taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F987F6FFFAFFB8FC210CA53629F8A3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Zatavua griswoldi, new species. Etymology. Named for Zatavu, a great magician in Malagasy mythology who created himself and was therefore allowed to marry a goddess. Gender feminine. Note. Millot (1946) described several species belonging to this genus (under Spermophora). Unfortunately, most of the material studied by him has not been available to me (it could not be found at the MNHN in Paris; C. Rollard, pers. comm.). Therefore, the diagnosis and description given below may not perfectly cover all the species included. Nevertheless, judging by Millot’s excellent illustrations, some of his species seem very closely related to some of the species newly described herein (see Specific Relationships below), so the diagnosis and description may in fact be tolerably accurate. Diagnosis. Long-legged, six-eyed pholcids with globular or elongate opisthosoma and variable size (total length ~ 2 – 8 mm). Distinguished from Paramicromerys and other six-eyed genera by the lateral cheliceral apophyses pointing backwards (Figs 62, 84, 86 and 98), the presence of a retrolateral notch on the cymbium (Figs 34, 48 and 57), and by the shift of the tibia-tarsus joints, resulting in a dorsal position of the retrolateral joint and in a ventral position of the prolateral joint (Figs 29, 30, 33 and 34, etc.; two latter characters missing in Z. kely, mahafaly). Distinguished from Paramicromerys also by the closeness of the triads (e. g. Fig. 67; PME-PME <180 % of PME diameter, vs.> 230 % in Paramicromerys), and by the presence of several spigots on the ALS in addition to the basic set of two (Figs 39, 40, 46, 74, 75 and 77). Description. Total length in males usually ~ 3 – 5 mm; only Z. zanahary and punctata (Millot) up to 8 mm, Z. kely only ~ 1.5 mm. Carapace oval or round, with or without thoracic groove, often with dark pattern that may be distinctive (Figs 1 – 18). Six eyes in two triads, on moderately elevated ocular area; no trace of AME. Distance PME-ALE small (~ 20 – 40 % of PME diameter), distance PME-PME also small (~ 90 – 180 % of PME diameter). Clypeus in some species with paired unsclerotized projections at rim. Male chelicerae with pair of lateral apophyses pointing backwards (Figs 62, 84, 86 and 98), and frontal apophyses variable in position and shape; never with modified hairs, never with stridulatory ridges. Male palps moderately large in relation to overall size; coxa and trochanter without retrolateral apophyses, femur usually cylindrical, sometimes with small ventral apophysis proximally; tibia moderately to highly expanded, with two trichobothria; tibia-cymbium joints distinctively shifted (resulting in dorsal position of retrolateral joint and ventral position of prolateral joint); cymbium with distinctive notch on retrolateral side (Figs 34, 48 and 57); procursus usually complex but never with hinged process; with capsulate tarsal organ (Fig. 73), often in very distal position (Figs 30, 33, 47, 52, 56, 61 and 78); bulb consisting of proximal globular part and embolus that is partly sclerotized and often provided with sclerotized spine. Legs usually long (leg 1 about 8 – 11 ¥ body length; in Z. kely only 6 ¥), medium-thin (tibia 1 L / d ~ 40 – 90), leg 1 always longest, legs 2 and 4 about same length, leg 3 shortest. Legs usually without spines, with few vertical hairs, without curved hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 usually at 5 – 15 %, in Z. kely at 27 %. Prolateral trichobothrium missing on tibiae 1, present in all others. Tarsus 1 with over 20 pseudosegments, but only ~ 10 – 20 distal pseudosegments easily visible in dissecting microscope. Opisthosoma either globular or elongate, often with posterior elongation over spinnerets (Figs 4, 14 and 16). Male gonopore with four epiandrous spigots in all species examined (Z. zanahary, griswoldi, voahangyae; Figs 41 and 66); ALS with several spigots in addition to basic set of two (examined: Z. griswoldi, vohiparara, voahangyae, isalo, kely; Figs 39, 40, 46, 74, 75 and 77); other spinnerets typical for family (e. g. Fig. 38; cf. Huber, 2000). Sexual dimorphism slight. In some species females with median conical elevation posteriorly on carapace; corresponding side of opisthosoma not visibly modified. Epigynum shape very variable, often with pair of pockets, in Z. vohiparara with short scape (Fig. 45); internally with pair of relatively large pore plates and complex system of sclerites and membranes of unknown function. Monophyly. The monophyly of this genus is supported by the following three synapomorphies: the backward facing lateral cheliceral apophyses (shared by all species included), the shift of the tibia-cymbium joints, and the notch on the cymbium (the latter two characters are not shared by Z. kely and Z. mahafaly). Generic relationships. As discussed above, Zatavua is here considered the sister taxon of all other pholcines. The presence of lateral apophyses on the male chelicerae places the genus within the subfamily, but the genus lacks the retrolateral trochanter apophysis characteristic of other pholcines. Specific relationships. Several synapomorphies support species groups within Zatavua. A core group of species is characterized by the presence of a conical elevation on the female carapace [Z. griswoldi, tamatave, vohiparara, maybe including andrei (Millot) and ankaranae (Millot)]. This group shares with Z. analalava the projections on the male clypeus. The resulting group shares with several further species [Z. zanahary, punctata (Millot), voahangyae, talatakely, probably impudica (Millot)] the distal position of the male palpal tarsal organ. Within this latter group, Z. zanahary and punctata share their unusual size and the unique pattern on the carapace (Fig. 9). All species listed so far share with Z. isalo and madagascariensis (Fage) the shift of the tibia-cymbium joints and the notch on the cymbium. The latter two species have almost identical palps (not coded) and are therefore seen as closely related. Zatavua fagei (Millot) is only known from the female, but was collected near the type locality of Z. madagascariensis (Fage) and is either a junior synonym or a closely related species. Finally, Z. mahafaly and kely are very unusual in several aspects, but share with all other species the backward facing lateral cheliceral apophyses on the male chelicerae. Of these, Z. kely might be close to imerinensis (Millot), judging by the similar shapes of the palps. Natural history. No species has ever been studied in any detail, and little can be inferred from notes on the collection labels. Several species have been collected in caves [Z. andrei, ankaranae, impudica, madagascariensis (Fage), mahafaly], two more were classified as ‘ semi-cavernicole’ by Millot (1946) (Z. fagei, punctata), and one as ‘ semi-domestique’ (Z. imerinensis). All new species described below (except Z. mahafaly) were apparently collected in forests. Zatavua vohiparara was collected on Pandanus, an undescribed species from the AMNH was collected by beating vegetation. Distribution. Known from Madagascar only. The genus is widely distributed in Madagascar (Map 1), and probably covered most of the island before human destruction of a large part of the primary vegetation. As in Paramicromerys, no species has been collected at two localities more than a few kilometres apart. A possible exception is Z. punctata (Millot), which has been recorded from the Antonibe Peninsula and on Nosy- Komba Island (about 200 km apart), but the latter record is based on a female and a juvenile specimen and should be checked. Composition. The genus includes a total of 17 described species. Of these, six were described by Millot (1946), and are not treated below (Z. andrei, ankaranae, fagei, imerinensis, impudica, punctata). The remaining 11 species [10 new species and Z. madagascariensis (Fage)], are (re) described below. The collections studied contain four additional new species that are not described due to their poor state of preservation. Considering the facts that (1) most or all species seem to have small distributional ranges, and that (2) all areas that were subjected to intense collecting yielded between one and three species, it seems reasonable to expect several dozen additional species not yet discovered. ZATAVUA GRISWOLDI, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 1, 2, 19, 29 – 32, 38 – 44) Type. Male holotype from Marojejy Res., 8.4 km NNW Manantenina (14 ∞ 26 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 45 ¢ E), 700 m a. s. l., Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 10 – 16, 1993 (C. E. Griswold, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for the first collector, Charles Griswold from the California Academy of Sciences, who kindly made his superb collection of Malagasy pholcids available to me. Diagnosis. Medium size species with elongated opisthosoma, distinguished from known congeners by the shape of procursus and embolus (Figs 29, 30: overall shape and several unnamed details), and by the shape of the epigynum (Figs 19 and 31). The AMNH has a male from a nearby locality (10.5 km NW Manantenina) that differs slightly by having a shorter procursus and more profoundly by the shape of the embolus. The MRAC has a further close relative from	en	Huber, Bernhard A. (2003): Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (2): 261-318, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x
03F987F6FFEBFFABFF330B8A34A8F8A3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Very closely related to Z. isalo, with almost identical palps (cf. Figs 81 and 82), but with male cheliceral apophyses and pockets on epigynum less widely spread. This species might be a senior synonym of Z. fagei (Millot), which was collected by the same collector but not within the cave of Andoharano but apparently outside (‘ région de la grotte d’Andoharano’, Millot, 1946). Male (syntype). Total length 2.8, carapace width 1.4. Legs 1 and 2 missing (leg 1 according to original description 2.8 cm [mm was a lapsus!]), tibia 3: 3.3, tibia 4: 5.0. Habitus as in Z. isalo (cf. Figs 11 and 12). Carapace pale ochre-yellow with pair of slightly darker marks parallel to lateral margins; sternum whitish with heart-shaped ochre yellow mark; legs pale ochre-yellow, with slightly darker rings on femora and tibiae (subdistally) and in patella area; opisthosoma monochromous grey. Ocular area elevated and clearly separated from carapace; distance PME-PME 100 Mm; diameter PME 100 Mm; distance PME-ALE 30 Mm. Thoracic furrow distinct but shallow. Sternum wider than long (0.88 / 0.72). Clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae as in Figures 85 and 86, without modified hairs on tips of apophyses; distance between tips of apophyses 0.45. Palps as in Z. isalo, but flat cuticular flap retrolaterally on procursus (‘ f’ in Fig. 82) narrower in present species. Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs (most hairs missing, however). Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in a syntype: 7.3. Epigynum as in Figures 25 and 89; distance between pockets 0.34. Dorsal view as in Fig. 90. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 1). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Toliara: Manombo valley: types above. ZATAVUA MAHAFALY, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 5, 6, 27, 91 – 95) Type. Male holotype from near Eloetse, by Lac Tsimanampetsoa (24 ∞ 10 ¢ S, 43 ∞ 45 ¢ E), Mahafaly, Toliara, Madagascar; September 15 – 16, 1992 (V. & B. Roth), in back of shelter cave, shaded to dark; in CAS. Etymology. Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Large species with globular opisthosoma, easily distinguished from known congeners by the widely spread male cheliceral apophyses (Fig. 93), the globular male palpal tibia (Figs 91 and 92), the massive curved procursus (Fig. 92), and the wide epigynum (Fig. 27). Male (holotype). Total length 4.8, carapace width 2.1. Leg 1: 50.2 (13.5 + 0.8 + 14.0 + 20.2 + 1.7), tibia 2: 9.5, tibia 3: 6.5, tibia 4: 8.5; tibia 1 L / d: 78. Habitus as in Figures 5 and 6. Carapace pale ochre with light brown mark posteriorly; sternum pale ochre with dark margin. Legs ochre to light brown, patella area darker. Opisthosoma pale ochre. Ocular area slightly elevated, not clearly separated from carapace; distance PME-PME 150 Mm; diameter PME 110 Mm; distance PME-ALE 40 Mm. Thoracic furrow absent, only shallow indentation behind ocular area. Clypeus not modified. Sternum wider than long (1.3 / 1.0). Chelicerae as in Figure 93, proximal apophyses directed backwards as in Z. voahangyae (cf. Fig. 62), distal apophyses widely spread, with sclerotized teeth at tip, without modified hairs; distance between outer tips of apophyses 1.95. Palps as in Figures 91 and 92, trochanter with small sclerotized hump ventrally, femur with distinct hump proximo-ventrally, tibia almost globular, procursus massive with complex tip. Embolus (‘ e’ in Fig. 91) partly sclerotized, with subdistal conical projection but without spine. Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 5 %; tarsus 1 with> 10 very indistinct pseudosegments. Female. In general similar to male, but sternum with light brown marks. Tibia 1: 11.5, tibia 2: 7.3, tibia 3: 5.5, tibia 4: 7.3. Epigynum as in Figures 27 and 94; at lateral extremes with sclerotized ridges (‘ r’ in Fig. 94; distance between ridges 1.62). Dorsal view as in Fig. 95. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 1). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Toliara: Mahafaly: type above, together with 1 ♀, same data. ZATAVUA KELY, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 28, 96 – 101) Type. Male holotype from English Camp (12 ∞ 54 ¢ 34 ≤ S, 49 ∞ 06 ¢ 36 ≤ E), Antsiranana, Madagascar; August 20 – 26, 1992 (V. & B. Roth); in CAS. Etymology. ‘ Kely’ is Malagasy for small and refers to the size of this species. The word is here used as noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Small species with globular opisthosoma, easily distinguished from known congeners by the widely spread male cheliceral apophyses (Fig. 99; Z. mahafaly has similar chelicerae but is much larger), the simple spine-like procursus (‘ pr’ in Fig. 97), and the epigynum with lateral sclerotized structures (‘ r’ in Fig. 101; receptacles?) shining through cuticle (Fig. 28). Male (holotype). Total length 1.3, carapace width 0.6. Leg 1: 7.7 (2.0 + 0.2 + 2.2 + 2.6 + 0.7), tibia 2: 1.2, tibia 3: 0.8, tibia 4: 1.5; tibia 1 L / d: 37. Habitus similar to Z. isalo (cf. Figs 11 and 12). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow. Opisthosoma ochre-grey, with slightly darker spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area slightly elevated, not clearly separated from carapace; distance PME- PME 50 Mm; diameter PME 50 Mm; distance PME-ALE 20 Mm. Thoracic furrow present, but shallow and indistinct. Clypeus not modified. Sternum wider than long (0.44 / 0.32). Chelicerae as in Figures 98 and 99, distal apophyses widely spread, without modified hairs but striated cuticle at tips of apophyses; distance between tips of apophyses 0.45. Palps as in Figures 96 and 97; trochanter with small conical projection ventrally, procursus very simple, ending in sclerotized spine that is hidden in fold of embolus (‘ e’ in Fig. 97). Embolus mostly sclerotized, with curved terminal apophysis (‘ a’ in Fig. 96); sperm duct apparently opens at basis of apophysis. Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 not seen; tarsus 1 with> 10 pseudosegments (only distally fairly distinct). Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1: 1.8 in both females seen. Epigynum as in Fig. 28, protruding; with pair of lateral pockets (‘ p’ in Fig. 101) and oval structures that shine through cuticle (Figs 28 and 100). Distance between pockets 0.35. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 1). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: English Camp: type above, together with 2 ♀ and some juveniles, same data.	en	Huber, Bernhard A. (2003): Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (2): 261-318, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x
03F987F6FFEEFFA4FC640BAF3001F9DC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Long-legged, six-eyed pholcids of medium size (total length ~ 1.5 – 4 mm), with oval or slightly elongate opisthosoma. Distinguished from Zatavua by lateral cheliceral apophyses not pointing backwards (Figs 136, 179, 193 and 201), absence of notch on cymbium, wide distance between eye triads (PME- PME> 230 % of PME diameter, vs. <180 % in Zatavua) and by reduction of spigots on ALS to basic set of two (Figs 148, 149, 160 and 188). Distinguished from other related genera by shift of tibia-tarsus joints, resulting in dorsal position of prolateral joint and ventral position of retrolateral joint (Figs 135, 155, 169, 178, 192, 199 and 205). Description. Total length in males about 1.5 – 3.5 mm. Carapace oval or roundish, thoracic groove present but often very shallow and restricted to frontal half, often with dark pattern that may be distinctive for species. Six eyes in two triads, on moderately elevated ocular area. Distance PME-ALE small (~ 30 – 50 % of PME diameter), distance PME-PME large (~ 230 – 500 % of PME diameter); no trace of AME. Clypeus never modified. Male chelicerae with pair of simple lateral apophyses and frontal apophyses in variable position and shape; the latter in some species with modified hairs imbedded in tips (P. nampoinai, manantenina; Figs 189, 190 and 195). Male palps small to very large in relation to overall size (compare Figs 109 and 113); coxa without apophysis, in some species with ventral hump; trochanter complex, with several sclerotized apophyses; femur very short, in some species with dorso-distal apophysis (arrows in Figs 178, 192 and 199); patella triangular in lateral view; tibia cylindrical, not highly expanded, with two trichobothria; tibia-cymbium joints distinctively shifted, resulting in dorsal position of prolateral joint and ventral position of retrolateral joint (Figs 135, 155, 169, 178, 192, 199 and 205); procursus usually complex, with cup-shaped tarsal organ (e. g. Figs 145, 150 and 165), in proximal position (e. g. Figs 135 and 174), with hinged process prolatero-ventrally (‘ hp’ in Figs 154, 168 and 209); bulb consisting of proximal globular part and membranous embolus that is sometimes provided with distal transparent spine. Legs usually long (leg 1 about 10 – 13 ¥ body length), medium-thin (tibia 1 L / d ~ 50 – 90), leg 1 always longest, legs 2 and 4 about same length, leg 3 shortest. Legs sometimes with macrosetae ventrally on femora (only femora 1, rarely also 2), with few vertical hairs, without curved hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7 – 12 %. Prolateral trichobothrium missing on tibiae 1, present in all others. Tarsus 1 with over 20 pseudosegments, but only ~ 10 – 20 distal pseudosegments easily visible in dissecting microscope. Opisthosoma either oval or slightly elongate, rarely with slight posterior elongation over spinnerets (Figs 105 and 107). Male gonopore with four epiandrous spigots in all species examined (P. betsileo, coddingtoni, manantenina; Figs 146, 162 and 186); ALS with only basic set of two spigots (examined: P. betsileo, coddingtoni, ralamboi, manantenina, nampoinai, scharffi, rothorum, marojejy, rabeariveloi; Figs 148, 149, 160 and 188); other spinnerets typical for family (Fig. 147; cf. Huber, 2000). Sexual dimorphism slight. Colour pattern often more variable in females than in males. Female legs never with spines. Epigynum shape very variable (Figs 122 – 130), often with pair of pockets. Monophyly. The synapomorphy supporting this genus is the shift of the tibia-cymbium joints (see Description above). Generic relationships. As discussed above, the sister group of Paramicromerys is not resolved in any of the 12 most parsimonious cladograms obtained. Instead, Paramicromerys is part of a polytomy that always includes East African ‘ Spermophora ’, along with either Spermophorides or Metagonia and Micromerys (Appendix 5). All these genera share a hinged process on the procursus that is here interpreted as homologous, and the reduction of the spigots on the ALS to the basic set of two. Specific relationships. A close relationship between P. nampoinai and manantenina is supported by several synapomorphies: modified hairs on the tips of the cheliceral apophyses, short side branch on embolus, sclerotized cone-shaped structure proximally on procursus (Figs 178 and 192) that carries the tarsal organ (Fig. 187). Both species share with P. scharffi a proximo-dorsal apophysis on the male palpal femur (arrows in Figs 178, 192 and 199). A second speciesgroup is characterized by a transparent spine distally on the embolus [P. coddingtoni and the putatively close relatives combesi (Millot), ralamboi, quinteri, mahira], but this might be a plesiomorphy. Both species groups share the spines ventrally on the frontal male femora [unknown in P. quinteri, mahira, and combesi (Millot)]. The type species P. madagascariensis (Simon) and P. betsileo have almost identical palps (compare Figs 131 and 135) and are therefore considered closely related. The other species included (P. rothorum, marojejy, rabeariveloi) all share the shift of the tibia-cymbium joints, but their exact position is unclear. Finally, P. megaceros (Millot) is tentatively assigned to Paramicromerys because it shares the wide distance between the eye triads and the simple lateral cheliceral apophyses, but it may be misplaced. Natural history. No species has ever been studied in any detail, and little can be inferred from notes on the collection labels. In contrast to Zatavua, only one known species is cavernicole [the tentatively assigned P. megaceros (Millot)]. Paramicromerys betsileo has been collected abundantly on low foliage and saplings, by fogging of dead leaves on fallen trees, on roadside vegetation, and by beating low vegetation (often together with ‘ Spermophora’ ranomafana n. sp.). Distribution. Known from Madagascar only. Most records are from just three localities (Map 2), but the high diversity at each of these localities suggests that the genus has a much wider distribution. No species has been collected at two localities more than a few kilometres apart. This is especially striking in the north, where two locations less than 200 km apart (Montagne d’Ambre and Marojejy Reserve) yielded four and five species, respectively (one species from Marojejy is not described herein), with no overlap. Composition. The genus includes a total of 14 described species. Of these, two were described by Millot (1946), and are not treated below (P. combesi, megaceros). The remaining 12 species [11 new species and P. madagascariensis (Simon)], are described Map 2. Known distribution of Paramicromerys and of Malagasy ‘ Spermophora ’ species. below. The collections studied contain three additional new species that are not described due to their poor state of preservation. Considering the facts that (1) most or all species seem to have small distributional ranges (see above) and that (2) all areas that were subjected to intense collecting yielded between four and five species, it seems reasonable to expect several dozen additional species not yet discovered.	en	Huber, Bernhard A. (2003): Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (2): 261-318, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x
03F987F6FFE1FFA7FCCA0B663795FCF3.taxon	description	(FIGS 131, 132)	en	Huber, Bernhard A. (2003): Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (2): 261-318, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x
03F987F6FFE1FFA7FCCA0B663795FCF3.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Male holotype from unspecified locality in Madagascar; collector and collection date unknown, in MNHN (9277; AR 10501). Diagnosis. Very closely related to P. betsileo, with almost identical palps (compare Figs 131 and 135), but with male cheliceral apophyses much closer together (compare Figs 132 and 133). Male (holotype). Total length ~ 1.6 (deformed), carapace width ~ 0.7. Femur 1: 5.6, other segments and legs missing. Habitus and prosoma shape apparently as in P. betsileo (cf. Figs 102 and 103). Carapace ochre with black margin; sternum ochre; opisthosoma grey with dark spots dorsally. Ocular area deformed. Chelicerae as in Fig. 132, without modified hairs on tips of apophyses; distance between tips of apophyses 55 Mm. Palps as in Fig. 131, differing from P. betsileo primarily by the shapes of the trochanter apophyses (arrows in Fig. 131). Female. Unknown. Distribution. Unknown. Material examined. MADAGASCAR: type above.	en	Huber, Bernhard A. (2003): Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (2): 261-318, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x
03F987F6FFE2FF96FF390E7F3480FC0A.taxon	description	(FIGS 102, 103, 122, 133 – 153) Type. Male holotype from Vohiparara (21 ∞ 14 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 24 ¢ E), 900 m a. s. l., Ranomafana National Park, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar; December 5 – 7, 1993 (N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. E. Griswold, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for the Betsileo, one of the major tribes in Madagascar. The species name is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Closely related to the type species P. madagascariensis, with almost identical palps, distinguished by the more widely spread male cheliceral apophyses (compare Figs 132 and 133). The MCZ has another close relative from the ‘ eastern highlands’, differing primarily by details of the dorso-distal element of the procursus (‘ d’ in Fig. 134; MCZ 34057). Male (holotype). Total length 1.8, carapace width 0.76. Leg 1: 21.9 (5.5 + 0.3 + 5.3 + 8.3 + 2.5), tibia 2: 3.1, tibia 3: 2.2, tibia 4: 2.8; tibia 1 L / d: 83. Habitus as in Figures 102 and 103. Carapace ochre-yellow with blackish margin; sternum blackish except laterally. Legs ochre-yellow with dark rings on femora and tibiae (subdistally). Opisthosoma ochre-grey, with blackish spots posteriorly and light grey spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area distinctly separated from carapace, with each triad on additional elevation; distance PME-PME 260 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; distance PME-ALE 30 Mm. Thoracic furrow indistinct, only frontally slightly indented dark line. Sternum wider than long (0.56 / 0.46). Chelicerae as in Figures 133, 136 and 141, tips of apophyses without modified hairs (Fig. 140), distance between tips of apophyses 215 Mm. Palps as in Figures 134 and 135, trochanter with three apophyses, one prolateral, one ventral pointing in retrolateral direction, and one retrolateral (‘ p’, ‘ v’, and ‘ r’ in Fig. 142); procursus with distinctive dorsodistal element (‘ d’ in Fig. 134). Embolus simple membranous tube (‘ e’ in Fig. 134). Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs (most hairs missing in holotype, but present in other specimens); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10 %; tarsus 1 with> 20 pseudosegments (distally about 20 very distinct). Epiandrous spigots and ALS spigots as in Figures 146 and 148. Variation. Tibia 1 in 20 other males 4.8 – 5.8 (x = 5.34). Some males have more dark spots dorsally on the opisthosoma. Female. In general similar to male, but femora proximally with dorso-frontal blackish pigment; distal palpal segments black; with significantly more variation in pattern on opisthosoma. Some females with several black spots parallel to marginal lines on carapace. Tibia 1 in 27 females: 3.6 – 4.8 (x = 4.06). Epigynum as in Figures 122, 137 and 153, with pair of transparent prominences and pockets about 215 Mm apart (Figs 137 and 153). Dorsal view as in Figure 138. Spinnerets and ALS spigots as in Figures 147 and 149. Distribution. Known only from the Ranomafana National Park area (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa: Ranomafana N. P. Vohiparara: type above together with 2 ♂ 6 ♀, same collection data. Vohiparara: Piste Touristique (21 ∞ 13.6 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 24.0 ¢ E), c. 1000 m a. s. l., April 12 – 23, 1998 (C. E. Griswold, D. H. Kavanaugh, N. P. Penny, M. J. Raherilalao, J. S. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick), 7 ♂ 11 ♀ in CAS. Vohiparara village (21 ∞ 12.8 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 23.0 ¢ E), April 10 – 11, 1998 (same collectors), 3 ♀ in CAS. Ranomafana N. P., roadside vegetation near park entrance, c. 21 ∞ 14.3 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 26.0 ¢ E, c. 800 m a. s. l., April 22, 1998 (same collectors), 3 ♂ 3 ♀ in CAS. Ranomafana N. P. Talatakely (21 ∞ 14.9 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 25.6 ¢ E), April 5 – 30, 1998 (same collectors) 4 ♂ 1 ♀ in CAS. Talatakely at 21 ∞ 15 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 26 ¢ E, 915 – 1000 m a. s. l., October 30 – November 20, 1998 (V. F. Lee & K. J. Ribardo), 1 ♀ in CAS. Talatakely at 21 ∞ 15 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 25 ¢ E, 900 m a. s. l., December 5 – 7, 1993 (N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. E. Griswold, R. Andriamasimanana), 2 ♂ 4 ♀ in CAS. Vatoharanana (21 ∞ 16.7 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 26.1 ¢ E), primary forest, c. 1200 m a. s. l., April 15, 1998 (C. E. Griswold, D. H. Kavanaugh, N. P. Penny, M. J. Raherilalao, J. S. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick) 1 ♂ 1 ♀ in CAS. Ranomafana N. P. at 21 ∞ 12 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 27 ¢ E, forest, from foliage, April 1992 (V. & B. Roth, S. Kariko), 1 ♂ in CAS. 7 km W Ranomafana at 21 ∞ 16 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 25 ¢ E, 900 m a. s. l., on low foliage and saplings, montane rainforest, September 5, 1993 (W. Steiner), 3 ♀ in USNM. 7 km W Ranomafana at 21 ∞ 12 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 27 ¢ E, 900 m a. s. l., March 1 – 13, 1990 (W. E. Steiner), 3 ♂ in USNM. 7 km W Ranomafana at 21 ∞ 12 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 27 ¢ E, 1100 m a. s. l., November 1 – 7, 1998 (W. E. Steiner), 2 ♂ 1 ♀ in USNM; same locality, Pyrethrin fogging of dead leaves on fallen tree, montane rainforest, October 8 – 21, 1988 (W. E. Steiner) 1 ♂ in USNM; same locality at 1000 m a. s. l., Pyrethrin fogging of treefall and vine tangle, montane rainforest, March 1 – 7, 1990 (W. E. Steiner), 1 ♂ in USNM. Valohoaka camp 8 km SW Ranomafana (21 ∞ 19 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 24 ¢ E), 1040 m a. s. l., beating low vegetation and dead leaf masses, montane rainforest, September 9, 1993 (W. Steiner), 1 ♂ 5 ♀ in USNM. Ranomafana N. P. at 21 ∞ S, 47 ∞ 30 ¢ E, April – May 1992 (S. Kariko, V. & B. Roth), 3 ♂ 2 ♀ in MCZ (33990, 33951, part of 33989). PARAMICROMERYS CODDINGTONI, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 110, 111, 123, 154 – 167) Type. Male holotype from Montagne d’Ambre, 2.79 air km NE of park entrance (12 ∞ 32 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 10 ¢ E), ~ 1000 m a. s. l., forest, Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 21 – 30, 1993 (J. Coddington, C. E. Griswold, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for the first collector, Jonathan Coddington from the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Diagnosis. Dark patterned species with oval opisthosoma (Fig. 110), with similar palps as P. ralamboi, but very different colour pattern; distinguished from this and other known congeners also by the shape of procursus (Fig. 155: distal elements) and epigynum (Fig. 157). Male (holotype). Total length 1.6, carapace width 0.7. Leg 1: 15.6 (3.9 + 0.3 + 4.0 + 5.6 + 1.8), tibia 2: 2.3, tibia 3: 1.7, tibia 4: 2.3; tibia 1 L / d: 67. Habitus as in Figures 110 and 111. Carapace ochre with dark brown pattern, sternum brown, lighter frontally medially. Legs ochre-yellow, with dark rings subdistally on femora and tibiae. Opisthosoma grey with large spots shining through cuticle and dark pattern on surface; ventrally posteriorly as in female (cf. Fig. 123), frontally central dark spot and transversal band, genital area large spot. Ocular area distinctly separated from carapace, triads on additional elevations; distance PME-PME 220 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; distance PME-ALE 30 Mm. Thoracic furrow deep and distinct. Sternum wider than long (0.56 / 0.40). Chelicerae as in Figure 156, without modified hairs on tips of apophyses (Fig. 159); distance between tips of apophyses 30 Mm. Palps as in Figures 154 and 155, trochanter with two prolateral apophyses (large one pointing in retrolateral direction), and two small retrolateral apophyses (Fig. 163); procursus as in Figures 154, 155 and 164, with small sclerotized cone proximally, distinct hinged process and additional distal structure that also appears hinged (arrow in Fig. 164); embolus simple (‘ e’ in Fig. 155), with transparent distal spine. Legs with about 20 spines distally on femora 1 ventrally in single row, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 11 %; tarsus 1 with numerous pseudosegments, but only distally about 10 fairly distinct (Fig. 166). Variation. Tibia 1 in 10 other males: 3.6 – 4.2 (x = 3.88). Dark rings on legs sometimes missing or very indistinct. Female. In general similar to male, but legs without spines; tibia 1 in 14 females: 2.8 – 3.2 (x = 3.03). Epigynum large brown plate (Fig. 123), with pockets almost touching medially (Figs 157 and 161); with narrow posterior plate (‘ p’ in Fig. 161). Dorsal view as in Figure 158. ALS and PMS as in Figure 160. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Montagne d’Ambre: type above, together with 10 ♂ 16 ♀, same collection data, in CAS; and 1 ♂ in separate vial, same collection data, in CAS. PARAMICROMERYS RALAMBOI, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 116, 117, 126, 168 – 172) Type. Male holotype from Montagne d’Ambre, 2.79 air km NE of park entrance (12 ∞ 32 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 10 ¢ E), ~ 1000 m a. s. l., forest, Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 21 – 30, 1993 (J. Coddington, C. E. Griswold, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for Emile Ralambo (1879 – 1963), outstanding Malagasy artist, representative of the national romanticism. Diagnosis. Light species with oval opisthosoma, with similar palps as P. coddingtoni, but very different colour pattern (compare Figs 110 and 116); distinguished from this and other known congeners also by the shape of procursus (distal elements) and epigynum (Figs 169 and 171). Male (holotype). Total length 2.1, carapace width 0.9. Leg 1: 23.2 (5.7 + 0.4 + 5.5 + 9.0 + 2.6), tibia 2: 3.5, tibia 3: 2.4, tibia 4: 3.5; tibia 1 L / d: 69. Habitus as in Figures 116 and 117. Carapace, sternum and legs pale ochre-yellow, only ocular area and clypeus light brown. Opisthosoma ochre-grey with black spots posteriorly (type with smaller spots than photographed male); ventrally no pigments. Ocular area distinctly separated from carapace, triads on low elevations; distance PME-PME 220 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; distance PME-ALE 40 Mm. Thoracic furrow distinct but shallow. Sternum wider than long (0.68 / 0.52). Chelicerae as in Figure 170, distance between tips of apophyses 50 Mm. Palps as in Figures 168 and 169, trochanter with small retrolateral and large prolateral apophyses; procursus with distinct hinged process (‘ hp’ in Fig. 168); embolus simple (‘ e’ in Fig. 169), with transparent distal spine. Legs with about 12 spines distally on femora 1 ventrally in single row, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 12 %; tarsus 1 with> 30 pseudosegments, distally quite distinct. Variation. Tibia 1 in 4 other males: 5.2 – 5.7. Female. In general similar to male. Some females with black palps. Two females with wide black median band on carapace. Some females with dark rings subdistally on tibiae. Tibia 1 in 4 females: 3.8 – 4.5. Epigynum with median conical protrusion, pair of pockets (‘ p’ in Fig. 171) about 50 Mm apart, narrow posterior plate (Figs 126 and 171). Dorsal view as in Figure 172. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Montagne d’Ambre: type above, together with 5 ♂ 5 ♀, same collection data, in CAS. PARAMICROMERYS QUINTERI, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 173, 174) Type. Male holotype from Marojejy, 10.5 km NW Manantenina (14 ∞ 26.4 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 44.5 ¢ E), Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 6 – 12, 1996 (E. L. Quinter), 1625 m a. s. l., along tributary at head Andranomifototra River, beating vegetation; in AMNH. Etymology. Named for the collector, Eric Quinter from the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Diagnosis. Light species with cylindrical opisthosoma, distinguished from similar species (P. mahira, rabeariveloi, coddingtoni, ralamboi) by the shape of the distal elements of the procursus (Figs 173 and 174). Male (holotype). Total length 2.2, carapace width 0.8. Leg 1 missing; tibia 2: 3.6, tibia 3: 2.3, tibia 4: 3.4. Habitus very similar to P. mahira (cf. Figs 104 and 105). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow. Opisthosoma ochre-grey. Ocular area barely elevated, triads on low elevations; distance PME-PME 300 Mm; diameter PME 60 Mm; distance PME-ALE 30 Mm. Thoracic furrow present only frontally, very shallow. Sternum wider than long (0.68 / 0.60). Chelicerae as in P. coddingtoni (cf. Fig. 156), distance between tips of apophyses about 35 Mm. Palps as in Figures 173 and 174; trochanter with retrolateral ridge and large prolateral apophysis; femur with small apophysis proximo-dorsally; procursus with hinged process (‘ hp’ in Fig. 173); embolus with distinctive bend (arrow in Fig. 174), with transparent distal spine. Legs without spines (but first legs missing!), without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 2 at 11 %; tarsus 2 with> 20 pseudosegments, distally quite distinct. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Marojejy: type above. PARAMICROMERYS MAHIRA, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 104, 105, 175, 176) Type. Male holotype from Ranomafana National Park, Mahira, summit (about 21 ∞ S, 47.5 ∞ E), Fianarantsoa, Madagascar; April 11, 1992 (‘ Albert for Kariko / Roth’), in MCZ (33971). Etymology. Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Light species with cylindrical opisthosoma, distinguished from similar species (P. quinteri, rabeariveloi, coddingtoni, ralamboi) by the shape of the distal elements of the procursus (Figs 175 and 176). Male (holotype). Total length 2.4, carapace width 0.8. Leg 1 missing; tibia 2: 4.0, tibia 3: 2.6, tibia 4: 3.6. Habitus as in Figures 104 and 105. Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow. Opisthosoma ochre-grey. Ocular area barely elevated, triads on low elevations; distance PME-PME 320 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; distance PME-ALE 40 Mm. Thoracic furrow present only frontally, very shallow. Sternum wider than long (0.64 / 0.48). Chelicerae as in P. ralamboi (cf. Fig. 170; lost by author). Palps as in Figures 175 and 176, coxa with indistinct hump ventrally, trochanter with apophyses retrolaterally, ventrally (small) and prolaterally (large); procursus with distinct hinged process (‘ hp’ in Fig. 175); embolus simple, with transparent distal spine. Legs without spines (but first legs missing!), without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 2 at 11 %; tarsus 2 with> 15 pseudosegments, only distally fairly distinct. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa: Ranomafana N. P.: type above. PARAMICROMERYS MANANTENINA, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 118, 119, 125, 177 – 190) Type. Male holotype from Marojejy Reserve, 8.4 km NNW Manantenina (14 ∞ 26 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 45 ¢ E), 700 m a. s. l., Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 10 – 16, 1993 (C. E. Griswold, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Dark species with large pedipalps, distinguished from the closest known relative (P. nampoinai) by the pattern on the carapace (compare Figs 112 and 118), the male cheliceral armature (compare Figs 179 and 180 with Figs 193, 194), the much larger hinged process on the procursus and the presence of a papilla on the bulb (‘ pa’ in Fig. 177). Also distinguished by the shape of the epigynum (compare Figs 124 and 125). Male (holotype). Total length 2.8, carapace width 1.25. Leg 1: 34.6 (8.0 + 0.5 + 8.4 + 14.0 + 3.7), tibia 2: 5.0, tibia 3: 3.4, tibia 4 missing; tibia 1 L / d: 70. Habitus as in Figures 118 and 119. Carapace light ochre with dark brown pattern as in Figure 118, sternum brown with central circular light spot. Legs ochre to light brown, coxa, trochanter and femur with blackish pigment. Opisthosoma grey, with blackish spots superficially (posteriorly) and many dark spots shining through cuticle; ventrally posteriorly like female (cf. Fig. 125), with black longitudinal stripe connecting to black trapezoidal spot at genital area. Ocular area elevated, triads on additional elevations; distance PME-PME 460 Mm; diameter PME 140 Mm; distance PME-ALE 50 Mm. Thoracic furrow distinct, relatively deep. Sternum wider than long (0.88 / 0.72). Chelicerae as in Figures 179 and 180, distal apophyses connected to chelicerae by membranous cuticle; with one tiny globular hair imbedded in tip of each distal apophysis (Figs 189 and 190). Palps as in Figures 177 and 178; coxa with small hump ventrally, trochanter very complex (‘ t’ in Fig. 183) with three prolateral apophyses (largest one pointing in retrolateral direction), and bifid retrolateral apophysis; femur with proximodorsal apophysis (arrow in Fig. 178) and retrolateral ridge; palpal tarsal organ situated on sclerotized cone (Figs 178 and 187), procursus with large hinged process (‘ hp’ in Figs 177 and 184) and complex tip (Fig. 185); bulb with distinctive papilla (‘ pa’ in Fig. 177), embolus with short side branch, without distal spine (‘ e’ in Fig. 183). Legs with spines in single rows ventrally distally on femora 1 (about 13) and 2 (about 4), without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 9 %; tarsus 1 with> 40 pseudosegments, fairly distinct distally. Epiandrous spigots as in Fig. 186. ALS and PMS as in Fig. 188. Variation. Tibia 1 in 4 other males: 7.0 – 8.0. Other males with up to 17 spines on femora 1; superficial pattern on opisthosoma very variable in intensity. Tibia 2 / 4 in other male: 4.4 / 4.3. Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 3 females: 5.8 – 6.8. Epigynum large but simple brown plate (Figs 125 and 181), apparently without pockets. Dorsal view as in Fig. 182. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Marojejy Res.: type above, together with 5 ♂ 5 ♀, same collection data, in CAS. PARAMICROMERYS NAMPOINAI, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 112, 113, 124, 191 – 197) Type. Male holotype from Montagne d’Ambre, 2.79 air km NE of park entrance (12 ∞ 32 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 10 ¢ E), ~ 1000 m a. s. l., forest, Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 21 – 30, 1993 (J. Coddington, C. E. Griswold, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for Malagasy King Andrianampoinimerina (also Nampoina; died in 1810), a remarkable organizer and administrator who developed a complex social system and administrative structure without benefit of written records and therefore of bureaucracy. Diagnosis. Dark species with large pedipalps, distinguished from the closest known relative (P. manantenina) by the pattern on the carapace (compare Figs 112 and 118), the male cheliceral armature (compare Figs 179 and 180 with Figs 193 and 194), the much smaller hinged process on the procursus and the absence of a papilla on the bulb (compare Figs 177 and 191). Also distinguished by the epigynum with frontal apophyses (compare Figs 124 and 125). Male (holotype). Total length 2.8, carapace width 1.25. Leg 1: 27.1 (6.5 + 0.5 + 6.5 + 10.2 + 3.4), tibia 2: 4.0, tibia 3: 3.2, tibia 4: 4.3; tibia 1 L / d: 50. Habitus as in Figures 112 and 113. Carapace ochre with dark brown pattern as in Figure 112, sternum brown with lighter stripe medially. Legs ochre with dark ring distally on femora. Opisthosoma grey, with blackish spots superficially (posteriorly) and many dark spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area elevated, triads on additional elevations; distance PME-PME 320 Mm; diameter PME 140 Mm; distance PME-ALE 50 Mm. Thoracic furrow distinct, relatively deep. Sternum wider than long (0.88 / 0.64). Chelicerae as in Figures 193 and 194, with two tiny globular hairs imbedded in tip of each distal apophysis (Fig. 195); distance between tips of apophyses 515 Mm. Palps as in Figures 191 and 192; coxa with small apophysis ventrally, trochanter with two prolateral apophyses, one ventral and one retrolateral apophysis; femur with proximo-dorsal apophysis (arrow in Fig. 192) and retrolateral ridge; procursus with sclerotized cone proximally (probably carrying the tarsal organ as in P. manantenina), with small hinged process (‘ hp’ in Fig. 191); bulb without papilla, embolus (‘ e’ in Fig. 191) with short side branch, without distal spine. Legs with spines in single rows ventrally distally on femora 1 (about 5), without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 11 %; tarsus 1 with> 30 pseudosegments, fairly distinct distally. Variation. Tibia 1 in 2 other males: 6.3, 6.4. Other males with up to 9 spines on femora 1; one male also with about four spines on femora 2. Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 4 females: 5.1 – 5.8. Epigynum with pair of distinctive apophyses frontally (Fig. 124, ‘ a’ in Fig. 196) and light prominence medially, with pair of pockets (‘ p’ in Fig. 197) about 500 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Fig. 197. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Montagne d’Ambre: type above, together with 2 ♂ 7 ♀, same collection data, in CAS. PARAMICROMERYS SCHARFFI, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 114, 115, 127, 198 – 203) Type. Male holotype from Talatakely (21 ∞ 15 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 25 ¢ E), 900 m a. s. l., Ranomafana National Park, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar; December 5 – 7, 1993 (N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. E. Griswold, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for the first collector, Nikolaj Scharff from the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Diagnosis. Relatively large dark species, distinguished from known congeners by the shapes of procursus and male chelicerae (Figs 198 – 201), and by the shape of the epigynum (Fig. 127). Male (holotype). Total length 3.2, carapace width 1.4. Leg 1: 39.1 (9.2 + 0.4 + 9.3 + 15.2 + 5.0), tibia 2: 5.8, tibia 3: 4.2, tibia 4: 5.8; tibia 1 L / d: 72. Habitus as in Figures 114 and 115. Carapace ochre with dark brown pattern, ocular area brown; sternum dark brown with light longitudinal stripe frontally. Legs ochre to light brown, trochanter and femora proximally with blackish marks. Opisthosoma grey with dark brown superficial pattern, ventrally with black stripes like female (cf. Fig. 127) but merging and continuing towards brown genital area. Ocular area elevated, triads on additional elevations; distance PME-PME 320 Mm; diameter PME 120 Mm; distance PME-ALE 40 Mm. Thoracic furrow distinct and relatively deep. Sternum wider than long (0.88 / 0.80). Chelicerae as in Figs 200 and 201, distance between tips of apophyses 335 Mm. Palps as in Figures 198 and 199, trochanter with ventral and branched retrolateral apophysis; procursus with hinged process (‘ hp’ in Fig. 198); embolus simple membranous tube (‘ e’ in Fig. 199), without distal spine. Legs with spines ventrally on femora 1 (single row distally), without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7 %; tarsus 1 with numerous pseudosegments (probably> 40), but difficult to count. Variation. Tibia 1 in 7 other males 7.8 – 10.4 (the males from Mahira are larger than those from Talatakely and Vatoharanana: 10.1 – 10.4 vs. 7.8 – 8.9). Some males with about 5 spines on femora 1; some males also with dark spots shining trough cuticle on opisthosoma. Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 11 females: 7.0 – 8.3 (x = 7.77). Epigynum as in Figures 127 and 202, with pair of pockets (‘ p’ in Fig. 202) about 365 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 203. Distribution. Known only from the Ranomafana National Park area (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa: Ranomafana N. P.: Talatakely: type above together with 4 ♀, same collection data, in CAS. Talatakely at 21 ∞ 14.9 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 25.6 ¢ E, April 5 – 30, 1998 (C. E. Griswold, D. H. Kavanaugh, N. P. Penny, M. J. Raherilalao, J. S. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick), 2 ♂ in CAS. Vatoharanana (21 ∞ 16.7 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 26.1 ¢ E), primary forest, c. 1200 m a. s. l., April 29, 1998 (same collectors) 2 ♂ 2 ♀ in CAS; same collection data, under overhang along trail, 1 ♀ in CAS. Vohiparara: Piste Touristique (21 ∞ 13.6 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 24.0 ¢ E), c. 1000 m a. s. l., April 12, 14, 1998 (same collectors), 5 ♂ 8 ♀ in CAS. 7 km W Ranomafana at 21 ∞ 12 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 27 ¢ E, 1100 m a. s. l., October 8 – 21, 1988 (W. E. Steiner), 2 ♀ in USNM; same collection data, flight intercept yellow pan trap in Malaise trap, island in stream, montane rainforest, 1 ♂ in USNM. Ranomafana N. P., Mahira, summit, April 11, 1992 (‘ Albert for Kariko / Roth’), 2 ♂ 2 ♀ in MCZ (33971); same locality, April 8, 1992 (V. Roth), on trail, mossy forest, 1 ♀ in MCZ (33958). Ranomafana N. P., Mahira, trail, April 10, 1992 (‘ Georges for Kariko / Roth’), 1 ♂ 1 ♀ in MCZ (33972, 33985). PARAMICROMERYS ROTHORUM, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 106, 107, 128, 204 – 208) Type. Male holotype from Montagne d’Ambre (12 ∞ 30 ¢ 57 ≤ S, 49 ∞ 11 ¢ 04 ≤ E), Antsiranana, Madagascar; August 12, 1992 (V. & B. Roth); in CAS. Etymology. Named for the collectors, Vincent and Barbara Roth. Diagnosis. Small species with posteriorly elevated opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the male palp (shapes of trochanter apophyses and procursus; Figs 204 and 205), and the shape of the epigynum (Fig. 128). Male (holotype). Total length 1.7, carapace width 0.72. Leg 1 missing; tibia 2: 3.3, tibia 3: 2.1, tibia 4 missing. Habitus as in Figures 106 and 107. Carapace pale ochre with brown pattern as in Figure 106; sternum brown, laterally light ochre. Legs ochre-yellow with dark rings subdistally on femora and tibiae and subproximally on metatarsi. Opisthosoma grey with dark brown pattern; ventrally pair of spots between genital area and spinnerets. Ocular area distinctly separated from carapace, with triads on additional elevations; distance PME-PME 280 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; distance PME-ALE 30 Mm. Thoracic furrow distinct (especially frontally), but not deep. Sternum wider than long (0.52 / 0.44). Chelicerae as in Fig. 206; distance between tips of apophyses 55 Mm. Palps as in Figs 204 and 205, trochanter with large prolateral apophysis (‘ t’ in Fig. 204) and pair of smaller retrolateral apophyses; procursus complex, with at least one apparently hinged process; embolus simple (‘ e’ in Fig. 205), without distal spine. Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs (most hairs missing in holotype, but present in other specimens). Variation. Leg 1 in other male examined: 22.0 (5.2 + 0.3 + 5.3 + 9.0 + 2.2); tibia 2: 3.2, tibia 3: 2.1, tibia 4: 2.9; tibia 1 L / d: 88; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10 %; tarsus 1 with> 30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Female. In general similar to male, but distal palpal segment black, with some slightly darker spots on carapace parallel to lateral black line; all femora dorsally proximally blackish. Tibia 1 in 3 females: 3.6 – 3.8. Epigynum as in Figures 128 and 207, with pair of pockets (‘ p’ in Fig. 207) close together (distance about 50 Mm); dorsal view as in Figure 208. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Montagne d’Ambre: type above, together with 1 ♀, same data, in CAS; same collection data, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ in CAS. PARAMICROMERYS MAROJEJY, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 120, 121, 129, 209 – 212) Type. Male holotype from Marojejy Reserve, 8.4 km NNW Manantenina (14 ∞ 26 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 45 ¢ E), 700 m a. s. l., Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 10 – 16, 1993 (C. E. Griswold, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Light species with oval opisthosoma, easily distinguished from known congeners by the retrolateral apophysis on the male palpal femur (arrow Fig. 210) and by the shapes of procursus and epigynum (Figs 129 and 209 – 211). Male (holotype). Total length 2.0, carapace width 0.8. Leg 1: 21.1 (5.2 + 0.3 + 5.1 + 8.2 + 2.3), tibia 2: 2.9, tibia 3: 2.0, tibia 4: 2.8; tibia 1 L / d: 71. Habitus as in Figures 120 and 121. Carapace pale ochre-yellow, with pair of brown spots; sternum brown laterally, ochre to light brown medially. Legs ochre to light brown. Opisthosoma ochre-grey with dark pattern as in Figures 120 and 121; ventrally posteriorly like female (cf. Fig. 129), frontally dark spot with light central part. Ocular area barely elevated, only triads on low elevations; distance PME-PME 240 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; distance PME-ALE 30 Mm. Thoracic furrow indistinct and shallow frontally, absent posteriorly. Sternum wider than long (0.56 / 0.48). Chelicerae as in P. ralamboi (cf. Fig. 170), distance between tips of apophyses 50 Mm. Palps as in Figures 209 and 210, trochanter with retrolateral sclerotized ridge, ventral small apophysis and bifid prolateral apophysis; femur with distinctive retrolateral apophysis (arrow in Fig. 210); procursus with distinct hinged process (‘ hp’ in Fig. 209); embolus simple (‘ e’ in Fig. 210), with strong distal spine (flattened). Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 8 %; tarsus 1 with> 20 pseudosegments, only a few distally fairly distinct. Variation. Tibia 1 in 11 other males: 4.8 – 5.5 (x = 5.03). Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 18 females: 3.2 – 4.0 (x = 3.51). Epigynum relatively small (Fig. 129), simple plate with pockets (‘ p’ in Fig. 211) about 35 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Fig. 212. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Marojejy Res.: type above, together with 5 ♂ 8 ♀, same collection data, in CAS; and 7 ♂ 18 ♀, same collection data, in CAS. PARAMICROMERYS RABEARIVELOI, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 108, 109, 130, 213 – 217) Type. Male holotype from Marojejy Reserve, 8.4 km NNW Manantenina (14 ∞ 26 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 45 ¢ E), 700 m a. s. l., Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 10 – 16, 1993 (C. E. Griswold, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (1901 – 37), gifted Malagasy poet whose struggle against a severe colonial system cut short his work and, eventually, his life. Diagnosis. Light species with cylindrical opisthosoma, easily distinguished from known congeners by the proximal and median position of the male cheliceral apophyses (Fig. 215). ‘ Spermophora’ vyvato (which occurs at the same locality) has apophyses in a similar position (compare Figs 215 and 240), but extremely different palps. Male (holotype). Total length 2.1, carapace width 0.84. Leg 1: 24.9 (6.1 + 0.4 + 5.8 + 9.8 + 3.5), tibia 2: 3.5, tibia 3: 2.4, tibia 4: 3.5; tibia 1 L / d: 64. Habitus as in Figures 108 and 109. Carapace pale ochre-yellow, laterally with black line and light brown band; sternum whitish. Legs ochre-yellow. Opisthosoma ochre-grey, with blackish spots as in Figures 108 and 109; ventrally only small spot in genital area. Ocular area barely elevated, only triads on low elevations; distance PME-PME 200 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; distance PME-ALE 30 Mm. Thoracic furrow distinct but very shallow. Sternum wider than long (0.64 / 0.48). Chelicerae as in Figure 215. Palps as in Figures 213 and 214, trochanter with retrolateral and pointed prolateral apophyses; procursus apparently with ventral hinged process (difficult to see); embolus simple (‘ e’ in Fig. 213), with distal transparent spine. Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7 %; tarsus 1 with> 40 pseudosegments, distinct distally. Variation. Tibia 1 in 2 other males: 5.4, 6.4. Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 4 females: 4.6 – 5.1. Epigynum very small, light brown, as in Figures 130 and 216. Dorsal view as in Figure 217. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Marojejy Res.: type above, together with 5 ♂ 7 ♀, same collection data, in CAS.	en	Huber, Bernhard A. (2003): Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (2): 261-318, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x
03F987F6FFD3FF92FEED090C34A1F96A.taxon	description	‘ SPERMOPHORA’ RANOMAFANA, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 218 – 220, 224 – 237) Type. Male holotype from Talatakely (21 ∞ 15 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 25 ¢ E), 900 m a. s. l., Ranomafana National Park, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar; December 5 – 7, 1993 (N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. E. Griswold, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Light species with very high opisthosoma (Fig. 219), distinguished from known congeners and other Malagasy pholcids by the shape of the sclerotized apophysis on the bulb (‘ a’ in Fig. 224), the slen- der simple procursus, and the structure with pockets (‘ pp’ in Figs 229, 235 and 237) on the female opisthosoma between epigynum and spinnerets. Male (holotype). Total length 1.9, carapace width 0.78. Leg 1: 18.8 (4.8 + 0.3 + 4.7 + 6.7 + 2.3), tibia 2: 2.7, tibia 3: 1.8, tibia 4: 2.5; tibia 1 L / d: 71. Habitus as in Figures 218 and 219. Carapace ochre-yellow with black marginal lines; sternum pale ochre-yellow. Legs ochre-yellow, without marks. Opisthosoma ochre-grey, with some large blackish spots; ventrally no marks. Ocular area barely elevated, triads on low elevations; distance PME-PME 220 Mm; diameter PME 60 Mm; distance PME-ALE 25 Mm; no trace of AME. Thoracic furrow present only frontally, low and indistinct. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.52 / 0.48). Chelicerae as in Figures 226 and 227, distance between tips of apophyses 270 Mm. Palps as in Figures 224 and 225, trochanter with retrolateral apophysis (longer in dorsal than in retrolateral view); procursus slender and simple, distally with small hinged process (‘ hp’ in Figs 224 and 236). Embolus (‘ e’ in Fig. 224) simple membranous tube, without distal spine; distinctive sclerotized apophysis distally on bulb. Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 9 %; tarsus 1 with> 30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Epiandrous spigots as in Figure 231. ALS and PMS spigots as in Figure 233. Variation. Tibia 1 in 46 other males 3.9 – 5.0 (x = 4.46). Female. In general similar to male, but most females with blackish pigment proximally on femora (dorsofrontally); some females black on clypeus, chelicerae and palps; with significantly more variation in pattern on opisthosoma. Tibia 1 in 44 females: 2.8 – 4.0 (x = 3.45). Epigynum as in Figures 220 and 228, with pair of anterior pockets (‘ ap’ in Figs 229 and 237) about 255 Mm apart, and additional pair (‘ pp’ in Figs 229, 235 and 237) between epigynum and spinnerets, about 120 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 229. Distribution. Known only from the Ranomafana National Park area (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa: Ranomafana N. P.: Talatakely: type above together with 11 ♂ 15 ♀, same collection data, in CAS; 2 ♀, same collection data, in CAS. Talatakely at 21 ∞ 14.9 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 25.6 ¢ E, April 5 – 30, 1998 (C. E. Griswold, D. H. Kavanaugh, N. P. Penny, M. J. Raherilalao, J. S. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick), 7 ♂ 10 ♀ in CAS; same collection data, at night, 2 ♂ 3 ♀ in CAS; Vohiparara: Piste Touristique (21 ∞ 13.6 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 24.0 ¢ E), c. 1000 m a. s. l., April 19 – 23, 1998 (C. E. Griswold, D. H. Kavanaugh, N. P. Penny, M. J. Raherilalao, J. S. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick), 5 ♂ 8 ♀ in CAS. Vatoharanana (21 ∞ 16.7 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 26.1 ¢ E), primary forest, c. 1200 m a. s. l., April 15, 1998 (C. E. Griswold, D. H. Kavanaugh, N. P. Penny, M. J. Raherilalao, J. S. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick) 6 ♂ 5 ♀ in CAS. Ranomafana N. P., roadside vegetation near park entrance, c. 21 ∞ 14.3 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 26.0 ¢ E, c. 800 m a. s. l., April 22, 1998 (same collectors), 1 ♂ 1 ♀ in CAS. Vohiparara at 21 ∞ 14 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 24 ¢ E, December 5 – 7, 1993 (N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. E. Griswold, R. Andriamasimanana), 3 ♀ in CAS. 7 km W Ranomafana at 21 ∞ 12 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 27 ¢ E, 900 m a. s. l., March 1 – 13, 1990 (W. E. Steiner), 5 ♂ in USNM; same collection data, sweeping old paddy, 1 ♂ in USNM; same locality, January 20 – February 28, 1990 (W. E. Steiner), flight intercept yellow pan trap in Malaise trap in small clearing, montane rainforest, 10 ♂ in USNM. 7 km W Ranomafana at 21 ∞ 16 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 25 ¢ E, 900 m a. s. l., on low foliage and saplings, montane rainforest, September 5, 1993 (W. Steiner), 4 ♂ 4 ♀ in USNM. 7 km W Ranomafana at 21 ∞ 12 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 27 ¢ E, 1100 m a. s. l., November 1 – 7, 1988 (W. E. Steiner), 1 ♂ 1 ♀ in USNM. Valohoaka camp 8 km SW Ranomafana (21 ∞ 19 ¢ S, 47 ∞ 24 ¢ E), 1040 m a. s. l., low foliage and saplings, night, montane rainforest, September 8, 1993 (W. Steiner), 1 ♂ in USNM. ‘ SPERMOPHORA’ VYVATO, NEW SPECIES (FIGS 221 – 223, 238 – 243) Type. Male holotype from Marojejy Reserve, 8.4 km NNW Manantenina (14 ∞ 26 ¢ S, 49 ∞ 45 ¢ E), 700 m a. s. l., Antsiranana, Madagascar; November 10 – 16, 1993 (C. E. Griswold, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana); in CAS. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition, contracted from Vy, Vato, Sakélika, a group of Malagasy intellectuals founded in 1913 to oppose French colonialism. Diagnosis. Small species with globular opisthosoma, easily distinguished from known congeners and from other Malagasy pholcids by the unusual male palp (Figs 238 and 239) and the proximal and median position of the male cheliceral apophyses (Fig. 240). Paramicromerys rabeariveloi has apophyses in a similar position, but extremely different palps. Male (holotype). Total length 1.4, carapace width 0.68. Leg 1: 10.9 (2.9 + 0.3 + 2.9 + 3.5 + 1.3), tibia 2: 1.6, tibia 3: 1.3, tibia 4: 1.8; tibia 1 L / d: 52. Habitus as in Figures 221 and 222. Carapace ochre with brown pattern; sternum dark brown. Legs ochre, slightly darker subdistally on femora and tibiae. Opisthosoma greenish-grey, with large dark spots shining through cuticle (Fig. 222); ventrally brownish. Ocular area barely elevated, only triads on low elevations; distance PME-PME 110 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; distance PME-ALE 20 Mm; no trace of AME. Thoracic furrow present only frontally, very shallow. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.48 / 0.40). Chelicerae as in Figure 240, with one globular hair on the tip of each apophysis (Fig. 241); distance between tips of apophyses 22 Mm. Palps as in Figures 238 and 239, trochanter with retrolateral apophysis; procursus with short basis and two, apparently hinged, distal structures (‘ p 1 ’ and ‘ p 2 ’ in Fig. 239); embolus (‘ e’ in Fig. 239) simple, without distal spine. Legs without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 18 %; tarsus 1 with> 15 pseudosegments, only distally fairly distinct. Female. In general similar to male, but darker, with black spots close to lateral margins on carapace and on posterior side of ocular area; legs dark brown; opisthosoma with black pattern on surface. Tibia 1: 2.2. Epigynum as in Figures 223 and 242, distance between pockets 24 Mm. Dorsal view as in Figure 243. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Map 2). Material examined. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Marojejy Res.: type above, together with 1 ♀, same collection data, in CAS.	en	Huber, Bernhard A. (2003): Cladistic analysis of Malagasy pholcid spiders reveals generic level endemism: Revision of Zatavua n. gen. and Paramicromerys Millot (Pholcidae, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (2): 261-318, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00046.x
