identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FBF116846AFFEDFD89FDF16946FBC5.text	03FBF116846AFFEDFD89FDF16946FBC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Exanthemachrysis fresneliae Veron 2023	<div><p>Exanthemachrysis fresneliae Véron sp. nov.</p><p>PhycoBank: 103626</p><p>Figs 1–6</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The new species differs from the only species of the genus, i.e., Exanthemachrysis gayraliae, mainly by the presence of ovoid pedunculated knob-scales arranged helically on the AF but also by a slightly shorter AF. The benthic stage is pseudo-palmeloid. The pyrenoid is in E. fresneliae at the end of the C whereas it is in the centre of the C in E. gayraliae .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The epithet given to the species is dedicated in honour of Dr Jacqueline Fresnel who worked at the Université de Caen Normandie, reinvestigated in details E. gayraliae and who described 22 taxa, mostly haptophytes.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype FRANCE • Normandy, Chausey Islands, Epi-silty; 48°52′ N, 1°49′ W; alt. 0 m; 1974; Jacqueline Fresnel leg.; Jacqueline Fresnel isol.; AC35; GenBank nos: JF714227, JF718767; CN[35NM1 – AC35-1M].</p><p>Description</p><p>Metabolic non-phototactic slightly bean-shaped motile cells. Single green-brownish chloroplast with a bulging PY, helicoidal and parallel thylakoids with an eyespot located at the thylakoids-pyrenoid interface. Sinusoidal anterior flagellum bears stalked knob-scales, rigid posterior flagellum with a long distal attenuation and a short haptonema. Cell membrane strewn with same shape and same size knobscales.</p><p>The non-motile palmelloid cells form colonies surrounded by non-stratified mucilage.</p><p>Microscopy and related analysis</p><p>The dominant stage is palmelloid with slightly ovoid cells (4.80 µm ± 0.57 × 4.21 µm ± 0.56, n = 51) forming colonies of sister cells remaining coated with a common non-stratified mucilage (Figs 1A–B, 2–3). Some cells can retain flagellar and haptonematal bases (Fig. 2).</p><p>Non-phototactic swimming cells have a marked flattened oval shape (4.69 µm ± 0.61 × 2.76 µm ± 0.35, n = 50) with an anterolateral pit giving a slight bean shape to the side-view (Fig. 1C). The parietal C is green-brownish (Fig. 1C) with helicoidal and parallel arrangement of TH (Fig. 2) and a bulging terminal PY (Figs 1–3) adjacent to a deep pit (Fig. 3). A discreet E is located on the outer periphery of the C between the chloroplast stroma and the PY (Fig. 3). The AF (approximately 8–9 µm) is covered by a layer of ovoid KS (42 nm × 37.5 nm) produced in the Golgi body (Fig. 5C) aligned in continuous helicoidal rows from the base (Fig. 4). The PF (about 5–6 µm) is composed of two parts of almost equal length. The proximal part, comparable in diameter to the AF, tapers into a thinner distal part and the H, regular in diameter, measures about 2–3 µm. All three appendages emerge at the surface of the cell from the pit (Fig. 5A–B). Both the PF and H, as well as the cell membrane, are sporadically covered with KS identical (Fig. 5C) to those present on the AF (Fig. 4A,C).</p><p>Taxonomic outcome: a revised description of the genus Exanthemachrysis</p><p>Due to the description of a second species in the genus Exanthemachrysis, a revision of the genus is necessary. The description based on E. gayraliae (Lepailleur) Bendif &amp; Véron has become too general and can now be emended following the description of E. fresneliae sp. nov. and other Pavlovophyceae described since, providing information unknown in 1970.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FBF116846AFFEDFD89FDF16946FBC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Véron, Benoît;Rougier, Etienne;Taylor, Anthony;Goux, Didier	Véron, Benoît, Rougier, Etienne, Taylor, Anthony, Goux, Didier (2023): New species of Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) and revision of the genera Exanthemachrysis, Rebecca and Pavlova. European Journal of Taxonomy 861: 21-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.861.2063
03FBF1168465FFEFFD8BFBEF6E92F9CC.text	03FBF1168465FFEFFD8BFBEF6E92F9CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Exanthemachrysis Veron	<div><p>Exanthemachrysis Lepailleur emend. Véron</p><p>Figs 1–5</p><p>Included species</p><p>Exanthemachrysis gayraliae Lepailleur 1970: figs 1–4. – Bendif et al. 2011: fig. 4.</p><p>Exanthemachrysis fresneliae Véron sp. nov.</p><p>Emended description</p><p>Dominant stage of non-motile cells slightly ovate, embedded in mucilage. Brownish-green parietal chloroplast with a bulging pyrenoid forming an anterolateral protuberance on the cell body. Motile cells flattened oval, metabolic with three appendages. Distal attenuation of the bipartite posterior flagellum, haptonema short but not vestigial. Stalked ovoid knob-scales may be present. Anterolateral bulging pyrenoid, partially covering and bordering a pit where the flagella emerge, delimited from the chloroplast stroma by osmiophilic globules forming a stigma near the insertion of the appendages.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FBF1168465FFEFFD8BFBEF6E92F9CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Véron, Benoît;Rougier, Etienne;Taylor, Anthony;Goux, Didier	Véron, Benoît, Rougier, Etienne, Taylor, Anthony, Goux, Didier (2023): New species of Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) and revision of the genera Exanthemachrysis, Rebecca and Pavlova. European Journal of Taxonomy 861: 21-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.861.2063
03FBF1168465FFEBFDC9F9196B73FA0F.text	03FBF1168465FFEBFDC9F9196B73FA0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rebecca billardiae Veron 2023	<div><p>Rebecca billardiae Véron sp. nov.</p><p>PhycoBank: 103627</p><p>Figs 7–9</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>In addition to the very pronounced angular or even cubic and non-metabolic shape that the new species can take, Rebecca billardiae sp. nov. is also distinguished by knob-scales with only one constriction instead of two, and a slightly shorter AF.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The epithet given to the species is dedicated in honour of Professor Chantal Billard who, from the 70s to the 2010s, worked at the Université de Caen Normandie. Chantal Billard described 29 taxa including many haptophytes and she notably described D. virescens (Billard) Bendif &amp; Véron.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype FRANCE • Normandy, Baie des Veys, Canal de Carentan à la mer; 49°21′ N, 1°10′ W; alt. 0 m; 16 Feb. 2002; Fabien Jouenne leg.; Jacqueline Fresnel isol.; AC537; GenBank nos: JF714245, JF718773; CN[537- 1NM].</p><p>Description</p><p>Motile cells not phototactic often ovate, some with strongly marked angular, even cubic forms. Less angular cells highly metabolic. Cell surface irregularly covered with stalked club-shaped knob-scales with a single constriction. Single golden-brown bilobed chloroplast with parallel and helicoidal stacks of three thylakoids; pyrenoid and eyespot absent. Posterior filipodia branched and beaded. Sinusoidal anterior flagellum covered with a tomentum of knob-scales, proximal part remaining naked. Reduced posterior flagellum bearing few knob-scales. Naked bipartite haptonema with a proximal part of constant diameter and a string of pearl-like structures on distal part. Non-swimming cells gather with twisting anterior flagellum.</p><p>Microscopy and related analysis</p><p>After nearly two months of culture on agar plates, no colonies developed. Apparently only the flagellate stage exists in this species and consists of freely swimming cells. Often ovate (7.5 µm ± 0.6 × 6.1 µm ± 0.6, n = 50), cells can display very variable shapes, including cubic forms but mainly cells have flat unequal sides forming acute or obtuse angles at the circumference (Fig. 7A). When cells stop swimming, they gather, seeming to nestle together as closely as possible while keeping their long flagella beating (Fig. 7A). The appendages emerge from a sub-apical ventral pit (Figs 7E, 9A–E) surrounded at its base by a membrane sheath containing cytoplasm (Fig. 8C). There is a very clear difference between the three appendages present: the long wavy sinusoidal AF measures between 9 and 17 µm (13.6 µm ± 3.7, n = 17) and is covered, except at its base, by a thick fluff of mono-constricted KS (45 nm × 22 nm, n = 2) (Fig. 9F–G), at the tip it is tapered. The PF is atrophied forming a ≈ 200 nm high hump (Figs 8H, 9B, D). The H is well developed (3.0 µm ± 0.6, n = 8) and consists of two sections of almost equal length, the proximal part being of constant diameter, in the shape of a twisted hook (Fig. 9A–E), while the distal part, smaller in diameter, presents regular constrictions with the appearance of a pearl necklace (Fig. 9B, E). The two flagella as well as the cell body (Fig. 9C, E–G), but unlike the H, are covered with knobscales in the form of pedunculated and clavate structure with a single median constriction (Figs 8E–F, 9G). The scales are sporadically distributed on the plasmic membrane and on the diminutive PF while on the long AF they may form a thick tomentum of several layers of lines oriented perpendicular to the flagellum axis and forming regular rows (Fig. 9F–G). On their posterior end, the cells develop beaded and branched filipodia often of great length, as long as the cells or the AF, and appearing to trail behind the cells (Fig. 7B–D, F).</p><p>Taxonomic outcome: a revised description of the genus Rebecca</p><p>Although retaining the basic characters of the genus Rebecca, the species described here, Rebecca billardiae Véron sp. nov., requires emendation of the description given by J.C. Green in Edvardsen et al. (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FBF1168465FFEBFDC9F9196B73FA0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Véron, Benoît;Rougier, Etienne;Taylor, Anthony;Goux, Didier	Véron, Benoît, Rougier, Etienne, Taylor, Anthony, Goux, Didier (2023): New species of Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) and revision of the genera Exanthemachrysis, Rebecca and Pavlova. European Journal of Taxonomy 861: 21-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.861.2063
03FBF1168461FFEAFDF1FA0D69BFFEF8.text	03FBF1168461FFEAFDF1FA0D69BFFEF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rebecca Veron	<div><p>Rebecca Green emend. Véron</p><p>Figs 7–9</p><p>Included species</p><p>Rebecca salina (Carter) Green 2000 . – Nephrochloris salina Carter 1937: pl. 2, figs 10–22. – Pavlova mesolychnon van der Veer 1969: figs 1–21. – Pavlova salina (Carter) Green 1976: pls. 1–2.</p><p>Rebecca helicata (van der Veer) Green 2000 . – Pavlova helicata van der Veer 1972: figs 1–8.</p><p>Rebecca billardiae sp. nov.</p><p>Emended description</p><p>Cells solitary, free-swimming, sometimes immobile, elongated and slightly compressed or angular to almost cubic, with two unequal flagella and short haptonema. Longer anterior flagellum with fine nontubular hairs, posterior flagellum vestigial. A pit or canal penetrating the cell near the long anterior flagellum. Clavate or mono-constricted scales on the cell body and rows of di- or trimeric scales on the anterior flagellum. Pale yellow-green to golden-brown bilobed single chloroplast with parallel and helicoidal thylakoid arrangement, stigma and pyrenoid absent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FBF1168461FFEAFDF1FA0D69BFFEF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Véron, Benoît;Rougier, Etienne;Taylor, Anthony;Goux, Didier	Véron, Benoît, Rougier, Etienne, Taylor, Anthony, Goux, Didier (2023): New species of Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) and revision of the genera Exanthemachrysis, Rebecca and Pavlova. European Journal of Taxonomy 861: 21-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.861.2063
03FBF1168460FFF6FDA0FE7969CDFEE5.text	03FBF1168460FFF6FDA0FE7969CDFEE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pavlova Veron	<div><p>Genus Pavlova Butcher emend. Véron</p><p>Figs 10–13</p><p>The unidentified strains of Pavlova (AC248 and AC250) were chosen for study because none had ever been examined within the sub-clade 3.2 (Bendif et al. 2011); both strains were found to have the same cytomorphological characteristics as the genus Pavlova .</p><p>Description of strains AC248 and AC250</p><p>Non-motile cells are occasionally present in cultures, clustered to a few in a loose mucilage (Fig. 11A) and showing a reduced flagellar appendage. Motile cells are slightly ovoid (5.9 µm ± 0.5 × 5.2 µm ± 0.4, n = 49), free swimming and highly metabolic (Fig. 10). Emergence of the appendages is from a narrow, shallow sub-apical pit (Fig. 12A). Except at its base (Fig. 12E), the AF (9.5 µm ± 3.8, n = 12) is coated with several layers of regularly spaced (Fig. 12D) flat and ovoid KS (≈ 47 × 34 nm, n = 4) with a slight median constriction and with fine non-tubular hairs (Fig. 12C). The smooth and short PF (1.9 µm ± 0.5, n = 6) is tapered distally (Fig. 12B). The bipartite H (1.1 µm ± 0.2, n = 7) consists of a proximal part of constant diameter and a distal part of equal length and smaller diameter. The single cup-shaped parietal C (Fig. 11B) contains bundles of thylakoids grouped in stacks three to five (Fig. 11C). One end of the C, near the pit and F bases, contains a conspicuous orange E (Fig. 10A–B) consisting of a cluster of osmiophilic globules located along its inner surface (Fig. 11B, D). In the centre of the C, opposite the F base, is a PY forming an ovoid bulge at the cell surface (Figs 10C, 11B, 12A). In transverse section, this protruding PY has the unusual aspect of a thick, wide utricle (Fig. 13A–B, D) curving in on itself (Fig. 13B–C) and entirely surrounded by the C-membrane bordered by the periplastic ER.</p><p>Details of the pyrenoid of Pavlova spp.</p><p>This particular form of PY, present in strains AC248, AC250 and also AC33 (Fig. 13D), had previously been observed in various species of Pavlova (i.e., P. pinguis, P. gyrans and P. granifera) but had not been retained as a marker of the genus. It turns out that with all strains of Pavlova for which we now have sections, this PY is a very distinctive feature of the genus.</p><p>Indeed, at the time of the revision of the species P. pinguis, Green (1980) observed this pyrenoid very clearly in posterior position which he described as “large and conspicuous, frequently being pushed into a bulge at the posterior end of the cell.”. He also noted that this PY is “...frequently penetrated by a tubular invagination containing cytoplasmic material...”. In fact, his illustrations (see his figs 8, 44, 45) clearly show the curved shape of this PY in P. pinguis, as does fig. 7F of Bendif et al. (2011). In their revision of P. gyrans, Green &amp; Manton (1970) noted the central position of the PY within the C as well as its prominent bulging shape but did not examine thin-sections in TEM allowing them to see its curved shape. In their revision of the genus Pavlova they retained the fact that the C is bilobed with a prominent PY. Bendif et al. (2011) also showed this recurving PY in P. gyrans (see their fig. 6G) but retained only the bulge it forms on the cell. For P. granifera, Green (1973) showed the same shape and organisation of the PY (see his fig. 4) with an extension this time towards the interior of the cell (see his fig. 35), a situation we also observed only in the case of Pavlova AC 250 (Fig. 13C). Green (1973) did not retain the singular shape of this PY but reports in his revision of the P. granifera, that the PY is “discretely bulging towards the interior of the cell” (Green 1980). Bendif et al. (2011) also observe this pyrenoid in P. granifera but with less detail.</p><p>The singular shape of this PY that we describe as campylotropous is indeed a distinctive feature of the species of the genus Pavlova since in Exanthemachrysis (the other genus of Pavlovophyceae with a bulging pyrenoid) the two species now described do not show such a recurving shape, but a simple sphero-ovoid PY (see for E. gayraliae: Gayral &amp; Fresnel 1979: figs 11–12, 21–22 and Bendif et al. 2011: fig. 4E; for E. fresneliae sp. nov.: Fig. 3).</p><p>When Butcher (1952) erected the genus Pavlova, he noted the presence of “leucosin bodies” in the posterior part of the cells and his drawings (see Butcher 1952: pl. II, figs 35–37) clearly show what is now known to be this type of PY. He did not retain this character as distinctive of the genus, nor did Green (1967), as cited above, when describing P. pinguis and his subsequent revision of the genus Pavlova . Bendif et al. (2011) introduced a more detailed description of the single C in their revised description by stating that it had a “posterior bulging pyrenoid and conspicuous eyespot on the inner surface near the flagellar pit”.</p><p>Taxonomic outcome: a revised description of Pavlova</p><p>The particular and very characteristic shape of the pyrenoid in all species of Pavlova makes it a very distinctive feature that leads us to a revision of the genus description.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FBF1168460FFF6FDA0FE7969CDFEE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Véron, Benoît;Rougier, Etienne;Taylor, Anthony;Goux, Didier	Véron, Benoît, Rougier, Etienne, Taylor, Anthony, Goux, Didier (2023): New species of Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) and revision of the genera Exanthemachrysis, Rebecca and Pavlova. European Journal of Taxonomy 861: 21-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.861.2063
03FBF116847CFFF6FDF9FE636F50FAB8.text	03FBF116847CFFF6FDF9FE636F50FAB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pavlova Veron	<div><p>Pavlova Butcher emend. Véron</p><p>Fig. 13</p><p>Included species</p><p>Pavlova gyrans Butcher 1952: pl. II, figs 35–38.</p><p>Chrysocapsa granifera Mack 1954: fig. 1. – Chrysocapsella granifera (Mack) Bourrelly 1957 . – Pavlova granifera (Mack) Green 1973 .</p><p>Pavlova pinguis Green 1967: fig. 1.</p><p>Emended description</p><p>Motile, free-swimming, highly metabolic cells with two unequal flagella and a short haptonema. Longer anterior flagellum with fine non-tubular hairs and tiny knob-scales (i.e., ʻdense bodiesʼ), which may or may not be present on the cell body. A pit or canal penetrating the cell near the long anterior flagellum. Chloroplast with a central, large and campylotropous pyrenoid bulging posteriorly and a conspicuous E located on the inner side near the flagellar bases. Non-motile cells in unstratified mucilage with incomplete appendages.</p><p>Key to the genera</p><p>The hierarchisation of cytomorphological criteria to provide a simple key to the identification of taxa is not always easy. In his proposal based on characters of the motile cells, Green (1980) used the morphology of the flagella and haptonema as the first criterion, followed by the characters of the stigma, knob-scales, metabolism and the general shape of the cells. It appears today that the combined characters of the pyrenoid, the stigma and the thylakoids are sufficient to discriminate between the four genera (Fig. 14).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FBF116847CFFF6FDF9FE636F50FAB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Véron, Benoît;Rougier, Etienne;Taylor, Anthony;Goux, Didier	Véron, Benoît, Rougier, Etienne, Taylor, Anthony, Goux, Didier (2023): New species of Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) and revision of the genera Exanthemachrysis, Rebecca and Pavlova. European Journal of Taxonomy 861: 21-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.861.2063
