, 1978; Brunet 1965; Schockaert &amp; Karling 1975; Noldt &amp; Reise 1987; Artois &amp; Schockaert 2005). According to Brunet (1965), a seminal receptacle is absent in L. peresi, but both the description and figures show a strong sphincter on the bursal stalk. Detailed study of sectioned material of L. peresi shows a short, blind-ending, sclerotized tube that is distally surrounded by strong circular muscles (Artois &amp; Schockaert 2000: p. 157). This structure is found exactly at the location of the seminal receptacle in species of Typhlopolycystis and therefore both structures were considered to be homologous by Artois &amp; Schockaert (2005: p. 115). A similar structure is also found in other undescribed representatives of Lagenopolycystis (own unpublished data). However, since no sectioned material is available for L. mandelai n. sp., the presence of a seminal receptacle cannot be confirmed.</p><p>The overall construction of the hard parts (pst3 + ast2) of the new species is similar to that of L. peresi, albeit with some obvious differences. In both species the prostate stylet type III has a clear, funnel-like part proximally, with the accessory stylet attached to it at the transition to a more or less tubular part. However, the prostate stylet of L. peresi only bends slightly distally, while in L. mandelai n. sp. it bends perpendicularly. Furthermore, the prostate stylet of L. mandelai n. sp. is approximately twice the size of that of L. peresi (Brunet 1965: 53–69 µm). The accessory stylets of both species are highly similar, but clearly shorter in L. peresi (40–43 µm, measured on drawings of Brunet 1965).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB522FE34A57BEADAFFE1FD844	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB522CE34A57BEAC57FE56DDC7.text	03FB87EB522CE34A57BEAC57FE56DDC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paulodora contortoides Artois & Tessens 2008	<div><p>Paulodora contortoides Artois &amp; Tessens, 2008</p><p>(Fig. 6 A)</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.280611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485138/lat -28.280611)">New</a> localities. iSimangaliso <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.280611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485138/lat -28.280611)">Wetland Park</a>, Eastern Shores, Mission Rocks (28°16’50.2’’S, 32°29’06.5’’E), highly-exposed tidal area with sandstone terrace covered with barnacles, mussels, limpets, corals, tunicates and algae, sand and shrubby red algae from flat rock surface in mid-eulittoral, December 5, 2009 ; same locality, (28°16’44.5"S, 32°29’08.9"E) ± 100 m south of footpath to parking lot, small brown algae from mid-eulittoral, December 12, 2009 .</p><p>Known distribution. Kenya, Mombasa, McKenzie Point &amp; Tiwi; Seychelles, Bird Island; La Réunion, Plage Cap Homard; Australia, New South Wales, Arrawarra &amp; Coffs Harbour, Mullaway headland; Australia, Queensland, North Stradbroke Island; New Caledonia, Nouville, Kuendu Beach (Artois &amp; Tessens 2008).</p><p>Material. Several animals studied alive. Two whole mounts from South Africa (HU, nos VII.3.47–VII.3.48). All material from the original description, including types.</p><p>Additional remarks. The internal organisation is identical to that given by Artois &amp; Tessens (2008). Individuals are 0.5–0.7 mm long (measured on whole mounts). The prostate stylet type I of the South African specimens is 24 µm long (n = 2), which falls within the species’ range (Artois &amp; Tessens 2008: 18–41 µm). Its detailed structure is very similar to that of a specimen from La Réunion, depicted by Artois &amp; Tessens (2008: Fig. 3 E). In the latter specimen and the South African specimens the flap of the outer stylet that runs parallel to the proximal part of the stylet is slightly pointed and clearly extends beyond the stylet’s curve. In most Australian specimens this flap has a blunt distal end and is a little shorter. However, as a pointed, elongated flap is also observed in one of the Australian specimens, this variation could be intraspecific. Proper species delimitation within this taxon will require more morphological and molecular data, especially from Australia where the two morphotypes seem to co-occur.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB522CE34A57BEAC57FE56DDC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB522CE34A57BEA9DFFE6DDEAA.text	03FB87EB522CE34A57BEA9DFFE6DDEAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paulodora drepanophora Artois & Tessens 2008	<div><p>Paulodora drepanophora Artois &amp; Tessens, 2008</p><p>(Fig. 6 B–C)</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.280666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485138/lat -28.280666)">New</a> localities. iSimangaliso <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.485138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.280666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.485138/lat -28.280666)">Wetland Park</a>, Eastern Shores, Mission Rocks (28°16’50.4’’S, 32°29’06.5’’E), sand and shrubby red algae from rock pool in the mid-eulittoral of a highly-exposed tidal area with sandstone terrace covered with invertebrates (barnacles, mussels, limpets, corals, tunicates), December 5, 2009 ; same locality (28°16’41.5"S, 32°29’10.6"E), red algae from a swirl hole close to the footpath from the parking lot, December 12, 2009 .</p><p>Known distribution. Kenya, Mombasa, McKenzie Point &amp; Tiwi (Jouk &amp; De Vocht 1989; Artois &amp; Tessens 2008) . Somalia, north of Mogadiscio, Hawadli and Warshek (Schockaert 1982).</p><p>Material. Two whole mounts from South Africa (HU, nos VII.3.49–VII.3.50). All material from the original description, including the holotype.</p><p>Additional remarks. Habitus and general organisation do not differ from that of other species of Paulodora Marcus, 1948, a monophyletic taxon to which it undoubtedly belongs (see Tessens et al. 2014). The umbrellashaped, sclerotic "nozzles" on each of the oviducts typical of all species of Paulodora (see Artois &amp; Schockaert 1998) are clearly visible on live specimens as well as on whole mounts (Fig. 6 C). The prostate stylet type I of the South African specimens is 64–67 µm long (n = 2), which is only marginally longer than the known range (42–62 µm; Artois &amp; Tessens 2008). In contrast with the specimens from the original description, the distal part of the stylet is not folded downwards. Therefore, the sickle-shape is less obvious. This folding is probably an artefact caused by the degree of squeezing of the specimen and also occurs in species with similar stylet morphology, such as Paulodora felis (Marcus, 1948) Artois &amp; Schockaert, 1998 and P. asymmetrica Artois &amp; Schockaert, 2001 (see Artois &amp; Schockaert 2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB522CE34A57BEA9DFFE6DDEAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB522DE35557BEA9D3FACEDCA4.text	03FB87EB522DE35557BEA9D3FACEDCA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phonorhynchoides gondwanae Willems & Artois	<div><p>Phonorhynchoides gondwanae Willems &amp; Artois n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 6 D–G)</p><p>Phonorhynchoides n.sp. 2 in Tessens et al. (2014)</p><p>Localities in South Africa. Mseleni, crossing of stream with main road (R22), slightly brackish, intermittent stream connected to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.52687&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.36352" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.52687/lat -27.36352)">Lake Sibaya</a> (27°21’48.67’’S, 32°31’36.73’’E), peaty shore with Leersia hexandra and sedges, 06/12/2009 (collected by Dr R. Taylor) (type locality). iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Kosi Bay estuary, water plants from the eastern shore of main lake, salinity 3–4‰, December 15, 2009 (collected by Xander Combrink).</p><p>Localities in India. Goa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.772896&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.617028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.772896/lat 15.617028)">Siolim</a> (15°37’01.3”N, 73°46’22.4”E), brackish irrigation ditches with grasses and water lilies, November 25, 2008 . Goa, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.87725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.688556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.87725/lat 15.688556)">Nadora</a> (15°41’18.8”N, 73°52’38.1”E), plant material including grasses and roots from freshwater swamp in small valley, November 29, 2008 . Goa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.775894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.661249" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.775894/lat 15.661249)">Parcem</a> (15°39’40.5”N, 73°46’33.2”E), waterweed-like vegetation and water lilies from freshwater stream, November 29, 2008 .</p><p>Material. Several animals studied alive. One whole mount from South Africa, designated holotype (SMNH, type-8856) and three from India (HU, nos VII.4.1–VII.4.3). Three serially-sectioned individuals from India (in poor condition) (HU, nos VII.4.4–VII.4.6).</p><p>Etymology. Species name refers to the supercontinent Gondwana, which included, among others, modern day India and Africa, where this species occurs.</p><p>Diagnosis. Species of Phonorhynchoides with a prostate stylet type IV between 199 and 262 µm long, slightly spiralled, but not corkscrew-shaped, with distal end cut-off straight. Needle-shaped accessory stylet type IV between 83 and 112 µm long. Accessory stylet to prostate stylet ratio between 42–46 %. Bursa not bipartite, lacking a muscular part.</p><p>Description. Live animals are long and slender, colourless, with two eyes. They are 0.7–0.9 mm long (measured on whole mounts). A protonephridial duct can be seen running along both sides of the animals, from the level of the eyes to the level of the bursa. Size and position of proboscis and pharynx are similar to that of other species of Phonorhynchoides Beklemischev, 1927, as is the general organisation of the genital system (see Beklemischev 1927; Schockaert 1971; Artois &amp; Schockaert 2001; Artois &amp; Tessens 2008).</p><p>The spindle-shaped prostate vesicle type IV (Fig. 6 E: pv4) receives partly-extracapsular prostate glands and is connected to a very long and slender prostate stylet type IV (Fig. 6 E: pst4, 6G). This stylet is slightly spiralled, but in none of the specimens studied alive does it form a regular, corkscrew-shaped spiral. It is 262 µm long in the South African specimen and 199–222 µm ( = 210 µm; n = 3) in the Indian specimens. The accessory vesicle type IV (Fig. 6 E: acg4) is rather large, almost globular in shape and its glands have an extracapsular part. It is connected to a straight-to-slightly-bent, needle-shaped accessory stylet type IV (Fig. 6 E: ast4, 6F), which is clearly shorter than the prostate stylet, i.e. 112 µm in the South African specimen and 83–97 µm ( = 92 µm; n = 3) in the Indian specimens. Both hard parts have a pointed distal tip. The ratio ast4 / pst4 is 43 % in the South African specimen and 42–46 % in the Indian specimens.</p><p>The bursa lacks a separate muscular part and therefore is not bipartite. Two narrow, but clearly muscular ducts are present and even visible on live specimens: a female duct type I (Fig. 6 E: fdI), connecting the bursa with the common genital atrium, and a common oviduct, in between the bursa and the junction of both oviducts. The female duct type II is barely visible in live animals (Fig. 6 E: fdII).</p><p>Discussion. Based on its morphology, the new species can easily be placed in the taxon Phonorhynchoides Beklemischev, 1927, as it shows all of the diagnostic features of this taxon (see Schockaert 1971 and emendation by Artois &amp; Tessens 2008). However, the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Tessens et al. (2014) shows that the genus Phonorhynchoides is not monophyletic and falls apart into two separate monophyletic clades: one clade consisting of P. linguatus Artois &amp; Tessens, 2008 and an undescribed species from Australia, the other clade only represented in the analysis by P. gondwanae n. sp. No other species of Phonorhynchoides was included in the analysis. Based on morphological features Artois &amp; Tessens (2008) distinguish two species groups within the genus. The first group consists of P. haegheni Artois &amp; Schockaert, 2001 and P. linguatus . Its representatives are characterised by a prostate stylet type IV that is considerably shorter than the accessory stylet type IV. Moreover, both species have a rather broad tubular prostate stylet and a bipartite bursa, consisting of a muscular and a spermresorbing part (Artois &amp; Tessens, 2008). The prostate stylet of the new species from Australia included in the analysis of Tessens et al. (2014) is also broad and tubular and shorter than the accessory stylet (own unpublished data). Unfortunately, the female system in the specimens from Australia was not entirely developed, so it is unknown whether the bursa in this species is also bipartite. The data available, therefore, at least suggest that this morphological group corresponds to one of the two monophyletic clades in the analysis of Tessens et al. (2014). The second morphological group consists of P. carinostylis Ax &amp; Armonies, 1987, P. flagellatus Beklemischev, 1927, P. japonicus Ax, 2008 and P. somaliensis Schockaert, 1971 . In all these species the prostate stylet is clearly longer than the accessory stylet, as in P. gondwanae n. sp. In addition, the hard parts are similar in shape, although there are some clear differences in size and detailed structure and in the ast4 / pst4 ratio (see Table 1). Of the abovementioned group of species, at least P. somaliensis, P. gondwanae n. sp. and, most probably, also P. flagellatus . (see Beklemischev 1927; Schockaert 1971) do not have a bipartite bursa. For P. carinostylis and P. japonicus, the situation remains unclear, although drawings of live specimens (Ax &amp; Armonies 1987; Ax 2008) suggest a bipartite bursa is absent. Apart from P. gondwanae n. sp., no other species of this morphological group was part of the datamatrix of Tessens et al. (2014), hence it is unknown whether this group indeed represents a monophyletic clade. Following these considerations, we propose to formally split the genus Phonorhynchoides and erect the new genus Phonorhynchopsis Willems &amp; Artois n. gen. for P. haegheni (type species) and P. linguatus . The diagnoses can be found at the end this discussion.</p><p>There is a considerable variation in length of both hard parts between different specimens of P. gondwanae n. sp., with the South African specimen clearly standing out against the Indian population. However, the proportions of their lengths are the same. Furthermore, there are no structural differences in the stylets between the two populations. Considerable intraspecific variation in stylet length is demonstrated for all species of Phonorhynchoides for which measurements for more than a few specimens are available, i.e. P. somaliensis, P. haegheni and P. linguatus (Schockaert 1971; Artois &amp; Schockaert 2001; Artois &amp; Tessens 2008).</p><p>P. gondwanae n. sp. is the third species of Phonorhynchoides, recorded from the African continent. P. linguatus is the most widespread species, being recorded from the Kenyan and Tanzanian coast and the Seychelles, whereas P. somaliensis (Somali coast) and P. gondwanae n. sp. have a more limited distribution (see Schockaert 1971; Artois &amp; Tessens 2008).</p><p>Apart from P. somaliensis, which is found in a hyper-saline environment, and P. linguatus, which is found in a purely marine habitat, all other species of Phonorhynchoides, including P. gondwanae n. sp., occur in brackish water. P. haegheni is also found in marine habitats (Beklemischev 1927; Schockaert 1971; Mack-Fira 1974; Ax &amp; Armonies 1987; Artois &amp; Schockaert 2001; Ax 2008; Artois &amp; Tessens 2008). P. gondwanae n. sp. is the only species of the genus that also occurs in freshwater habitats, both in South Africa and India. Within Polycystididae, occurrence in freshwater is (very) uncommon, only recorded for several populations of the Gyratrix hermaphroditus species complex (for an overview see Tessens 2012) and for all species in the genus Opisthocystis Sekera, 1911 . The latter taxon contains one freshwater species, which is very widespread in Europe and North America [ O. goettei (Bresslau, 1906) Sekera, 1911], but shows an enormous radiation in Lake Baikal (see Timoshkin et al. 2010; 2014 and references therein). P. gondwanae, therefore, seems to represent a third, independent case of invasion of the freshwater habitat within Polycystididae .</p><p>Diagnoses. Phonorhynchoides (emended from Schockaert 1971). Phonorhynchoidinae with two stylets in the male atrial organs: a prostate stylet type IV and an accessory stylet type IV. Prostate stylet long and slender, (much) longer than the accessory stylet. The bursa consisting of one compartment only, not bipartite. Type species: P. flagellatus . Other species: P. carinostylis, P. gondwanae n. sp., P. somaliensis .</p><p>Phonorhynchopsis Willems &amp; Artois n. gen. Phonorhynchoidinae with two stylets in the male atrial organs: a prostate stylet type IV and an accessory stylet type IV. Prostate stylet type IV rather broad and tubular, shorter than the accessory stylet type IV. Bursa bipartite, consisting of a muscular and a sperm-resorbing part. Type species: P. haegheni (Artois &amp; Schockaert, 2001) n. comb. Other species: P. linguatus (Artois &amp; Tessens, 2008) n. comb.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB522DE35557BEA9D3FACEDCA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB5233E35757BEABE4FE9ADE75.text	03FB87EB5233E35757BEABE4FE9ADE75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baltoplana cupressus Willems & Artois	<div><p>Baltoplana cupressus Willems &amp; Artois n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 7)</p><p>Localities. iSimangaliso Wetland Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.560276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.129168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.560276/lat -28.129168)">Eastern Shores</a>, Cape Vidal (28°07’45.0’’S, 32°33’37.0’’E), bay protected by reef, detritus-rich sand from open beach, on the waterline, and in between rocks on cape, December 6, 2009 (type locality) ; same locality, medium coarse-grained sand from sublittoral (1,5 m deep) between reef and beach, December 6, 2009 .</p><p>Material. Several animals studied alive. Four whole mounts, all designated paratypes (HU, nos 579–582) and eight serially-sectioned individuals, one of them designated holotype (SMNH, type-8857), six others paratypes (HU, nos. 583–589).</p><p>Etymology. Species name refers to the tree genus Cupressus (Cypress), of which most species have a shape similar to that of the accessory cirrus of this species of Baltoplana .</p><p>Diagnosis. Species of Baltoplana with 29-µm-long proboscis hooks, carrying one denticle each. Male copulatory organ with 23-µm-long, straight, armed cirrus and a single, 23-µm-long, spiny accessory cirrus.</p><p>Description. The animals lack eyes, are colourless to pale reddish brown and 1–1.4 mm long (measured on the whole mount). At approximately 90%, the body shows a constriction, creating a distinct tail region, in which finegrained, eosinophilic caudal glands are present. The epidermis is syncytial, 2–3 µm thick, with 4–5 µm-long cilia. Rhabdites are rather small and ovoid and sparsely distributed over the entire body.</p><p>The proboscis is very similar to that of Baltoplana magna Karling, 1949, described in detail by Karling (1949). In whole-mounted specimens it is approximately 47 µm long, which is 1/23 to 1/29 of the total body length. The proboscis hooks (Fig. 7 A–B: h) are slender, 24–33 µm long ( = 29 µm; n = 8) and bent over the most distal 1/3. Close to their base, these hooks carry an inwardly bent, 4–5 µm-long denticle ( = 5 µm; n = 7; could not be measured on one of the hooks).</p><p>The pharynx is situated in the first half of the body and is 1/3 to 1/4 of the body length long. Its detailed structure fits the description and figures given for B. magna by Karling (1949).</p><p>Testes and ovaries are paired. The testes are situated closely behind the pharynx. The ovaries vary in shape from small and ovoid to rather large and elongated, probably because of different degrees of maturity of the female genital system. They are situated in the caudal third of the body. In most individuals the proximal part of the ovaries points towards the caudal side, whereas in a few it is directed rostrally. The narrow vitellaria extend from the caudal end of the pharynx to the proximal end of the male atrial system.</p><p>The common genital pore is situated at approximately 85%, just rostrally from the tail constriction, and can be closed by a strong sphincter. The common genital atrium is lined with a low, anucleated epithelium and surrounded by inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. It is elongated rostro-dorsally and receives the male system from the rostral side and the female system from the dorsal side. The uterus enters the atrium from the rostral side, ventrally to the male atrium.</p><p>The paired seminal vesicles are lined with a low, nucleated epithelium and lack any muscle layer. Both vesicles narrow distally to form seminal ducts, which fuse upon entering the male copulatory organ. This organ is of the duplex-type (terminology of Karling 1956), ovoid in shape and surrounded by outer longitudinal and inner circular muscles. The latter are stronger distally, forming a large sphincter at the transition with the male atrium. At the junction of both seminal ducts, the epithelium shows a large number of nuclei. Together with the seminal ducts, a large bundle of extracapsular, fine-grained, basophilic glands (Fig. 7 E: pg) enters the copulatory organ. Their gland necks run parallel to the ejaculatory duct, of which the exact trajectory is hard to discern. Gland necks and ejaculatory duct are surrounded by inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles and open into a spiny cirrus (Fig. 7 D, 7E: ci), which is formed by the inner lining of a penis papilla. The outer lining of the papilla also consists of pseudocuticularised epithelium, but without any spines. In mounted specimens, this cirrus is more or less cupshaped, 20–26 µm long ( = 23 µm; n = 3) and 16–19 µm wide ( = 18 µm; n = 3) at its widest point. A blind, accessory cirrus (Fig. 7 C, 7E: aci) is situated ventrally or latero-ventrally to the primary cirrus and has the shape of a young cypress tree, which is especially obvious in live specimens. It is 19–26 µm long ( = 23 µm; n = 4) and 19–27 µm wide at its widest point ( = 22 µm; n = 4), and carries spines that are longer than the ones from the primary cirrus. The accessory cirrus is surrounded by weak circular muscles and can be retracted by strong longitudinal muscles, which are attached to the proximal part of the cirrus and extend to the copulatory bulb’s inner wall.</p><p>The ovaries have a double connection with the common genital atrium: one through the oviducts and following female duct, the second one through two insemination canals connecting to the bursal stalk. The oviducts are slender, lack any muscle layer and are lined with a high, nucleated epithelium, filling the entire lumen. Their exact trajectory and especially the location of the bifurcation of the female duct into both oviducts are obscured by the large bursa. Close to the connection between ovary and oviduct, a pseudocuticular bursal nozzle (Fig. 7 E: bn) is present in the most proximal part of the two sperm-filled insemination canals (Fig. 7 E: z), which run through the large bursa. Distally these canals fuse and open into a wide, muscular bursal stalk (Fig. 7 E: bs). This stalk is lined with a high, anucleated epithelium, which has a somewhat striated appearance, and is surrounded by inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. It opens into the common genital atrium, together with a large bundle of coarsegrained, basophilic glands (Fig. 7 E: bg), just dorsally to the female duct.</p><p>Discussion. In contrast with members of the taxon Cheliplana Beauchamp, 1927, representatives of the taxon Baltoplana Karling, 1949 are characterised by the presence of paired ovaries and insemination canals (see the diagnosis by Karling 1983). The overall structure of the genital system of B. cupressus n. sp. is very similar to that of B. magna Karling, 1949, the only species of Baltoplana that is described in detail (Karling 1949). However, the male genital system of both species is clearly different. Whereas the cirrus is rather long and can be coiled proximally in B. magna (Karling 1949), it is much shorter in B. cupressus n. sp. . Furthermore, the former species possesses two accessory cirri (diverticles in Karling 1949), while the latter only has one. The two other known species of Baltoplana, B. valkanovi Ax, 1959 and B. bisphaera Jouk &amp; De Vocht, 1989, can also easily be distinguished by the structure of their copulatory organs. In B. valkanovi no accessory cirri are present (Ax 1959), whereas two are present in B. bisphaera . However, the latter species lacks an armed cirrus (Jouk &amp; De Vocht 1989).</p><p>Although not known for B. valkanovi, B. cupressus n. sp. is the only species of Baltoplana that has proboscis hooks carrying denticles. Within the taxon Cheliplanidae, denticles on the proboscis hooks are present in all species of Cheliplanilla Meixner, 1938 and in one out of 33 species of Cheliplana, i.e. Cheliplana marcusi (Karling, 1956) Karling, 1983 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5233E35757BEABE4FE9ADE75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB5231E35057BEAA4DFBB9DB95.text	03FB87EB5231E35057BEAA4DFBB9DB95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheliplana pileola Jouk & De Vocht 1989	<div><p>Cheliplana pileola Jouk &amp; De Vocht, 1989</p><p>(Fig. 8 A–C)</p><p>New locality. iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Sodwana Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.679974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.541222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.679974/lat -27.541222)">Jesser Point</a> (lighthouse) (27°32'28.4"S, 32°40'47.9"E), green algae from swirl holes on rocky plateau in mid-eulittoral of a highly-exposed, steep beach, December 10, 2009.</p><p>Known distribution. Kenya, Mombasa, Tudor Creek, McKenzie Point (Jouk &amp; De Vocht 1989).</p><p>Material. One specimen studied alive and whole mounted afterwards (HU, no. VII.4.7).</p><p>Additional remarks. The studied individual is 0.7 mm long (measured on the whole mount), uncoloured and lacks eyes. Caudally an adhesive girdle is present. The proboscis is rather small, approximately 1/12 of the body length long, with curved hooks that do not possess any ornamentation or denticle. In the preserved specimen both hooks are lying on top of each other and the distal tip of the most visible one is clearly bent. Therefore, our measurements (± 11 µm) are an approximation. Soft sidepieces could not be observed. The cylindrical pharynx is situated in the first third of the body and has a long, tubular prepharyngeal cavity, without any spines. The unpaired testis is situated near the proximal end of the pharynx. Paired seminal vesicles and extracapsular prostate glands enter the prostate bulb. This bulb is connected to a 52-µm-long cirrus, of which the most distal end is enveloped in a 25-µm-long and 10-µm-wide, pseudocuticularised papilla. The single ovary is situated next to the cirrus, at approximately 80%.</p><p>Although only one specimen could be studied, and rather few details could be observed, the observations mentioned above clearly fit the original description by Jouk &amp; De Vocht (1989).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5231E35057BEAA4DFBB9DB95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
03FB87EB5236E35057BEAE5DFCFFDE11.text	03FB87EB5236E35057BEAE5DFCFFDE11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharodorhynchus	<div><p>Carcharodorhynchus spec.</p><p>(Fig. 8 D–E)</p><p>Locality. iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Sodwana Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.679974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.541222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.679974/lat -27.541222)">Jesser Point</a> (lighthouse) (27°32'28.4"S, 32°40'47.9"E), green algae from swirl holes on rocky plateau in mid-eulittoral from a highly-exposed, steep beach, December 10, 2009.</p><p>Material. One whole mounted individual (HU, no. VII.4.8).</p><p>Description and remarks. This single specimen was initially thought to be juvenile, but upon fixation it clearly showed some hard structures, most probably cirrus spines. Therefore, the description of this specimen is very incomplete and should be regarded as provisional.</p><p>The slender animal is 0.6 mm long (measured on the whole mount) and lacks eyes. The position of the rosulate pharynx could not be determined on the fixed material. The symmetrical proboscis is 63 µm long (measured on the whole mount) and carries two identical fields of denticles, one on each proboscis half. These fields are U-shaped, approximately 30 µm long, with one half of the field double the width of the other one, and with larger denticles. These denticles are not in rows, but rather randomly positioned. Unfortunately, very little information on the genital system is available. In the caudal third of the body, a 21-µm-long cirrus-like structure is present. Its detailed structure is hard to discern, but it consists of at least three needle-like spines, some of which have a cup-shaped proximal part.</p><p>This species can easily be recognised as belonging to the taxon Carcharodorhynchus Meixner, 1938, based on the presence of denticles on the schizorhynch proboscis. Of the 17 described species, only five ( C. ambronensis Schilke, 1970, C. arista Noldt &amp; Hoxhold, 1984 C. flavidus Brunet, 1967, C. involutus Jouk &amp; De Vocht, 1989 and C. polyorchis L’Hardy, 1963) have a symmetrical proboscis, as in the South African specimen. However, they clearly differ in the distribution of the denticles on the proboscis and the detailed structure of the male copulatory organ, none of them having such long, needle-like spines as in Carcharodorhynchus spec. (see L’Hardy 1963; Brunet 1967; Schilke 1970; Noldt &amp; Hoxhold 1984; Jouk &amp; De Vocht 1989; Reygel et al. 2014). In addition to C. involutus from the Kenyan coast (Jouk &amp; De Vocht 1989), this is the second record of a specimen of Carcharodorhynchus from the African coasts. Although this specimen clearly represents a new species, we refrain from formally describing it as there is only one specimen available. This is, in our opinion, not sufficient in a taxonomically-challenging genus such as Carcharodorhynchus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87EB5236E35057BEAE5DFCFFDE11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Willems, Wim R.;Reygel, Patrick;Steenkiste, Niels Van;Tessens, Bart;Artois, Tom J.	Willems, Wim R., Reygel, Patrick, Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Artois, Tom J. (2017): Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4242 (3): 441-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.2
