taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F88A03B6333C0F0C0CFA89FB175ECA.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Skull (HMNH-IV 1) and mandible (HMNH-IV 2) (Fig. 2; Table 1).	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B6333C0F0C0CFA89FB175ECA.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The skull is quite long and belongs to a large adult male (large canines present). The muzzle is elongated and broad, even though the application of extra material in fixing the broken snout has made the muzzle artificially longer (Fig. 2 A-C). The narial opening and nasal area have been damaged during excavation and subsequently restored, so details of this area are missing. The POF is very well preserved on the right side and partially filled with sediment on the left side (Fig. 2 A). The POF is far from the orbit, sub-triangular in shape, relatively large and deep, and antero-posteriorly oriented. There is no posterior pocketing. The anterior rim of the POF is well expressed and appears above the medial part of P 3. The posterior border of the POF is located above the anterior part of M 2. The ventral rim of the POF is not straight, features undulation, and is above the line of the lower border of the orbit. The infra-orbital foramen is at the anteroventral border of the fossa, placed slightly inferiorly. The orbit is round and its anterior border is situated close to the posterior border of M 3. The facial crest is very strong and is far from the alveoli and the ventral border of the POF. The anterior border of the facial crest is situated above the medial part of P 4. The palate is elongated and wide. The choanae, although filled with sediment, are well preserved. They are wide and their anterior border is situated at the level of contact between M 2 and M 3. The upper tooth row is long and complete at both sides, including P 2 - 4, M 1 - 3. All the teeth are moderately worn and the enamel morphology is visible (Fig. 2 D). The protocone is elliptical and flattened lingually, especially in the molars. The enamel plication is rich (mean plication is 20) with deep plis. The hypocone is elliptical with relatively deep distal hypoconal grooves. The plicabaline is strong, short and single or long and double / multiple. The mandible is elongated with a narrow snout and cup. The symphysis is short and narrow. The condyle and coronoid processes and the ascending ramus, though not preserved, have been restored (Fig. 2 E-G). The tooth row is long and the teeth are large and wide (Fig. 2 H). The parastylid is relatively well developed and closed. The metaconid is elliptical to round and the metastylid is rounded. The entoconid is elliptical to round. The ectoflexid is V- or U-shaped and moderately deep and narrow, reaching the middle of the tooth; only in m 1 it reaches the linguaflexid. A plicabalinid is present in some of the teeth. COMPARASION The hipparion skull from Ivand (HMNH-IV 1) has been compared to several species of hipparionine horses, from localities in the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions. The bivariate plots of the POB width (distance between the anterior rim of the orbit and the posterior rim of the POF) against the P 2 - orbit distance, which serve as a useful measure of skull (face) length (Forsten 1983), appear in Figure 3. Here, Ivand skull clusters with H. giganteum Gromova, 1952 from Grebeniki, H. brachypus Hensel, 1862 from Pikermi, and Hipparion sp. large from Samos (Fig. 3 A). The results of a similar plot show the distinction, based D, H on this criterion, of the Ivand skull from those of other known hipparion species in Maragheh (Fig. 3 B), including “ H ”. gettyi Bernor, 1985; “ H. ” aff. moldavicum (H. moldavicum Gromova, 1952 sensu Watabe & Nakaya 1991 b); Hipparion prostylum Gervais, 1849; and H. campbelli Bernor, 1985 (H. urmiense Gabunia, 1959 sensu Watabe & Nakaya 1991 b). The large-sized skull from Ivand (HMNH-IV 1), as the logarithmic ratio diagram shows (Fig. 4 A), is comparable in its basic dimensions and morphology to H. brachypus from Pikermi (Koufos 1987 b), Hadjidomovo (Hristova et al. 2003), and Akkaşdaği (Koufos & Vlachou 2005). However, the Ivand skull has a longer muzzle (M 1), which is indeed an artifact of incorrect restoration, and a wider snout (M 15). Figure 4 B shows that the large-sized skull from the Ivand locality is not comparable in size and morphology to any of the hipparionine horses from Maragheh (Bernor 1985).	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B6333C0F0C0CFA89FB175ECA.taxon	description	2009). Ivand skull (Fig. 4 A) also partially resembles H. giganteum from Grebeniki, Moldavia (Gromova 1952). Hipparion giganteum is also a large hipparion with a single, elliptical, and deep POF with strong posterior pocketing, located far from the orbit and facial crest. Nevertheless, the large-sized skull from Ivand has a sub-triangular POF which lacks posterior pocketing. Ivand skull is also comparable to a large-sized skull from Samos (AMNH 22838), described as H. cf. proboscideum (Sondaar 1971). This specimen from Samos features more facial height than does the large skull from Ivand. Unlike the type skull of H. proboscideum Studer, 1911, AMNH 22838 bears a single and deep POF (Sondaar 1971), which makes it morphologically similar to the H. brachypus skull from Akkaşdaği (Koufos & Vlachou 2005). Based on the bivariate plots and log ratio diagrams (Figs 3, 4), the hipparion skull from the Ivand locality likely belongs to a large-sized Hipparion species of H. giganteum - H. brachypus lineage (“ Hippotherium ” brachypus - “ Hippotherium ” giganteum lineage, sensu Bernor et al. 1996 b), previously unknown from the cranial material in NW Iran (i. e. the Maragheh area). We refrain from classifying this specimen at the species level because of some differences in its facial morphology, such as the shape of the POF and lack of posterior pocketing, and its inaccurately restored muzzle. The occurrence of large hipparions (similar to H. brachypus) in Maragheh was previously evidenced by the presence of medium to large, robust third metapodials (Watabe & Nakaya 1991 a; Tobien in Bernor et al. 1996 a, b). Some of these robust metapodials were assigned to H. prostylum, even though they showed greater similarity to the metapodials of H. brachypus from Pikermi (Watabe & Nakaya 1991 a: fig. 15). Family RHINOCEROTIDAE Owen, 1845	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B6303C010E75FAAFFDDE5B3C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Femur (HMNH-IV 137; Fig. 5 S- U; Table 2).	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B6303C010E75FAAFFDDE5B3C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION An almost complete left femur is preserved (Fig. 5 S- U). In the proximal part, the femoral head (caput femoris) and trochanter major are missing. The A Hipparion sp. large Ivand	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B6303C010E75FAAFFDDE5B3C.taxon	description	third trochanter is broken, but the basal part is preserved. The diaphysis becomes stockier distally from the third trochanter. The distal end is well preserved, and only the posterior and anterior sides are abraded. The medial and lateral trochleas are at the same level. The trochlear trough is damaged. The two condyles somehow diverge downward and the medial condyle is higher in elevation. The intercondyloid fossa is filled with sediment. COMPARISON Figure 6 A shows the scatter plot of the femoral length against the distal width of well-preserved rhinocerotid femurs from several localities in Greece, Turkey, Iran, and China. The femur from Ivand locality, as illustrated, is clearly distinct from those of Chilotherium wimani Ringström, 1924 and C. persiae Pohlig, 1887 which are smaller, slenderer, and less massive (Deng 2002). The femur IV 137 clusters among the material assigned to Ceratotherium neumayri (Osborn, 1900) and Stephanorhinus pikermiensis (Toula, 1906) from eastern Mediterranean localities such as Pikermi, Maragheh, and Akkaşdaği (Fortelius et al. 2003; Antoine & Saraç 2005). In general, the femur of these species is about 50 cm long and 15 cm wide distally. The total length of the Ivand femur, due to its missing proximal end, is unknown but it is estimated to be about 45 cm. Therefore, the rhinocerotid femur from Ivand locality can be assigned to Ceratotherium neumayri / Stephanorhinus pikermiensis primarily by size. Order PROBOSCIDEA Illiger, 1811	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B63E3C010DE3FE87FB1C5E55.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Postcranials, including proximal part of ulna (HMNH-IV 135; Fig. 5 A-C, Table 2); proximal part of radius (HMNH-IV 115; Fig. 5 P-R, Table 2); proximal part of tibia (HMNH- IV 119; Fig. 5 D-F, Table 2); calcaneus (HMNH-IV 118; Fig. 5 G-I, Table 2); unciform (HMNH-IV 117; Fig. 5 J- L, Table 2) and one metapodial (HMNH-IV 114; Fig. 5 M-O, Table 2).	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B63E3C010DE3FE87FB1C5E55.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The proximal part of an ulna is preserved (Fig. 5 A-C). The tuber olecrani is partly damaged, but shows a slight extension in the medial part. The processus coronoideus medialis and lateralis are round and of approximately the same size. The processus anconaeus is slightly higher than the tuber olecrani. The cross section of the shaft is triangular. The proximal part of a single radius is present (Fig. 5 P-R). The shape of the caput radii is sub-triangular. The articular circumference is damaged. The tibia includes only one proximal part (Fig. 5 D- F). In the proximal view, only the condylus lateralis and medialis are visible. Calcaneus is an almost complete specimen with minor damage (Fig. 5 G-I). The tuber calcanei is higher than it is wide. Proximally, there are three facets, two of which are partly preserved. The lateral facet is not preserved. The two astragalus facets are separated by sulcus calcanei. The larger astragalus facet is rounded and the smaller one is on the sustentaculum tali and is partly broken. On the dorsal of the sustentaculum tali, parts of a navicular facet are preserved. The unciform is nearly complete and has a triangular outline (Fig. 5 J-L). The proximal facet is triangular and concave. The distal side has one triangular concave facet and another elongated facet. The third facet is destroyed. COMPARISON The morphologies of postcranial skeletons in deinotheriids bear notable similarities (Huttunen 2002). From the postcranial elements described here, the proximal condyle of the ulna from Ivand is very well preserved and allows us to compare it to other deinotheriid specimens from other localities. Figure 6 B shows the bivariate plots of the proximal width of the ulna against the width at process olecrani in IV 135 and specimens from Maragheh (MN 12, NW Iran), Saloniki and Pikermi (MN 12, Greece), and Unterzolling (Germany). The plot illustrates that the Ivand material, though slightly smaller in proportion, is close to both Deinotherium giganteum from Pikermi and an undetermined specimen from Maragheh. The ulna of the Ivand specimen is obviously larger than the ulna of Choerolophodon pentelici (Gaudry & Lartet, 1856) from Saloniki, Greece and of Prodeinotherium bavaricum (Meyer, 1831) from Unterzolling (Huttunen & Göhlich 2002). Therefore, based on this comparison, and since Deinotherium giganteum is the largest of the Late Miocene mammals inNW Iran, previously recorded from Maragheh, we assign the very large postcrani - als from the Ivand locality to this species. Order ARTIODACTYLA Owen, 1848	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B63E3C030FE7FB2EFE5D5C8F.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Left horn-core (HMNH-IV 200; Fig. 7 E, F), right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (HMNH-IV 67; Table 3), right mandible with broken m 2 and complete m 3 (HMNH-IV 69; Table 3).	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B63E3C030FE7FB2EFE5D5C8F.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The horn-core specimen is partly broken at the base and the tip. The antero-posterior diameter cannot be measured precisely due to the basal missing part on both the anterior and posterior sides. However, we estimate that it exceeds 17 mm. The medio- A M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 M 6 M 7 M 14 M 15 M 23 M 25 M 30 M 31 M 32 M 33 lateral diameter is 17.4 mm. The DAP and DT at 5 cm above the base are 12.7 mm and 10.9 mm, respectively. The total preserved length is 75 mm from the pedicle. By the preserved part of the orbit and remnant of the frontal, the horn-core is located above the posterior part of the orbit, tilted slightly backwards with a weak curvature. The horn-core is slender with a roughly oval cross section. The antero-posterior and transverse diameters diminish slowly from the base upwards. There are two weak keels, one starting from the antero-lateral side, and the other from the postero-lateral side. These two keels enclose a slightly convex outer surface and a more rounded inner surface. The keels spiral clock- wise roughly one gyre from the base to the tip by estimation. There is also a postcornual fossa. p 4 is long and narrow. The paraconid is not separated from the parastylid. The anterior valley is wide. The metaconid is situated posterior to the protoconid. The entoconid is close to the entostylid. A wide and shallow valley separates the protoconid from the hypoconid. m 1 is well worn. The parastylid is developed, and well separated from the metaconid. There is no goat fold, thus rendering the anterior border much narrower. The lingual wall is flat with weak metastylids. The entostylid is larger. There is a large basal pillar between the protoconid and the metaconid. m 2 is very similar in morphology to m 1, except for its larger, more convex lingual wall, and lower basal pillar. The parastylid on m 3 is more pronounced and well separated from the metaconid. The basal pillar is small and low. The hypoconulid is large and postero-labially offset. COMPARISON Based on the small size, insertion above the posterior part of orbit, the clockwise torsion on the left horn-core from the base, and two keels, the horn-core IV 200 from Ivand locality can readily be assigned to the genus Oioceros (type species Antelope rothii Wagner, 1857 from Pikermi, Greece) (Gaillard 1902). Since then, numerous species were included or assigned to this genus. De Mecquenem (1924) recognized three species from Maragheh: O. rothii (Wagner, 1857), O. atropatenes and O. boulei Mecquenem, 1924. Heintz (1963) synonymized O. boulei with O. atropatenes based on his detailed description and comparison. Roussiakis (2003) recently described in detail an almost complete skull with mandibles of Oioceros rothii from Pikermi and reviewed the generic status. Besides the type species, he listed only Oioceros atropatenes in the genus. The present specimen is smaller and less laterally compressed than Oioceros rothii from Pikermi. The main keel is much weaker and the upper part of the horn-core diverges less. The size falls into the variation of Oioceros atropatenes from Maragheh, Iran (Heintz 1963). The morphology of the horn-core is also consistent with those from Maragheh. Hence, the horn-core specimen can be assigned to Oioceros atropatenes.	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B63C3C040EACFEC7FD965C8F.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two left and one right broken frontlets with horn-cores (HMNH-IV 138 - 140; Fig. 7 A-D, G, H).	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B63C3C040EACFEC7FD965C8F.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Frontlet HMNH-IV 138 (Fig. 7 C, D) preserves an almost complete horn-core (80 mm above the pedicle), unfortunately broken in the middle and preserving little of the frontal or orbit. IV 139 (Fig. 7 G, H) features the preserved supra-orbital fossa, but lacks the tip of the horn-core. IV 140 (Fig. 7 A, B) preserves a partial orbit and a small part of the parietal, but lacks the tip of the horn-core and has a broken inner side. Frontlets IV 139 and IV 140 bear similar sizes and horn-core morphologies. The DAP and DT at the base of IV 139 are 25 mm and 21.5 mm, respectively. The horn-cores are located above the orbits, moderately curved posteriorly in lateral view, and straight in anterior view. The base of the horn-core is relatively robust and laterally compressed, and the cross section diminishes greatly upwards. The maximum width lies at the anterior side of the horn-core while the posterior side is narrow. Longitudinal grooves are also present. The supra-orbital fossa is large and oval-shaped, and is located slightly towards the middle of the horn-core mid-line. The dorsal orbital rim is wide and features a postcornual fossa. Frontlet IV 138 differs from the two frontlets described above in that it is less curved in lateral view and is less robust at the base; its cross section diminishes gradually from the base upwards. COMPARISON According to the morphology of horn-cores, the three frontlets found at Ivand locality can be separated into two groups. Frontlets IV 139 and IV 140 show homogenous characteristics and should be classified into one form; IV 138 may belong to another form. Horn-cores IV 139 and IV 140 show great similarities to Gazella deperdita (Gervais, 1847) in that they fea- ture a robust base, rapidly diminishing cross section, a curved outline in the side view, and a maximum width located at the anterior part. IV 138 however, is much less curved in the side view, with the cross section gradually changing from the base upwards. These characteristics fit Gazella gaudryi Schlosser, 1904 (Arambourg & Piveteau 1929).	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B63B3C070E5DFA09FE0C5BD3.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Fragmentary right mandible with m 2 - m 3 (HMNH-IV 59; Table 3), right m 1 (HM- NH-IV 65; Table 3), broken right m 2 (HMNH-IV 68; Table 3), left maxilla with DP 2 - M 1 (HMNH-IV 70; Table 3), fragmentary right maxilla with M 1 - M 2 (HMNH- IV 64; Table 3), fragmentary right maxilla with P 4 - M 1 (HMNH-IV 58; Table 3), fragmentary left maxilla with M 1 - M 2 (HMNH-IV 57; Table 3).	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
03F88A03B63B3C070E5DFA09FE0C5BD3.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The mandibles and maxillae are too fragmentary to provide any detailed character. DP 2 is heavily worn and is long and narrow. The parastyle is prominent but low. There is no mesostyle, and the metastyle is weak. The paracone is the highest cusp, and the metacone is slightly lower. The protocone is large and located anteriorly to the paracone. The hypocone is larger than the protocone. There is no central fossette visible on the occlusal surface. DP 3 is longer than DP 2 and is submolarized. The parastyle is strong and well separated from the paracone by a wide groove. The mesostyle, however, is less developed, and the metastyle is the least developed. The anterior rib is very strong, and the posterior rib is weak. The central cavities bear a simple enamel outline. DP 4 is highly molarized and, except for its smaller size, closely resembles molars. The central fossettes are open in the medium wear. P 4 is subtriangular. The hypocone is relatively well developed, though smaller than protocone, thus rendering the inner wall a less angled shape. The parastyle and metastyle are well developed, while the mesostyle is weak. On M 1, the parastyle is robust, the mesostyle is well developed as a vertical ridge, and the metastyle projects much less. The anterior rib is large, and the posterior rib is weak. There is no basal pillar. M 2 closely resembles M 1 in tooth morphology. The hypocone triangle is relatively short and is rounder than the protocone triangle. The metastyle is slightly more developed. m 1 shows a rectangular occlusal outline. The parastylid, metastylid, and the entostylid are much reduced. The lingual wall is flat with slightly convex metaconid and entoconid. The protoconid and hypoconid on m 2 are triangle shaped. The parastylid is slightly more developed than the metastylid and entostylid. There is no goat fold but there is a low basal pillar. m 3 resembles m 2, except for its strongly labially offset hypoconulid with a central cavity. COMPARISON With no cranial or horn-cores found, discussing the systematic position of these isolated fragmentary materials in detail is difficult. Based on size and morphology, these teeth are tentatively assigned to one form herein, pending the discovery of better specimens. This form, like Urmiatherium polaki Rodler, 1889, features a developed parastyle, very strong mesostyles, a prominent anterior rib, and a concave labial metacone wall on the upper molars. It differs by having a lower tooth crown, no additional cavities near the central lingual edge of the occlusal surface on the upper molars, a convex shape of the lingual wall, and the well developed basal pillars on the lower molars. De Mecquenem (1924, 1925) reported some material of Palaeoryx pallasi (Wagner, 1857) from Maragheh. The size of the present form from Ivand locality is comparable to this Maragheh A 550 500 450 400 350 taxon. They share similar tooth morphology, such as strong parastyles and mesostyles, weak metastyles, developed anterior ribs, no basal pillars on the upper molars, a slightly convex lingual wall of the lower molars, low but distinct basal pillars, triangular labial lobes on the lower molars, and strongly labially offset hypoconulids on m 3. The skull figured by de Mecquenem (1924, 1925: pl. 4, fig. 1), however, was believed to be that of a Miotragocerus Stromer, 1928 (= Tragoportax Pilgrim, 1937) by Bohlin (1936) and Gentry (1971, 2000). Gentry (1971) further stated that there was no other convincing evidence of Palaeoryx pallasi from Maragheh. Given these poor materials and pending the discovery of more complete fossils, we avoid naming them.	en	Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu, Fortelius, Mikael (2011): Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran). Geodiversitas 33 (4): 709-728, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7
