taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F93214967AD239FE10FB879023FF24.taxon	description	(Figure 1)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214967AD239FE10FB879023FF24.taxon	materials_examined	Material Holotype. Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963, a small colony. Description Colony unilaminar, encrusting. Autozooids oval, closely juxtaposed, separated by distinct grooves. Opesia oval, wider than long, equivalent to half total autozooid length; bordered by a distinct rim of granular cryptocyst, narrowed adjacent to the proximal spine pair, but as broad distally as proximally; mural rim clearly developed. Occlusor laminae conspicuous, extending on each side for almost whole length of opesia, intersecting distal rim of opesia separately and linked there by a thickened transverse strut. Two pairs of disto-lateral spines, the proximal pair stouter than the distal pair. Smooth gymnocystal calcification visible lateral to opesia; proximal gymnocyst usually obscured by a large, broad-based avicularian cystid, or by ovicell of the preceding autozooid; avicularian rostrum acute to frontal plane, directed laterally or proximolaterally, scaphoid, with the rounded tip upcurved, no crossbar or palate. Ovicell prominent, domed, recumbent on distally succeeding autozooid; ectooecium smooth, with large, triangular frontal foramen, its rim raised and medially peaked, exposing granular entooecium. Most ovicells surmounted by two avicularia, with columnar cystids, which appear to originate by frontal budding from adjacent autozooids; rostrum short, triangular, directed disto-laterally, oblique to frontal plane, reminiscent of a pair of ears. Measurements Opesia length (n = 20) 0.23 ± 0.01 mm (mean ± SD); opesia width (n = 20) 0.30 ± 0.01 mm. Etymology Latin, auricula: little ears, with reference to the small avicularia surmounting the ovicell. Remarks Hayward and Thorpe (1988 a) wrongly attributed material from three Discovery stations on the southern Patagonian Shelf to the Antarctic Chaperiopsis patulosa (Waters). Closer examination of the idiosyncratic drawing of Waters (1904) shows autozooids with four or five slender spines, the proximal pair being distinctly forked, and a short, broad ovicell with a small, transversely oval frontal foramen. Kluge (1914) described, but did not figure, Waters’s species from Wilhelm II Land, while d’Hondt and Redier (1977) listed it from Kerguelen but neither described nor figured it. The specimens described and figured by Hayward (1995) were from the same Patagonian Shelf samples reported by Hayward and Thorpe (1988 a), and the Antarctic C. patulosa has not been illustrated since its original description.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214967CD23BFE7EFEA090F6FDB4.taxon	description	(Figure 2) Material Holotype. NMNH 11540038: Eltanin cruise 22, station 1536, 54 ◦ 29 ’ to 54 ◦ 31 ’ S, 39 ◦ 22 ’ to 39 ◦ 19 ’ W, 659 – 686 m, 8 February 1966; a single large colony in> 10 fragments, the largest 4.5 cm high. Paratype: VMNH 013675.00, same data as Holotype. Description Colony erect, branching dichotomously, lightly calcified and flexible, consisting of flat, strap-like unilaminar fronds, 1.25 – 2.5 mm wide, broadest before dichotomy; in alcohol retains a reddish brown coloration. Autozooids in six alternating longitudinal series, halving at dichotomy, increasing again to six within two or three generations beyond. Autozooids elongate, in frontal view four times as long as wide, each arising from the abfrontal surface of its predecessor as a deeply forked fishtail, the distal half projecting from the branch frontal plane. Frontal surface of autozooid almost entirely membranous, the very thinly calcified lateral walls converging frontally just above the fishtail origin of the autozooid. Autozooids asymmetrical in frontal view: distal end truncate, sloping away to margin of branch on left and right of the midline; spines similarly asymmetrical, typically one at each distal corner, then 10 – 12 along the outer marginal rim of the autozooid, and only three or four along the inner, axial border of the zooid. Lateral walls of autozooids with large rosette plates, four pores per plate, in a single linear series. Avicularia very sparse, apparently budded from abfrontal surface of zooid, projecting medially above frontal membrane of next zooid; shortly pedunculate, clavate, with a terminal, semicircular mandible. No ovicells observed. The colony is attached by bundles of tubular rhizoids. These appear to bud from septula along marginal zooids of the branch, they pass proximally, closely applied to marginal abfrontal surfaces and then over entire abfrontal surface, very closely applied, and then divide terminally. The rhizoids are septate and seem to divide dichotomously at intervals. Measurements Autozooid length (of spine-bearing margin, n = 20) 1.30 ± 0.18 mm (mean ± SD); autozooid width (distal width between second spine pair, n = 20) 0.30 ± 0.02 mm. Etymology Latin, rufus: reddish Remarks Two other species of Klugella are known, Klugella echinata (Kluge, 1914), which appears to be an Antarctic endemic, and Klugella buski Hastings, 1943, which is known only from Kerguelen. Klugella rufula sp. nov. is similar to K. echinata in its unilaminar colony form but has much narrower branches, those of the latter being up to 10 mm wide. Further, the autozooids of K. echinata are quite symmetrical, although the marginal spines are asymmetrically distributed, and the avicularia are stout and broadly pedunculate, with an elongate, almost setiform mandible. Klugella buski has just one or two pairs of short, inconspicuous spines at the distal end of the autozooid, and the sparsely distributed avicularia have long, triangular mandibles.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214967ED234FE75FD5B92A3FBA3.taxon	description	(Figure 3)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214967ED234FE75FD5B92A3FBA3.taxon	materials_examined	Material Eltanin cruise 9, station 732, 53 ◦ 36 ’ S, 36 ◦ 51 ’ to 36 ◦ 54 ’ W, 220 – 265 m, 12 September 1963. Other material examined BMNH reg. nos. 1899.7.1.4567, 4569, 4570, SYNTYPES, Challenger Station 147, 46 ◦ 16 ’ S, 48 ◦ 27 ’ E, off Crozet island, 1600 fathoms (2926 m). Description The single sample contained a luxuriant, tangled clump representing an unknown number of colonies. The autozooids are ordered in biserial arrangement. The opesia is oval with an obtusely angled distal corner; each autozooid bears two spines, arising from the basal wall. Fertile zooids are distinctive: adventitious, budded from the basal wall of an autozooid close to the axil of a dichotomy; slender horn-shape, the ovicell as large as the zooid, with striated, opaque endooecium. Avicularia very sparse, of two types: long, coach horn-shaped or shortly pedunculate. The type locality is close to Crozet Island in the southern Indian Ocean, at 1600 fm (2926 m) depth. The present material was collected from 220 – 265 m depth off South Georgia. However, in all aspects of morphology and dimensions the USARP specimens cannot be distinguished from the syntypes of Busk’s species, especially in the structure of the fertile zooid. The morphology of C. infundibulata has been discussed or figured by several authors since it was first described, but no further specimens had been collected until now.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149671D235FE38FB6C90E6FA8A.taxon	description	(Figure 4)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149671D235FE38FB6C90E6FA8A.taxon	materials_examined	Material Hero cruise 824, station 41, 65 ◦ 13.6 ’ to 65 ◦ 13.67 ’ S, 64 ◦ 14.72 ’ to 64 ◦ 15.07 ’ W, 49 – 58 m, 16 March 1982. Description The sample was plentiful, comprising an unknown number of entangled bushy colonies. This species is especially characterized by its adventitious female zooids, with reduced ovicells. These bud from the basal walls of the autozooids, close to the long axis of the branch; the same position may be occupied by a shortly pedunculate avicularium, which also occurs on the frontal surfaces of the autozooids, proximo-lateral to the opesia and close to the branch axis; both are only sparsely present. More frequent are very long, coach horn-shaped adventitious avicularia, budded from the basal walls of autozooids, but situated distal to the ovicells, so that both polymorphs may co-occur. Very few autozooids have spines, usually just one or two on disto-basal surfaces, as long as distal half of autozooid. This material was collected off the South Shetland Islands, within the known geographical range of the species.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149670D235FE38FAB89736F975.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony erect, branching dichotomously, articulated. Autozooids in alternating backto-back pairs, giving quadrangular branch section. Frontal shield with multiple lateral opesiules. Adventitious avicularia present. Ovicells prominent, hyperstomial.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149673D230FE39FC4592ECFD3A.taxon	description	(Figure 5) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154046: Eltanin cruise 27, station 1852, 49 ◦ 40 ’ to 49 ◦ 38 ’ S, 178 ◦ 56 ’ to 178 ◦ 57 ’ E, 952 – 1336 m, 3 January 1967; one colony in about 10 fragments. Paratype. NMNH 1154046: Eltanin cruise 27, station 1851, 49 ◦ 40 ’ S, 178 ◦ 53 ’ to 178 ◦ 54 ’ E, 476 – 540 m, 3 January 1967; one fragment. Description Colony slender, delicate; branches c. 0.5 mm wide, with maximum 5 mm between dichotomies. Autozooids in alternating back-to-back pairs, elongate, angular with distal end projecting from frontal plane, each bordered by thin, raised edge, length four times width. Cryptocystal frontal shield flat or slightly concave, finely granular, with sparse, inconspicuous perforations; small opesiules present close to lateral walls in distal half of autozooid. Opesia with straight proximal edge twice as wide as long, occupying distal one-sixth of autozooid frontal length. An adventitious avicularium immediately distal to opesia, with small, round cystid and pointed rostrum, acute to frontal plane and directed disto-laterally. Ovicell elongate, prominent, ovoid, occupying half frontal length of autozooid distal to maternal zooid, densely calcified; the maternal zooid appears to be dimorphic, with a larger, more thickly rimmed opesia, the distal rim of which forms the overhanging aperture of the ovicell, and from which a median longitudinal ridge extends for much of the length of the ovicell. Dichotomies appear to be simple fracture joints, discontinuities in the calcification, with light brown chitinous thickening. Measurements All for n = 10 individuals, mean ± SD: autozooid length 0.94 ± 0.15 mm; autozooid width 0.26 ± 0.04 mm; opesia length 0.08 ± 0.01 mm; and opesia width 0.15 ± 0.008 mm. Etymology Latin, conspicuus: manifest, with reference to the distinctive morphology. Remarks The material is limited, but sufficient to demonstrate the distinctive morphological features that define the species.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149675D230FE7CFCD19058FAF8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids with cryptocystidean frontal shield, bounded by raised mural rim, pierced by a paired series of opesiules; operculum coincident with opesia. Gymnocystal vertical walls deep, incorporating large mural pore chambers; prominent spine bases present on gymnocyst, bearing basally jointed spines. Ovicell hyperstomial, elongate oval, budded from distalmost pore chamber (?), its aperture overhanging and arching above the opesia of the maternal zooid; calcification gymnocystal, smooth and imperforate, with a longitudinal suture. Etymology Latin, scriblita: a tart or cake, in allusion to the form of the cryptocystidean frontal shield, which recalls a popular English pastry, the Bakewell tart.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149674D22CFD82FED493D4F9F5.taxon	description	(Figure 6) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154050: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; a small colony encrusting a fragment of Reteporella, partly overgrown by a colony of Hemismittoidea lanceolata sp. nov. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids oval, separated by deep grooves. Frontal shield a flat cryptocyst, separated by a raised and crenulated mural rim from deep, sloping gymnocystal lateral walls. Cryptocyst finely granular; opesia distally situated, semicircular, occupying one-quarter total cryptocyst length; three pairs of large, irregular opesiules evenly spaced along lateral borders of cryptocyst. Gymnocystal lateral walls smooth, incorporating mural pore chambers, evident as large, uncalcified windows in the disto-lateral arc of the lateral walls. Stout, cylindrical spine bases rising from the lateral walls and projecting above the mural rim, 12 to 14 in number, evenly spaced around the entire periphery of the cryptocyst; all appear to have borne basally jointed spines, those around the proximal end of the cryptocyst are especially prominent, and show that the spines must have curved above the frontal membrane. Ovicell prominent, elongate oval, arising from the disto-lateral wall of the maternal zooid and inferred to have budded from the distalmost pore chamber; calcification smooth, imperforate, with a conspicuous longitudinal frontal suture, aperture with a pronounced rim, and lateral flaps, that overarch the opesia of the zooid. Closure of the ovicell was not apparent in the limited material to hand but, as the opesia is almost completely overarched, it is probable it is closed by the zooidal operculum. Measurements Cryptocyst length (including opesia): n = 4, 0.24 ± 0.01 mm (mean ± SD); cryptocyst width: n = 4, 0.19 ± 0.007 mm; opesia length: n = 5, 0.05 ± 0.002 mm; opesia width: n = 5, 0.10 ± 0.004 mm. Etymology Latin, sepicula: a fence, wall, with reference to the mural rim bounding the cryptocyst. Remarks The holotype material of this tiny and rather inconspicuous species is presently very limited, although further colonies may yet be found encrusting the abundant phidoloporid material recovered from Eltanin cruise 9, station 740. Species bearing multiple opesiules are known in the genera Micropora and Ophaeopora, and a minority of microporids bear few, small spines, apparently budded from the vertical walls at the distal end of the autozooid. However, in all of these the ovicell has a coarsely granular cryptocystal calcification, with gymnocystal calcification, when present, limited to a narrow band bordering the rim of the ovicell aperture, and the smoothly calcified ectooecial layer characteristic of the new genus does not seem to have been reported for any other microporid taxon. Most described species of Microporidae display polymorphism in the form of adventitious or interzooidal avicularia, and kenozooidal polymorphs are known for a few. The spines of S. sepicula are kenozooidal and the ovicell seems to be a polymorph, but no other polymorphic zooids are apparent in the holotype, although they may yet be found to occur when further material becomes available. Superfamily CELLARIOIDEA Fleming, 1828 Family CELLARIIDAE Fleming, 1828 Cellaria megalodonta sp. nov. (Figure 7) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154032: Eltanin cruise 35, station 2276, 33 ◦ 14.5 ’ S, 126 ◦ 20 ’ E, 183 – 192 m, 8 September 1968. Description Colony large and bushy, richly branched, 9.5 cm high. Internodes cylindrical, 5 – 6 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, straight, or slightly curved basally immediately above dichotomy, consisting of alternating whorls of five autozooids. Nodes initially formed by fracture, exposing internal bundle of about five chitinous tubes; subsequently reinforced by tangled bundle of fine chitinous tubes, appearing to bud from the proximalmost autozooids of the internode (s) distal to the node. Autozooids longer than wide, mostly diamond shaped, but narrowly hexagonal where the internode broadens to accommodate ovicells, clearly separated by thin, raised ridges. Frontal shield concave, finely granular. Opesia situated in distal half of autozooid, distant from distal edge of autozooid; about as wide as long, bordered by a thickened, crenulated rim, proximal edge straight but corners rounded. A pair of massive, laterally flattened and platelike denticles on each of proximal and distal borders of orifice, the tips of opposing pairs almost touching, those of the proximal pair curving frontally. Ovicelled autozooids in groups, marked by abrupt swelling of the internode, each ovicell apparent as a distinct frontal convexity in autozooids distal and disto-lateral to the brooding autozooid; ovicell aperture broad, partly occluded by a flat plate, leaving a narrow, crescentic opening. Vicarious avicularia sparsely distributed, as long as autozooid but twice as broad; the rostrum occupies distal half of cystid, its rim raised and smoothly curving, supporting a semicircular mandible that occupies almost entire breadth of cystid. Measurements For all measurements, n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length 0.48 ± 0.03 mm; autozooid width 0.31 ± 0.02 mm; opesia length 0.11 ± 0.01 mm; opesia width 0.11 ± 0.01 mm. Etymology Greek, megas: large; odontos: tooth, with reference to the paired massive denticles within the opesia. Remarks The genus Cellaria is extraordinarily speciose and occurs throughout the shelf seas of the world, with the apparent exception of the Arctic. There has been no comprehensive review of the genus. Many southern hemisphere species have been described and figured with SEM by Gordon (1984, 1986), Hayward (1995), Hayward and Thorpe (1989) and d’Hondt and Gordon (1999), and further descriptions, without the advantage of SEM, can be found in earlier literature. Although a few species have enlarged avicularia similar to those seen in C. megalodonta sp. nov., none of those described and figured in the literature cited here bears the huge opesial denticles seen in the latter.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149668D22EFDA2FF639298FBA8.taxon	description	(Figure 8) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154031: Eltanin cruise 22, station 1555, 60 ◦ 0 4 ’ to 60 ◦ 08 ’ S, 35 ◦ 59 ’ to 36 ◦ 04 ’ W, 1976 – 2068 m, 15 January 1966; a single, incomplete internode, 10 mm long. Paratypes. Eltanin cruise 7, station 480, 58 ◦ 06 ’ to 58 ◦ 10 ’ S, 44 ◦ 56 ’ to 44 ◦ 47 ’ W, 2800 m, 15 February 1963; 10 fragments, including four bases, largest 4.4 mm long. Description Internodes cylindrical, gently curved, to 1.1 mm diameter; none branched. Autozooids arranged in alternating triple whorls, the lateral walls of adjacent autozooids in each whorl in contact, frontal surface of each much broader than long; each bounded by clear sutures. Calcification nodular. Opesia in distal third of autozooid, wider than long, equivalent to about one-quarter frontal length of autozooid, the rim finely crenulated, proximal edge curving in the frontal plane, slightly projecting and notched proximo-laterally on each side, to appear as a distinct lip. Cryptocyst ridge developed as a raised longitudinal oval, arched and projecting just distal to opesia, less pronounced but complete proximally, just distal to proximal edge of frontal shield. Brooding zooids broader distally, the ovicell visible as a low swelling, the distal edge of the cryptocyst ridge incomplete, in its place a simple transversely oval aperture; a slit-shaped foramen within the cryptocyst rim, disto-lateral to opesia, on each side. No avicularia observed. Measurements For all measurements, n = 10, mean ± SD: autozooid length 0.68 ± 0.04 mm; autozooid width 0.59 ± 0.05 mm; length cryptocystal ridge 0.52 ± 0.04 mm; width cryptocystal ridge 0.37 ± 0.03 mm; opesia length 0.13 ± 0.005 mm; opesia width 0.17 ± 0.02 mm. Etymology Latin, limbatus: bordered, with reference to the distinct boundaries of each autozooid. Remarks The material is fragmentary and it is possible that the complete morphology of the species is not represented, and that avicularia may occur. The diversity of Cellaria worldwide and sources of descriptions and figures of southern hemisphere species have been noted above. Comparing C. limbata with those species shows the rather large opesia, with its projecting proximal lip, to be quite characteristic of the new species. A complete, oval, cryptocystal ridge is seen in several other species of the genus, but the regular, almost hexagonal packing of the autozooids is unusual, and another characteristic feature of this species. Finally, the inconspicuous ovicell, with small simple aperture, and the longitudinal lateral slits distal to the opesia in brooding zooids, are seen in no other species.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214966BD229FE39FB67972FFE47.taxon	description	(Figure 9) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154054: Islas Orcadas cruise 876, station 120, 59 ◦ 53.1 ’ S, 32 ◦ 19.5 ’ W, 523 – 671 m, 25 February 1976; part of colony, 25 mm high, with spread of 20 mm. Paratypes. VMNH 0136668.00: same data as holotype; numerous fragments, to 7 mm high, including many juvenile colonies. Description Colony erect, rigid, branching dichotomously in more than one plane, attached by bundles of chitinous rhizoids. Branches cylindrical, stout, thickly calcified in later ontogeny, tapering distally and sometimes anastomosed; holotype with maximum proximal diameter 2 mm. Colony founded by a single, proximally tapered ancestrula, budding first two autozooids; autozooids then ordered in spiralled whorls of three for the next few (up to 10) astogenetic generations; thereafter, in whorls of four or five through later astogeny. Dichotomy occurs irregularly, with variable intervals of 2.5 – 18 mm; internodes straight or curved. Autozooids elongate, hexagonal in early ontogeny, each separated by clear sutures; opesia situated in distal third of autozooid, longer than wide, with a thin raised rim, proximal border convex and thickened, projecting frontally as a distinct lip. Cryptocyst calcification thick, coarsely and irregularly nodular, distal and disto-lateral parts raised and projecting, forming a cowl around the opesia, with sinuous crenulated rim, extending proximal to opesia on each side and converging at proximal end of autozooid. A low, median longitudinal ridge extends from immediately proximal to the opesia to the convergence of the lateral cryptocyst ridges. Calcification thickens considerably in later ontogeny; autozooids become more broadly hexagonal, although the sutures between remain distinct, and the lateral cryptocyst ridges are obscured by the thickening and deepening of the lateral and distal hood above the opesia. The cryptocyst becomes distinctly convex laterally and proximally, dipping medio-distally towards the median longitudinal ridge; the opesia is deeply recessed and the curved proximal lip is especially prominent, its intersection with the median longitudinal ridge forming a distinct anvil shape. Ovicell indicated by a cowl-like structure overhanging the opesia. Vicarious avicularia occur very rarely; as large as autozooids, recognized by enlarged opesia, medially situated, as wide as long; distal rim raised to form a broad, semi-elliptical rostrum, the proximal rim deeply notched medially between conspicuous lateral condyles. Measurements For all measurements, n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length 0.95 ± 0.06 mm; autozooid width 0.73 ± 0.10 mm; opesia length 0.13 ± 0.01 mm; opesia width 0.11 ± 0.01 mm. Etymology Latin, robustus: strong, with reference to the colony morphology in later ontogeny. Remarks Avicularia were not described in the type species of the genus, Stomhypselosaria condylata Canu and Bassler, 1927, or in the next Recent species to be attributed to it, S. dupliforma Canu and Bassler, 1929, and Gordon’s (1984) diagnosis stated that they were absent. However, the Antarctic / subantarctic S. watersi Hayward and Thorpe, 1987, which in all other morphological characteristics conforms to the generic diagnosis, does have vicarious avicularia. These are situated singly in the axil of each branch dichotomy and are not very conspicuous. The avicularia of S. robusta sp. nov. are so sparsely developed, and inconspicuous, that just one was discovered in the process of SEM (Figure 9 D). It is possible that avicularia also occur in the first two species attributed to the genus, but have been overlooked simply as a consequence of a paucity of material. The number of juvenile colonies in the sample could not be easily counted, most were attached to the larger colony fragments and were very much smaller than them. About 20 juveniles were attached to the holotype colony, the smallest consisting of just the ancestrula and buds of one or two autozooids. Each juvenile colony arose from a cluster of about five tubular rhizoids, which were spread out, and branching, across the surface of the larger colony. The smallest juveniles arose from a single rhizoid tangled among those of the larger colony, perhaps suggesting that they had budded from the large colony, and that perhaps the whole may represent a clonal assemblage.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214966CD22AFE75FE0F91A6F912.taxon	description	(Figure 10 A, B) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154055: Eltanin cruise 12, station 991, 60 ◦ 57 ’ to 60 ◦ 54 ’ S, 56 ◦ 52 ’ to 56 ◦ 58 ’ W, 2672 – 3020 m, 13 March 1964, part of a colony, 12 mm high, with three dichotomies. Paratypes. NMNH 1154056: same data as holotype; more than 20 fragments, to 17 mm long, representing parts of at least three colonies, one basal portion with attached rhizoids. Description Colony erect, branching, rigid, unjointed, attached by chitinous rhizoids. Branches cylindrical, consisting of four alternating whorls of autozooids; dichotomies irregular, at variable intervals, internodes straight. Autozooids regularly hexagonal, bounded by distinct, raised ridges; frontal membrane conspicuous, with thick, brown border to each autozooid. Opesia in distal half of autozooid, separated from distal border by a distance equivalent to its length, about as wide as long, its rim slightly raised above frontal surface of autozooid, the proximal edge straight but reflected frontally and appearing slightly convex; a pair of very small, obscure denticles within distal rim, revealed by SEM. Cryptocyst finely and uniformly granular, dipping away from margins, more or less flat but slightly convex medially and with an indistinct pair of cryptocystal ridges developing in later ontogeny, extending to proximal third of autozooid and converging medially. Each dichotomy with a polygonal kenozooid, as large as an autozooid, with a complete, oval, cryptocystal ridge and a small, round central foramen. No ovicells present. No avicularia apparent in material available. Measurements For all measurements, n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length 1.05 ± 0.07 mm; autozooid width 0.66 ± 0.07 mm; opesia length 0.16 ± 0.01 mm; opesia width 0.20 ± 0.01 mm. Etymology Latin, simplex: simplicity, with reference to autozooidal morphology. Remarks Generic assignment of this species must be considered provisional. It is not easily referable to any southern hemisphere cellariid genus, but its rigid, unjointed colony form, and the axial kenozooid, suggest that it is closest to Stomhypselosaria. Its apparent morphological simplicity suggests that the sample did not comprise a complete ontogenetic series, and certainly further material, including fertile zooids, is required before its systematic identity can be confirmed.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214966ED225FE52FF63927BFBC1.taxon	description	(Figure 11)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214966ED225FE52FF63927BFBC1.taxon	materials_examined	Material Eltanin Cruise 7, station 457, locality uncertain, 6 February 1963; 16 colonies. Eltanin cruise 6, station 410, 61 ◦ 18 ’ to 61 ◦ 20 ’ S, 56 ◦ 09 ’ to 56 ◦ 10 ’ W;> 100 fragments, up to 25 mm long. Description Juvenile colony triangular in outline, sharply tapered proximally, broadest at the straight distal edge; broadly club-shaped, with autozooids on both faces and along the edges; apparently budded from a single ancestrular zooid, anchored in (presumed) soft sediments by three thick, cylindrical, annulate rhizoids, each arising from a frontally modified autozooid, within three astogenetic generations of the ancestrula; distal ends of rhizoids finely divided into coiling tendrils. Older colonies to 25 mm long, c. 4 mm wide, flat, straight and parallel-sided. Autozooids disposed in alternating whorls, from two immediately above the ancestrula to a distal whorl of 10 in the largest colony. Autozooid shape varies in relation to astogeny, in the first few generations oval to hexagonal, longer than wide; broadly hexagonal and wider than long in later generations; each bounded by a thin cryptocystal rim and separated by a distinct suture. Cryptocyst flat, calcification coarsely and evenly nodular. Opesia in distal half of autozooid, wider than long, with a thickened, raised rim, proximal edge straight in early ontogeny, later distinctly convex, with a narrow shelf within, produced close to each proximo-lateral corner into a short, blunt denticle; two opposing denticles present on the distal rim, in some zooids with a thickened ridge linking them; all denticles most pronounced in later astogeny. Endotoichal ovicells evident as low swellings on the cryptocysts of the two succeeding autozooids, with low crescentic aperture immediately distal to, and only slightly smaller than the opesia of the brooding zooid. In each of the triangular juvenile colonies the broad distal edge is capped by flat, polygonal kenozooids, each with a minute central foramen. In the two smallest specimens the distal edge of the colony was bounded by membranous body wall, with a new generation of partially budded autozooids visible beneath it. No avicularia noted. Proximalmost autozooids bear convex plates of cryptocystal calcification projecting above the frontal shield, from the proximal edges of which the rhizoids originate. In some marginal autozooids of the larger colonies the opesia is partially occluded by smooth calcification. Measurements All measurements are mean ± SD: Juveniles – colony length n = 15, 4.20 ± 0.61 mm; colony width n = 15, 3.35 ± 0.41 mm; autozooid length n = 10, 0.57 ± 0.04 mm; autozooid width n = 10, 0.58 ± 0.06 mm; opesia length n = 10, 0.16 ± 0.01 mm; opesia width n = 10, 0.23 ± 0.01 mm; Older colonies – autozooid length n = 10, 0.55 ± 0.03 mm; autozooid width n = 10, 0.58 ± 0.03 mm; opesia length n = 10, 0.16 ± 0.01 mm; opesia width n = 10, 0.20 ± 0.01 mm. Remarks The 16 specimens from Eltanin cruise 7, station 457 were of a similar size (Figure 11 C) and there were no significantly larger colonies, or fragments of larger colonies. The flat distal edge of each colony (Figure 11 D), and distal margins, were capped with kenozooids, suggesting that growth had ceased (except for one exception noted in the description), and implying a short generation time. Hence, colony shape, size and life history might be additional specific characters. However, the material from the second locality, consisted of more than 100 colonies with a blade-like morphology; all had a constant width of around 4 mm. Some were evidently fragments, and most were damaged proximally; only one specimen was bifurcate but it was not apparent whether this was normal colony architecture or whether it represented redirected growth following damage. A number of these larger specimens retained their proximal portions, which were identical to the triangular juvenile colonies. Many of these colonies showed one or more growth checks. Autozooid morphology in these large specimens was closely similar to that of the small colonies; autozooids were proportionately broader towards the colony margins, but dimensions of the opesiae were the same, although the denticles were more pronounced. The largest complete specimen, ancestrulate and with undamaged growing edge was 19 mm long, and the largest specimen overall, damaged both distally and proximally, was 25 mm long. Ovicells were present in 14 of the juvenile colonies, borne by autozooids of the last two astogenetic generations, and within 10 astogenetic generations from the ancestrula in the larger colonies. Fourteen species of Melicerita have been described from cold temperate to polar waters of the southern hemisphere (Moyano 1997), three of which appear to be endemic to Antarctica (Hayward 1995). Melicerita lingulata may be distinguished from all of these by its flat autozooids, with distally rounded outline, its straight-edged opesia and its simple, comparatively large ovicell aperture. The tiny juvenile colonies appear even more distinctive, the flat angular outlines of autozooids characteristic of most Melicerita species not being apparent until much later astogenetic stages. In this context, the colony of Euginoma conica Gordon, 1986, from New Zealand bears a striking resemblance to the first three astogenetic generations of Melicerita lingulata. Liu and Hu (1991) described this species from a single sample collected north of the Antarctic Peninsula (62 ◦ 51.6 ’ S, 58 ◦ 07.5 ’ W, 654 m). They did not state how many specimens the sample comprised, and although their description was comprehensive and their figures showed the distal edge of a large colony, and the ancestrulate basal portion of a colony, it was not clear whether it included the triangular juvenile colonies described here.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149660D225FE77FB8F91A4FA53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony erect, branching, unjointed, bilaminar; attached by chitinous rhizooids. Autozooids oval, flat, the frontal membrane underlain by a granular cryptocyst, with an extensive oval opesia. Ovicell immersed, its aperture separate from the aperture of the maternal zooid, but its cavity only partly divided from that of the zooid. Vicarious avicularia and kenozooids present, the latter variable in size and shape. Vertical walls of zooids with large multiporous septula.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149663D220FE4FFE2D9063FE85.taxon	description	(Figures 10 C, D; 12)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149663D220FE4FFE2D9063FE85.taxon	materials_examined	Material Lectotype (chosen here). BMNH 1887.12. 9.438, Challenger station 320, 37 ◦ 17 ’ S, 53 ◦ 52 ’ W, 600 fm (1097 m). Other material. BMNH 1944.1. 8.231, same data as for lectotype (probably part of same colony). Eltanin cruise 27, station 1870, 71 ◦ 17 ’ to 71 ◦ 16 ’ S, 171 ◦ 33 ’ to 171 ◦ 29 ’ E, 741 – 659 m, 14 January 1967. Description Colony erect, bilaminar, branching irregularly, developing broad, flat lobes. Autozooids with angular outline, quadrangular to hexagonal, separated by distinct raised sutures; operculum with a brown, thickened peripheral sclerite; frontal membrane underlain by a thickly calcified, shallowly concave cryptocyst, with coarsely nodular surface; opesia oval, symmetrical, situated in centre of cryptocyst and equivalent to half total zooid length; vertical walls of zooids deep, with large multiporous septula in a single row basally. Ovicell immersed, apparent as an arched, trifoliate, apertural rim on the distal side of the maternal zooid and low swellings in the proximal cryptocyst of the two distally succeeding autozooids; with an independent orifice, marked by a brown peripheral sclerite, distal to that of the maternal zooid, but its cavity not completely separated from that of the zooid. In autozooids towards the tapered proximal end of the colony the opesia is obscured by a frontally curving plate of cryptocystal calcification, which eventually completely occludes it, except for a pair of small lacunae distally; proximally, the edge of this plate is arched and curved, delimiting a ring which perhaps indicates the origin of a cuticular rhizoid. Edges of colony branch thin, edged with sporadic vicarious avicularia and small kenozooids, with reduced opesiae. Avicularia elongate, distributed along branch edges, with a raised, hood-like, semi-elliptical rostrum, directed distally; palate with an elongate oval opesia, mandible articulating against a pair of knob-like condyles. Measurements All measurements are for n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length 0.99 ± 0.11 mm; autozooid width 0.81 ± 0.12 mm; opesia length 0.48 ± 0.08 mm; opesia width 0.37 ± 0.04 mm. Remarks The lectotype specimen is a fragment of a colony, 27 mm long, 17 mm greatest width, just before a distal bifurcation; the second specimen from Challenger station 320 is a smaller fragment, 8 mm long, 10 mm wide, and is probably part of the lectotype colony. The USARP specimen represents only the second record of this species, and demonstrates its mode of attachment to the substratum. It is also fragmentary, 18 mm long, 8 mm wide, and tapered proximally, where a preponderance of zooids show occluded opesia inferred to represent the bases of anchoring rhizoids. Busk’s type series was collected from a deep-sea station off the edge of the Patagonian Shelf, at 37 ◦ S, whereas the USARP specimen was collected off Cape Adare, at 71 ◦ S in the eastern Ross Sea. There are very few faunistic data for Antarctic and subantarctic deep-sea environments and it is not possible to conclude an unusual disjunct distribution for M. dubia.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149665D223FE2AFEA290A7F942.taxon	description	(Figure 13) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154036: Eltanin cruise 22, station 1545, 61 ◦ 04 ’ to 61 ◦ 07 ’ S, 39 ◦ 55 ’ to 39 ◦ 42 ’ W, 2355 – 2897 m, 11 February 1966; fragment of colony comprising part of main axis, 10 mm long, 1.06 mm wide, with nine side branches, largest 4.4 mm; lacking proximal and distal portions, all branches broken short. Paratypes. VMNH 013676.00: same data as holotype; six further fragments, the largest comprising part of a main axis, 6.25 mm long, with a complete lateral branch, 5 mm long, and broken stumps of four further branches. Description Colony erect, branching, developing an open, tree-like form; the main axis giving rise to stout lateral branches at irregular intervals, in alternating right / left sequence, or in opposite pairs, or in close succession along the same side; all branching in the same plane. In one of the paratype fragments one branch has initiated a second-order branch towards its tip. Autozooids in two alternating, back-to-back, longitudinal series, the arrangement apparent in newly budded autozooids at the branch tips, but obscured by thickening calcification in later ontogeny. Autozooids 0.65 – 0.75 mm long in frontal view; underlying spinocyst apparent at damaged branch tips; umbonuloid frontal shield initially regularly pitted, but more coarsely striated in later ontogeny, with few, scattered, marginal pores; the longitudinal median suture initially distinct but obscured by ontogenetic thickening. Peristomial aperture with moderately projecting, medially peaked, proximal lip, conspicuous in early ontogeny. Lateral oral avicularia paired, enclosed within peristome, rostrum facing frontally, directed distolaterally, with pronounced condylar processes and lacking a palate; mandible acute triangular. In later ontogeny both the autozooid apertures and the large avicularia become deeply immersed in thickening calcification, although, in the present material, they do not become completely occluded. Additional avicularia occur sporadically over the surface of the colony, very similar in size and shape to the lateral oral avicularia. Ovicell obscuring whole frontal surface of distally succeeding autozooid; ovoid, projecting markedly from the branch axis, its aperture opening into the peristome, bounded by a smooth lip; lateral oral avicularia of brooding zooids larger than those of autozooids. Large vicarious (?) avicularia distributed along each side of the branch, the extensive cystids obscuring the lateral portions of the autozooids; rostrum 0.25 mm long, projecting at almost a right angle from the branch axis, facing distally; rounded and slightly upturned distally, with pronounced condylar processes but no palate, mandible elongate, semi-elliptical. Etymology Latin, supplicatus: beseech, with reference to the outstretched, supplicant, appearance of the projecting avicularia. Remarks All described species of Bifaxariidae have been documented, and most have been described and figured, by Gordon (1988, 1993). Diplonotus supplicatus is distinguished from all previously described species by the large, distally facing avicularia that project from the long axis of the branch, their cupped rostra evoking the outstretched hands of a religious supplicant. Diplonotus was introduced by Canu and Bassler (1930) for D. costulatum, from two stations in the Galapagos Islands, at 40 and 684 fathoms depth (73 m and 1251 m, respectively), but most species subsequently ascribed to the genus have been collected from abyssal depths, and mostly from the Indo-west Pacific region. This new species marks the first record of the genus for the subantarctic southwest Atlantic. Superfamily ARACHNOPUSIOIDEA Jullien, 1888 Family ARACHNOPUSIIDAE Jullien, 1888 Arachnopusia pelvicula sp. nov (Figure 14) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154030: Hero cruise 691, station 20, 65 ◦ 35 ’ to 65 ◦ 37 ’ S, 67 ◦ 19 ’ to 67 ◦ 24 ’ W, 161 m, 8 February 1969; a single, multilaminar colony, forming a cylinder 21.25 mm long, investing an echinoid spine. Description Colony encrusting, multilaminar, thickly calcified. Autozooids large, rectangular, c. 0.80 mm long, but individual boundaries indistinct. Frontal shield typically with four (exceptionally three or five) large, equally sized foramina, occupying most of frontal surface, irregularly oval to almost circular, one or more occasionally with a short ligula projecting into its lumen. Aperture wider than long, its proximal edge with a low median umbo bearing a short, columnar avicularium. Apertural plate (Figure 14 B) distinctive: transversely oval, 0.17 – 0.2 mm wide, deeply concave, thickly calcified, the proximal face coarsely ribbed, its rim toothed, the whole reminiscent of a stone water trough. A single lateral oral spine present, and a single lateral oral avicularium on the opposite side of the aperture, the rostrum directed proximally, its plane perpendicular to that of the apertural plate. Ovicell more or less spherical, with a narrow band of granular ectooecium bordering the aperture, bounded distally by a low ridge; submerged and largely obscured by a thickening ooecial cover, typically bearing three shortly columnar avicularia, only the granular entooecial lip remaining visible. Etymology Latin, pelvicula: little basin, with reference to the apertural plate. Remarks The specimen seems to have been alive when collected but most of the superficial lamina is missing, perhaps as a result of post-collection abrasion, and autozooids of the underlying, older, lamina show grossly thickened frontal shields, pierced by deep, cylindrical foramina, and lack spines, and all avicularia are damaged. However, sufficient parts of the youngest lamina remain to suggest that the avicularia were monomorphic, with a small rostrum less than 0.10 mm long, bearing a short, triangular mandible. No large avicularia were evident in any part of the colony. This species most resembles Arachnopusia tristanensis Hayward and Thorpe, 1988, from Tristan da Cunha, in which the frontal shield is pierced by four to seven large foramina. However, avicularia are much more numerous in that species and include an enlarged type with a broadly scaphoid rostrum up to 0.25 mm long, and the lateral oral avicularium is situated on the rim of the aperture, rather than within it, with the rostrum normal instead of perpendicular to the apertural plane.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149659D21DFE3AFF63976BFF04.taxon	description	(Figure 14 C, D) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154029: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740: 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; two fragments of a single colony, detached from substratum (possibly a sponge). Paratypes. VMNH 013669.00: same data as holotype; five fragments. Description Holotype colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids oval to quadrangular, gently convex, separated by distinct sutures, commonly 0.87 × 0.62 mm. Frontal shield with c. 40 small, closely spaced foramina, each deeply recessed and with a thick ligula obscuring half of the lumen, the whole resembles a fine sieve with small reniform pores. Aperture wider than long, the distal edge hidden in frontal view by a projecting proximal lip incorporating two small avicularia. Apertural plate (Figure 14 D) wider than long, smooth surfaced; proximal edge thin and convex, the distal edge forming a thickened rim. A pair of short, thin spines present on the distal edge of the aperture in earliest ontogeny, but soon obscured; a single, stout lateral oral spine on one side of aperture, and a small lateral oral avicularium present on its opposite rim. Avicularia sparsely developed, generally small; lateral oral avicularium c. 0.07 mm long, with short rostrum proximally directed, tilted towards aperture; a larger avicularium typically present close to the lateral oral spine, just frontal to the peristome rim, rostrum 0.175 mm long, slightly acute to frontal plane, directed proximo-laterally. Additional avicularia, similar in shape and size to the lateral oral avicularium, may be present distal to the aperture, with rostra directed towards aperture, and two or more may be present on the proximal peristomial lip, with rostra directed frontally; in all avicularia the rostrum is upturned and pointed distally, supporting a slender triangular mandible, there are two small condylar knobs, and the palate is lacking. Ovicell about as wide as long, with a broad band of exposed entooecium bordering its aperture, bounded distally by a conspicuous ridge; immersed in a thickening ooecial cover in later ontogeny. Etymology Latin, incernicula: a sieve, with reference to the finely porous frontal shield. Remarks Arachnopusia incernicula sp. nov. is most similar to A. tubula Hayward and Thorpe, 1988, described from Elephant Island, South Shetland Isles, in its large, almost flat, apertural plate, and its projecting peristomial lip. However, in that species the frontal shield is perforated by fewer (20 – 30), larger foramina, and the peristomial lip bears a fan of three small avicularia. The lateral oral avicularium may be single or paired in A. tubula, with the rostra of both tilted towards the aperture, but the larger avicularium associated with the lateral spine, a consistent character of A. incernicula, is absent in A. tubula. Finally, the exposed area of entooecium is more extensive in A. tubula than in A. incernicula, broadly triangular in shape and with a coarsely granular surface.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149658D218FE2CFEC89747F9A2.taxon	description	(Figure 15)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149658D218FE2CFEC89747F9A2.taxon	materials_examined	Material	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149658D218FE2CFEC89747F9A2.taxon	description	Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids oval to hexagonal, convex, separated by distinct grooves; 0.75 – 1.00 by 0.38 – 0.6 mm. Frontal shield with 20 to 30 small foramina, irregularly oval, many with a short ligula and appearing reniform. Aperture wider than long, bounded by a low peristome, peaked medio-proximally where it bears a single avicularium, and forming a low, continuous ridge across the frontal surface of the ovicell. Apertural plate (Figure 15 B) about as wide as long, shallowly concave, with a pronounced lip on the distal and lateral edges which becomes coarsely rugose in later ontogeny. Two distal oral spines and a single lateral oral spine present, the distal pair indistinct, apparent in earliest ontogeny but obscured by development of peristome, only the lateral oral spine persisting. A small avicularium present in the proximo-lateral corner of the aperture, opposite to the single spine, directed proximally, with the plane of the rostrum perpendicular to the apertural plane; a second avicularium situated immediately lateral to the spine, its rostrum normal to the frontal plane, directed proximo-laterally. Ovicell about as wide as long, with a narrow band of smooth entooecium bordering its aperture; a peristomial ridge crosses the ovicell in early ontogeny, and it is then soon obscured by a thickening ooecial cover. Additional small avicularia develop on the peristomial ridge, up to three in total, with variable orientation; rostrum narrowly triangular, 0.10 mm long, crossbar incomplete, palate lacking. Interzooidal avicularia, up to 0.25 mm long, develop sporadically along edges of autozooids, with elongate, bluntly triangular rostrum, thin, incomplete crossbar and without a palate. Large vicarious avicularia present at one point on the colony margin (Figure 15 C): the cystids are as large as autozooids, with rostra, c. 0.30 mm long, acute to frontal plane, directed at colony periphery and supporting a broadly triangular mandible. Remarks Arachnopusia discors was described by Hayward and Thorpe (1988 b) from a single station off Cape Horn (56 ◦ 19.5 ’ S, 67 ◦ 09.15 ’ W, 121 m), and this present record, from the same region of the southwest Atlantic, marks only the second occurrence of the species. It is especially characterized by its frontal shield, with 20 to 30 small, ligulate foramina, and the broad, shallowly concave apertural plate, which has coarse granulations distally, and these features are well shown in the new material. The medio-proximal peristomial avicularium and the two lateral oral avicularia are also present in both the holotype and the specimen described here, but the large vicarious avicularia were not noted in the original description. Superfamily LEPRALIELLOIDEA Vigneaux, 1949 Family ROMANCHEINIDAE Jullien, 1888 Lageneschara peristomata sp. nov. (Figure 16) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154042: Eltanin cruise 22, station 1595, 54 ◦ 40 ’ to 54 ◦ 39 ’ S, 57 ◦ 05 ’ to 57 ◦ 07 ’ W, 124 – 128 m; fragment of a colony. Paratypes. Same data as holotype; fragmentary colonies. Description Colony a brittle, unilaminar sheet, only loosely encrusted on substrata (fragments of erect bryozoans) such that basal surface of much of it is not attached. Autozooids elongate oval, convex, separated by distinct grooves. Frontal shield umbonulomorph, finely calcified, with a striated surface, rising distally and produced as a tall slen- der, cylindrical peristome, projecting almost perpendicularly from the frontal plane. Proximal half of frontal shield, and lateral and distal margins, closely pierced by small round pores; central region of frontal shield, and peristome, imperforate, ring scar on inner surface of frontal shield coinciding with curved border between perforate and imperforate areas. Peristome transversely oval at base, tapering distally to a more or less cylindrical cross-section, its proximal rim produced as a rounded lip; distal face of peristome shows a longitudinal suture, indicating where two lobes of developing peristome fuse. Ovicell hemispherical, imperforate, with a nodular surface; situated at base of peristome and opening into it; its orifice overhung by a projecting lip, which is obscured by the development of the peristome. Vertical walls of autozooids pierced by numerous small, uniporous septula. Basal wall with a drop-shaped lacuna, covered by dark brown cuticle, at extreme distal end. A broad lyrula projects from proximal face at base of peristome, occupying most of proximal rim; more or less anvil shaped, straight edged, with the distal corners distinctly bifid. Measurements Both measurements are for n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length 1.27 ± 0.12 mm; autozooid width 0.71 ± 0.08 mm. Etymology Greek, peri: around; stoma: mouth, alluding to the distinctive peristome. Remarks	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214965CD21AFE35FF63924CFB30.taxon	description	(Figure 17) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154035: Eltanin cruise 22, station 1536, 54 ◦ 29 ’ to 54 ◦ 31 ’ S, 39 ◦ 22 ’ to 39 ◦ 19 ’ W, 659 – 686 m, 8 February 1966; a single colony, in four pieces, total length 51 mm. Description Holotype colony erect, bilaminar, with a flat, almost parallel-sided, strap-like form with almost constant width of 6 mm; slightly curved at the proximal end, otherwise practically straight. The distal edge of the colony is undamaged, but the proximal portion is missing, and the ancestrula, early ontogeny and mode of attachment are unknown. Autozooids in alternating transverse rows, continuous around edges of branch, with a row of six on each face and one on each edge. Individual autozooid boundaries discernible externally in early ontogeny but indistinct later, when entire colony has continuous, coarsely reticulate, frontal calcification; in sectional view this is c. 0.19 mm thick along the midlines of the zooids and 0.38 mm at their peripheries; viewed internally, the reticulation is seen to originate as marginal pores, and the central area of the frontal shield is imperforate. Secondary orifice of autozooid irregularly oval, thick-rimmed, with successive increments of frontal shield thickening evident as successive rims, but lacking the elaborate oral ledge and umbones characteristic of Cellarinella, although there is often a small median, proximal umbo in zooids distributed along growth checks. Every autozooid with a large adventitious avicularium, frontally situated, its rostrum immediately proximal to the secondary orifice, and occupying a similar area, slightly acute to frontal plane and directed proximally; rostrum broadly triangular, hooked apically, the palatal foramen forming a rough “ W ” shape, crossbar stout, with a thick, knobbly columella. No ovicells observed. Measurements All measurements are for n = 20, mean ± SD; aperture length 0.26 ± 0.02 mm; aperture width 0.24 ± 0.02 mm; avicularium length 0.26 ± 0.03 mm; avicularium width 0.26 ± 0.02 mm. Etymology Greek, megas: large, kion: pillar, with reference to the thickened columella on the crossbar of the avicularium. Remarks The colony is banded by assumed growth check lines, 14 in total, imparting to it an indistinctly nodulated appearance. The distal edge is smoothly rounded off, with no evidence of buds, suggesting that growth was quiescent at the time of collection. Cellarinelloides is distinguished from Cellarinella in lacking apertural avicularia, and in its comparatively simple aperture. It is otherwise known only by the genus type, C. crassus Moyano, 1970, which develops very large (> 100 mm high) colonies, consisting of broad bilaminar plates. The secondary orifice of C. crassus is wider than long, with a prominent, medially peaked, proximal lip, and the rostrum of the avicularium is lightly calcified with a slender crossbar that lacks a columella. It is an endemic Antarctic species, described from Marguerite Bay and widely distributed in the Ross Sea, and C. megaciona sp. nov. represents the first occurrence of the genus outside the Antarctic Circle.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214965FD214FE46FAD29128FD0D.taxon	description	(Figure 18 A, B) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154033: SOSC 876, station 114, 60 ◦ 30.1 ’ S, 46 ◦ 42.8 ’ W; a single damaged colony, 80 mm high, with horizontal spread 90 mm. Paratype: VMNH 13665.00, same data as Holotype. Description Colony erect, attached by an encrusting base, developed as a short, thick peduncle, 8 mm diameter, 10 mm high, above which it expands into a rigid, folded, bilaminar plate, 2 mm thick at growing edge, 3 mm just above peduncle; colony architecture incompletely known but evidently very irregular, the folded plate has a continuous, wavy growing edge, and shows growth bands, but at points of damage it displays short, narrow, regenerating lobes. Autozooids arranged in alternating longitudinal series; individual boundaries visible only at the growing edge, reticulate calcification originating around the single series of marginal pores in the frontal shield advances centripetally, and thickens within one or two ontogenetic generations from the growing edge, and the entire frontal surface of the colony is covered by a continuous reticulate layer. Secondary orifice wider than long, a frontally curving, medially convex lip within the proximal edge of the orifice imparts a slightly crescentic appearance in later ontogeny. Avicularia very sparse, and inconspicuous; cystid budded just proximal to rim of secondary orifice, but rostrum situated within it, broadly scaphoid in outline, hooked distally, slightly acute to frontal plane and directed proximo-laterally. No other type of avicularium noted. Ovicells not apparent. Measurements For all measurements, n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length (basal view) 2.21 ± 0.22 mm; autozooid width (basal view) 0.40 ± 0.04 mm; length secondary orifice 0.34 ± 0.03 mm; width secondary orifice 0.15 ± 0.01 mm. Etymology Latin, incomptus: unadorned, with reference to the simple morphology of the secondary orifice. Remarks	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149651D215FE47FCD79177FCCE.taxon	description	(Figure 18 C, D) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154034: Eltanin cruise 12, station 1078, 61 ◦ 27 ’ to 61 ◦ 26 ’ S, 67 ◦ 19 ’ to 67 ◦ 24 ’ W, 604 m, 12 April 1964; almost complete colony, 23.75 mm long, with maximum width 3.75 mm; ancestrula and first two / three (?) astogenetic generations missing, but rhizoids present. Paratypes. VMNH 013677.00: same data as holotype; 10 fragments, largest 25 mm long, representing at least four further colonies. Description Colony erect, sparsely branched, the branches flat, or indistinctly curved, with a thick, oval section; regular transverse constrictions, interpreted as growth checks, occur every four to seven autozooid generations, imparting a distinctly nodular appearance. Autozooids in regular, alternating whorls of up to 14, strongly convex, the boundaries of each indicated by gullies, but without clear sutures between adjacent frontal shields; frontal surface of colony a single, smoothly calcified layer densely perforated by small round pores developed from the original marginal pores. Secondary orifice about as wide as long, the proximal and lateral borders defined by a smooth, slightly flared lip enclosed within a thickened, frontally projecting proximal peristome; distal border straight or slightly concave. Almost all autozooids with an adventitious avicularium in each proximo-lateral corner of the peristome, with a short, triangular, distally hooked rostrum, acute to frontal plane and directed disto-laterally; crossbar thick but without a columella. Ovicells not observed. Measurements Secondary orifice, length 0.23 ± 0.01 mm (n = 15, mean ± SD); secondary orifice, width 0.23 ± 0.08 mm (n = 15, mean ± SD). Etymology Greek, dis: two; Latin: atriarius: doorkeeper, alluding to the paired peristomial avicularia. Remarks In its narrow, nodulated branches and paired peristomial avicularia C. diatriaria is reminiscent of the Antarctic species C. njegovanae Rogick, 1956. However, in that species the secondary orifice is twice as wide as long, with a complete inner lip, and the distal edge of the peristome overarches the proximal edge and partially obscures the avicularia. Cellarinella seemed to be essentially an endemic Antarctic genus, with only one species, C. dubia Waters, 1904, being primarily subantarctic in distribution. However, the description here of two new species from the subantarctic southwest Atlantic challenges that supposition.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149650D215FDB7FC469794FB78.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony encrusting, consisting of uniserial chains of elongate oval autozooids, dividing irregularly and infrequently. Autozooid frontal shield umbonulomorph, with marginal pores only. Vertical walls enclosing small basal pore chambers. Primary orifice sinuate; oral spines present. Kenozooids present; avicularia absent. Ovicell hyperstomial, not closed by zooidal operculum; ectooecium membranous frontally. Ancestrula tatiform.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149653D212FE4BFC0B90F1FD34.taxon	description	(Figure 19) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154049: Eltanin cruise 11, station 974, 53 ◦ 32 ’ to 53 ◦ 34 ’ S, 64 ◦ 57 ’ to 64 ◦ 55 ’ W, 119 – 124 m, 12 February 1964; encrusting gravel. Paratypes. Eltanin cruise 22, station 1595, 54 ◦ 40 ’ to 54 ◦ 39 ’ S, 57 ◦ 05 ’ to 57 ◦ 07 ’ W, 124 – 128 m, 14 March 1966; two colonies encrusting gravel, one encrusting a shell fragment. Other material. Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September, 1963; one colony on gravel (figured). Description Autozooids more or less oval, as broad proximally as distally, steeply convex. Primary orifice as wide as long, anter more or less semicircular; poster broadly triangular, with a frontal lip defining a short, U-shaped sinus comprising about one-fifth proximal width; proximo-lateral borders of poster constitute broad condylar processes. Eleven spines closely spaced around distal and lateral borders of orifice, long, thick and blunt, with brown, chitinous, basal articulation arising from ring-like socket. Frontal shield thickly calcified, finely granular, imperforate except for a peripheral series of small round pores that represent a series of small pore chambers within the thickness of the lateral walls. Ovicell hyperstomial, recumbent on distally succeeding autozooid, ovoid, not closed by zooidal operculum; with exposed area of entooecium frontally but otherwise imperforate (?). Rather flat, irregularly shaped and sized kenozooids are interspersed with the autozooids. Ancestrula tatiform, oval, with opesia occupying ca 60 % of total length, bordered by an undetermined number of spines (> 10). Measurements For all measurements, n = 12, mean ± SD: autozooid length 1.04 ± 0.11 mm; autozooid width 0.73 ± 0.06 mm; orifice length 0.20 ± 0.01 mm; orifice width 0.20 ± 0.01 mm. Etymology Greek, poly: many; Latin, fusus: spindle, with reference to the numerous, fusiform oral spines. Remarks The material is limited to just five tiny colonies, encrusting very small substrata. Two ancestrulae were present in the samples, but both were damaged and ancestrular morphology is therefore incompletely known. Similarly, only one ovicell was present but it was damaged in preparation and whether or not the frontal surface is perforated is not known. The broken frontal shield of one autozooid revealed a conspicuous umbonuloid frontal membrane, and the boundary between distal, umbonuloid and proximal, cryptocystal portions of the frontal shield could be discerned. However, shortage of material precluded further preparation and SEM examination, which would of necessity have been destructive. Superfamily SCHIZOPORELLOIDEA Jullien, 1888 Family GIGANTOPORIDAE Bassler, 1935 Gigantopora spathula sp. nov. (Figure 20) Material Holotype. Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; fragment 16 mm long. Paratypes. Same data as holotype; numerous fragments representing an undetermined number of colonies. Description Colony attached by an encrusting base, erect, cylindrical and branching; brittle, colony architecture unknown, the single sample comprised c. 50 fragments, to about 18 mm long, from an unknown number of colonies. Autozooids in three to seven alternating longitudinal series, around the whole periphery of the branch; elongate oval, convex, bounded by distinct ridges, indicating vertical walls. Primary orifice almost terminal, as wide as long; anter gently arched, poster shallowly concave between small, rounded condyles. Peristome developed in earliest ontogeny, transversely oval in section, elongate, projecting at 45 ◦ to branch axis, its terminal aperture with pronounced distal and proximal lobes, and deep lateral notches. Proximally, the peristome forms a projecting, cap-like lobe above an extensive pseudospiramen through which the proximal edge of the primary orifice is visible. Paired peristomial avicularia present, the cystid of each budded close to lateral border of orifice; rostra curving medially and meeting at midpoint of proximal lip of peristome, each resembling a dipping ladle; crossbar stout, complete, with a small, rounded palatal foramen just distal to it; mandible sharply hooked. Frontal shield of autozooid lightly calcified, translucent, evenly and densely perforated by small, round pores; a single series of large marginal areolae bordering each autozooid; peristome imperforate but more thickly calcified than frontal shield and with irregularly nodular surface. Ovicell hemispherical, prominent, evenly perforated between nodular calcification, opening deep within the peristome. Vertical wall with numerous small uniporous septula. Measurements For both measurements, n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length (including peristome) 1.79 ± 0.13 mm; autozooid width 1.11 ± 0.12 mm. Etymology Latin, spathula: spade, referring to the rostrum of the avicularium. Remarks Species of Gigantopora have been described from numerous localities in the southern hemisphere, and from Tertiary horizons in New Zealand. Gigantopora foraminosa Hayward and Cook, 1983, from South Africa, and G. oropiscis Gordon and d’Hondt, 1997, from New Caledonia, are also characterized by erect, cylindrical and branching colonies. In the former the peristomial complex incorporates short, paired avicularia with sharply pointed, medially directed rostra, and the pseudospiramen is hooded by a narrowed lobe linked to the peristomial bridge by a slender ridge. The peristomial complex of G. oropiscis is similar to that of G. spathula sp. nov., with a broad lip overhanging the pseudospiramen, and with both peristome and avicularia projecting frontally. Gigantopora oropiscis is distinguished from G. spathula in having smaller avicularia, with triangular rather than spathulate rostra, and by its proportionately shorter peristome, and coarser perforation. The ovicell of G. spathula is proportionately larger than that of G. oropiscis with more regular perforation.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149649D20EFEEAFB899043FC09.taxon	description	(Figure 22) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154051: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; a single colony, in two fragments, encrusting a fragment of Reteporella. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids large, quadrangular to irregularly hexagonal, clearly separated by raised sutures. Frontal shield lightly calcified, translucent, flat or gently convex, its surface faintly pitted; with a single series of conspicuous marginal areolar pores. Primary orifice wider than long, distal edge indistinctly crenulated, proximal edge with broad lyrula occupying about half its total width; condyles relatively large, oval, down curved, with finely denticulate edge. A single, stout spine base evident on the mid-distal edge of the orifice, its socket indicating it supported a large, basally jointed spine. Peristome well developed, tall, extending and rising proximally from each side of the distal spine; mid-proximally it has a rounded notch, above (i. e. frontal to) the lyrula paired ridges develop on the inner faces of the proximolateral lobes of the peristome, the notch therefore defining a short channel. In ovicelled zooids the peristome rim extends onto the frontal surface of the ovicell, and forms a complete tube. Avicularia present on most autozooids, proximo-lateral to the peristome, directed disto-laterally to proximo-laterally; rostrum most frequently elongate oval, 0.01 mm long, rounded and slightly broadened distally; larger avicularia with slender, parallel-sided rostra, to 0.40 mm long, with rounded tip; in both types, crossbar lacks a columella. Ovicell distinctive: as broad as long, prominent and appearing spherical, half, or less, width of autozooid; smoothly calcified, regularly perforated by small round pores, so appearing speckled and resembling a berry. Measurements Autozooid length: n = 15, 1.12 ± 0.21 mm (mean ± SD); autozooid width: n = 15, 0.64 ± 0.10 mm. Etymology Latin, baccula: a small berry, with reference to the appearance of the ovicell. Remarks Species of Parasmittina are found in shelf environments worldwide. The genus seems to achieve peak diversity in tropical reef habitats, and is also moderately speciose in temperate environments, but no species are known from Antarctica and only one, Parasmittina dubitata Hayward, 1980, is presently known from the cool temperate South Atlantic. Parasmittina baccula sp. nov. resembles P. dubitata in its dimorphic avicularia, its stout lyrula and well-developed peristome, but in the latter the enlarged avicularium has a triangular, distally hooked rostrum, and there are two distal oral spines. The ovicell of P. baccula is proportionately much smaller than that of P. dubitata, and is more densely perforated, athough the autozooids of the new species may be as much as twice as long, and wide, as those of P. dubitata.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214964BD208FE47FBC89245FDBE.taxon	description	(Figure 23) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154053: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; one fragment. Paratypes. VMNH 01367.200: same data as holotype; seven fragments. Description Colony architecture unknown; type material consists of flat or curled, unilaminar flakes, with no evidence of substratum, basal walls of autozooids clean. Autozooids hexagonal, flat; frontal shield flat, or just convex medially, with thin, dimpled calcification, bordered by projecting vertical walls, and large, closely spaced marginal pores. Primary orifice wider than long, proximal edge with broad, straight-edged lyrula, occupying two-thirds of total width; condyles conspicuous, sharply pointed, down-curved. No oral spines. Peristome thin, low, with medio-proximal notch, above a small, oval suboral avicularium, with semi-elliptical mandible, parallel to frontal plane, directed proximally, crossbar slender with thin median columella. Sporadically, the avicularium is dimorphic, with scaphoid rostrum, ca 0.4 mm long, proximally directed. Ovicell recumbent on frontal shield of distally succeeding autozooid, hemispherical, ectooecium with large, uncalcified frontal area, the exposed entooecium pierced by numerous, irregularly shaped pores. Measurements For all measurements n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length 1.24 ± 0.11 mm; autozooid width 0.18 ± 0.01 mm; orifice width 0.25 ± 0.01. Etymology Latin, cancellatus: latticed, with reference to the dimpled calcification. Remarks Species of Smittoidea have been described from shelf-sea environments worldwide, including Antarctica and the subantarctic southwest Atlantic. In its distinctive frontal calcification and small, oval, suboral avicularium S. cancellata sp. nov. is most similar to S. malleata Hayward and Thorpe, 1989, reported from the South Shetland Islands, Graham Land and the Ross Sea, and S. albula Hayward and Taylor, 1984, known only from the Ross Sea. However, both of these species have elongate oval ovicells, much larger than that of S. cancellata and more densely perforated. Smittoidea malleata is further distinguished in lacking a peristome, and in its lyrula, which is simply a short projection from the distal edge of the avicularium. The lyrula of S. albula is a conspicuous square structure, and a thin, raised peristome extends along the lateral borders of the orifice, and proximally incorporates the avicularium. In both of the described species the condyles are thick and angular, quite unlike the slender, pointed condyles of S. cancellata.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214964DD209FE23FD68921FFA54.taxon	description	(Figure 24) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154052: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; a single small colony encrusting a fragment of Reteporella. Paratypes. NMNH 1154050, VMNH 013673.00: same data as holotype; two further small colonies on Reteporella fragments. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar in present material. Autozooids irregularly hexagonal, separated by distinct sutures; frontal shield gently convex, smooth, with a single series of large, conspicuous, closely spaced marginal pores. Primary orifice wider than long, proximal rim with a broad, deep lyrula occupying half total width, its free edge convex, with bluntly cusped corners; condyles large and conspicuous, down curved, with fine ridges radiating to a broadly rounded, finely denticulate edge. Six spines closely spaced in an arc around distal border of orifice. Peristome developed laterally and proximally, with a deep mid-proximal pseudosinus, on each side of which the rim is produced as a prominent lobe. An adventitious avicularium situated immediately proximal to the pseudosinus, proximally directed, the rostrum elongate, slender, tapered, with denticulate edge; palate with a triangular foramen, crossbar complete, stout, with a thick, rectangular, median columella. Characteristic of the genus, the avicularium arises from a marginal pore on one side of the orifice only: in Figure 24 A this is to the right, and the pores series can be seen to stop short of the peristome. Ovicell slightly wider than long, flattened frontally, with a gently arched aperture; smoothly calcified, perforated by numerous (> 30) small pores. Measurements Autozooid length (n = 20) 0.53 ± 0.05 mm (mean ± SD); autozooid width (n = 20) 0.39 ± 0.03 mm. Etymology Latin, lanceolatus: spear-like, with reference to the slender frontal avicularium. Remarks In its six oral spines, deeply notched peristome and lanceolate avicularium, Hemismittoidea lanceolata sp. nov. has a superficial resemblance to the New Zealand species, Hemismittoidea hexaspinosa (Uttley and Bullivant, 1972), as described and figured by López Gappa (1986) from Burdwood Bank and the Beagle Channel. However, the avicularium of that species is asymmetrically placed, to one side of the peristomial pseudosinus, and its crossbar lacks the stout, rectangular columella seen in the new species. Further, the frontal shield of Lopez Gappa’s material has grossly nodular frontal calcification and a proportionately larger ovicell, with fewer, rather irregular pores.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214964CD20BFE75F9C89749FAF3.taxon	description	(Figure 25 A, B)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214964CD20BFE75F9C89749FAF3.taxon	materials_examined	Material Eltanin cruise 6, station 370: 53 ◦ 54 ’ to 53 ◦ 55 ’ S, 64 ◦ 36 ’ to 64 ◦ 52 ’ W, 104 – 115 m, 12 December 1962; several fragmentary colonies. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids hexagonal, but irregularly so at division of rows, gently convex, separated by deep grooves, revealing vertical walls. Primary orifice wider than long, occupying approximately one-fifth total frontal length of zooid; D-shaped, the straight proximal border with a minute denticle in each corner, revealed by SEM; three or four short, slender and indistinct spines evenly spaced around distal rim of orifice. Frontal shield smoothly calcified, vitreous; ascopore situated at mid-length of the zooid, deeply crescentic, with denticulate edge; distance between proximal edge of orifice and distal edge of ascopore rim equivalent to length of orifice. Numerous pores in frontal shield: a single series along the border between the frontal shield and the lateral walls; a double series between the orifice and the ascopore, and others scattered laterally so that only the mid-proximal region of the frontal shield lacks pores; pores small and round, each partly occluded by a delicate sieve plate, resembling a holothurian ossicle. Ovicell prominent, slightly wider than long, with a single series of small pores closely spaced around its periphery; calcified entooecium finely granular, imperforate, with indistinct, radiating frontal ridges. Measurements For all measurements, n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length 0.62 ± 0.05 mm; autozooid width 0.41 ± 0.05 mm; orifice length 0.13 ± 0.01 mm; orifice width 0.17 ± 0.01 mm. Remarks	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214964ED204FD9FFA939287FAAA.taxon	description	(Figure 25 C, D) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154037: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; a small colony encrusting piece of gravel. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids oval to hexagonal, steeply convex frontally and separated by deep grooves. Primary orifice slightly wider than long, with straight proximal edge, occupying about one-sixth total autozooid length; six basally jointed spines evenly spaced around lateral and distal borders of orifice, four in ovicelled zooids. Ascopore immediately proximal to orifice, the distance between its distal rim and the proximal orifice edge equivalent to about one-half orifice length; irregularly oval, slightly recessed into frontal shield, its inner rim often notched distally. Frontal shield of autozooid finely granular, but with sporadic irregular ridges, typically developing a ridged, knobbly border encircling the ascopore; pores few in number, irregularly stellate, two proximo-lateral to the orifice, on each side, others closely spaced around distal border of autozooid, and more widely spaced, and indistinct, around lateral and proximal borders. A sharp boundary evident between the cryptocystal calcification of the frontal shield and the gymnocystal calcification of the vertical walls. Ovicell longer than wide, prominent; ectooecium almost entirely membranous, but forming a thin rim around the basal periphery of the ovicell, continuous with a thin lip around its aperture; entooecium smoothy calcified, ridged and knobbly, with indistinct marginal pores. Measurements For all measurements n = 10, mean ± SD: autozooid length 0.63 ± 0.05 mm; autozooid width 0.46 ± 0.08 mm; orifice length 0.09 ± 0.01 mm; orifice width 0.15 ± 0.01 mm. Etymology Latin, asperula: uneven, with reference to the irregularly ridged frontal calcification. Remarks Species of Fenestrulina have been described from shelf environments worldwide, and the genus seems to be especially richly represented in Antarctica and the subantarctic southwest Atlantic. All species presently known from these regions have been described and figured by Hayward (1995) and Hayward and Ryland (1990), a total of 15, and F. asperula differs from all of them in its sparsely developed, irregularly shaped pores and in its proportionately large, oval ascopore. The elongate oval ovicell, with its irregular ridges, recalls that of the Antarctic species F. proxima (Waters, 1904) but in that species the ascopore is tiny, crescent-shaped and situated close to the proximal edge of the orifice, and the pores bordering the frontal shield are large, round and numerous.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149641D206FE47FA689747FDC7.taxon	description	(Figure 26) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154041: Eltanin cruise 11, station 974, 53 ◦ 32 ’ to 53 ◦ 34 ’ S, 64 ◦ 57 ’ to 64 ◦ 55 ’ W, 119 – 124 m, 12 February 1964; a single colony encrusting a piece of gravel. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids oval to hexagonal, thickly calcified, convex, separated by distinct grooves. Primary orifice slightly wider than long, with a thickly calcified rim, and the proximal edge with a slight median convexity; six spines evenly spaced around lateral and distal borders of orifice, two persisting in ovicelled zooids. Frontal shield nodular, with a border of small, regularly spaced areolar pores, and 20 to 30 smaller pseudopores scattered frontally. Ascopore in distal half of zooid, forming a shallow crescent with a denticulate edge, recessed within a thick, oval rim; distance between proximal edge of orifice and distal edge of ascopore equivalent to orifice length. A single avicularium situated proximo-lateral to ascopore, on right or left; rostrum directed disto-laterally, short, its tip truncate and slightly flared, inferred to support a setiform mandible; crossbar stout, lacking a columella. Ovicell recumbent on distally succeeding autozooid, globular and prominent, its nodular surface with a conspicuous median umbo; aperture highly arched, with a broad lip of smooth calcification; imperforate frontally, but with a peripheral series of small pores. Measurements For all measurements n = 20, mean ± SD: autozooid length 0.74 ± 0.05 mm; autozooid width, 0.52 ± 0.05 mm; orifice length 0.16 ± 0.01 mm; orifice width 0.13 ± 0.01 mm. Etymology Latin, crusta: a hard outer surface, with reference to the thick, nodular frontal shield. Remarks Taylor and Mawatari (2005) noted that more than 150 species have been assigned to the genus Microporella, and that although perhaps one-third of these do not belong in the genus, its actual diversity is still obscured by incorrect attribution of material, from worldwide localities, to a few taxa formerly considered to be cosmopolitan in distribution. Kuklinski and Taylor (2008) usefully chose a neotype for the type species, M. ciliata (Pallas, 1766). A single endemic Antarctic species is known, M. stenoporta Hayward and Taylor, 1984, and two others have been described from the magellanic region, M. hyadesi (Jullien, 1888) and M. personata (Busk, 1854). It is possible that M. crustula sp. nov. has been previously recorded from the southwest Atlantic as the “ cosmopolitan ” M. ciliata (Pallas, 1766), but it differs from northeast Atlantic specimens attributed to that species in the proportions of its primary orifice, which is wider than long in M. ciliata, in its smaller ascopore and more delicate frontal pores. Further, the adventitious avicularium is much larger in M. ciliata, and the ovicell is shorter and less prominent, and lacks the conspicuous umbo seen in the new species.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149643D202FEF5FD89911FFDE7.taxon	description	(Figures 27, 28; Table 1)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149643D202FEF5FD89911FFDE7.taxon	materials_examined	Material Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; numerous (> 50) fragments of erect cellariiform and flustriform colonies, 34 with bipartite, nodulated chitinous stems; 13 pieces of substratum (gravel, shell and an echinoderm spine) bearing unilaminar encrusting sheets, giving rise to erect, cellariiform and flustriform shoots. Remarks	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149643D202FEF5FD89911FFDE7.taxon	description	∗ Substratum 11 is a bivalve shell, substratum 12 is an echinoid spine, the rest are gravel. The colony of A. secunda therefore displays biphasic morphology; the founding ancestrula grows as a unilaminar encrusting sheet, which then produces erect shoots which may be broad or narrow, and jointed or not. It might be speculated that this growth form is an ecophenotypic expression, in response to limited or small and unstable substrata, and that under other microenvironmental conditions the colony might simply develop as an encrusting sheet. Intriguingly, without evidence of erect growth, or its ovicell, such a colony would be recognized by most bryozoan specialists as a species of Fenestrulina, and it might be further speculated that some poorly characterized, southern ocean species of “ Fenestrulina ” might in fact represent the encrusting phase of perhaps undescribed species of Adelascopora. In defining such taxa it is essential to consider that a sample of erect “ colonies ” from a single sampling point might represent the ramets of a single genet, and that observed variation within the sample might reflect intracolony variation.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149647D27CFED5FDAF920FFC7D.taxon	description	Reteporella magellensis (Busk) (Figure 29 A)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149647D27CFED5FDAF920FFC7D.taxon	materials_examined	Material Lectotype (chosen here). BMNH 1887.12. 9.513, Challenger station 320, 37 ◦ 17 ’ S, 53 ◦ 52 ’ W, 600 fm (1097 m). Other material. Hero cruise 731, station 1756, 64 ◦ 47.4 ’ to 64 ◦ 47.03 ’ S, 64 ◦ 07.5 ’ to 64 ◦ 06.2 ’ W, 91 m, 17 February 1973 (fragments). Hero cruise 715, station 853, 54 ◦ 34 ’ S, 64 ◦ 20 ’ W, 91 m, 20 October 1971 (fragments). Eltanin cruise 11, station 974, 53 ◦ 32 ’ to 53 ◦ 34 ’ S, 64 ◦ 57 ’ to 64 ◦ 55 ’ W, 119 – 124 m, 12 February 1964 (fragments, including three colony bases). Description Lectotype colony incomplete, consisting of a narrow cup, 20 mm high, oval in section with a maximum diameter of 15 mm, about one-third missing; rather thickly calcified, with fenestrulae 1.25 – 2.5 by c. 1.25 mm. Autozooids in three to eight alternating longitudinal series, broad, convex, with borders distinct only at the growing edge. Frontal shield initially smooth, but thickening and becoming coarsely nodular early in ontogeny; most autozooids with one or two large, marginal areolar pores proximally. Primary orifice transversely oval, almost twice as broad as long, obscured by a deep peristome with thick, slightly flared rim. A single large spine base apparent on each side of the peristome and a thick rimmed, round pseudospiramen medioproximally, adjacent and just proximal to a peristomial avicularium, and linked to the peristome rim by a narrow fissure. Rostrum of peristomial avicularium drop shaped, directed proximo-laterally at an acute angle to frontal plane; crossbar thick, with a stout median columella, lacking a palate. Frontal adventitious avicularia typically numerous, one, two or more per autozooid, with variable position and orientation; dimorphic: one type almost identical to the peristomial avicularium, with denticulate distal rostral rim; second type more elongate oval, with more slender crossbar, and palate with small round foramen. The second type of avicularium also frequent on abfrontal surface of colony. Ovicell prominent, broadest distally, narrowing towards the orifice, with a narrow, elongate and tapered labellum extending in to peristome; frontal calcification smooth, with a longitudinal median fissure extending for the whole frontal surface, closing in later ontogeny to a narrow fissure in the central half of the ovicell’s length; becoming covered by a coarsely nodular ooecial cover, but remaining conspicuous. Remarks Busk’s (1884) description of this species is based on the chosen lectotype, from Challenger station 32. A second Challenger collection specimen, from South Africa, attributed to S. magellensis but not listed by Busk does not belong to this species. Busk (1884) noted a specimen from the Falkland Isles in the collection of Miss Gatty, and Waters (1905) reported it from the southern Patagonian Shelf, while López Gappa and Lichtschein (1990) showed it to have an extensive distribution from south of the River Plate to Tierra del Fuego. Its characteristic features are the transversely oval orifice, paired oral spines and thick peristome, with the pseudospiramen situated close to the rim. The granular calcification and oval avicularia can be seen in the figures of López Gappa and Lichtschein (1990), but the distinctive ovicell has not been figured previously.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149639D27DFE53FC1E92DEFB28.taxon	description	(Figure 29 B, C) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154047: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; fragment, 30 × 30 mm. Paratypes. VMNH 013670.00: same data as holotype: numerous fragments, including three recognizable colony bases Description Colony architecture unknown, but fragments are mostly flat, suggesting an open, shallow cup without infolded rim. Fenestrulae elongate oval, 2.0 – 3.25 by 0.5 – 1.0 mm; trabeculae slender, consisting commonly of three alternating, longitudinal autozooid series, increasing to five at points of trabecular fusion. Autozooids elongate, separated by conspicuous raised sutures; frontal shield flat or gently convex, finely granular, with sparse (four or fewer) marginal pores. Primary orifice wider than long, obscured by a deep peristome with a medio-proximal fissure running from a peaked rim to an oval pseudospiramen, the distance between it and the peristome rim equivalent to one-quarter total frontal length of autozooid; two pairs of lateral spines present on peristome rim. Frontal adventitious avicularia present, typically one per autozooid, median in position, directed proximally or proximo-laterally; rostrum slightly acute to frontal plane, drop shaped, with complete crossbar and stout columella above a small palatal foramen. Vicarious avicularia sparse, in proximal axils of fenestrulae, 0.35 mm long, with swollen cystid; rostrum broadly oval, distal rim straight and bicusped, crossbar complete, with stout columella above a minimal palatal foramen. Ovicell broader than long, smooth surfaced, with very small, inconspicuous frontal foramen; labellum narrowly tapered to a rounded edge, with a broad fissure on each side. Etymology Latin, sulcus: grooved, with reference to the sutures bordering the frontal shields of the autozooids. Remarks Species of Phidoloporidae are distributed in shelf seas worldwide, and among them Reteporella is possibly the most widespread genus, with numerous species described from polar, temperate and tropical environments. Phidoloporids are morphologically complex, and before the broad application of SEM methods descriptions were incomplete and often misleading, with much resulting taxonomic confusion. North Atlantic species of Reteporella are adequately described (Hayward and Ryland, 1999), numerous species from the tropical southwest Pacific have been described and illustrated by SEM (Hayward, 1999, 2000, 2004), as have all species presently known from Antarctica (Hayward, 1995), but for much of the marine realm Reteporella species have yet to be adequately described or figured. López Gappa (1978) listed just three taxa attributed to Reteporella (as Sertella) from the Argentinian Patagonian Shelf, including Reteporella magellensis (above), yet it is probable that the diversity of the genus in this region is at least as great as in the Antarctic. Reteporella sulcula sp. nov. is a distinctive species, especially characterized by its elongate, symmetrically oriented labial fissure, connecting the pseudospiramen to the peristome rim, its four oral spines and the large, axial vicarious avicularia, with broad, straight distal edge. The ovicell is also characteristic, being broad and short, with only a transient median foramen, and a pronounced labellum	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149638D27FFD9BFAF3911AFD54.taxon	description	(Figure 30) Material Holotype. Holotype 1154048: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; one large fragment. Paratypes. VMNH 013671.00: same data as holotype; number of fragments, perhaps part of the holotype colony. Description Colony architecture unknown; largest fragment (holotype) 15 × 20 cm, irregularly curved and twisted, apparently representing anastomosed edges of two lobes of the same colony. Fenestrulae elongate, irregular, 2.5 – 4.0 by 1.0 – 2.0 mm; trabeculae consist of two to four alternating, longitudinal autozooid series. Autozooids appearing irregularly polygonal, with boundaries marked by distinct, raised sutures. Primary orifice longer than wide, with straight proximal edge; oral spines lacking. Peristome short, not projecting; with a small oval avicularium on one side, abutting against a lobe projecting from the other side, defining a large, round pseudospiramen, linked to the proximal peristome rim by a distinct, short suture. Frontal shield uneven, often concave centrally, coarsely granular, with four, six or more conspicuous, large and irregularly shaped marginal pores. Frontal avicularia frequent, variably positioned and orientated; rostrum broadly oval, crossbar complete. Additional, large adventitious avicularia present on many autozooids, with tumid cystid occupying much of frontal shield; rostrum c. 0.3 mm long, directed obliquely proximally, laterally biconcave with flared tip, crossbar thick, with a stout cylindrical columella occupying much of the palatal foramen. Ovicell short and broad, with wide, straight-edged labellum; submerged, covered by granular ooecial cover and inconspicuous, generally recognized only by its persistent frontal fissure. Abfrontal surface with numerous small oval avicularia, identical to frontal type. Etymology Latin, tortuosus: twisted, with reference to the shape of the colony fragments. Remarks The coarsely granular calcification of R. tortuosa sp. nov. recalls that of R. magellensis, which also displays small, oval adventitious avicularia superficially similar to those seen in the new species. However, the peristome of R. tortuosa distinguishes it immediately from R. magellensis, with its pseudospiramen situated close to the peristome rim, just below a small suboral avicularium with oval rostrum. In the latter the pseudospiramen is distant from the peristome rim, and connected to it by a long groove, and the suboral avicularium is larger, with a drop-shaped rostrum. The ovicell of R. magellensis is elongate oval, with a conspicuous longitudinal foramen, and a pronounced, straight-edged labellum, whereas that of R. tortuosa is short and broad, and the short labellum has a rounded edge.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214963AD279FE4BFD05970DFF24.taxon	description	(Figure 31 A, B) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154044: Eltanin cruise 5, station 219, 55 ◦ 47 ’ to 55 ◦ 52 ’ S, 66 ◦ 17 ’ to 66 ◦ 24 ’ W, 115 m, 23 September 1962; a pisiform colony 0.21 mm diameter, encrusting a fragment of Spigaleos striatula. Paratypes. NMNH 1154044: same data as holotype; three similar colonies, 0.13, 0.11, 0.07 mm diameter, and a cylinder 0.37 mm long; substrata unknown. Description Colony small, pisiform or cylindrical, with autozooids tightly but irregularly packed, with peristomes projecting substantially above colony surface. Primary orifice with transversely elliptical anter, defined by comparatively large, rounded and faceted condyles; poster irregularly concave, with the rounded base of the peristomial avicularium protruding medially. Peristome deep, completely obscuring primary orifice, its rim flared and bearing a small avicularium medio-proximally, the rostrum 0.04 mm long, directed proximally, elongate oval, lacking palate, the slender crossbar without a columella; the avicularian cystid forms a prominent ridge running down the inner face of the peristome. Ovicell hyperstomial, spherical, 0.16 mm diameter, its aperture with a distinct distal lip, opening into the peristome; frontal surface of ectooecium almost entirely membranous, the smoothly calcified entooecium with small marginal foramina proximo-laterally; the peristome is enclosed on each side by a lobe of the peristome, the two lobes developing narrow extensions on to the frontal surface of the ovicell. Interstices between autozooids are infilled by irregular, variously sized vicarious avicularia, the tumid cystids each with two to four (more?) large, marginal pores, and centrally a small oval rostrum, with slender crossbar but no palate, supporting a small semi-elliptical mandible. Etymology Latin, minuscula, from minus: less, with reference to the minute size of the colony. Remarks	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214963CD279FD83FE9A92C6F962.taxon	description	(Figure 31 C – E) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154045: Eltanin cruise 5, station 219, 55 ◦ 47 ’ to 55 ◦ 52 ’ S, 66 ◦ 17 ’ to 66 ◦ 24 ’ W, 115 m, 23 September 1962; a tiny clavate colony, 0.37 mm long. Description Holotype colony shortly clavate, formerly encrusting an unknown erect substratum (hydroid?). Autozooids closely packed, with various orientations, visible portions of frontal shields smoothly calcified; with numerous closely spaced marginal pores. Primary orifice as wide as long, a U-shaped sinus constituting about one-quarter total length and occupying one-third of proximal border, below large, round-edged condyles. Peristome erect, flared, not completely obscuring primary orifice in frontal view, incorporating medio-proximally a tall, curving avicularian cystid, with apical rostrum directed proximo-laterally; rostrum acute to plane of orifice, 0.11 mm long, elongate oval, lacking a palate, thick crossbar with a stout median columella. Ovicell hyperstomial, spherical. 0.31 mm diameter, not enclosed by peristome; smoothly calcified, ectooecium with an extensive membranous frontal area, exposed entooecium with a few indistinct marginal pores. Vicarious avicularia frequent; largest type with a tumid cystid bordered by large marginal pores, the rostrum 0.62 mm long, spathulate and deeply cupped distally, lacking palate, crossbar stout, without columella; smaller type with asymmetrically spathulate rostrum, 0.18 mm long, curved to left or right, palate with just a small foramen distal and proximal to the thick crossbar, which has a stout columella. Etymology Latin, multifarius: various, with reference to the several different types of avicularia. Remarks The larger type of vicarious avicularium seen in O. multifaria is very similar to that of the Antarctic species O. malingae Hayward, 1992, which also occurs on erect substrata but develops robust cylinders up to 40 mm long. The orifice of O. malingae is much larger than that of O. multifaria, with a proportionately shorter, broader sinus and more angular condyles, and whereas the peristome incorporates a medio-proximal avicularium, its rostrum is directed proximally, rather than proximo-laterally, as in O. multifaria sp. nov.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214963FD27BFE54FF6390F0FE34.taxon	description	(Figure 32) Material Holotype. NMNH 11540043: Eltanin cruise 5, station 219, 55 ◦ 47 ’ to 55 ◦ 52 ’ S, 66 ◦ 17 ’ to 66 ◦ 24 ’ W, 115 m, 23 September 1962; a pisiform colony 0.15 mm diameter, substratum not evident. Description Holotype colony a tiny, pisiform growth with a spiky appearance imparted by elongate, projecting peristomial avicularia, autozooids radiating outwards. Primary orifice as wide as long (0.125 mm), with a narrow, U-shaped sinus comprising onefifth total length; condyles broad, rounded. Proximal and lateral borders of orifice enclosed by two tall, thick, slightly curved peristomial folds, incorporating medioproximally a cylindrical avicularian cystid; rostrum subapical, oval, perpendicular to plane of orifice and facing distally, its distal rim finely denticulate, crossbar slen- der, without a columella, palate lacking. Avicularian cystid at least 0.52 mm long, but a slender, tapered portion extending distal to the rostrum was broken short in all instances. Vicarious avicularium with parallel-sided rostrum, 0.48 mm long, rounded and deeply cupped distally; crossbar very slender, no columella, palate with extensive foramen. Ovicell borne on distal rim of primary orifice; smoothly calcified, frontal surface with extensive area of uncalcified ectooecium, entooecium with indistinct marginal pores alternating with short ridges, similar to frontal tabula of Celleporina. Etymology Latin, minimus: least, the smallest species of Osthimosia present in the sample. Remarks The tiny, pisiform colony, columnar peristomial avicularia and narrow, U-shaped sinus of Osthimosia minima sp. nov. are all reminiscent of O. bicornis (Busk, 1881), which is widely distributed in Antarctic and subantarctic realms. However, O. bicornis has paired peristomial avicularia, and the orificial sinus is bounded by thick, faceted condyles, quite distinct from the broad, flat condyles of the new species.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F93214963ED27BFDBDFDDA9267FC65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony encrusting, multilaminar. Autozooids closely packed, smooth cryptocystal frontal calcification with sparse marginal pores. Primary orifice with medio-proximal sinus and stout, rounded condyles; dimorphic, broader than long in brooding zooids, longer than broad, with twice the area, in sparse non-brooding zooid. No oral spine. Primary orifice enveloped and hidden by a deep, tubular peristome incorporating a medio-proximal adventitious avicularium, and closely associated with the ectooecial rim of the ovicell. Vicarious avicularia not observed. Ovicell spherical, prominent, the ectooecium entirely membranous frontally, exposing smoothly calcified, imperforate entooecium.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149631D275FE29FEA890D2FD5E.taxon	description	(Figure 33)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149631D275FE29FEA890D2FD5E.taxon	materials_examined	Material Hero cruise 721, station 775, 62 ◦ 55.4 ’ to 62 ◦ 56 ’ S, 60 ◦ 48.2 ’ to 60 ◦ 48.8 ’ W, 91 – 109 m, 8 January 1972: fragment of cylindrical colony, evidently from organic substratum (hydroid stem). Description This distinctive species is readily recognized by its striking ovicells, which are globular with an often extensive area of entooecium exposed frontally; the distal edge of the ovicell aperture forms a flared lip, abutting the peristome proximo-laterally to define a narrow tube. A moderately large avicularium, with semicircular mandible, is situated medio-proximally, just within the peristomial tube. Typically, ovicelled zooids crowd the frontal surface of the colony and non-brooding zooids are not readily apparent. In the present material only a minority of zooids bore, or were developing, ovicells and SEM demonstrates the striking difference between the two primary orifice types, those of brooding zooids (Figure 33 C) being half as long and half as wide as those of non-brooding zooids (Figure 33 B). Osthimosia chaotica López Gappa and Liuzzi was distinguished from O. milleporoides by the primary orifice, which is scarcely wider than long in ovicelled zooids, and in a curious tubercular peristome complex associated with the peristomial avicularium, and present in both brooding and non-brooding zooids	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149630D271FDADFD7292B2FF04.taxon	description	(Figure 34 A, B) Material Holotype. NMNH 1154057: Eltanin cruise 9, station 740, 56 ◦ 06 ’ to 56 ◦ 07 ’ S, 66 ◦ 19 ’ to 66 ◦ 30 ’ W, 494 – 384 m, 18 September 1963; fragment of colony, 6 mm long. Paratypes. VMNH 013674.00: same data as holotype; two fragments, 8.75 and 11.37 mm. Description Colony erect, dichotomously branched, the branches cylindrical in section, slightly curved. Autozooids axially budded, in spiral whorls of four, the orifices opening on a defined frontal surface comprising half of the branch circumference; abfrontal surface smoothly calcified, with fine longitudinal striations and sparse, slit-like pores. Autozooids elongate but with indistinct boundaries, marked only by a few slit-like marginal pores; frontal calcification apparently continuous, finely granular with sinuous longitudinal striations and grooves. Primary orifice wider than long, 0.11 × 0.09 mm, proximal edge with a short, rectangular sinus occupying just less than half its width between distinct, rounded condyles. Each autozooid with a medioproximal, suboral avicularium, its rostrum slightly acute to frontal plane, directed proximally, broadly triangular, slightly hooked distally; crossbar comparatively stout, with a blunt columella. Ovicell prominent, hyperstomial, projecting markedly from the plane of the branch; frontal surface with an extensive area of membranous ectooecium, the underlying entooecium faintly rugose and with a few small, indistinct pores. In later ontogeny the primary orifice becomes deeply immersed and the secondary orifice and the avicularium become progressively sealed by centripetally advancing calcification. The oldest, proximal parts of the colony are almost smooth, with fine striations and sporadic, slit-like pores. Etymology Latin, stria; furrow, with reference to the striated calcification. Remarks	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149630D271FDADFD7292B2FF04.taxon	description	(Figure 34 C)	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
03F932149630D271FDADFD7292B2FF04.taxon	materials_examined	Material Lectotype (selected here). BMNH 1944.1.8. 240, Challenger station 320, 37 ◦ 17 ’ S, 53 ◦ 52 ’ W, 600 fm (1097 m). Other material. Hero cruise 715, station 894, 54 ◦ 55 ’ to 54 ◦ 54.8 ’ S, 64 ◦ 20 ’ to 64 ◦ 19 ’ W, 263 – 285 m (five specimens, the largest c. 1 cm high, with horizontal spread c. 1 cm). Remarks Busk (1884) founded his taxon Turritigera stellata gen. nov., sp. nov., on specimens from two Challenger stations, station 320, southwest Atlantic (37 ◦ 17 ’ S, 53 ◦ 53 ’ W), and station 142, southeast Atlantic (35 ◦ 4 ’ S, 18 ◦ 37 ’ E,). His description, though brief, applies most closely to the specimen from stn 320, selected here as the lectotype. The specimen might have been a single colony but now consists of three fragments. The largest fragment includes the base of the colony, encrusting part of a hydrocoralline. Busk (1884) did not describe the primary orifice of his specimens, but the few subsequent descriptions of T. stellata from the southwest Atlantic explicitly describe the primary orifice and its small sinus, and it has been particularly well illustrated by Moyano (1974). The material from Challenger station 142, though superficially similar to that from station 320, belongs to another, apparently undescribed, species of Turritigera. Cook and Hayward (1983) noted that material from the Patagonian Shelf, South Africa and Antarctica attributed to T. stellata showed some differences in morphological characters, did not describe the primary orifices, but provided a diagram (Cook and Hayward 1983: fig. 14 c) based on the primary orifice of the South African specimen (Challenger station 142). Hayward (1993) described the salient features of specimens from the two Challenger stations and figured the primary orifice in both cases, to demonstrate that two distinct species could be recognized. The primary orifice of the lectotype specimen of T. stellata (Hayward 1993: fig. 7 d) has a short, U-shaped sinus on its proximal edge, comprising no more than one-third of the total proximal width of the orifice, whereas the primary orifice of the specimen from station 142 (Hayward 1993: fig. 7 c) has a broadly U-shaped sinus occupying practically the whole of its width. The USARP specimens of T. stellata correspond closely with the Challenger material from the Patagonian Shelf, and with that described by Moyano (1974) from southern Chile, and the primary orifice (Figure 34 C), in particular, matches that of the lectotype specimen. The “ T. stellata ” recorded from Marion Island, south Indian Ocean by Branch and Hayward (2007) resembles the specimens from Challenger station 142, in the possession of up to seven peristomial avicularia, one of which is much larger than the rest, although the shape of the primary orifice has not been precisely defined. The two sets of specimens may be conspecific and should be redescribed as a new species. Turritigera stellata therefore has a far narrower geographical distribution than was supposed. A second, undescribed, species is presently known from a limited region of the southeast Atlantic / south Indian Ocean, further species have been described in recent years from Antarctica (Hayward 1993) and Marion Island (Cook and Hayward 1983), and the genus perhaps has a polar and cold temperate, circumpolar distribution in the southern hemisphere. Conclusion The three samples from South Pacific localities yielded two new species of cheilostomate Bryozoa, one representing a new genus within Microporidae, whereas the single sample from the Ross Sea included fragmentary material of a species unrecorded since its original description by Busk (1884), and shown to be sufficiently distinctive to warrant the introduction of a new genus within Cellariidae. The remaining 25 samples fall naturally into two groups, one originating from eight stations in the subantarctic southwest Atlantic, mostly south of Tierra del Fuego, and the other from 14 localities south of the Antarctic convergence, in the region of the Scotia Arc. The 14 Antarctic samples included nine new species; four of these belong to genera largely or entirely limited to Antarctica, and four to genera restricted to the cold southern hemisphere, whereas Cellaria limbata sp. nov. is representative of a genus with a worldwide distribution. The addition of nine new taxa of cheilostomate Bryozoa to the Antarctic fauna is noteworthy enough, but the new species collected from the nine subantarctic localities are of considerable interest. Eighteen new species were present in the subantarctic samples, 13 of which occurred in a single sample. The shelf environments of Tierra del Fuego and the southernmost Patagonian Shelf are perhaps the least explored of the entire subantarctic southwest Atlantic region, and this striking increase in bryozoan diversity is not unexpected. Reteporella magellensis (Busk) is the only phidoloporid presently known from the whole of the cold temperate southwest Atlantic, and given the diversity of the genus elsewhere, including Antarctic shelf environments, the discovery of additional, undescribed species, might have been predicted. Recorded diversity of Smittinidae and Microporellidae in this region is also low in comparison to other shelf environments, including Antarctica, and the discovery of new species in the geographically widespread genera, Parasmittina, Smittoidea, Hemismittoidea, Fenestrulina and Microporella is not unusual. The three new species of Osthimosia present in the sample from south of Terra del Fuego are all characterized by individually tiny colony size. This taxonomically difficult genus has a known high diversity in both cold temperate and polar southern hemisphere environments, but species are most often defined, and later identified, following SEM examination. Two new genera were recognized among the 18 new subantarctic taxa: Scriblitopora represents a further distinctive morphological expression within the Microporidae, while Schizocoryne is a more enigmatic entity, classified within the Lepraliellidae. Lageneschara peristomata sp. nov., Cellarinelloides megaciona sp. nov. and Spigaleos striatula sp. nov. are of particular interest as new species within formerly monotypic genera, all previously regarded as Antarctic endemics.	en	Hayward, Peter J., Winston, Judith E. (2011): Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records. Journal of Natural History 45 (37 - 38): 2259-2338, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.574922, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.574922
