taxonID	type	description	language	source
0386F14AFFCCFFC065CAF0176EA60F02.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male, Mt. Emeishan, Wannian Temple (29 ° 35 ' N, 103 ° 23 ' E), altitude 880 m, Emeishan City, Sichuan Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg., 16. VIII. 2007; paratypes: 2 ♂, same data; 5 ♂ 2 ♀, same locality and collector, 20. VIII. 2007; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, same locality and collector, 23. VIII. 2007; 3 ♂, Mt. Qingchenshan, Sichuan Province, Dujiangyan City, China, Haomiao Zhang leg., 31. VIII. 2007. Species Localities and sources Planaeschna taiwana Asahina, 1951 Taiwan (Asahina, 1951)	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCCFFC065CAF0176EA60F02.taxon	description	Planaeschna risi risi Asahina, 1964 Taiwan (Asahina, 1964) and Fujian (Lieftinck et al., 1984) Planaeschna suichangensis Zhou & Wei, 1980 Fujian (Karube, 2002), Zhejiang (Zhou & Wei, 1980), Guangdong (Wilson & Xu, 2008), and Guangxi (Wilson, 2005) Planaeschna ishigakiana flavostria Yeh, 1996 Taiwan (Yeh, 1996) Planaeschna celia Wilson & Reels, 2001 Hainan (Wilson & Reels, 2001) Planaeschna shanxiensis Zhu & Zhang, 2001 Shanxi (Zhu & Zhang, 2001) Planaeschna gressitti Karube, 2002 Guangdong (Karube, 2002) Planaeschna maolanensis Zhao & Bao, 2002 Guizhou (Zhao & Bao, 2002) Planaeschna haui Wilson & Xu, 2008 Guangdong and Guangxi (Wilson & Xu, 2008) Planaeschna nanlingensis Wilson & Xu, 2008 Guangdong (Wilson & Xu, 2008) Planaeschna skiaperipola Wilson & Xu, 2008 Guangdong and Hong Kong (Wilson & Xu, 2008) Planaeschna liui Xu, Chen & Qui, 2009 Fujian (Xu et al, 2009) Planaeschna laoshansensis Zhang, Yeh & Tong, 2010 Shandong (Zhang et al., 2010) Planaeschna nankunshanensis Zhang, Yeh & Tong, 2010 Guangdong (Zhang et al., 2010)	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCCFFC065CAF0176EA60F02.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name robusta means ‘ strong and large’; the new species is rather large in the genus, especially the female, and both sexes are rather robust.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCCFFC065CAF0176EA60F02.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Large sized for the genus, body mainly black with green maculations; separated from its closest congeners by details of body marking and structure of male appendages.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCCFFC065CAF0176EA60F02.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype Male: Head fundamentally yellowish greeen with black markings, eyes bluish green in living specimen (Figs. 1 – 2). Mid lobe of labium brownish yellow, lateral lobes blackish brown, labrum black with a large central yellow spot. Anteclypeus entirely dark brown, postclypeus yellow. Frons yellowish green frontally, with a large black spot, and dark brown dorsally without “ T ” mark. Prothorax black. Synthorax black with greenish yellow markings as follows (Fig. 1): mesepisternum with antehumeral stripe slightly bent and tapering ventrad, and a small rounded spot in the posterior lower corner; carina with a brown stripe; mesepimeron with a broad stripe; metepisternum with a triangular spot near the upper margin, an olive-shaped spot in middle, and a very small spot under the metastigma; metepimeron with a broad stripe; mesokatepisternum and metakatepisternum each with a yellow spot. Legs mainly black, coxae yellow posteriorly, inner margin of femur in fore and mid legs with yellow stripes (Fig. 1). Wings hyaline. Triangle 5 - celled in fore wings and 4 - celled in hind wings, anal loop 6 - or 7 - celled, anal triangle 3 - celled. Pterostigma blackish brown, 2.5 mm in length. Nodal index: 17: 22: 24: 16 / 17: 16: 16: 17. Abdomen black with greenish yellow markings as follows (Fig. 1): S 1 with very fine dorsal stripe and large spot laterally; S 2 with triangular AD spot, pair of triangular MD spots, linear PD spot and very fine longitudinal line posteriorly, side of S 2 with large AL spot covering auricle and two separated PL spots; S 3 with triangular AD spot, paired triangular MD spots, paired semicircular PD spots and large AL spots, the PL spots reduced; S 4 – 8 with paired triangular MD spots and AL spots, the MD spots and AL spots connected on S 4 – 5; S 4 – S 5 with paired oliveshaped PD spots. S 9 – 10 black, S 10 with a very short pyramidal process dorsally. Anal appendages black. Superior appendages in lateral view suddenly expanded and broadest at basal 1 / 4, tapering slightly toward apex (Fig. 6); in dorsal view, expanded at apical 3 / 5, with small apical spine (Fig. 5). Inferior appendage slightly longer than half length of superior appendages, slightly bent with apical small tuberculate process in lateral view (Fig. 6). Vesica spermalis brown and black (Figs. 7 – 8): Vesicle hollow anteriorly; 2 nd segment strongly bending with stout projection dorsally; 3 rd segment almost straight, slightly tapered distally; 4 th segment with two lobes, each with protruding ear-shaped lobe and tapered apex in ventral view; in lateral view median bulge with two obvious “ camel humps. ” Paratype female: Head color pattern similar to that of male, eyes green in living specimen (Figs. 3 – 4). Thoracic maculation similar to male, with more developed stripes on metepisternum (Fig. 3). Wing base tinted with amber. Triangle 5 - or 6 - celled in fore wings and 4 - celled in hind wings, anal loop 12 - celled. Pterostigma blackish brown, 2.5 mm in length. Nodal index: 22: 27: 25: 22 / 23: 20: 19: 22. Abdomen black with yellow stripes (Fig. 3): S 1 with large spot dorsally and rectangular spots laterally; S 2 with large AD spot, paired MD spots and trapezoidal PD spot, side of S 2 with very broad band; S 3 – 4 with AD spot, reduced on S 4; S 3 – 7 with paired triangular MD spots; S 3 – 6 with PD spots; S 3 – 8 with AL spots, S 3 – 6 with PL spots; tergite of S 10 ventrolaterally produced. Ovipositor pale brown, reaching end of S 10. Superior appendages 2.5 times the length of S 10 (Fig. 9).	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCCFFC065CAF0176EA60F02.taxon	description	Measurements (mm). Holotype: total length 69.0, abdomen (including anal appendages) 54.0, hind wing 46.0. Paratype female: total length 74.5; abdomen (including anal appendages) 58.0, hind wing 51.0.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCCFFC065CAF0176EA60F02.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Sichuan). Notes on biology. The new species was locally common at the type locality Emeishan Mountain in August. All the materials collected were in the prime of life. During the long survey period in Emeishan (about two weeks), there were no sunny days and it rained quite often. It seems the species prefers the gloomy weather, and they even fly in the rain. Most individuals were collected from 14: 00 h to 19: 00 h, although some females could be seen in the morning. In a valley about 1300 m high, with no stream but a very open grassland, they foraged about 2 m above ground and at a low speed. Some other strong flyers, including Aeshna petalura Martin, 1909, Polycanthagyna erythromela s (McLachlan, 1896), Polycanthagyna melanictera (Selys, 1883) and Macromia moorei moore i Selys, 1874, also wandered there but flew much higher. The new species was also found in many very shady and narrow streams in Emeishan; all the individuals were observed only foraging. In Qingchengshan Mountain, the new species was found in a semi-shady stream over 5 m wide. Males appeared after 16: 00 h and flew rather fast along the stream; sometimes one male would stop in the stream margin and fly back and forth. Mating and oviposition were not observed.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCCFFC065CAF0176EA60F02.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The new species is outstanding by its large body size and bright green markings. It is very similar to P. suichangensis by the bent superior appendages which are broadest at basal 1 / 4 and tapering to the apex. It is very easy to separate P. robusta from P. suichangensis by the much more developed thoracic stripes and abdominal markings. From the structure of the vesica spermalis and appendages in dorsal view, the new species is similar to P. bachmaensis Karube, 2002, described from central Vietnam, but P. robusta can be distinguished by the more curved superior appendages in lateral view and many minor differences in body maculations.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male, Mt. Emeishan, Wannian Temple (29 ° 35 ' N, 103 ° 23 ' E), altitude 880 m, Emeishan City, Sichuan Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg., 20. VIII. 2007.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name maculifrons means ‘ spot on frons’, referring to the unique color pattern of the frons, which has a large triangular black spot seen in frontal view; this is a character unique to the new species.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Large sized in the genus, body mainly black with green maculations; separated from its closest congeners by details of head marking, yellow patches on legs and structure of male appendages.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype Male: Head yellowish green with black markings, eyes bluish green in living specimen (Figs. 10 – 11). Labium brownish yellow, labrum yellow with lower margin black. Anteclypeus entirely dark brown, postclypeus yellow. Frons mainly yellowish green frontally, with a large triangular black spot, dark brown dorsally without “ T ” mark. Prothorax black. Synthorax black with greenish yellow markings as follows (Fig. 10): mesepisternum with antehumeral stripe, slightly bent and tapering ventrad, and small rounded spot in posterior lower corner; carina entirely black; mesepimeron with broad stripe; metepisternum with triangular spot near upper margin, olive-shaped spot at middle and very small spot under metastigma; metepimeron with broad marking; mesokatepisternum and metakatepisternum each with yellow patch. Legs mainly black, basal 2 / 3 of femur in fore and mid leg brownish yellow, hind femur with brownish yellow patch in middle (Fig. 10). Wings hyaline. Triangle 6 - celled in fore wings and 4 - celled in hind wings, anal loop 9 - or 10 - celled, anal triangle 4 - celled. Pterostigma blackish brown, 2.5 mm in length. Nodal index: 16: 23: 23: 18 / 19: 16: 16: 17. Abdomen black with greenish yellow markings as follows (Fig. 10): S 1 with large spot laterally; S 2 with triangular AD spot, pair of triangular MD spots, pair of irregular PD spots and very fine longitudinal line posteriorly, side of S 2 with large AL spot covering auricle and two separated PL spots; S 3 with triangular AD spot, paired triangular MD spots, paired semicircular PD spots and large AL spots, the PL spots reduced; S 4 – 8 with paired triangular MD spots and olive-shaped PD spots; S 9 – 10 with paired olive-shaped PD spots. S 10 with very short pyramidal process dorsally. Anal appendages black. Superior appendages in lateral view suddenly expanded from basal 1 / 4, expanding toward apex and broadest at basal 2 / 3 (Fig. 12); in dorsal view, expanded at apical 1 / 2, with small apical spine (Fig. 13). Inferior appendage slightly longer than half length of cerci, slightly bent with apical small tuberculate process in lateral view. Vesica spermalis brown and black (Figs. 14 – 15): Vesicle hollow anteriorly; 2 nd segment strongly bending with stout projection dorsally; 3 rd segment almost straight, tapered distally; 4 th segment with two lobes, in ventral view each with protruding ear-shaped lobe and tapered apex, in lateral view median bulge with two obvious “ camel humps. ” Female unknown.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	description	Measurements (mm). Holotype: total length 72.0, abdomen (including anal appendages) 55.5, hind wing 47.0.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Sichuan). Notes on biology. The holotype was collected near a very shady stream in late afternoon (18: 00 h), when it was foraging at rather low speed about 1 m above the ground. The stream is about 0.5 m wide and slightly polluted by the village upstream. It is home to Megalestes distans Needham, 1930, Chlorogomphus tunti Needham, 1930 Chlorogomphus nasutus Needham, 1930, and Anotogaster kuchenbeiseri (Förster, 1899).	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Planaeschna maculifrons is very similar to P. robusta described above, but it can be distinguished by the combination of characters both in body maculation and structure of anal appendages. The unique black, triangular spot on the frons is one of its most outstanding characters, not seen in congeners, and the large yellow patches on S 10 also separate it from P. robusta. In lateral view, the superior appendagesi of P. ro b u s t a are broadest at basal 1 / 4 but at basal 2 / 3 in P. maculifrons. P. skiaperipola is similar in this aspect, possessing superior appendages broadest at about basal 1 / 3, but P. maculifrons is different from it by body maculation and vesica spermalis structure, with ear-lobes on the 4 th segment in ventral view that are missing in P. skiaperipola. In dorsal view, the superior appendages of P. cucphuongensis Karube, 1999, are similar. P. maculifrons is easily distinguished from P. cucphuongensis by the combination of body markings and structure of superior appendages in lateral view, broadest at basal 2 / 3 in P. maculifrons but at midpoint in P. cucphuongensis. Planaeschna caudispina sp. nov. Figs. 16 – 24	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male, Mt. Qingchengshan (30 ° 54 ' N, 103 ° 28 ' E), altitude 1100 m, Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg., 30. VIII. 2007; paratypes: 2 ♂ 2 ♀, same data as holotype.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name caudispina means ‘ tail with spine’, to emphasize the dorsal pyramidal process on S 10 and the very small spine on the distal margin of that segment in this new species.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Moderately large for the genus, body mainly black with greenish yellow maculations; separated from its closest congeners by face without black marking on anterior surface of frons, very well-developed thoracic maculation and structure of male appendages.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype Male: Head yellow with black markings, eyes bluish green in living specimen (Figs. 16 – 17). Labium brownish yellow, labrum yellow with a median black spot in lower margin. Anteclypeus entirely dark brown, postclypeus yellow. Anterior surface of frons mainly yellow, with obscure black “ T ” mark dorsally, upper margin of frons medially protruding upward. Occiput black, fringed with setae. Prothorax black. Synthorax black with greenish yellow markings as follows (Fig. 16): mesepisternum with antehumeral stripe slightly bent and tapering ventrad, with small rounded spot in posterior lower corner; carina with brown stripe; mesepimeron with broad stripe, posterior lower corner with linear stripe extending to middle leg; metepisternum with linear stripe expanded toward upper margin, and rounded spot under metastigma; metepimeron with broad marking; mesokatepisternum and metakatepisternum each with yellow spot. Legs mainly black, coxae yellow posteriorly, inner margin of femur in fore and mid legs with yellow stripes (Fig. 16). Wings hyaline. Triangle 3 - celled in both wings, anal loop 6 - or 7 - celled, anal triangle 3 - celled. Pterostigma blackish brown, 2.5 mm in length. Nodal index: 13: 22: 22: 14 / 15: 15: 16: 17. Abdomen black with greenish yellow markings as follows (Fig. 16): S 1 with very small AD spot and transverse “ U ” mark laterally; S 2 with drop-shaped AD spot, pair of linear MD spots, pair of triangular PD spots and very fine longitudinal line posteriorly; side of S 2 with large AL spot covering auricle and two PL spots connecting with PD spots; S 3 with triangular AD spot, paired linear MD spots, paired semicircular PD spots that connect with the small PL spots, and large AL spots; S 4 – 7 with paired linear MD spots and semicircular PD spots; S 8 – 9 with very small triangular PD spots. S 10 black dorsally and yellow ventrally, with pyramidal process dorsally, not developed into a long spine (Fig. 20). Distal margin of S 10 with pair of very small spines close to base of cerci, visible in lateral view (Fig. 20). Anal appendages black. Superior appendages gradually expanded toward apex in lateral view and broadest at apical 2 / 5 (Fig. 20); in dorsal view, expanded at apical 2 / 3, with small apical spine (Fig. 21). Inferior appendage about 1 / 2 length of cerci, slightly bent with apical small tuberculate process in lateral view (Fig. 20). Vesica spermalis brown and black (Figs. 22 – 23): Vesicle hollow anteriorly; 2 nd segment strongly bending with stout dorsal projection; 3 rd segment almost straight and not obviously tapered; 4 th segment with two lobes and lacking protruding ear-shaped lobes, in ventral view distal half lobes adjoining, expanded and rounded, while hind half lobes divided, and hind corner angled; in lateral view, median bulge erected to lower half of 3 rd segment. Paratype female: Head brownish yellow with black markings, eyes green with blue patch in living specimen (Figs. 18 – 19). Labium brownish yellow, labrum yellow with a median black spot in lower margin. Anteclypeus entirely dark brown, postclypeus yellow. Frons mainly yellow, with pale brown inverted “ V ” frontally and very obscure black “ T ” mark dorsally, upper margin of frons medially protruding upwards. Occiput black, fringed with setae. Thoracic color pattern very similar to male, but with more developed antehumeral stripe. Legs with well developed yellow patches in all legs (Fig. 18). Wings hyaline, slightly tinted with smoky brown. Triangle 4 - celled in both wings, anal loop 9 - celled. Pterostigma blackish brown, 2.5 mm in length. Nodal index: 14: 21: 23: 15 / 16: 18: 15: 16. Abdomen black with yellow stripes (Fig. 18): S 1 with a large spot dorsally, and rectangular spots laterally; S 2 with large AD spot, paired MD spots that connect with lateral stripes and large triangular PD spot, side of S 2 with very broad stripe; S 3 – 4 with AD spot, reduced on S 4; S 3 – 7 with paired linear MD spots; S 3 – 9 with PD spots, reduced on S 7 – 9; S 3 – 8 with AL spots, S 3 – 6 with PL spots; tergite of S 10 ventrolaterally produced. Ovipositor black and brown, reaching end of S 10. Superior appendages same length as S 10 (Fig. 24).	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	description	Measurements (mm). Holotype: total length 70.0, abdomen (including anal appendages) 54.0, hind wing 44.5; paratype males: total length 67.5 – 71.0, abdomen (including anal appendages) 52.0 – 54.0, hind wing 43.0 – 45.5; paratype females: total length 65.0 – 68.0; abdomen (including anal appendages) 49.0 – 53.0, hind wing 45.5 – 47.0. Variation in paratype male. A paratype male has the frons slightly tinted with brown frontally as in female.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Sichuan). Notes on biology. The habitats of the new species is semi-shaded montane streams, about 0.5 m wide. All the specimens collected were from 16: 00 h to 18: 30 h, when males were observed to fly very fast along the stream, usually less than 0.5 m above water. Females foraged in the forest near the streams at lower speed than the males. Species co-occuring at the type locality were Caliphaea consimilis McLachlan, 1894, and Matrona oreades Hämäläinen, Yu & Zhang, 2011.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCFFFC465CAF3D968AB0DE7.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This new species possesses very well developed yellow markings on the thorax and abdomen, and its unmarked face is different from all other Chinese Planaeschna, which always have black spots on the frons. The Chinese name of Planaeschna, called “ Heieting ” means “ aeshnid with black spots on frons ”, so this new species is an exception. Among all the known species from mainland China and Taiwan, P. taiwana, P. haui and P. skiaperipola possess a linear stripe on the metepisternum, but P. caudispina can be separated from them by the color pattern of the face and structure of appendages. Also P. caudispina has a more developed pyramidal process on S 10 and very small spine on the distal margin of the segment. Another species with pyramidal process on S 10 is P. shanxiensis, the female of which also possesses short superior appendages. The structure of appendages of P. caudispina is very similar to P. maolanensis, known from the neighbouring Guizhou province. P. maolanensis is a smaller species with brown face, the frons is slightly tinted with black, the mesepisternum lacks the small rounded spots in the posterior lower corner and the metepisternum has the linear stripe not expanded as seen in P. caudispina. From S 1 in lateral view P. maolanensis is different from P. caudispina by two small yellow spots. The vesica spermalis of P. maolanensis was not illustrated in the description and female is still unknown. Futher comparison between the two species is needed.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCBFFCA65CAF1FD68130CEA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male, Sanjiacun Stream (25.51 ° N, 100.38 ° E), altitude 2129 m, Fengyi Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg., 19. XI. 2012; paratype: 1 female, same data as holotype.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCBFFCA65CAF1FD68130CEA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name monticola means ‘ inhabitant of high mountains’, the new species was found in a montane stream over 2000 meters high, a rare record for the genus Planaeschna.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCBFFCA65CAF1FD68130CEA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Medium sized in the genus, body brown with yellow maculations; separated from its congeners by paler ground color of body and developed yellow stripes on abdomen.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCBFFCA65CAF1FD68130CEA.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype Male: Head yellow with brown markings, eyes bluish violet in living specimen (Figs. 25 – 26). Labium brownish yellow, labrum yellow with lower 1 / 3 brown. Anteclypeus entirely brown, postclypeus yellow. Anterior surface of frons mainly yellow, without “ T ” mark dorsally, upper margin of frons medially protruding upwards. Occiput pale brown, fringed with setae. Prothorax dark brown. Synthorax dark brown with yellow markings as follows (Fig. 25): mesepisternum with antehumeral stripe, slightly bent and tapering ventrad, and very small olive-shaped spot in posterior lower corner; carina dark brown; mesepimeron with broad stripe; metepisternum with triangular stripe near upper margin; metepimeron with broad marking; mesokatepisternum and metakatepisternum each with yellow spot. Legs mainly black, coxae pale brown, femora with basal third reddish brown (Fig. 25). Wings hyaline. Triangle 3 - or 4 - celled, anal loop 6 - celled, anal triangle 3 - celled. Pterostigma blackish brown, 2.0 mm in length. Nodal index: 14: 20: 21: 13 / 16: 15: 14: 16. Abdomen black with yellow markings as follows (Fig. 25): S 1 with very fine AD spot and large lateral spot; S 2 with triangular AD spot, pair of linear MD spots, transverse PD spot that connects with very fine longitudinal line, side of S 2 with large AL spot covering auricle and large PL spots; S 3 – 7 with fine AD spots, paired triangular MD spots that connect with small AL spots, paired semicircular PD spots, AL spots reduced on S 6 – 7; S 8 – 9 with paired semicircular PD spots; S 10 black dorsally and yellow ventrally, with very short pyramidal dorsal process. Anal appendages black. Superior appendages in lateral view broadest from basal 1 / 5 to 3 / 5 and tapering toward apex (Fig. 29); in dorsal view club shaped, with small apical spine (Fig. 30). Inferior appendage about 1 / 2 length of cerci, slightly bent with apical small tuberculate process in lateral view (Fig. 29). Vesica spermalis yellow, brown and black (Figs. 31 – 32): Vesicle hollow anteriorly; 2 nd segment strongly curved with stout dorsal projection; 3 rd segment almost straight and not obviously tapered; 4 th segment with two lobes and lacking protruding ear-shaped lobes; in ventral view the two lobes adjoining, expanded distally, in lateral view the median bulge hill shaped, erected to lower 1 / 3 of 3 rd segment. Paratype female: Head yellow with brown markings, eyes yellowish violet in living specimen (Figs. 27 – 28). Labium brownish yellow, labrum yellow with lower 1 / 3 brown and fine central line. Anteclypeus entirely brown, postclypeus yellow. Anterior surface of frons mainly yellow, without dorsal “ T ” mark, upper margin of frons medially protruding upwards. Occiput pale brown, fringed with setae. Thoracic color pattern very similar to that of male, reddish brown patches on femora less developed (Fig. 27). Wings hyaline, tinted with smoky brown. Triangle 4 - celled in both wings, anal loop 6 - celled. Pterostigma blackish brown, 2.0 mm in length. Nodal index: 13: 21: 18: 13 / 15: 14: 14: 15. Abdomen dark brown with yellow stripes (Fig. 28): S 1 with rhomboid spot dorsally and rectangular spots laterally; S 2 with large AD spot, paired MD spots and irregular-shaped PD spot, side of S 2 with very broad stripe; S 3 – 7 with fine AD spots, paired triangular MD spots, paired semicircular PD spots, and AL spots; S 8 – 10 with paired semicircular PD spots; tergite of S 10 ventrolaterally produced. Ovipositor brown, reaching end of S 10. Superior appendages same length as S 10 (Fig. 33).	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCBFFCA65CAF1FD68130CEA.taxon	description	Measurements (mm). Holotype: total length 65.5, abdomen (including anal appendages) 50.5, hind wing 41.0; Paratype female: total length 63.5, abdomen (including anal appendages) 47.5, hind wing 42.0.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCBFFCA65CAF1FD68130CEA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan). Notes on biology. The pair of types were collected in tandem on the ground near an open stream about 1 m wide and fast flowing. The stream was located just under a highway with busy traffic. There was a pond at the stream margin with some late-season species. Sympetrum spp. and Orthetrum spp. were still on wing but rather aged. No other adult was collected in the stream, but larvae of Anotogaster sp., Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 and Neallogaster spp. were collected.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
0386F14AFFCBFFCA65CAF1FD68130CEA.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The new species is similar to P. maolanensis and P. caudispina in the structure of the male appendages. Females of P. monticola and P. caudispina possess rather short superior appendages, and the female of P. maolanensis is also estimated to possess the same structure. The body maculation with pale brown ground color is rare in the genus, and the color of the eyes in both sexes and the yellow, unmarked face also serve to separate this new species from all its congeners.	en	Zhang, Hao-Miao, Cai, Qing-Hua (2013): Discovery of four new species of the genus Planaeschna from Southwestern China (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zootaxa 3741 (2): 254-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.4
