identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F987A3ED5EFFFD36F2B5D5FD76051F.text	03F987A3ED5EFFFD36F2B5D5FD76051F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sparassidae Bertkau 1872	<div><p>Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872</p> <p>“African Clade” sensu Moradmand et al. 2014</p> <p>Diagnosis (additional notes below): Tendency of having reduced serrula on gnathocoxae (Figs 33, 60, 63). Specialised claw tuft plates (Figs 20–21, 101–102) with so-called “Lawrence setae” on ventral distal tarsi (Figs 24–25, 44–45, 91–92). Dorsal claw tuft plate (Figs 22, 100) with long setae extending through the normal claw tufts (Figs 61, 76). Ventral transverse suture of tarsi distinct and narrow, running roughly transversely to lateral suture (Figs 20–21, 101–102). Chelicerae usually with 2 anterior and 3 posterior teeth (Figs 10, 32, 53, 88; may be reduced in number, e.g., in Carparachne Lawrence, 1962 and Microrchestris Lawrence, 1962). Metatarsi III without ventral distal spine. Tarsi I–III 3034 (with fewer lateral spines in other Sparassidae). Female palpal claw stretched (Figs 23, 90).</p> <p>Genera included: Arandisa Lawrence, 1938, Carparachne, Leucorchestris Lawrence, 1962, May gen. n., Microrchestris, Palystella Lawrence, 1928, Pseudomicrommata.</p> <p>Distribution: Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, D.R. Congo (World</p> <p>Spider Catalog 2015; South African National Survey of Arachnida, SANSA, unpubl.; Moradmand, pers. comm.).</p> <p>Notes: Some characters listed in the above diagnosis are recorded for the first time within the family Sparassidae. Therefore, the amount of comparative data for other genera or subfamilies is relatively small. Only a random selection of some taxa could be examined and is listed in the following paragraph.</p> <p>A reduced serrula could not be found in any other Sparassidae.In the following examples the number of denticles of the serrula is listed behind the taxon in square brackets: Palystella spp. [0–26, entirely reduced only in few females], Pseudomicrommata sp. [32–37], Palystes sp. cf. karooensis Croeser, 1996 [&gt;40], Heteropoda sp. [87], Olios sp. [70], Thelcticopis sp. [42].</p> <p>The presence of special setae (with several short sub-setae at their distal end; here called “Lawrence setae”, honouring Reginald F. Lawrence, who discovered many southern African taxa and illustrated this kind of setae for the first time; Lawrence 1962) on the ventral tip of leg tarsi is characteristic for members of the African clade (Figs 20–21, 101–102). In most of the taxa, additional sclerotised plates for these special setae were present (not in Pseudomicrommata sp., Fig. 106). Lawrence setae were not recorded in any of the other Sparassidae groups examined.</p> <p>The prolateral proximal spines of femur I are not shifted into the distal half in most other Sparassidae as, for example, in Thelcticopis sp. (Fig. 115) or Olios sp. (Fig. 119). Also in the African clade there is no considerable shift of the proximal prolateral spine as, for instance, in Palystella sp. (Fig. 104) and Pseudomicrommata sp. (Fig. 107). Therefore, this character (shift of the prolateral proximal spine of femur I into distal half) is considered diagnostic for May gen. n. exclusively.</p> <p>Prolateral and retrolateral spines of metatarsi I to III are usually reduced in other lineages of the family, e.g. in Heteropodinae (0–2), Sparianthinae (0), Sparassinae (2), Palystinae (2) and Eusparassus (2). Only in metatarsus IV do three pro- and retrolateral spines occur regularly in all Sparassidae taxa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987A3ED5EFFFD36F2B5D5FD76051F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jäger, Peter;Krehenwinkel, Henrik	Jäger, Peter, Krehenwinkel, Henrik (2015): May gen. n. (Araneae: Sparassidae): a unique lineage from southern Africa supported by morphological and molecular features. African Invertebrates 56 (2): 365, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0209, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0209
03F987A3ED5FFFFA3511B528FC8A07DD.text	03F987A3ED5FFFFA3511B528FC8A07DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	May Jäger & Krehenwinkel 2015	<div><p>May gen. n.</p> <p>Type species: May bruno sp. n.</p> <p>Etymology: This new genus is named for Bruno May for supporting biodiversity research in Africa through BIOPAT e.V. (Patrons for Biodiversity; www-biopat.de); gender masculine.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Small to medium-sized spiders belonging to the so-called “African clade” (Moradmand et al. 2014) with a body length of 8 to 20 mm. Distinguished from other members of this clade by the copulatory organs: males can be recognised by the course of the embolus, arising distally from the tegulum, running prolaterad (Figs 1, 50, 64; retrolaterad in other genera of this clade and almost in all other members of the entire family) and the short and compact RTA(at least one branch elongated in other members). Moreover, the proximo-retrolateral cymbium exhibits a distinct “shoulder” (Figs 4, 50, 59, 67, 75), whereas such a structure is missing in other members of the African clade. Females with epigynal furrows not reaching epigastric furrow, i.e. lateral lobes fused, indicated by “fusion bubbles” (Figs 11, 14, 17, 78, 81, 86). Serrula is dramatically reduced, i.e. in most cases entirely, in both sexes (Figs 33, 60, 63; some females of the African clade also show an entire reduction, usually males and females of this group show up to 37 denticles in their serrula). Leg I shortest, not leg III as in all other Sparassidae; femora I with prolateral spines shifted into distal half, i.e. proximal prolateral spine almost reaching medial dorsal spine (Figs 7, 43, 57, 72, 93, 99).</p> <p>Description: Widest point of DS in posterior half, close to coxa II and III; PL/PW 1.19–1.23 in males, 1.18–1.22 in females; fovea mostly above coxa III, may be situated more anteriorly above coxa II. Sternum broadest between posterior part of coxa II to anterior part of coxa III, with 3 pairs of lateral extensions, 3 pairs of double slit sense organs plus additional single slit sense organs posteriorly, long setae on entire sternum, single pair of dense setae brushes at posterior margin (Fig. 86). Opisthosoma: oval, OL/ OW 1.53–1.69 in males, 1.54–1.61 in females. Eyes: in two rows, both rows recurved when viewed from above (Figs 6, 31, 54, 68, 87). Chelicerae: with 2 anterior and 3 posterior teeth, without denticles in between them, fang base ventrally with 1 to 9 bristles (Figs 10, 32, 53, 88; insertion sockets only partly illustrated). Palps in both sexes with two rows of elongated setae forming functional basket (Figs 40, 50, 58, 64–65, 73–74; most likely to dig burrows in loose sand/transport sand out of the burrow, as known for Cebrennus spp.; Jäger 2000, 2014 b). Legs: length in most cases 2143 (n=5), also 2431 (n=3), 3421/4231 (n=1). Legs laterigrade (Figs 43, 48, 96), spination pattern following general pattern of Sparassidae with the following exceptions: Spination (only common patterns for all four species are listed): palp: 131; legs: femur I–III 323, IV 322; patella: variable, as in other Sparassidae, posterior patellae generally with more spines; tibia I–IV 22(3)26; metatarsus I–III 3034, IV 3037. Scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi moderately dense to sparse. Palpal claw in females present, elongated, with 8 to 12 long teeth (Figs 23, 90). Metatarsal stopper (sensu RamÍrez 2014) not developed as the usual trilobate membrane, known to be apomorphic for Sparassidae, but with median hook and lateral projections only weakly (Fig. 30) to well developed (Figs 69, 89).</p> <p>Coloration (in ethanol; Figs 34–39, 55–57, 70–72, 94–99): Pale brown to pale yellow, without distinct pattern; conspicuous white setae on prosoma, especially at clypeus and along margin, dark setae in front of and on spinnerets. Coloration (of live specimens; Figs 48–49, only known from one species): setae white to shimmering pink.</p> <p>Male palp (Figs 1–4, 41–42, 50–52, 58–59, 64–67, 73–75): Cymbium with variable shapes. Tegulum extending over the largest part of alveolus, with spermophor running along prolateral margin and S-shaped on retrolateral side; embolus and membranous conductor arising in distal half from tegulum. Embolus relatively short, situated in distal part of alveolus, arising from retrolateral to distal part of tegulum, running prolaterally. Female copulatory organ (Figs 11–19, 78–85): Characterised by fused lateral lobes, i.e. epigynal ledges not reaching posteriorly epigastric furrow. Epigyne with atrium and guiding pockets leading to copulatory ducts. Internal duct system consisting of spherical spermathecae, short copulatory ducts and fertilisation ducts. Epigynal field slightly longer than wide, anteriorly converging, with or without one pair of slit sensilla. Distribution: South Africa, Namibia (Fig. 120). Occurring most likely also in Botswana. Species included: M. bruno sp. n., M. ansie sp. n., M. rudy sp. n., M. norm sp. n.</p> <p>Biology: Not many observations could be made on live specimens so far. Spiders live in arid environments. One spider was observed in a burrow in a sand dune, while others were active during the night, running on the ground on gravel.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987A3ED5FFFFA3511B528FC8A07DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jäger, Peter;Krehenwinkel, Henrik	Jäger, Peter, Krehenwinkel, Henrik (2015): May gen. n. (Araneae: Sparassidae): a unique lineage from southern Africa supported by morphological and molecular features. African Invertebrates 56 (2): 365, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0209, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0209
03F987A3ED59FFF53576B196FBD704FF.text	03F987A3ED59FFF53576B196FBD704FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	May bruno Jäger & Krehenwinkel 2015	<div><p>May bruno sp. n.</p> <p>Figs 1–49, 120</p> <p>Etymology: This new species is named for Bruno May, for supporting biodiversity research through BIOPAT e.V. (Patrons for Biodiversity; www-biopat.de); noun (name) in apposition.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Medium-sized Sparassidae of the African clade with a body length of 18 mm in males and 16.8 to 19. 8 in females. Males recognisable by cymbium a bit wider than tibia, with blunt tip, i.e. widest part close to tip (Fig. 1); embolus with long distal part, narrowing continuously to filiform tip (Fig. 3). Females may be recognised by a V- to U-shaped posterior margin of the atrium (Figs 11, 14, 17–18) and two pairs of spherical structures in the internal duct system (Figs 12–13, 15, 19).</p> <p>Description:</p> <p>Male (holotype, PJ 3523).</p> <p>DS length 9.0, width 7.4, anterior width 4.3, OS length 9.0, width 5.9. Eyes (Figs 5–6): AME 0.54, ALE 0.51, PME 0.36, PLE 0.56, AME–AME 0.20, AME–ALE 0.05, PME– PME 0.75, PME–PLE 0.52, AME–PME 0.46, ALE–PLE 0.45, clypeus height at AME 0.80, at ALE 0.95. Spination: palp: 131, 101, 2111, 2000; legs: femur I 3(4)23, II 323, III 32(3)3, IV 322; patella I–IV 101; tibia I–IV 2226; metatarsus I–III 3034, IV 3037.All metatarsi with dense scopula ventrally, metatarsus IV with few bristles mainly proximally in scopula. Tarsus I ventrally with 9 claw slit sensilla (sensu RamÍrez 2014) in distal transverse suture (cf. Fig. 20). Leg formula: 2431. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 11.6 (4.0, 1.8, 2.1, -, 3.7), leg I 37.9 (10.0, 4.3, 9.8, 9.3, 4.5), leg II 42.1 (11.3, 4.6, 11.0, 10.3, 4.9), leg III 38.3 (11.0, 4.2, 9.9, 9.0, 4.2), leg IV 41.3 (12.0, 4.2, 10.5, 10.1, 4.5). Cheliceral furrow without denticles; promargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth, retromargin with 3 teeth, the proximal teeth fused at their base; with 5–6 bristles at fang base (Fig. 10). Gnathocoxae without serrula. Metatarsal stopper with very weak median hook and lateral projections [cf. Fig. 30; similar to that in Cerbalus pulcherrimus (Simon, 1880)]. Palp as in diagnosis (Figs 1–4, 41–42): Cymbium distally with dense brush of strong bristles, with weakly concave retrolateral side. Embolus arising at 2 to 2.30 o’clock from tegulum, proximal part sickle-shaped, transversal to distal part, distal tip of embolus with spermophor opening distally. Conductor arising at 1.30 o’clock from tegulum, distad. Spermophor running distinctly S-shaped across tegulum. Haematodochae visible in proximo-retrolateral part of alveolus. RTA short, extending barely beyond the cymbial “shoulder”, with three distal tips, distad. Prolateral tibial spines forming with additional long setae on tibia one conspicuous row, another row formed by long setae on ventral tibia.</p> <p>Coloration (Figs 34–36, 43): Yellowish brown without distinct pattern. DS with longitudinal fovea. White hairs present around eyes, along DS margins, on parts of chelicerae and legs, on parts of OS. Spinnerets and ventral area anterior of spinnerets with brown hairs.</p> <p>Female (paratype, PJ 3524).</p> <p>DS length 9.8, width 8.1, anterior width 5.1, OS length 10.0, width 6.5. Eyes (Fig. 31): AME 0.58, ALE 0.55, PME 0.38, PLE 0.60, AME–AME 0.25, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.86, PME–PLE 0.55, AME–PME 0.68, ALE–PLE 0.55, clypeus height at AME 0.90, at ALE 0.98. Spination: palp: 131, 101, 2121, 1014; legs: femur I 323, II 323(4), III 322, IV 322; patella I–IV 101; tibia I–IV 2226; metatarsus I–III 3034, IV 3037. All metatarsi with dense scopula, metatarsus IV ventrally with double row of bristles, hidden in scopula. Tarsus I ventrally with 13 claw slit sensilla (sensu Ramírez 2014) in distal transverse suture (Fig. 20). Leg formula: 2431. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 13.3 (4.0, 1.9, 2.7, -, 4.7), leg I 33.7 (8.9, 4.5, 8.4, 8.0, 3.9), leg II 37.8 (10.7, 4.7, 9.6, 8.6, 4.2), leg III 34.6 (10.0, 4.2, 8.9, 8.5, 4.1), leg IV 37.2 (11.5, 4.2, 8.9, 8.5, 4.1). Cheliceral furrow without denticles; promargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth, retromargin with 3 teeth (Fig. 32); with 7–9 bristles at fang base. Palpal claw with 10 teeth (Fig. 23), claw of leg I with 10–12 teeth (Fig. 21). Gnathocoxae without serrula. Metatarsal stopper (sensu RamÍrez 2014) not developed as the usual trilobate membrane, known to be apomorphic for Sparassidae, but with only central area membranous and pale, lateral parts slightly sclerotised; median hook extending slightly beyond lateral projections [Fig. 30; similar to that in Cerbalus pulcherrimus].</p> <p>Copulatory organ as in diagnosis (Figs 11–19): Epigynal field longer than wide, anteriorly converging, with one pair of slit sensilla. Posterior margin with median bulge (Figs 11, 18). Anterior margins of atrium with lateral guiding pockets leading to copulatory openings. Copulatory ducts with glandular parts in latero-posterior spherical structures, leading to medio-anterior spherical parts, then to fertilisation ducts.</p> <p>Coloration (Figs 37–39):As in male, but DS with indistinct median patch around fovea. Live spiders with slight pink shimmer (Figs 48–49).</p> <p>Variation: Males (n = 3): DS length 7.9–9.8. OS length 8.8–9.3 (OS of PJ 3526 shrivelled). Spination: Palpal patella 001(2), tarsus 1004/1003; femur I 3(4)23, III 324/3(4)23, IV 32(3)2[distal dorsal spine doubled]/3(4)22; tibia III 2126. Palpal claw with 8–9 teeth. Tarsus I ventrally with 10, tarsus III with 11, tarsus IV with 9–12 claw slit sensilla in distal transverse suture. Gnathocoxae with reduced serrula of 6 (right) and 2 (left) (PJ 3526) or with 10 (right) and no (left) (PJ 3525) denticles (Fig. 33). Chelicerae with 3/2 posterior teeth and 4–6 bristles at fang base (PJ 3536). DS with broad slightly darker median band rather than patch. Epigynal field without slit sensilla (Fig. 14), in specimens from Twee Riviere longer and more distinctly V-shaped (Fig. 18). Posterior margin without bulge (Figs 14, 17). Epigyne with fusion bubbles in posterior part (Figs 14, 17–18).</p> <p>Holotype ♂ (PJ 3523): SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.482866&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.5601" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.482866/lat -28.5601)">Kalahari</a>, Witsand Nat. Res., white dunes, 28°33.606'S 22°28.972'E, 1198 m, D. Kunz leg., 13.xii.2004, DK 212 (SMF).</p> <p>Paratypes: 1♀ (PJ 3524), same data as holotype but 28°33.517'S 22°29.043'E, J. Jessnitz leg., 11.xii.2004, DK 209 (SMF). 1♀ (PJ 3525), same data as holotype but 28°32.710'S 22°29.759'E, 1222 m, DK 214 (NCA). 1♀ (PJ 3526), same data as holotype but 28°32.961'S 22°29.558'E, 1220 m, DK 213, SD 356 (SMN).</p> <p>Other material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: 1♀ (PJ 3536), Kalahari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.611753&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.472376" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.611753/lat -26.472376)">Twee Rivieren</a> [Rest Camp][26°28'20.55"S 20°36'42.31"E, 883 m], W.Haacke leg. 4.i.1967,sub Nisueta kolosvaryi, SD1204 (NMSA 20250). 1 juvenile (PJ 3527), same data as holotype but 28°33.518'S 22°29.019'E, 1195 m, hiding in burrow under tussock, dug out from 20–30 cm depth, at night, J. Jessnitz leg., 11.xii.2004, DK 208, SD 361 (SMF).</p> <p>Distribution: Only known from the Witsand Nature Reserve (type locality) and the Twee Rivieren Rest Camp, Northern Cape, South Africa (Fig. 120).</p> <p>Biology: Spiders live in sand dunes (Fig. 46). According to one label, spiders of this species dig burrows, leading 20–30 cm in the ground. The burrow is closed with a lid (Fig. 47). The specialised elongated hairs situated in a row on the palps are most likely functionally connected to this digging behaviour, as is also known for species of Cebrennus Simon, 1880 (Jäger 2000, 2014 b) or Leuorchestris (Henschel 1990).</p> <p>An interesting observation concerns the prosoma: at the dorsal side of all female specimens at least two small sclerotised areas could be found (Figs 26–29, 39: arrows). From their irregular shapes and their arrangement they seem to be healed injuries. In three females there was one scar on each side, in the fourth female there were two such pairs of scars. The male lacked such marks. Although no evidence is given from observations on live spiders, it may be the case — considering the distance of the scars and the span of the opened male fangs — that the scars could be part of a pre-copulatory courtship behaviour. Such behaviour is known from the genus Eusparassus, where it was observed that the male bit the female in the petiolus (Moradmand 2013).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987A3ED59FFF53576B196FBD704FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jäger, Peter;Krehenwinkel, Henrik	Jäger, Peter, Krehenwinkel, Henrik (2015): May gen. n. (Araneae: Sparassidae): a unique lineage from southern Africa supported by morphological and molecular features. African Invertebrates 56 (2): 365, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0209, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0209
03F987A3ED57FFF0357BB480FCEB03A9.text	03F987A3ED57FFF0357BB480FCEB03A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	May ansie Jäger & Krehenwinkel 2015	<div><p>May ansie sp. n.</p> <p>Figs 50–63, 120</p> <p>Etymology:This new species is named for Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman, for her important and manifold contributions to arachnological research in Africa. Moreover, she is a wonderful person; noun (name) in apposition.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Medium-sized spiders of the African clade with body length 13 to 13.2 mm in males. Cymbium narrow, as wide as tibia, widest point in proximal half (Figs 50, 58). Embolus stout with concave distal part and subdistal round extension (Fig. 52).</p> <p>Description:</p> <p>Male (holotype, PJ 2281).</p> <p>DS length 6.3, width 5.3, anterior width 2.9, OS length 6.7, width 4.0. Eyes (Fig. 54): AME 0.40, ALE 0.32, PME 0.26, PLE 0.34,AME–AME 0.16, AME–ALE 0.05, PME– PME 0.50, PME–PLE 0.30, AME–PME 0.30, ALE–PLE 0.30, clypeus height at AME 0.53, at ALE 0.61. Spination: palp: 131, 001, 2121 (1010); legs: femur I–III 323, IV 322; patella I–IV 101; tibia I–IV 2226; metatarsus I–III 3034, IV 3037. All metatarsi with sparse scopula; leg IV ventrally with double row of bristles along entire length and additional rows in proximal half. Tarsus IV ventrally with 6–7 claw slit sensilla (sensu RamÍrez 2014) in distal transverse suture. Leg formula: 431. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 8.7 (3.0, 1.2, 1.9, -, 2.6), leg I 29.7 (7.5, 3.0, 7.8, 7.9, 3.5), leg II - (8.7, 3.2, 9.0, 8.9, -), leg III 30.4 (8.2, 3.0, 7.9, 8.0, 3.3), leg IV 32.2 (9.2, 2.7, 8.5, 8.5, 3.3). Cheliceral furrow without denticles; promargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth, retromargin with 3 teeth; with 1 bristle at fang base (Fig. 53). Gnathocoxae without serrula (Figs 60, 63). Palp as in diagnosis (Figs 50–52, 58–59): Cymbium distally with dense brush of strong bristles, with weakly developed retrolateral bulge. Embolus arising at 1 o’clock from tegulum, distal tip pointed with spermophor opening distally, proximal part with dorsal extension. Conductor arising at 12 to 12.30 o’clock from tegulum, distad. Spermophor running prolaterally submarginally, on retrolateral side slightly S-shaped. RTA short, extending barely beyond the cymbial “shoulder”, with one distal tip, sharply pointed and disto-mediad. Prolateral tibial spines forming with additional long setae on tibia one conspicuous row, another row formed by long setae on ventral tibia (Figs 50, 58). Coloration (Figs 55–57):Yellowish brown without distinct pattern. DS with longitudinal fovea. DS with white hairs around eyes, along DS margins and around fovea, in central part with brown hairs. Sternum, coxae, legs, gnathocoxae and labium light yellow, the two latter with white distal half and lip, respectively. OS dorsally with longer light and brown hairs, ventrally only with light hairs, except for part in front of spinnerets and spinnerets partially with long dark hairs.</p> <p>Female. Unknown. The subadult female exhibits a pre-epigyne and pre-vulva that must not be confused with an epigyne and vulva of an adult female.</p> <p>Variation: Male (n=1): DS length 6.1. OS length 7.1. Spination: Palpal patella 002, tarsus 0000 (only with bristles, without spines); tibia I 3236, II 3236/2226. Chelicerae with 3 posterior teeth, with proximal two fused at their base.</p> <p>Holotype ♂ (PJ 2281): NAMIBIA: Karas: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.233334/lat -26.466667)">Kokerboom forest</a>, 26°28'S 18°14'E, 1127 m, E. Griffin leg., 16.x.1984, SD 1205 (SMN 42866).</p> <p>Paratype: 1♂ (PJ 2282), same data as holotype (SMF).</p> <p>Other material examined: 1 subadult ♀ (PJ 2283), same data as holotype, SD 1206 (SMN 42866).</p> <p>Distribution: Only known from the type locality (Fig. 120).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987A3ED57FFF0357BB480FCEB03A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jäger, Peter;Krehenwinkel, Henrik	Jäger, Peter, Krehenwinkel, Henrik (2015): May gen. n. (Araneae: Sparassidae): a unique lineage from southern Africa supported by morphological and molecular features. African Invertebrates 56 (2): 365, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0209, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0209
03F987A3ED52FFEF3555B27DFC8D0075.text	03F987A3ED52FFEF3555B27DFC8D0075.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	May rudy Jäger & Krehenwinkel 2015	<div><p>May rudy sp. n.</p> <p>Figs 64–77, 120</p> <p>Etymology: This new species is named for Rudy Jocqué, for his important and manifold contributions to arachnological research in Africa; moreover, he inspired many arachnologists through his (sometimes unconventional) thoughts and ideas; noun (name) in apposition.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Small Sparassidae with body length of 8.1 mm in males. Cymbium voluminous, much wider than tibia, leaving bulbus genitalis as small oval in the centre (Figs 64–65, 73–74). Embolus stout, sickle-shaped (Fig. 66). Female unknown.</p> <p>Description:</p> <p>Male (holotype, PJ 3537).</p> <p>DS length 3.7, width 3.2, anterior width 1.8, OS length 4.4., width 2.6. Eyes (Fig. 68): AME 0.31, ALE 0.29, PME 0.19, PLE 0.30,AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.00, PME– PME 0.32, PME–PLE 0.23, AME–PME 0.23, ALE–PLE 0.20, clypeus height at AME 0.30, at ALE 0.35. Spination: palp: 131, 001, 2111; legs: femur I 323, II 323(4), III 323, IV 322; patella I–II, III 001, IV 101; tibia I 2226, II 1126, III–IV 2226; metatarsus I–II 3034, III 3024, IV 3037. All metatarsi with sparse scopula; legs III and IV with double row of bristles along entire length, continued with high number of bristles on tarsus in leg IV. Tarsi with scopula well developed, tarsus III ventrally with 5 claw slit sensilla (sensu RamÍrez 2014) in distal transverse suture. Leg formula: 2431. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 5.9 (1.9, 0.9, 1.2, -, 1.9), leg I 19.7 (5.0, 2.0, 5.4, 5.1, 2.2), leg II 21.5 (5.4, 2.0, 6.1, 5.6, 2.4), leg III 20.2 (5.3, 1.9, 5.6, 5.3, 2.1), leg IV 21.1 (5.7, 1.7, 5.9, 5.5, 2.3). Cheliceral furrow without denticles; promargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth, retromargin with 3 separated teeth; with 2 bristles at fang base. Both gnathocoxae without serrula. Metatarsal stopper (sensu RamÍrez 2014) with median hook and lateral projections weakly developed, median hook slightly extending beyond lateral projections (Fig. 69). Palp as in diagnosis (Figs 64–67, 73–75): Cymbium distally with dense brush of strong bristles. Bulbus genitalis small, half the length or width of cymbium. Embolus arising at 12.30 o’clock from tegulum, distal part sickle-shaped, proximal part with dorsal extension, with spermophor opening subdistally on ventral side. Conductor arising at 12.30 o’clock from tegulum, prolaterodistad. Spermophor running prolaterally submarginally, on retrolateral side slightly S-shaped. RTA short, extending barely beyond the cymbial “shoulder”, with two distal tips, the inner small one sharply pointed and mediad, the outer larger, blunt. Prolateral tibial spines forming with additional long setae on tibia and cymbium one conspicuous row (Fig. 64), another row formed by long setae on ventral tibia (Fig. 65).</p> <p>Coloration (Figs 70–72): Yellowish brown without pattern. DS with longitudinal fovea; white hairs present along DS margins. Sternum, legs, gnathocoxae and labium pale yellowish, latter two with distal white half and lip, respectively. Opisthosoma dorsally with light and dark setae, heart patch without dark setae; ventrally light, epiandrous spigots in two patches; spinnerets ventrally and ventral area anterior of spinnerets with dark setae.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Holotype ♂ (PJ 3537): NAMIBIA: Erongo: E Brandberg, Copper Valley, 21°05''S 14°14'E, 496 m, ground at night, E. Griffin leg., 27.x.1999, SD 1209 (SMN 44496).</p> <p>Distribution: Only known from the type locality (Fig. 120).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987A3ED52FFEF3555B27DFC8D0075	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jäger, Peter;Krehenwinkel, Henrik	Jäger, Peter, Krehenwinkel, Henrik (2015): May gen. n. (Araneae: Sparassidae): a unique lineage from southern Africa supported by morphological and molecular features. African Invertebrates 56 (2): 365, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0209, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0209
03F987A3ED4DFFE4357AB013FCC90096.text	03F987A3ED4DFFE4357AB013FCC90096.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	May norm Jäger & Krehenwinkel 2015	<div><p>May norm sp. n.</p> <p>Figs 78–99</p> <p>Etymology: This new species is named for Norman (“Norm”) Platnick, New York, for his eminent contributions to arachnological research and especially for his work on the most-used tool in arachnology, the World Spider Catalog; noun (name) in apposition.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Small to medium-sized Sparassidae of the African clade with body length of 8.1–11.6 in females. Females may be recognised by two bow-shaped lateral margins of the atrium (Figs 78, 81) and one pair of spherical structures in the internal duct system (Figs 79, 82, 84). Male unknown.</p> <p>Description:</p> <p>Female (holotype, PJ 1851).</p> <p>DS length 3.9, width 3.3, anterior width 2.0, OS length 4.5, width 2.8. Eyes (Fig. 87): AME 0.32, ALE 0.40, PME 0.20, PLE 0.60, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.30, PME–PLE 0.29,AME–PME 0.34,ALE–PLE 0.21, clypeus height at AME 0.26, at ALE 0.31. Spination: palp: 131, 001, 0110, 0012; legs: femur I–III 323, IV 322; patella I 000, II–III 100, IV 101; tibia I 23(2)26, II–IV 2326; metatarsus I–III 3034, IV 3037. All metatarsi with moderately dense to sparse scopula, metatarsus IV ventrally with double row of bristles, continued with only few bristles in tarsus. Tarsus II ventrally with 6 claw slit sensilla (sensu RamÍrez 2014) in distal transverse suture. Leg formula: 3421. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 6.4 (1.9, 1.0, 1.4, -, 2.1), leg I 17.2 (4.9, 2.1, 4.6, 3.9, 1.7), leg II 18.7 (5.6, 2.2, 5.0, 4.1, 1.8), leg III 19.2 (5.5, 2.1, 4.8, 4.0, 1.8), leg IV 19.0 (6.0, 2.0, 5.0, 4.2, 1.8). Cheliceral furrow without denticles; promargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth, retromargin with 3 teeth (Fig. 88); with 1 bristle at fang base. Palpal claw with 10 teeth, claw of leg IV with 7 teeth.</p> <p>Palp with two rows of long setae on femur, tibia and tarsus forming a basket. Sternum with 3 pairs of doublets of slit sense sensilla, each doublet consisting of a larger and a smaller sensillum (cf. Fig. 86). Sternum ventrally and chelicerae frontally with long bristles. Gnathocoxae without serrula. Metatarsal stopper (sensu RamÍrez 2014) with lateral projections weakly developed, median hook well extending beyond lateral projections (Fig. 89).</p> <p>Copulatory organ as in diagnosis (Figs 78–85): Epigynal field almost as wide as long, anteriorly converging, without slit sensilla, with fusion bubbles on posterior part. Internal duct system with semi-circular guiding pockets leading to pair of spherical structures (spermathecae?) and glandular extensions situated posteriorly; fertilisation ducts arising anteriorly from these structures, antero-laterad. Both sides of the epigyne were covered with mating plugs.</p> <p>Coloration (Figs 94–99): Yellowish to reddish brown without distinct markings. White hairs around eyes, margin of prosoma, chelicerae and legs. DS with longitudinal fovea and slightly marked striae, centrally with dark setae, eye region with stiff bristles. OS with dark hairs especially anteriorly and around heart patch, otherwise with light short setae interspersed with dark setae. Spinnerets and ventral area in front of spinnerets with dark setae.</p> <p>Male. Unknown.</p> <p>Variation: Females (n= 5): DS length 3.8–5.6. OS length 4.3–6.0. Spination: Femur IV 322(1); patella I 101, II 101/000, III 100(1), IV 100. Palpal claw with 8 teeth. Tarsus II ventrally with 7 claw slit sensilla in distal transverse suture. Leg formula 4231 (n=3). One chelicerae of one female (PJ 3543) with 4 posterior teeth. Sternum with single additional slit sensillum in posterior part (Fig. 86). Epigynal field of two females exhibited no slit sensilla. In the epigyne of one female (PJ 3542) a mating plug was found only on the right side, in another female (PJ 3538) one mating plug stretched across the entire atrium, two more females showed two plugs, each on one side.</p> <p>Holotype ♀ (PJ 1851): NAMIBIA: Erongo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.22025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.4405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.22025/lat -21.4405)">Messum</a> crater, 21°26.430'S 14°13.215'E, 420 m, E. &amp; M. Griffin leg., 5.iv.2000 (SMN 44693).</p> <p>Paratypes: 1♀ (PJ 1852), same data as holotype (SMF); 1♀ (PJ 1853), same data as holotype (SMF); 1♀ (PJ 3538), same data as holotype, on ground at night, gravel plain, M. Griffin leg., SD 1211 (SMN 44723). 1♀ (PJ 3543), same data as holotype, on ground, at night, gravel plain, near rocky hillside, E. Griffin leg., 6.iv.2000 (SMN 44688).</p> <p>Other material examined: NAMIBIA: Kunene: 1♀ (PJ 3542), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.265533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.006783" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.265533/lat -20.006783)">Skeleton Coast Park</a>, 20°00.407'S 13°15.932'E [310 m], on ground at night, M. Griffin leg., 21.vi.2000 (SMN 44700). Erongo: 3 juveniles, Damaraland, Brandberg, 21°26.430'S 14°13.215'E, M. Griffin leg., iv.1986 (SMN 44415).</p> <p>Distribution: Known from three localities in northern Namibia (Kunene, Erongo regions) (Fig. 120).</p> <p>Biology:According to information on the labels, spiders are nocturnal and active on the ground. Similarly to M. bruno sp. n., females of M. norm sp. n. exhibited scars, which may be an indicator that males bite the females during courtship. In the holotype female six such scars were located dorsally on right tibia II, one large scar ventro-proximally on the left palpal tibia, in the female paratype (PJ 3542) one scar each was located on left femur I prolaterally and on left coxa IV ventrally. One female (PJ 3538) had no scars, but a mating plug.</p> <p>Note: Since this new species occurs in the same geographical range as the previous one and is only known from the female sex, whereas M. rudy sp. n. is described from the male sex only, both forms could be theoretically considered conspecific. However, considerable somatic differences, like the distinctly larger PLE, the considerably darker coloration with a higher number of dark setae, the (relatively and absolutely) much longer lateral spines on metatarsus IV, and the presence of a dense scopula on tarsus IV, with only few ventral bristles in M. norm sp. n., suggest that both forms in fact represent different species. Such strong differences between sexes of one species are not known from other Sparassidae nor from May bruno sp. n.</p> <p>MOLECULAR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</p> <p>We analysed sequences from 124 Sparassidae specimens in 19 genera. However, many of these sequences were not unique. After pruning, 63 unique sequences in 19 genera remained. In addition, we included three sequences of May bruno gen. n. sp. n. Due to DNA degradation, we could not sequence other species of that genus. The intergeneric distances range from 0.26 % (Palystella vs. Carparachne) to 3.78 % (Heteropoda Latreille, 1804 vs. Leucorchestris). Within genera, we find an average distance of 0.68 % and a range from 0.13 % (Arandisa) to 1.37 % (Pandercetes L. Koch, 1875) (Supplementary Tables 1 &amp; 2). Intrageneric and intergeneric distances are significantly different (ANOVA, F =26.78, Games-Howell posthoc test, p &lt;0.01). Nevertheless, the distributional tail of the intergeneric distance overlaps with the intrageneric distance. A simple distance measure or divergence cut-off thus does not allow us to distinguish between recently diverged genera and long separated congeneric species. Still, genetic distance emerges as a useful addition to morphological traits in supporting taxonomic hypotheses.</p> <p>May gen. n. shows an average distance of 2.73 % compared to all other Sparassidae genera. The distances range from 1.74 % (May vs. Arandisa) to 4.60% (May vs. Heteropoda). The divergence between May bruno sp. n. and other Sparassidae genera</p> <p>SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1 Average intergeneric distances (in percent) between Sparassidae genera used in this analysis.</p> <p>Het Psp Pal Par Leu May Ceb Psm Pan Rem Ind Pan Ara Paa Car Cer Dam Oli Sin</p> <p>Heteropoda Het *</p> <p>Pseudopoda Psp Palystes Pal Parapalystes Par Leucochestris Leu May May Cebrennus Ceb Pseudomicrommata Psm Pandercetes Pan Remmius Rem gen. indet. Ind Panaretella Pan Arandisa Ara Palystella Paa Carparachne Car Cerbalus Cer Damastes Dam Olios Oli Sinopoda Sin is significantly higher than the average intergeneric distance (ANOVA, Games-Howell posthoc test, p &lt;0.01) (Fig. 121). The distance analysis for May has to be treated cautiously. As we rely on a single species to derive our measures, we artificially inflate the divergence of May and other genera.</p> <p>*</p> <p>SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 2</p> <p>Average intrageneric distances (in percent) within Sparassidae genera used in this analysis.</p> <p>May bruno sp. n. clusters with other African genera of the family in our phylogeny. Members of the “African clade” (sensu Moradmand et al. 2014) are among the least</p> <p>Suppl. Fig. 1. Midpoint rooted phylogenetic tree for 850 bp of the 28SrDNA of 19 Sparassidae genera. Subfamilies and similar entities are indicated by labelled brackets to the right. Bootstrap values below 50 not shown.</p> <p>distant from May gen. n. However, due to low support values the exact placement of the new genus within African Sparassidae cannot currently be resolved.A comparably large branch length separating it from other lineages indicates a long and unique evolutionary history of the genus (Supplementary Fig. 1). Overall, the molecular data supports our morphological analysis very well, suggesting that May gen. n. is a distinct genus. However, with only 19 out of 84 described genera included (World Spider Catalog 2015) our analysis is far from being exhaustive. The sequence data are deposited in the Dryad Digital Repository (Jäger &amp; Krehenwinkel 2015).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987A3ED4DFFE4357AB013FCC90096	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jäger, Peter;Krehenwinkel, Henrik	Jäger, Peter, Krehenwinkel, Henrik (2015): May gen. n. (Araneae: Sparassidae): a unique lineage from southern Africa supported by morphological and molecular features. African Invertebrates 56 (2): 365, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0209, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0209
