taxonID	type	description	language	source
0387C073FFA26317FF220DB1B07A582E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Probably lost. Not located in MZSP. Type locality. Ilha de São Sebastião, São Paulo state, Brazil. Material examined. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio, Praia das Conchas: MNRJ 13194, 28 / x / 2007, coll. V. Padula [1; one dissected]; MNRJ 13195, 15 / viii / 2007, coll. J. Bahia [2; two dissected]; Arraial do Cabo, Praia do Forno: MNRJ 15015, vii / 2007, coll. J. Alvim [1]; Búzios, Praia da Tartaruga: MNRJ 15014, 25 / v / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [1; one dissected]. Without locality data: MZSP 75298, Ev. Marcus det. [2; one dissected] Geographical distribution. Bahamas, Jamaica (Valdés et al., 2006); Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte state (Ev. Marcus, 1971); Rio de Janeiro state: Búzios (Debelius & Kuiter, 2007), Praia da Tartaruga (present study); Cabo Frio, Praia das Conchas (present study); Arraial do Cabo, Praia do Forno (present study); São Paulo state: Ilha de São Sebastião (Er. Marcus, 1955).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFA26317FF220DB1B07A582E.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 1 A; 3 F): body oval to elliptical, slightly depressed, up to 9.0 mm long alive, with 1.5 to 3 times greater length than width. Mantle covered by conical to rounded, simple tubercles, irregularly disposed and approximately equidistant; spicules protruding from all sides of tubercles, except from apex; tubercles larger in central part of mantle than along mantle edge or on rhinophoral and branchial sheaths. Low rhinophoral and branchial sheaths covered by tubercles. Rhinophores with 12 diagonal perfoliations and cylindrical apex. Gill with 6 retractile, unipinnate branchial leaves, arranged to form a closed circle around anal cone. Foot narrower than mantle; anterior foot border notched on upper “ lip ”. Oral tentacles tiny and conical. Color of living specimens uniformly yellow to orange-brown; few specimens with dark blotches on dorsum; rhinophores and branchial leaves with basal part darker than apical part (this differentiation more evident in adults); ventrally, yellowish. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 3 A – E): Labial cuticle rigid and smooth. Radular formula 25 x 24.0. 24 in preserved specimen measuring 3.0 mm in length and 29 x 30.0. 30 in preserved specimen measuring 5.0 mm in length; lateral plates smooth and hook-shaped, larger and more developed in center of rows; lateral teeth divided in two size classes: first, smaller, comprising first to sixteenth tooth, these smaller teeth presenting one denticle at outer side of cusp; second, larger, without outer denticles. Five marginal teeth spatulate, smooth or pectinate. Reproductive system (Figure 4): hermaphrodite duct connecting to short and slightly convoluted ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct very short that connects to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, divided into two parts, less dense part proximal, denser distal part. Distal portion of vas deferens thin, about same diameter of vagina, elongated, opening in common atrium with vagina. Vagina elongated and non-convoluted, with single accessory gland attached to its base; gland not visible in small animals (3.0 mm in length; Fig. 4 B). Vagina opening into rounded bursa copulatrix, completely covered by prostate and situated above female gland mass. Bursa serially arranged, vaginal duct folding twice and connecting to rounded to bean-shaped, short-stalked seminal receptacle; uterine duct short. Bursa and receptacle of similar size.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFA26317FF220DB1B07A582E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Thordisa diuda fits perfectly in the genus Thordisa, because this species presents all the diagnostic features of the genus, including the dorsum covered with soft, elongate tubercles (Figs. 1 A – 3 F); labial cuticle smooth; radula composed of simple, hamate teeth (Figs. 3 A – D); outermost lateral teeth multidenticulate (Fig. 3 F); reproductive system with a flattened, granular prostate having two well differentiated regions (Figs. 4 A – B); and there is one accessory gland (Fig. 4 A) (Valdés, 2002). Thordisa diuda was described by Er. Marcus (1955) based on a single specimen from the coast of São Paulo state, Brazil, and subsequent publications expanded the known geographic distribution but did not add data on internal anatomy (Ev. Marcus, 1971; Thompson, 1980). Almost all of the major characteristics of specimens examined herein agree with the description made by Er. Marcus (1955), with the exception of the inner lateral teeth. Examining the radula of some specimens of Thordisa diuda, we observed one denticle on the outer surface of the first until the sixteenth lateral teeth (Fig. 3 C). This was not mentioned by Er. Marcus (1955) and Thompson (1980), who described all the lateral teeth as smooth. The denticles might have been overlooked initially because of their diminutive size (approximately 0.75 µm) (Fig. 3 C). The remaining teeth, which are larger in size, do not exhibit this denticle on the external surface (Fig. 3 D). Chan & Gosliner (2007) mentioned that Thordisa oliva Chan & Gosliner, 2007 appears to be sister to Thordisa diuda because these two species share a unique apomorphy of having a pair of circular pits on the sides of the mouth. Thus, we would like to emphasize that the round button on a disc beside the mouth, as described by Er. Marcus (1955) and Chan & Gosliner (2007) were found in the specimens analyzed in this study. Thordisa azmani Cervera & García-Gomes, 1989 from the Iberian Peninsula was distinguished from T. diuda by the presence of two accessory glands at the base of the vagina, in contrast to T. diuda, which has a single accessory gland (Er. Marcus, 1955). According to Ortea and Martínez (1990), who proposed synonymy between T. diuda and T. azmani, the single gland described by Er. Marcus (1955) was a misinterpretation. Ortea and Martínez (1990) suggested that the two glands appear united, giving the impression of being a single bilobed gland. Ortea and Cabrera (1999) reported the identification of T. diuda in Cape Verde, based on the presence of two accessory glands near the vagina of the specimens they examined. The two sexually mature specimens dissected here are consistent with the description by Er. Marcus (1955) in having only one non-bilobed accessory gland near the vaginal opening (Fig. 4 A). Furthermore, there are other differences between T. diuda and T. azmani, for example in the number and color of branchial leaves, presence or absence of the denticle on the outer surface of the smaller class of lateral teeth, and rhinophoral and branchial coloration. Thus, we consider that T. diuda occurs in Brazil, Bahamas, and Jamaica (Valdés et al. 2006), but not in northern Spain (Ortea & Martínez, 1990), Iberian Peninsula (Cervera & García-Gomez, 1989), and Cape Verde (Ortea & Cabrera, 1999). Thordisa lurca (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 b), originally described in the genus Nuvuca (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 b), was recorded from Brazil by Valdés et al. (2006) without specifying the exact location in Brazil or state in which collection this specimen was deposited. Thus, it is impossible compare with this material. Thordisa lurca only was described in its original description and according to that some different features to separate these two species were found. First, Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1967 b) do not metion the existence of a round button beside the mouth in T. lurca, that it is present in T. diuda; T. lurca presents the tubercles of the notum with different sizes, larger and smaller ones mixed, while T. diuda presents tubercles larger in the central part of the mantle than along the mantle edge or on rhinophoral and branchial sheaths; T. lurca has the anterior border of the foot grooved and entire, not notched, while in T. diuda it is notched on the upper “ lip ”; T. lurca presents the inner lateral teeth smooth, while T. diuda presents the lateral teeth divided in two size classes: first, smaller, comprising first to sixteenth tooth, these smaller teeth presenting one denticle at the outer side of the cusp, while the second class of size is larger and teeth are smooth.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFA66318FF220A11B08059A0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MZSP 52190, 28 July 1999, 27.0 mm long alive, J. S. Troncoso & F. J. García colls. Type locality. Ilha de Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Material examined. Holotype; Brazil: Alagoas state: Saco de Pedra: MNRJ 12924, 08 / i / 2008, V. Padula coll. [1; one dissected]; Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio: Ilha do Papagaio: MNRJ 13247, 30 / iii / 2008, V. Padula coll. [1]; Arraial do Cabo: Prainha: MNRJ 13176, 03 / iii / 2007, P. M. S. Costa coll. [1; one dissected]. Geographical distribution. Brazil: Alagoas state: Saco de Pedra (Padula et al., 2012); Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio: Ilha do Papagaio (present study); Arraial do Cabo: Prainha (present study), Ilha de Cabo Frio (Domínguez et al., 2006).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFA66318FF220A11B08059A0.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 1 B; 5 E): body elliptical, slightly depressed, up to 26.0 mm long alive. Mantle hardened, densely covered by rounded tubercles irregularly arranged with different diameters; tubercles lower at mantle edge and in center of mantle (79 µm to 144 µm) than those on sides of mantle (224 µm to 250 µm); tubercles composed by spicules in two classes of size, one class with average 28 µm and another class with average 145 µm. Rhinophoral and branchial sheaths prominent and lobulated; rhinophoral sheaths with one row of tubercles; branchial sheaths with two rows of tubercles. Rhinophores long, with cylindrical apex, 17 to 22 diagonal perfoliations. Gill with eight retractile, tripinnate branchial leaves; anal cone high. Foot four times narrower than mantle; anteriorly, bilabiated and notched on upper “ lip ”. Oral tentacles conical and short. Color of living specimens predominantly orange, reddish in center of mantle, yellowish in lateral part and, mantle edge white; yellow tubercles with white pigment surrounding it; ventrally, white with some red spots smallest and more concentrated on ventral part of foot than on lateral of foot and mantle; reddish rhinophores with some white spots on perfoliation and cylindrical apical part; branchial leaves located anteriorly yellowish and more posterior ones translucent reddish. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 5 A – D): Labial cuticle with rounded elements more or less conical. Radular formula 22 x 4.29.0.29. 4 in preserved specimen measuring 22.0 mm in length; innermost lateral teeth hook-shaped with one or two denticles in its inner surface; subsequent lateral plates hook-shaped, larger and more developed in center of rows, its inner surface smooth and its outer surface serrate with up to 40 denticles, number of denticles increasing along row; four marginal teeth spatulate and pectinate. Reproductive system (Figures 5 F – H; 6): hermaphrodite duct connecting to convolute ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct very short that connects to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, divided into two parts approximately of same size, less dense part distal, denser proximal part. Vas deferens elongated, narrow and convoluted; near gonopore enlarged, containing penis. Penis with tiny spines surrounding its most anterior portion. Accessory gland elongated and tapered in distal part; with cylindrical cuticle stylet. Vagina elongated, two times thicker than deferent duct. Rounded bursa copulatrix; bursa serially arranged, vaginal duct folding once and connecting to short-stalked seminal receptacle. Uterine duct short. Bursa and receptacle of similar size.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFA66318FF220A11B08059A0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Among the eight species of the genus Hoplodoris, the only one recorded from the Atlantic Ocean is Hoplodoris hansrosaorum, which was described on the basis of only one specimen. In the present paper, three additional specimens are described, allowing us to evaluate intraspecific variation and to recognize new features. The genus Hoplodoris is characterized by an accessory gland with a copulatory spine and a penis with hooks (Valdés, 2002). Although Domínguez et al. (2006) did not describe the penis, an accessory gland with a long tapering stylet was recorded. In the specimens studied presently, the penis bears a few tiny spines in its anterior portion (Figs. 5 F – G) and a cuticular stylet is present in the accessory gland (Fig. 5 H), which is very similar to that described by Domínguez et al. (2006). Domínguez et al. (2006) described the inner surface of the innermost lateral teeth as smooth; however, in all specimens examined here, one or two denticles are present (Fig. 5 B). Because there is no species in the genus Hoplodoris with a smooth inner surface of the innermost lateral teeth, Domínguez et al. (2006) were probably referring to the subsequent lateral teeth. Some aspects of the reproductive system might exhibit some variation: the prostate can be elongated (this study; Fig. 6) or rounded (Domínguez et al. 2006); the seminal receptacle is approximately the same size as the bursa copulatrix (this study; Fig. 6), whereas Domínguez et al. (2006) reported the bursa copulatrix as being three times wider. Based on the illustrations provided by Domínguez et al. (2006: 151; Fig. 6), the penis bulb is enlarged until it opens in the deferent duct, yet in the specimens studied here, there are no differences between the deferent duct and the penial bulb in terms of width (Fig. 6 A).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAB631DFF2209B6B1A2591C.taxon	description	Geitodoris pusae: Valdés et al. (2006: 178); García et al. (2008: 144); Padula et al. (2012: 3); Edmunds (2011: 13, fig. 6 D). Geitodoris planata auct non Alder & Hancock, 1846: García et al. (2008: 209); Rios (2009: 427).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAB631DFF2209B6B1A2591C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Probably lost. Not located in MZSP. Type locality. Ilha de São Sebastião, São Paulo state, Brazil. Material examined. U. S. A: Florida: Alligator Harbor: MZSP 75326, 18 / iii / 1971, Franklin coll. [1]; Brazil: Alagoas state: Recife do Porto: MNRJ 13202, 07 / i / 208, V. Padula coll. [1]; Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio: Praia das Conchas: MNRJ 13198, 30 / viii / 2008, J. Bahia coll. [1]; MNRJ 13200, 18 / v / 2008, J. Bahia & V. Padula colls. [2]; Canal de Itajurú: MNRJ 14973, 23 / viii / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [5; two dissected]; MNRJ 14972, 22 / viii / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [3]; MNRJ 15032, 12 / 11 / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [2]; Búzios: Praia da Tartaruga: MNRJ 10952, 25 / v / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [1]; Praia de João Fernandes: MNRJ 13201, 29 / 01 / 2006, V. Padula coll. [2]; Arraial do Cabo: Praia do Forno: MNRJ 12794, 29 / iv / 2006, J. Alvim coll. [2]; MNRJ 10787, 17 / vi / 2006, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 11023, 12 / ii / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 12793, 23 / iv / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1; one dissected]; MNRJ 11712, 23 / vi / 2007, J. Alvim & P. Romano colls. [9]; MNRJ 11713, 23 / vii / 2007, V. Padula coll. [1]; MNRJ 11757, 15 / vii / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 11832, 25 / viii / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 12056, 20 / x / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [3]; MNRJ 12236, 25 / xi / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 13098, 20 / viii / 2008, V. Padula coll. [1; one dissected]; Angra dos Reis: Ilha do Bonfim: MNRJ 17775, 27 / i / 2010, J. Alvim coll. [1]; Praia de Mambucaba: MNRJ 15037,15 / x / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [1]; São Paulo state: Ilha de São Sebastião: MZSP 13284, x / 1915, E. Silva coll. [3]. Geographical distribution. U. S. A.: Florida, Puerto Rico, Curaçao (Ev. Marcus, 1977); Costa Rica; Martinique (Valdés et al., 2006); Jamaica (Thompson, 1980); Brazil: Pará state (Ev. MARCUS, 1970); Alagoas state (Padula et al., 2012); Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo (present study), Búzios (Domínguez, 2006), Angra dos Reis (present study); São Paulo state: Ilha de São Sebastião (Er. Marcus, 1955), Ilhabela e Ilha das Cabras (Domínguez, 2006); Argentina (Ev. Marcus, 1977).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAB631DFF2209B6B1A2591C.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 1 C; 7 E – F): body elliptical, slightly depressed, up to 25.0 mm long alive, with 1.5 to 1.7 times greater length than width. Mantle coriaceous, densely covered by somewhat rounded tubercles irregularly disposed; tubercles of different sizes (diameter: 113 µm to 435 µm); tubercles lower in mantle edge and in center of mantle than those in sides of mantle. Rhinophoral sheaths prominent, densely covered by tubercles, and sometimes with some granules. Rhinophores with cylindrical apex, 12 to 15 diagonal perfoliations. Branchial sheath prominent and smooth, without tubercles. Gill with six-eight retractile, tripinnate branchial leaves, symmetrically positioned along longitudinal axis of body; anal cone high, located between two most posterior branchial leaves. Foot narrower than mantle; anteriorly bilabiated and notched on two “ lips ”; posteriorly, can project in a rounded tail. Oral tentacles conical and short. Color of living specimens ranges from beige to brown, sometimes vivid orange, with several dark brown blotches on dorsum of irregular sizes and arrangement, and sometime with beige granules star-like; ventrally, orange; rhinophores with same tone as mantle, with some whitish spots on perfoliations and, apical part white; anteriorly branchial leaves and branchial sheath beige and, posteriorly branchial leaves translucent orange. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 7 A – D): Labial cuticle with numerous elongated elements, irregularly disposed. Radula formula 19 x 27.0. 27 in specimen measuring 22.0 mm in length and 22 x 33.0. 33 in specimen measuring 21.0 mm in length; innermost lateral teeth hook-shaped, smooth or with one denticle, this can be insipient or not, in its inner surface; lateral teeth hook-shaped, smooth, larger and more developed in center of rows; marginal teeth spatulate, elongated and thin, with serration beginning on a concave part of teeth following distal part until convex part. Reproductive system (Figure 8 A): hermaphrodite duct connected to long and slightly convoluted ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct very short, that connects to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, divided into two parts, approximately of same size, less dense part proximal, denser distal part. Vas deferent elongated and convolute, slightly enlarged near genital atrium. Vagina elongated, thinner than deferent duct, opening into rounded bursa copulatrix. Bursa serially arranged, vaginal duct folding once and connecting to short-stalked seminal receptacle; bursa copulatrix with three times more volume than seminal receptacle; uterine duct short. In genital atrium, near vagina opening, there is a rounded vestibular gland.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAB631DFF2209B6B1A2591C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology (Figures 8 B – C): egg mass white as a spiral ribbon of 5.0 mm to 19.0 mm diameter and 2.0 mm of height, with crenulated border; ribbon with around 2.5 – 3.5 whorls in counterclockwise direction and with numerous rows of many tiny eggs (egg capsule approximately 50 µm) irregularly disposed.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAB631DFF2209B6B1A2591C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Geitodoris pusae fits perfectly in the genus Geitodoris Bergh, 1891, because this species presents all the diagnostic features of the genus, including the dorsum covered with simple tubercles (Figs. 7 E – F); head with two conical oral tentacles; anterior border of the foot grooved and notched; labial armature armed with jaw elements (Fig. 7 A); radula composed of hamate teeth, occasionally denticulate (Fig. 7 B); outermost lateral teeth multidenticulate (Figs. 7 C – D); reproductive system with a flattened, granular prostate, having two well differentiated regions (Fig. 8 A); penis and vagina devoid of hooks; and there is a peduculate accessory gland (Fig. 8 A) (Valdés, 2002). The specimens studied here present the same general characteristics pointed out by Er. Marcus (1955) as the general coloration, that is light orange with brown blotches, irregularly distributed on the notum, and there are light granules. The color of the gill in all specimens always followed the same pattern: the anterior branchial leaves are beige and the posterior leaves are translucent orange. Despite being evident in most specimens, this feature has not been previously mentioned. However, an illustration of a specimen from Florida by Er. Marcus and Ev. Marcus (1967 a, p. 83, Fig. 105) indicates the presence of dark posterior branchial leaves. Er. Marcus (1955) reported the marginal teeth as worn, whereas Marcus and Marcus (1967 a) described its margins as containing minute irregular denticles. In fact, we observed that in some cases the marginal teeth are worn, but in well-preserved specimens, a serrated pattern is present (Fig. 7 D). Geitodoris pusae was recorded from the Canary Islands and Mediterranean Sea (Ortea et al. 1988; Ortea, 1990; Tocino et al. 2006). We observed important morphological differences between these earlier descriptions and the specimens collected from Brazil. The specimens described by Ortea et al. (1988); Ortea (1990) and Tocino et al. (2006) present serrations in the marginal teeth of the radula (when this serrations are present) restricted to the distal part of the tooth, whereas in the specimens from Brazil the serrated portion occurs in all concave surfaces of the teeth. Furthermore, in specimens from Europe, a denticle in the innermost lateral tooth, even incipient, has never been reported. In European specimens, the gill is always brown with lighter tips and the branchial sheath is the same tone as the rest of the mantle; however, in Brazilian specimens the branchial leaves located anteriorly are beige, the more posterior branchial leaves are translucent orange, and the smooth branchial sheath is also beige. Ortea et al. (1988) and Ortea (1990) illustrated the reproductive system as presenting a narrow and long vestibular gland with an elongated shape and a long duct, whereas in specimens from Brazil, the vestibular gland is rounded with a short duct (Fig. 8 A), more similar to the description of Tocino et al. (2006) for Mediterranean specimens. The differences that were observed in all specimens from Europe, in terms of coloration, gill morphology, and radula, lead us to consider the species from Europe as distinct from Western Atlantic G. pusae.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAB631DFF2209B6B1A2591C.taxon	description	Geitodoris includes four valid species in the Western Atlantic: Geitodoris pusae, Geitodoris planata (Alder & Hancock, 1846), Geitodoris patagonica Odhner, 1926 and Geitodoris immunda Bergh, 1894. García et al. (2008, p. 209) recorded Geitodoris planata, a species originally described for European waters and with amphiatlantic distribution (Valdés et al., 2006), from the Brazilian Coast. However, the present study is dealing with the same morphotype treated by García et al. (2008) and this is clearly G. pusae and does not constitute G. planata. According to the re-description made by Cervera et al. (1985) the morphotypes studied here do not represent G. planata because G. planata presents the marginal teeth spatulate and with a smooth edge, while in G. pusae there is a serration beginning on a concave part of teeth following distal part until the convex part; G. planata has the lateral teeth hooked, without any kind of denticulation, while in G. pusae the innermost lateral teeth is hook-shaped and can be smooth or with one denticles; G. planata has a bilobed vestibular, although G. pusae has only one rounded vestibular gland. Geitodoris immunda Bergh, 1894, a species from Costa Rica and Venezuela, is the most similar to Geitoris pusae. G. immunda has only been referenced twice: an original description (Bergh, 1894) that is very general and does not enable these two species to be distinguished and a subsequent description by Valdés et al. (2006) that is very brief. Valdés et al. (2006) mentioned that this species has a branchial sheath with a characteristic wavy edge, but they do not provide an explanation for this feature. In the original description by Bergh (1894), the branchial sheath was not described. If the branchial sheath is smooth, this characteristic would match our description of G. pusae. We identified two differences between G. pu s a e analyzed herein and the species description by Bergh (1894): the number of diagonal perfoliations of the rhinophores, which have a range of 12 – 20 in G. pusae, whereas G. immunda presents 30 perfoliations; and the color of branchial leaves i. e., all specimens observed alive in this paper presented beige anterior branchial leaves and translucent orange more posterior leaves, whereas the gill of G. immunda is brown with white tips (Bergh, 1894; Valdés et al., 2006). Clearly, a comparative study between these two species, as well as a complete description of G. immunda, is needed.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAF631EFF220DB1B74D5D5F.taxon	description	Paradoris mulciber Ev. Marcus, 1976 a: 18, figs 10 – 14; Espinosa & Ortea (2001); Collin et al. (2005: 692); Dayrat (2006: 199, figs. 54 – 55); Valdés et al. (2006: 180); Camacho-García & Gosliner (2007: 106, figs. 1 A, 2, 3, 4); García et al. (2008: 209).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAF631EFF220DB1B74D5D5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MZSP 41291, 0 6 September 1967, 21.0 mm preserved length, leg. Almirante Saldanha R / V. Type locality. Juriaçu, Maranhao state, Brazil. Geographical distribution. Costa Rica (Espinosa & Ortea, 2001; Camacho-García & Gosliner, 2007); Pananama, St. Marten / St. Martin, St. Lucia (Valdés et al., 2006); Brazil: Maranhao state: Juriaçu (Ev. Marcus, 1971); Pernambuco state: Ponta de Pedra (Ev. Marcus, 1976 a).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAF631EFF220DB1B74D5D5F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paradoris mulciber was originally described from Maranhão state in the northeast Brazilian coast, in 1971, and, shortly afterwards, a new record for this species was made from Pernambuco state, northeast Brazil (Ev. Marcus, 1976 a). However, this species was not reported or collected again in the Brazilian coast, and it is not available in any museum collections in Brazil. The holotype, originally deposited in the MZSP, is on loan since 2003 (L. R. Simone, pers. com.) and we could not examine specimens of P. mulciber. New data and discussion about the holotype and the specimen reported in Ev. Marcus (1976 a) can be found in Dayrat (2006). New records from Costa Rica and a re-description of the species were made by Camacho-Garcia and Gosliner (2007).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAF6302FF220979B3755C79.taxon	description	Discodoris notha Bergh, 1877: 530, plt. LXI – LXII, figs. 3 – 9; 29 – 30; Bergh (1884 b: 92); Bergh (1904: 53, plt. IV, figs. 7 – 14) (partially; according to Dayrat, 2010). Discodoris branneri MacFarland, 1909: 66, plt. XII, figs. 58 – 65; Rios (2009: 426); Padula et al. (2012: 6). Carminodoris branneri: Perrone & Duneddu (1997: 52). Discodoris evelinae Er. Marcus, 1955: 143, figs. 141 – 150; Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus (1967 a: 75); Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus (1969: 13); Ev. Marcus (1971: 944, fig. 43); Ev. Marcus (1972: 79); Ev. Marcus & Hughes (1974: 520, fig. 41); Ev. Marcus (1976 b: 139); Bertsch (1976: 117, figs. 1 – 7, tbl. 1 – 2); Humann (1992: 241); Redfern (2001: 175, fig. 726, plt. 119); Valdés et al. (2006: 174) (in part); Debelius & Kuiter (2007: 250); García et al. (2008: 137); Rios (2009: 426). Discodoris hedgpethi Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus (1960: 254, figs. 7 – 11); Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus (1967 a: 75, figs. 98 A – 98 E); Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus (1971: 49, figs. 111 – 114). Discodoris spetteda Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus (1966: 181) Nomen nudum. “ Montereina branneri ”: Dayrat (2010: 234, figs. 241 – 257).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAF6302FF220979B3755C79.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ZMA CASIZ 0 20019, 1899, 32.0 mm preserved length, A. W. Greeley leg. Type locality. Riacho doce, Alagoas state, Brazil. Material examined. Barbados: MZSP 37949; Brazil: Alagoas state: Recife do Francês: MNRJ 12931, 23 / xi / 2007 [1]; Saco da Pedra: MNRJ 12942, 11 / i / 2008, colls. J. Bahia & V. Padula [4; two dissected]; MNRJ 13102, 08 / i / 2008, coll. Anderson [1]; MNRJ 13103, 22 / x / 2006, coll. M. Dorigo [1]; MNRJ 13173, 11 / i / 2008, colls. J. Bahia & V. Padula [1]; Riacho Doce: MNRJ 13174, 31 / i / 2006 [1, one dissected]; Piscina dos Amores: MNRJ 12930, 02 / iv / 2007 [1]; Ponta Verde: MNRJ 13175, 18 / iii / 1992 [1]; Bahia state, Salvador: HSL MNRJ 7422 [1]; Rio de Janeiro state: Búzios, Praia da Tartaruga: MNRJ 15001, 09 / vi / 2009, coll. T. Belmonte [1]; MNRJ 14934, 25 / xi / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [1; one dissected]; Cabo Frio, Canal de Itajurú: MNRJ 10662, ix / 1980, coll. L. R. Tostes [1; one dissected]; MNRJ 13199, 18 / v / 2008, coll. V. Padula [1; one dissected]; MNRJ 14922, 22 / vii / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [2]; Arraial do Cabo, Prainha: MNRJ 13172, ii / 1984, colls. G. W. Nunan & M. R. Sá [1]; Praia do Forno: MNRJ 10669, ii / 1983, coll. G. Nunan [2]; São Paulo state: Ilhabela: MZSP 41639 [1] and MZSP 41803 [2], 07 / v / 2004, colls. L. R. Simone, C. M. Cunha, Gonçalves & Rosier; MZSP 41801, 06 / v / 2004, colls. L. R. Simone, C. M. Cunha, Gonçalves & Rosier [2]. Geographical distribution. U. S. A.: Florida, Palm Beach (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a); Texas, Port Arkansas (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1960); Bahamas, Cayman Islands (according to Dayrat (2010) this distribution is still uncertain), Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Barbados, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Santa Marta, Venezuela (Valdés et al., 2006); Virgin Islands (Dayrat, 2010); Brazil: Pernambuco state: Suape (Ev. Marcus, 1971); Alagoas state (Padula et al., 2012): Recife do Francês, Saco de Pedra, Piscina dos amores (present study), Riacho Doce (MacFarland, 1909); Bahia state (present study); Rio de Janeiro state: Búzios (García et al., 2008), Cabo Frio and Arraial do Cabo (present study); São Paulo state: Ilha de São Sebastião (Er. Marcus, 1955).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAF6302FF220979B3755C79.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 1 D; 9 D – E): body oval, slightly depressed, up to 87 mm long alive, with 1.5 to 2.5 times greater length than width. Mantle densely covered by somewhat conical tubercles of different sizes (diameter 37 µm to 273 µm), irregularly disposed; tubercles can be more or less conical with five to 12 spicules that protrude outside; ciliary tuft at apex of tubercles, normally lost during fixation. Rhinophoral and branchial sheaths prominent and irregular, covered by tubercles; rhinophores long with 19 to 26 diagonal perfoliations and cylindrical apex. Gill with six retractile, tripinnate or tetrapinnate branchial leaves, symmetrically positioned along longitudinal axis of body; anal cone high, located between two most posterior branchial leaves. Foot narrower than mantle; anteriorly bilabiated and notched on upper “ lip ”. Oral tentacles conical. Color of living specimens predominantly brownish, with several brown and white blotches on dorsum of irregular sizes and arrangement, usually with four to 10 dark brown circular blotches larger in diameter and well defined (in some cases almost black); ventrally, white to cream; foot with brown blotches smaller and at higher density than ventral part of mantle; rhinophores with basal region of same brown tone as mantle, with some whitish spots, laminated part yellowish-brown, with white spots on perfoliations, apical part white; branchial leaves cream / beige with numerous tiny brownish spots. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 9 A – C): labial cuticle with yellow lateral plates with numerous elongated elements; elements approximately rectangular, long and filiform on outer margin and, low and short on inner margin. Radula formula 31 x 46.0. 46 in dry preserved specimen measuring 27.0 mm in length and 32 x 62.0. 62 in preserved specimen measuring 53.0 mm in length; lateral teeth hook-shaped, smooth, larger and more developed in center of rows; marginal teeth thinner and less curved, with a protuberance on convex surface of base of cusp. Reproductive system (Figures 9 F – I; 10 A): hermaphrodite duct connecting to long and convolute ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct short, connecting to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, divided into two parts, approximately of same size, less dense part proximal, denser distal part. Deferent duct elongated and enlarged on distal portion. Penis of 3.3 mm to 8.0 mm length, covered by penial hooks; there is one spine more developed than others attached on base of penis; distal part smooth, without penial hooks. Vagina elongated and convoluted, 2 x to 3 x thicker than deferent duct, opening into rounded bursa copulatrix. Bursa serially arranged, vaginal duct convoluted connecting to short-stalked seminal receptacle; uterine duct very short.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAF6302FF220979B3755C79.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology (Figures 10 B – C): egg mass usually forming a spiral ribbon of 45.0 mm to 49.0 mm diameter, with white eggs and crenulated border; ribbon with around six whorls in counterclockwise direction and with numerous rows of many tiny eggs; only in one case the same specimen deposited one egg mass with white eggs in its natural habitat, and another one coloured violet (deep purple) in aquarium. Some specimens autotomized parts of mantle margin when disturbed.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFAF6302FF220979B3755C79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens studied here fits largely in the genus Discodoris Bergh, 1877, because this species presents all the diagnostic features of the genus, including the dorsum covered with simple tubercles, stiffened by integumentary spicules (Figs. 9 D – E); anterior border of the foot grooved and notched; labial cuticle armature with rodlets (Fig. 9 A); radula composed of simple, hamate teeth (Figs. 9 B – C); reproductive system with a flattened, granular prostate, having two well differentiated regions (Fig. 10 A); vestibular or accessory glands absent (Fig. 10 A) (Valdés, 2002). Valdés (2002) pointed in the diagnostic features of the genus Discodoris that the penis devoid hooks, while we find hooks on the penis of D. branneri. Still we place this species into Discodoris. The oldest valid Discodoris from Brazil is Discodoris branneri. The latter was described based on a single specimen, without data on external morphology and coloration in vivo, resulting in inconclusive evidence of possible intraspecific variation. This led some authors to describe new species from Brazil and the Caribbean Sea, without appropriate comparison with D. branneri. For example, Er. Marcus (1955) described Discodoris evelinae and distinguished this species from Discodoris branneri based on differences in the size of the nidamedal complex and prostate gland, yet he emphasized that these differences could be due to changes related to the successive stages of male and female maturation. MacFarland (1909) also noted that in D. branneri, the diminutive size of the complex nidamedal gland could be related to the reproductive period. Er. Marcus (1955) considered D. evelinae to be highly similar to D. branneri, particularly in the penial hooks, cylindrical-conical tubercles on the dorsum, and shape and number of rows of radular teeth; however, he separated the two species because he thought it was difficult to judge the differences in the size of the female gland and prostate. Dayrat (2010) considered Discodoris evelinae Er. Marcus, 1955 to be a junior synonym of D. branneri. According to him, the best diagnostic feature is the penis, which is similar in both descriptions. Indeed, both reproductive systems are compatible, despite small differences. We observed that one specimen measuring 43.0 mm in length, from the type locality of D. branneri, has a small female gland similar to the specimen studied by MacFarland (1909), which was 55.0 mm long. Er. Marcus (1955), on the other hand, examined specimens of 100.0 mm in length. Additional specimens from Alagoas state were examined, and these showed a correlation between the size of the female gland and body length. Thus, we conclude that differences between the two species are due to sexual maturation, and agree with the synonymy introduced by Dayrat (2010). Discodoris hedgpethi Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1960, a species described from the Gulf of Mexico, was distinct from D. evelinae with respect to the number of teeth per row of the radula. Ev. Marcus (1971) studied one specimen from Puerto Rico that presents an intermediate number of teeth per row, so the author established the synonymy between species. Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1960, fig. 9) described a denticle in the innermost lateral tooth in Discodoris hedgpethi, but their drawing of the denticle is not clear, so it is difficult to evaluate the true state of the innermost lateral tooth. We would like to emphasize that the presence of a denticle on the cusp of the innermost lateral tooth of Discodoris hedgpethi has never been reported for D. branneri (or D. evelinae), and, in line with this, the feature was not observed in D. branneri specimens studied in this work. A second difference may relate to the penis of D. hedgpethi. Dayrat (2010: 239, fig. 243) described the penises of two syntypes of D. hedgpethi as presenting several large penial hooks on the anterior portion; however, the micrographs of the penises do not show where the more prominent spine is, and Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1960) did not describe the anterior portion of the penis. The penis in the six specimens dissected in the present study is slightly different, in that it only has one penial hook that is more evident than the others penial hooks in the anterior part of the penis (Figs. 9 F – G). These two differences are difficult to evaluate without analyzing the syntypes or other specimens from the type locality, thus we believe that the two species cannot be distinguished on the basis of these features. However, we would like to emphasize these differences for further studies. As a result of a revision of the basal discodorids, Dayrat (2010) concluded that this taxon was part of a metaphyletic group at the base of the Discodorididae, which could not be diagnosed because its members present all plesiomorphic characteristics associated with Discodorididae. He named this taxon as " Montereina " branneri or Discodorididae branneri, as an attempt to follow simultaneously the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999) and International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (Cantino & de Queiroz, 2010). Since the phylogeny of this family is not well established, we prefer to use a conservative approach. Examination of several specimens, including those from the type locality, indicated that, despite large intraspecific variation in coloration, the rounded dark-brown blotches (sometimes almost black) on the dorsum are always present (Fig. 1 D). In most cases, however, these blotches are distributed along the sides of the mantle. Valdés et al. (2006: 174) is considered only “ in part ” in the synonymic list because of this color characteristic: the picture that shows the light specimen from Martinique does not represent Discodoris branneri. In addition, ventral spots are always present, and these are smaller and present at a higher density on the foot than in the ventral part of the mantle.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB36302FF220F9DB60D5A55.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: CASIZ 0 21022, 20 July 1899, 20.0 mm preserved length, Mr. Greeley col. Type locality. Riacho Doce, Alagoas state, Brazil. Geographical distribution. Brazil: Alagoas state: Riacho doce (MacFarland, 1909).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB36302FF220F9DB60D5A55.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Discodoris voniheringi MacFarland, 1909 was described from Brazil based on a single specimen, and it was regarded as nomen dubium by Dayrat (2010) after examination of type material. The long, but general description presented by MacFarland (1909) does not allow distinguishing this species from other species of the genus Discodoris, even after this revision. We agree with the position of Dayrat (2010).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB36305FF220989B7715B15.taxon	description	Peltodoris hummelincki Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963: 27, figs. 32 – 35. Tayuva ketos gila Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970: 65, figs. 118 – 120. Diaulula hummelincki: Valdés et al. (2006: 190). Diaulula phoca auct. non (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a): García et al. (2008: 140).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB36305FF220989B7715B15.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ZMA Moll. 3.63.0 20, 0 3 March 1955, 48.0 mm preserved legth, P. W. Hummelinck leg; Paratype: ZMA Moll. 3.63.0 21, 0 3 March 1955, P. W. Hummelinck leg. [2]. Type locality. Santa Martha Bay, Curaçao. Material examined. Curaçao: MZSP 76293 [1]; Brazil: Alagoas state: Recife da Ponta Verde: MNRJ 12939, 25 / ix / 1996 [1]; Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio: Canal de Itajurú: MNRJ 13997, 05 / vii / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [1]; Praia das Conchas: MNRJ 13187, 28 / x / 2007, coll. J. Bahia [1]. Geographical distribution. Aruba (Valdés et al., 2006); Curaçao: Santa Martha Bay (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963), Piscadera Bay (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963; Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970), Cayman Islands (Dayrat, 2010), St. Thomas and Virgin Islands (Bergh, 1880); Brazil: Alagoas state; Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio (present study); São Paulo state: Ilhabela (García et al., 2008).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB36305FF220989B7715B15.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 1 E; 11 E): body oval, slightly depressed, up to 32.0 mm long alive, with 1.5 to 2.0 times greater length than width. Mantle covered by conical tubercles irregularly disposed, with different sizes throughout mantle (48 µm to 200 µm in diameter); tubercles lower in mantle edge and in center of mantle than those in sides of mantle. Some tubercles in center of mantle and on rhinophoral and branchial sheaths are white and bigger than other tubercles. Rhinophoral sheaths more prominent than branchial sheath, both covered by tubercles of same size as those of mantle edge. Rhinophores long, with cylindrical apex, 17 to 18 diagonal perfoliations. Gill with six retractile, tripinnate branchial leaves, positioned symmetrically about longitudinal axis of body; anal cone high, located between two most posterior branchial leaves. Foot narrower than mantle; anterior foot border notched on upper “ lip ”. Oral tentacles conical and small. Living specimens presents body predominantly whitish, with numerous brown spots / blotches of various sizes, usually circular, more concentrated in center of mantle; these blotches can be very concentrated, transforming dominant color of body to brownish, with white part restricted to mantle margin; two lateral rows with five darker brown circulars blotches of each side, from rhinophores to gill; rhinophores with basal portion of same color of rest of body; perfoliations brownish-yellow with numerous white spots on perfoliations; cylindrical apex white; branchial leaves of same color of rhinophores, with numerous tiny brown spots; ventrally, cream to white; brown blotches smaller and more concentrated in foot than in ventral part of mantle. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 11 A – D): Yellow lateral plates with numerous elongated elements; approximately rectangular, long and filiform on outer margin and, low and short on inner margin. Radula formulae 21 x 24.0. 24 in preserved specimen measuring 19.0 mm in length; lateral plates smooth and hook-shaped, approximately in a right angle, larger and more developed in center of rows, which have a triangular protuberance at base of tooth; marginal teeth thinner with soft curves. Reproductive system (Figures 11 F – 12): hermaphrodite duct connecting to long and slightly convoluted ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct short, connecting to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, divided into two parts, approximately of same size, less dense part proximal, denser distal part. Distal portion of vas deferent short and enlarged, opening in common atrium with vagina. Penis cylindrical near deferent duct and tapered at distal part. Muscular wall on base of genital atrium, very thick near opening of vas deferens and vagina. Vagina elongated, narrow and opening into rounded bursa copulatrix, partially covered by prostate. Bursa serially arranged, vaginal duct folding once and connecting to stalked seminal receptacle; uterine duct short. Bursa and receptacle of similar size.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB36305FF220989B7715B15.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Bergh (1880) distinguished the genus Peltodoris from Discodoris on the basis of the former’s lack of jaws and harder body consistency. Based on a recent phylogenetic analysis, Valdés (2002) indicated that Discodoris and Peltodoris belong in two different clades. Discodoris hummelincki was originally described in the genus Peltodoris (Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus, 1963) due to the lack of labial armature in the two specimens that were dissected. However, Dayrat (2010) re-examined the holotype of Discodoris hummelincki and found the labial armature to be composed of different elements, therefore suggesting that perhaps Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1963) simply missed the jaws, or that their dissected specimens did not have jaws. The presence of elements in the labial armature places this species in the genus Discodoris. Furthermore, Dayrat (2010), after analyzing the types of Discodoris hummelincki and Tayuva ketos gila Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus, 1967 a (also from the Caribbean Sea), established their synonymy. Dayrat (2010) examined Peltodoris crucis Bergh, 1880 and realized that one of its paratypes actually belongs to D. hummelincki. However, Dayrat (2010) transferred this species to Tayuva Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus (1967 a), a genus previously considered junior synonym of Discodoris by Valdés (2002). Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1967 a) described the genus Tayuva as possessing many features in common with the genus Discodoris but distinguished by a large vestibule (atrium) stiffened by spicules and lodging the penial papilla and the vaginal aperture. This genital opening structure was considered ‘ aberrant’ by Marcus and Marcus (1967 a) and they could not find another genus that could ‘ receive’ the species. Dayrat (2010) recognized the supposed ‘ aberration’, that is actually a muscle wall at the distal part of the reproductive system, as a synapomorphy of Tayuva. On the other hand, Dayrat (2010) did not recognize morphological differences to separate the various species in this genus. Instead, he treated all of them as a single species in the so-called " complex Tayuva lilacina Gould, 1852 ", which was divided into four geographic regions: Mediterranean and the eastern European Atlantic, Panamic eastern Pacific, tropical Indo-western Pacific and Caribbean, with various synonyms in each region. The specimens studied here belong to the Caribbean region. Among the names included in the " complex Tayuva lilacina " from the Caribbean, Discodoris hummelincki (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963) is the oldest name. Although the species treated in this paper corresponds to the " complex Tayuva lilacina " from the Caribbean proposed by Dayrat (2010), here, we denote this species using the name Discodoris hummelincki. We have chosen not to use the name Tayuva lilacina because we believe that Dayrat (2010) was dealing with more than one species; furthermore, the species Tayuva lilacina was originally described from Hawaii, thus it probably does not represent the morphotype treated herein, once there is no example of species having a confirmed range including Hawaii and Brazil in Nudibranchia. Moreover, Dayrat (2010) separated Tayuva from Discodoris based on a poorly resolved phylogenetic tree, and he did not provide support values to show if it is indeed monophyletic. We follow the position proposed by Valdés (2002), that Tayuva is a junior synonym of Discodoris. This is the first record of Discodoris hummelincki in Brazil. The types of Discodoris hummelincki include a holotype and four paratypes (from different localities of the Piscadera Bay), of which the holotype and two paratypes are deposited in the Zöologisch Museum, Amsterdam. Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1963) reported that only one paratype would be sent to the University of São Paulo. Therefore, according to Dayrat (2010), two paratypes were sent to University of São Paulo, one from St. Martha Bay and one from Piscadera Bay. We only found one specimen in the University of São Paulo labeled from Curaçao; this specimen is likely to be the paratype mentioned by Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1963). García et al. (2008: p. 140) listed Diaulula phoca Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a from the Brazilian coast, in São Paulo state. However, herein we are dealing with the same morphotype as described by García et al. (2008); we identified the species as Discodoris hummelincki due to certain characteristics: we did not find caryophyllidia (Fig. 11 E), which are present in the genus Diaulula; and the deferent duct is long, thin and convoluted in D. phoca, whereas in D. hummelincki the deferent duct is short with an enlarged and curved proximal part (Fig. 12 A). Moreover, we found some distinguishing features only present in D. hummelincki, such as the muscle wall at the distal part of the reproductive system (Figs. 12 A – B), the deferent duct with an enlarged, curved proximal portion (Fig. 12 A), lateral teeth with protuberance on the base of the teeth (Fig. 11 C), and white tubercles on the rhinophoral and branchial sheaths. Therefore, given that the only record of Diaulula phoca was based on a specimen of Discodoris hummelincki, we consider that D. phoca does not occur in the Brazilian coast.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB46308FF220B24B0AB5B15.taxon	description	Diaulula greeleyi: Camacho-García & Valdés (2003: 71, figs. 1 C, 4 A – D, 5 A – D); Valdés (2004 b: 2, figs. 1 A, 2, 3); Valdés et al. (2006: 188); García et al. (2008: 142); Padula et al. (2012: 9).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB46308FF220B24B0AB5B15.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype CASIZ 21021, 28 July 1899, 9.0 mm preserved length, A. W. Greeley leg. Type locality. Riacho Doce, Alagoas state, Brazil. Material examined. U. S. A.: Miami: MZSP 75313, 1971, E. Marcus coll. [2; one dissected]; Brazil: Pernambuco state: Praia de Suape: MZSP 86138, 19 / vii / 2005, S. Almeida coll. [1]; Alagoas state, Saco da Pedra: MNRJ 13193, 08 / i / 2008, V. Padula and J. Bahia colls. [2; two dissected]; Rio de Janeiro state: Búzios: Praia da Tartaruga: MNRJ 12310, 26 / vi / 2005, V. Padula coll. [1]; MNRJ 12308, 22 / ii / 2006, V. Padula coll. [5]; MNRJ 12311, 24 / iv / 2005, V. Padula coll. [1]; MNRJ 14968, 25 / ix / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 10878, 21 / x / 2006, V. Padula coll. [1]; Praia da Armação de Búzios: MZSP 25278, vii / 1957, L. R. Tommasi coll. [1]; Cabo Frio: Canal de Itajurú: MNRJ 15034, 12 / x / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [2; two dissected]; MNRJ 13784, 24 / v / 2009, J. Alvim and T. Belmonte colls. [2]; MNRJ 13994, 05 / vii / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [5; one dissected]; MNRJ 14974, 23 / viii / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [2]; Praia das Conchas: MNRJ 13298, 21 / iv / 2008, J. Bahia coll. [1]; MNRJ 12309, V. Padula coll. [1]; MNRJ 12307, 14 / x / 2006, V. Padula coll. [2]; MNRJ 31367, 15 / iii / 2013, J. Alvim coll. [2]; Arraial do Cabo: Praia do Forno: MNRJ 11059, 13 / iii / 2007, F. Santos coll. [1]; MNRJ 12788, 16 / iii / 2006, J. Alvim coll. [2]; Angra dos reis: Praia do Leste: MZSP 29732, 1958, E. Marcus coll. [1]; São Paulo state: São Sebastião: MZSP 25341, 1958, E. Marcus coll. [1]; Praia do Portinho: MZSP 92740, 18 / ix / 2009, F. Santos [1]; without locality data: MZSP 37961 (ex-Marcus’s collection). Geographical distribution. U. S. A.: South Carolina (Eyster, 1980); Florida (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a; Valdés, 2004 b); Bahamas (Valdés et al., 2006); Brazil: Pernambuco state: Praia do Suape (present study); Alagoas state: Riacho Doce (MacFarland, 1909); Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a), Búzios (García et al., 2008), Arraial do Cabo, Angra dos Reis (present study); São Paulo state: Ubatatuba (Dayrat, 2010), Ilha de São Sebastião (Er. Marcus, 1955).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB46308FF220B24B0AB5B15.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 1 F; 13 E – F): body elliptical, slightly depressed, up to 14.0 mm long alive, with two times greater length than width. Mantle densely covered by equidistant caryophyllidia ranging in height from 72 µm to 120 µm. In each caryophyllidium six or seven spicules protrude around tubercle; tubercle apex presents a ciliary elongated tuft (tuft diameter: 14 µm to 19 µm). Rhinophoral and branchial sheaths prominent (approximately 0.3 mm high), densely covered by caryophyllia of same size as those through mantle. Rhinophores long, with cylindrical apex, 9 to 12 diagonals perfoliations and spiculated at base. Gill with 10 – 12 retractile, simple branchial leaves, arranged to form a closed circle around high anal cone. Foot narrower than mantle and, posteriorly may project beyond notum in a small rounded tail; anterior foot border notched on two “ lips ”. Conical and small oral tentacles. Living specimens presenting body predominantly yellow with some beige spots approximately circular, more concentrated on mantle edge, and other brown blotches more concentrated in middle of dorsum, not evident in juveniles; rhinophores and gill with yellow / orange pigment, darker than rest of mantle. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures: 13 A – D): labial cuticle smooth. Radula formula 28 x 33.0. 33 in preserved specimen measuring 9.0 mm in length and 38 x 60.0. 60 in specimen measuring 9.0 mm in length; lateral plates smooth and hook-shaped, without denticles; teeth more developed in center of rows; innermost lateral teeth smaller than others, and outer lateral teeth with rounded to triangular protuberance at convex portion of cusp. Reproductive system (Figure 14): hermaphrodite duct connecting to long and slightly convoluted ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct very short, connecting to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, divided into two parts; small, less dense and whitish part proximal and, denser and yellow at distal part. Distal portion of vas deferens, long, narrow, convoluted, enlarged near gonopore, opening in common atrium with vagina. Vagina elongated and narrow partially covered by prostate. Bursa serially arranged, non-convoluted vaginal duct connecting to rounded seminal receptacle; very short uterine duct. Receptacle with 1 / 3 to 1 / 4 bursa’s size.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB46308FF220B24B0AB5B15.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Egg mass forms a spiral ribbon with crenulated border. Rosy ribbon with two turns in counterclockwise direction and contains numerous rows of many tiny eggs. There is one egg per capsule connected by translucent matrix.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB46308FF220B24B0AB5B15.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Diaulula greeleyi was originally described in the genus Peltodoris by MacFarland (1909) based on one preserved specimen, without any information about coloration. Er. Marcus (1955) re-described the species, and Camacho-García and Valdés (2003) re-allocated it to the genus Diaulula based on the presence of caryophyllidia, a penis or vagina not armed, a smooth labial cuticle, smooth teeth and prominent rhinophores and branchial sheaths. In addition, Camacho-García and Valdés (2003) synonymized Peltodoris nayarita Ortea & Llera, 1981, from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica with D. greeleyi, emphasizing some similarities with regard to external coloration, labial armature, radula, and the reproductive system. In fact, the micrographs of radula and an illustration of the reproductive system of the specimen of D. greeleyi from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, studied by Camacho-García and Valdés (2003: Figs. 3 – 4), indicate a striking resemblance with the specimens from Brazil studied herein. However, there are significant differences in the dimensions of caryophyllidia between the specimens from the two regions. The specimens from Costa Rica present a caryophyllidium with an average length of 20 µm whereas in those from Brazil and Florida, it is much longer (72 µm – 120 µm) (Figs. 13 E – F). Additionally, the caryophyllidia diameter is larger in the specimens from Costa Rica (36 µm – 60 µm) than in specimens from Brazil and Florida (14 µm – 20 µm) (Figs. 13 E – F). In summary, in the western Atlantic specimens, the caryophyllidia are longer and thinner than in the east Pacific ones. Therefore, we consider that Diaulula nayarita is a valid species. Diaulula farmersi Valdés, 2004 b is largely similar to Diaulula greeleyi, but these species are clearly distinguishable on the basis of external coloration. D. farmesi does not seem to be a color variation of D. greeleyi because certain characteristics in relation to color are invariable in both species. All D. greeleyi specimens studied here exhibit a predominantly yellow / pale orange body with some beige spots and brown blotches, whereas D. farmersi is yellowish gray. Another remarkable feature relates to the coloration of rhinophores and gills, as these structures have the same coloration and a darker pigmentation than the rest of the dorsum in D. greeleyi, whereas in D. farmersi the rhinophores are much darker than the rest of the mantle (dark brown with white apices) and the gill is white. In D. greeleyi, only specimens with a very dark mantle display rhinophores that are almost black because of the concentration of the blotches (as in Valdés, 2004: 2, fig 1 A); thus, a specimen with a light mantle never exhibits dark rhinophores, and indeed, a white gill has never been observed in this species. Valdés (2004 b) described the general coloration of a specimen of D. greeleyi from Florida as pale yellow, orange or brown, although the photograph of the animal in vivo (Valdés, 2004 b; Fig. 1 A) indicates a pattern of almost black coloration, due to a high concentration of dark spots on the dorsum. Based on the available images and descriptions of Diaulula greeleyi from several localities (Valdés et al., 2006; Camacho-García & Valdés, 2003; Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a), it can be concluded that Caribbean specimens have more pronounced and darker blotches than the specimens from Brazil (Fig. 1 F).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB9630BFF220B05B0135D2E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype AMNH 3507, May 1956, 11.0 mm preserved length. Type locality. Ilha de São Sebastião, São Paulo state, Brazil. Material examined. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio: Ilha comprida: MNRJ 13299, 29 / iii / 2008, V. Padula coll. [1; one dissected]; Arraial do Cabo: Praia do Forno: MNRJ 11765 14 / vii / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1; one dissected]; MNRJ 12371, 23 / iv / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 12805, 16 / v / 2008, V. Padula coll. [3; one dissected]. Geographical distribution. Bermuda, Bahamas, Mexico, St. Lucia (Valdés et al. 2006); Brazil: Maranhão state (Ev. Marcus, 1971); Alagoas state: Saco da Pedra (Padula et al., 2012); (Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo (present study); São Paulo state: Ilhabela (Er. Marcus, 1958 a); Argentina (Muniaín & Valdés, 2000).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB9630BFF220B05B0135D2E.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 1 G; 15 E – F): body oval, dorsally convex, up to 7.0 mm long alive. Mantle densely covered by caryophyllia approximately of same size and equidistants; with 3 – 7 spicules that protrude around tubercle; tubercle apex with a ciliary tuft elongated and oval. Rhinophoral and branchial sheaths densely covered by caryophyllidia. Low and wide rhinophores with nine vertical perfoliations, like a rosette with a terminal lobe toward inside of body. Gill with five-six simple branchial leaves, which form a closed circle around high anal cone. Foot narrower than mantle; anteriorly, bilabiated and notched on upper “ lip ”. Rectangular oral tentacles. Color of living specimens predominantly reddish (brick red), including rhinophores, gill and foot; some specimens present a white longitudinal line on middle of dorsum; in almost all specimens were observed white spots (glands) on edge of mantle approximately equidistant. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 15 A – D): Labial cuticle formed by a smooth cuticle with elements concentrated in two areas on median portion of plates; elements are arranged in about eight rows with about 23 well-marked elements of varying sizes and, in distal rows decreasing in number and size. Radula formula 29 x 24.0. 24 in preserved specimen of 2.0 mm in length; innermost lateral teeth with enlarged base and cusp curved towards to base of tooth with denticles; marginal teeth elongated, slender, with finger-like projections on their distal part. Reproductive system (Figure 16): hermaphrodite duct connected to long and slightly convolute ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct short, that connects to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, divided into two parts; longer and less dense part proximal, and smaller and denser distal part; in juveniles prostate completely covers bursa copulatrix. Vas deferent elongate and not covoluted, that emerges from a common atrium with vagina. Vagina elongate, approximately of same width as deferent duct, opening into rounded bursa copulatrix. Bursa serially arranged, vaginal duct not convoluted and connecting to rounded seminal receptacle; very short uterine duct inserting, almost immediately, into female gland mass. In juveniles specimens, bursa copulatrix approximately of same size as seminal receptacle, while in sexually mature specimens bursa copulatrix three-four times larger in volume and length than seminal receptacle.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB9630BFF220B05B0135D2E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Egg mass composed by 2 – 3 rows, with red large eggs and a translucent material surrounding eggs individually in each capsule.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFB9630BFF220B05B0135D2E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Rostanga byga Er. Marcus, 1958 a was described from Brazil and recorded three times (each record is based on one specimen) (Er. Marcus, 1958 a; Ev. Marcus, 1971; Padula et al., 2012). Subsequently, Muniaín and Valdés (2000) re-described the species based on the holotype and additional material from Argentina, but they could not analyze the reproductive system and radula of the holotype. They compared it to the highly similar Rostanga pulchra MacFarland, 1905. However, after analyzing specimens of R. byga, we now question certain characteristics used by Muniaín and Valdés (2000) to separate these two species. Schrödl and Grau (2006), who analyzed Chilean specimens of R. pulchra, already had challenged some of these differences. One of the distinguishing characteristics listed by Munían and Valdés (2000) is the presence or absence of white points that form a midline on the dorsum. This feature is not consistent — we identified specimens lacking white spots on the dorsum or with very faint white spots, probably due to the small size of the specimens. In some cases, there seem to be dark spots on the back, which was reported to be a characteristic of R. pulchra (Muniaín & Valdés, 2000). Additionally, Muniaín and Valdés (2000) compared the number of perfoliations of the rhinophores between these two species and have concluded that R. pulchra has between nine and 12 perfoliation, whereas R. byga has 12 to 16 perfoliations. However, in the R. byga specimens analyzed in this study, nine perfoliations were found, hence this is not a consistent feature. The differences concerning the radula are also questionable. Muniaín and Valdés (2000) considered that the cusp of the innermost lateral tooth is smaller and with more denticles in R. pulchra than in R. byga. However, our analysis of the micrographs presented in Schrödl and Grau (2006), Muniaín and Valdés (2000), and in the present study showed that the ranges of cusp lengths in R. pulchra and R. byga overlap (9.1 µm to 14.5 µm in R. pulchra; 6.6 µm to 17.7 µm in R. byga). Furthermore, in the specimens analyzed here, we observed that in the same radula there are significant differences in the length of the cusp of the innermost lateral tooth (ranges from 6.6 µm to 12.3 µm). We agree with Schrödl and Grau (2006) that it is difficult to visualize the number of denticles on the inner lateral tooth due to the position of the tooth in the radula. Thus, we will not estimate the number of denticles. Muniaín and Valdés (2000) described R. pulchra as presenting a labial cuticle with regularly disposed elements, whereas R. byga presents a reduced labial cuticle with irregularly disposed elements. However, they do not provide an explanation for the difference, since in both cases the elements are disposed in rows. Interpreting the illustration presented in Muniaín and Valdés (2000: 4, 9, Figs. 2 E, 6 E), we believe that the authors referred to size of the elements, in that uniformly sized elements correspond to R. pulchra and those with different-sized elements are R. byga. Based on this assumption, the specimens collected on the coast of Rio de Janeiro state are closer to the description given for R. byga (Fig. 15 A). Our data corroborate the idea of Er. Marcus (1958 a) and Schrödl and Grau (2006) that R. byga and R. pulchra are quite similar, and there is biogeographic evidence that assists the separation of the two species. Nonetheless, morphological studies of additional specimens of both species are needed to fully understand the intraspecific variation and differences between the two.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBA630CFF220971B337598C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Syntypes: MZSP 75960, June / November 1953 and April 1954, up to 10.0 mm long alive [6]. Type locality. Ilha de São Sebastião, São Paulo state, Brazil. Material examined. Syntypes; Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio, Ilha do Papagaio: MNRJ 13196, 27 / x / 2007, V. Padula coll. [2; two dissected]; Arraial do Cabo, Praia do Forno: MNRJ 13190, 16 / v / 2008, V. Padula coll. [3, two dissected]; MNRJ 12372, 28 / xii / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 11707, 23 / vi / 2007, J. Alvim coll. [1]; São Paulo state: Ilha de São Sebastião: MZSP 75960 [6; one dissected]. Geographical distribution. Barbados (Edmunds & Just, 1985); Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio (García et al., 2008), Arraial do Cabo (present study); São Paulo state: Ilha de São Sebastião, Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, Baía de Trapandé (García et al., 2008).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBA630CFF220971B337598C.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 1 H; 17 G – H): elongated body, slightly tapered in posterior portion, up to 9.0 mm long alive, 1.5 times longer than wide. Mantle densely covered by equidistant caryophyllidia (average: 173 µm in height); caryophyllidia lower at mantle edge and in center of mantle than those at sides of mantle; in each caryophyllidium five or six spicules protrude around tubercle, which presents an oval ciliated apex. Rhinophoral and branchial sheaths prominent, covered by caryophyllidia. Rhinophores long with 8 to 10 diagonal perfoliations and cylindrical apex. Gill with five to ten retractile, bi-tripinnate branchial leaves, arranged to form a closed circle around high anal cone. Foot narrower than mantle; anteriorly bilabiate and notched on upper “ lip ”. Oral tentacles triangular and flattened. Color of living specimens ranges from purplish gray to whitish gray, with several rounded blotches on dorsum, darker than rest of mantle, of irregular sizes and arrangement; ventrally, whitish; rhinophores and branchial leaves with same tone as mantle with white tips. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 17 A – F): labial cuticle with yellow lateral plates with numerous elements with rounded apex. Radula formula 22 x 13.0. 13 in preserved specimen measuring 7.0 mm in length; lateral teeth hook-shaped; innermost lateral teeth with one or three or four denticles on inner surface of teeth. Subsequent lateral teeth smooth, larger and more developed in center of rows. Four to five marginal teeth elongated, thin and branched, with two or four finger-like projections on their distal part. Reproductive system (Figure 18): hermaphrodite duct connected to rounded and not convoluted ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct short, connecting to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, not divided in two portions, probably due to small size of specimens. Vas deferent duct elongated and convoluted, approximately of same diameter of vagina. Accessory gland attached to common atrium, between penis and vagina; accessory gland tubular and approximately four times wider than deferent duct; with spine straight at base and curved at distal portion, length about 165 µm. Vagina elongate and narrow passing behind prostate and female gland and, folding over bursa copulatrix. Round bursa copulatrix. Bursa serially arranged, vaginal duct slightly convoluted and connecting to seminal receptacle; uterine duct short. Seminal receptacle approximately 60 % of length of bursa copulatrix.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBA630CFF220971B337598C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Only one lot (MZSP 75960), containing six specimens, was found in MZSP labeled as Awuka spazzola by Marcus, without additional information about locality and date. In the original description, Er. Marcus (1955) mentioned seven specimens collected at Ilha de São Sebastião in June / November 1953 (3 specimens) and April 1954 (4 specimens), and a few years later Ev. Marcus (1976 c: 35) reviewed the species and referred to the original material and serial sections as “ the 6 available specimens ”. Thus, we believe that MZSP 75960 corresponds to the type-series (syntypes), and the missing specimen was used for the histological sections. The specimens studied here present the same characteristics as mentioned in the original description, except for some minor differences with respect to the proportions of ducts and organs of the reproductive system. Furthermore, we failed to observe the two portions of the prostate, probably due to the small size of the specimens and fixation state of the potential syntypes. However, we are able to report variation of the innermost lateral tooth. Ev. Marcus (1976 c) described the innermost lateral tooth as possessing a single denticle, whereas we found specimens with one, three or four denticles (Figs. 17 B – D), not in the same radula. Valdés et al. (2006) considered Discodoris mortenseni Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963 as a possible (using a question mark in the synonymy) synonym of Jorunna spazzola, and thus used the older name J. spazzola from the Caribbean. Indeed, Discodoris mortenseni belongs to the genus Jorunna according to the morphology of caryophyllidia, radula and the reproductive system. However, besides being smaller (3.0 mm to 12.0 mm in length) than J. mortenseni (20.0 mm to 28.0 mm in length), J. spazzola can be distinguished from J. mortenseni on the basis of the general coloration of the body, radula and rhinophores. In J. spazzola, the body and gill are grayishpurple with gray blotches, whereas J. mortenseni is pink or pink-gray with brown spots and the gill is dark. The radula of J. spazzola is longer than it is wide (22 x 13.0.13), whereas in J. mortenseni it is wider than it is long and there are more teeth per row (14 x 32.0.32 / 22 x 39.0.39). In J. spazzola, there are denticles on the inner surface of the inner lateral tooth, which are absent in J. mortenseni; the rhinophores of J. spazzola present eight to ten perfoliations, whereas J. mortenseni has 20 perfoliations. Based on these differences we can conclude that J. mortenseni is distinct from J. spazzola. Furthermore, the specimens illustrated by Valdés et al. (2006) have a gill that is proportionally smaller than that of J. spazzola, and the tiny dark spots on the dorsum are quite different from the rounded blotches in the specimens studied here (Fig. 1 H). Camacho-García and Gosliner (2008) considered Jorunna luisae Ev. Marcus, 1976 c, from Italy, as a synonym of J. spazzola. However, the synonymy was based on a study of the same specimen as that illustrated by Valdés et al. (2006). Camacho-García and Gosliner (2008; pag. 159, Figs. 13 A – B) described the reproductive system of the holotype of J. luisae, allowing us to compare the differences between the original description of J. spazzola and the specimens analyzed here. The deferent duct is thinner than the vagina in J. luisae, whereas J. spazzola presents a deferent duct that is approximately as thick as the vagina (Fig. 18); in some specimens we found the deferent duct slightly thicker. In J. luisae the ampulla is convoluted, whereas in J. spazzola it is rounded, not convoluted (Fig. 18); J. luisae presents a convoluted, short and wide accessory gland, whereas in J. spazzola the tubular accessory gland is long and thin and is not convoluted (Fig. 18). We consider, therefore, that J. luisae and J. spazzola are different species.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBF6331FF220ECAB38059FD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MNRJ 13781, 24 / v / 2009, 14.0 mm long alive, 2 m depth, J. Alvim coll. [dissected]; Paratypes (all from type locality): MNRJ 14971, 22 / viii / 2009, 1 m depth, J. Alvim coll. [2; two dissected]; MNRJ 13203, 06 / xi / 2006, P. M. S. Costa coll. [2; two dissected]; MNRJ 13197, 01 / ix / 2008, J. Bahia coll. [1]; MNRJ 13996, 08 / vii / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [1]; MNRJ 30823, 24 / v / 2009, J. Alvim coll. [1]. Type locality. Canal de Itajurú (22 ° 53 ’ 13.73 ” S; 42 ° 00 ’ 60 ” W), Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBF6331FF220ECAB38059FD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. “ spongiosa ” in Latin means “ having the texture of the sponges ”. It is referring to the mantle appearance due to the presence of the caryophyllidia which makes the specimen almost invisible on the sponge that it preys (Fig. 20 D).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBF6331FF220ECAB38059FD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal color whitish gray to white, with several rounded blotches darker than the rest of the mantle; eleven branchial leaves. Radula with inner surface of innermost lateral tooth smooth or with one or two denticles; only outermost tooth with small branches on its distal part. Large and amorphous accessory gland connecting to atrium.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBF6331FF220ECAB38059FD.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 2 A – B; 19 G – H): body elongated, slightly tapered at posterior portion; up to 17.0 mm long alive, with 1.7 to 2.0 times greater length than width. Mantle densely covered by equidistant and cilindrical caryophyllidia (height: 221 µm to 277 µm); caryophyllidia lower in mantle edge and in center of mantle than those in sides of mantle, with 5 – 6 spicules that protrude around tubercle, which presents an oval apex ciliate. Rhinophoral and branchial sheaths prominent, covered by caryophyllidia. Rhinophores long with cylindrical apex, 10 to 14 diagonal perfoliations. Gill with eleven retractile, tripinnate branchial leaves, arranged to form a closed branchial circle around high anal cone. Foot narrower than mantle; anteriorly bilabiated and notched on upper “ lip ”; posteriorly, foot may project beyond mantle in a rounded tail. Oral tentacles conical and elongated. Color of living specimens ranging from whitish gray to white, with several rounded blotches on dorsum, darker than rest of mantle, of irregular sizes and arrangement; ventrally, translucent white; rhinophores and branchial leaves with same tone as mantle with white tips. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 19 A – F): labial cuticle with yellow lateral plates with numerous elongated elements with rounded apex. Radula formula 17 x 14.0. 14 in specimen measuring 14.0 mm in length; lateral teeth hook-shaped; innermost lateral teeth smooth or with one or two denticles on inner surface of teeth; subsequent lateral teeth smooth, larger and more developed in center of rows; four marginal teeth elongated and thin, only outermost tooth presenting small branches on distal part. Reproductive system (Figure 20 A – C): hermaphrodite duct connected to convoluted ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct short, connecting to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular, divided into two parts; a longer, less dense proximal part and a smaller, denser distal part. Deferent duct short and not convoluted, usually thicker than vagina, becoming a tubular ejaculatory portion near base of common atrium with vagina. Accessory gland large, with a not well defined shape, attached to atrium; at base of gonopore accessory gland always with a heart-shaped enlargement and after that two enlarged portions until entering into female gland; sexually immature specimens only having an heart-shape enlargement; accessory gland with slightly concave spine, about 480 µm in length. Vagina elongate and narrow opening in rounded bursa copulatrix. Bursa serially arranged, vaginal duct narrow and not convoluted and connecting to seminal receptacle; uterine duct short. Seminal receptacle slightly shorter than bursa copulatrix.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBF6331FF220ECAB38059FD.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology (Figure 20 E – F): Egg mass white as a spiral ribbon with 11.0 mm diameter (deposited by a specimen 16.0 mm long), with crenulated border; ribbon with two whorls in counterclockwise direction with numerous rows of many tiny eggs.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBF6331FF220ECAB38059FD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. fits perfectly in the genus Jorunna, presenting all the diagnostic features of the genus (Camacho-García & Gosliner, 2008), including the dorsum covered by elongated caryophyllidia (Figs. 19 G – H); a prostate with two portions (Fig. 20 A); a copulatory spine (Fig. 20 C); the presence of an accessory gland (Figs. 20 A – B); and a labial cuticle that can be smooth or armed with jaw elements (Fig. 19 A). Jorunna includes 18 valid species, among which Jorunna spazzola, Jorunna ghanensis Edmunds, 2011 and Jorunna glandulosa Edmunds, 2011 are the species known from the South Atlantic to date.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FFBF6331FF220ECAB38059FD.taxon	description	Jorunna glandulosa differs from Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. in terms of coloration: its mantle is creamy yellow with brown marking and pale brownish spots and the gill is orange with brown spots, whereas the mantle of Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. is whitish gray to white, with several rounded blotches on the dorsum that are darker than the rest of the mantle, and the gill is the same tone as the mantle, with white tips. Although Jorunna glandulosa (39 × 46.0.46) (up to 7 mm in length) is smaller in length than Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. (17 x 14.0.14) (up to 17 mm in length), its radula is longer and broader. In Jorunna glandulosa, the teeth are smooth and hook shaped, whereas Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. presents innermost lateral teeth that are smooth or display one or two denticles on the inner surface, and the outermost tooth presents small branches on the distal portion. Jorunna ghanensis differs from Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. in the color of its mantle, which is yellow-brown with scattered small brown or red-brown spots, suffused with minute white dots, with three or four larger dark brown spots on each side between the rhinophores and gills. Whereas Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. are whitish gray to white, with several rounded blotches on the dorsum, darker than the rest of the mantle; All of the teeth in Jorunna ghanensis are hamate and lack denticles, in contrast to Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. that has the innermost lateral teeth smooth or with one or two denticles on the inner surface of the teeth and the outermost tooth presents small branches on their distal part. Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. differs from J. spazzola by whitish coloration (Figs. 2 A – B), although the patterns of blotches are very similar in the two species. In relation to the relative body lengths, Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. (13.0 mm to 17.0 mm) is longer than Jorunna spazzola (3.0 mm to 9.0 mm). In Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. the marginal teeth are elongated and filiform and only the outermost tooth presents small branches on its distal part (Figs. 19 E – F), whereas in J. spazzola all marginal teeth are elongated, thin and branched, and have two or four finger-like projections on their distal part (Figs. 17 E – F). These differences cannot be interpreted as an ontogenetic variation, because J. spazzola, the smaller species, has branched marginal teeth, whereas Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov., the bigger species, has only one, slightly branched marginal tooth (the outermost one). In the reproductive system, the main differences are the ampulla shape, the accessory gland, and the shape and size of the spine of the accessory gland: in Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. the ampulla is elongated and convoluted, the accessory gland is large and has a distal enlarged portion shaped like a heart, and more proximal two enlarged portions until entering into the female gland; the spine is slightly concave, measuring approximately 480 µm in length (Fig. 20 C). In J. spazzola, the ampulla is rounded and not convoluted, the accessory gland is long and thin, and the spine is straight at the base and curved at the distal portion, and measures approximately 165 µm in length (Fig. 18 B). Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. is similar, in terms of its whitish coloration, to Jorunna tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804), from France, and Jorunna alisonae Ev. Marcus, 1976 a, from Hawaii. Jorunna tomentosa is distinguished by the presence of tiny dark spots on the dorsum, and all of its marginal teeth are smooth, whereas in Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. the dorsum has rounded blotches (Fig. 2 A) and the outermost tooth has small branches on its distal part (Figs. 19 E – F). Jorunna alisonae lacks denticles on the innermost lateral teeth, and has smooth marginal teeth and deformed jaw elements, whereas in Jorunna spongiosa sp. nov. the jaw elements are elongated and rounded in their distal region (Fig. 19 A).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF836333FF220C6CB0F95C01.taxon	description	Platydoris angustipes var. alaleta Bergh, 1877: 505 – 506, plt. 58, figs. 13 – 18. Platydoris rubra White, 1952: 118, fig. 17, plt. 6, fig. 6. Platydoris angustipes: Er. Marcus (1957: 422, fig. 81 – 89); Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus (1967 a: 93, fig. 112); Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus (1970: 67, fig. 121); Meyer (1977: 301); Humann (1992: 243); Dorgan et al. (2002: 282, figs. 1 B, 2 B, 11 – 13); Espinosa et al. (2005); Valdés et al. (2006: 182); Debelius & Kuiter (2007: 245); García et al. (2008: 148); Rios (2009: 428); Padula et al. (2012: 3).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF836333FF220C6CB0F95C01.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Unkown. Holotype (Platydoris angustipes var. alaleta) ZMUC-GAS 2020, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, up to 25 mm. Type locality. St. Thomas. Material examined. Honduras: Gulf of de Honduras: MZSP 75996, 16 / vii / 1969, Marcus [1]; Brazil: Pernambuco state: Baía dos Porcos: MZSP 30925, 21 / vii / 1999, L. R. Simone & Souza Jr. colls. [2]; Praia do Meio: MZSP 31050, 22 / vii / 1999, L. R. Simone & Souza Jr. colls. [1]; Bahia state: Itapoã: MZSP 37947 [1]; Ilha de Itaparica: MZSP 58647, i / 2000, A. R. R. Neto coll. [1; one dissected]; Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio: Ilha Comprida: MNRJ 13189, 29 / iii / 2008, V. Padula coll. [1; one dissected]; Arraial do Cabo: Prainha: MNRJ 13177, 03 / iii / 2007, P. M. S. Costa coll. [1; one dissected]; Without locality data: MZSP 75762 [1] (ex-Marcus collection). Geographical distribution. Florida, Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Cayman Islands, Dry Tortugas, Cuba, Jamaica, Aruba, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, St. Maarten / St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, Turks & Caicos, Antigua, St. Lucia, Martinique, Barbuda, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Trinidad & Tobago, Brazil (Valdés et al., 2006): Pernambuco state: Fernando de Noronha; Alagoas state: Saco da Pedra (Padula et al., 2012); Bahia state: Praia de Itapoã (García et al.: 2008); Rio de Janeiro state: Cabo Frio: Ilha Comprida; Arraial do Cabo: Prainha (present study).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF836333FF220C6CB0F95C01.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 2 C; 21 D): body elliptical, slightly depressed, up to 46.0 mm long alive; with 1.5 times greater length than width. Mantle hardened, densely covered by rounded caryophyllidia irregularly positioned and approximately equidistant with different diameters (21 µm to 36 µm) and uniform height; caryophyllidia with ciliary tuft and with five to 7 spicules that protrude outside. Rhinophoral sheaths prominent and irregular, covered by caryophyllidia. Rhinophores long, with cylindrical apex and 19 to 25 diagonal perfoliations. Branchial sheath prominent with caryophyllidia. Gill with six retractile, tripinnate branchial leaves, symmetrically positioned along longitudinal axis of body; high anal cone, located between two most posterior branchial leaves. Foot narrower than mantle; anteriorly bilabiate and notched on upper “ lip ”. Oral tentacles conical. Color of living specimens predominantly red-orange, with several white blotches of irregular sizes and arrangement on dorsum; mantle edge darker with purplish and white pigment; ventrally, orange, with some red spots on ventral part of mantle; rhinophores dark red, with some white spots on perfoliation and cylindrical apical part; branchial leaves brown with dark spots. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 21 A – C): Labial cuticle smooth. Radula formula 62 x 2.78.0.78. 2 in specimen measuring 46.0 mm in length; lateral teeth hook-shaped and smooth larger and more developed in center of rows; two marginal teeth spatulate. Reproductive system (Figures 21 E – F; 22): hermaphrodite duct connected to convolute ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct short, connecting to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular and rounded, divided into two parts; bigger and less dense proximal part and smaller and denser distal part. Vas deferens elongated, wide, folding on bursa copulatrix, becoming thinner near prostate. Penis elongated. Accessory gland elongated, attached at joint atrium of deferent duct and vagina. Vagina elongated, slightly wider than deferent duct, narrowing abruptly near opening of bursa copulatrix. Vagina, near gonopore, bearing two rows of spines; row with larger spines (up to 625 µm) in middle of vagina, subsequent rows composed by small spines (up to 14 µm), located on extremities. Rounded / spherical bursa copulatrix. Bursa serially arranged, convoluted vaginal duct connecting to seminal receptacle; seminal receptacle with ¼ to 1 / 5 diameter of bursa copulatrix. Very short uterine duct.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF836333FF220C6CB0F95C01.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Dorgan et al. (2002) reviewed the genus Platydoris, adding micrographs of the penis, vagina and radula to the description of Platydoris angustipes, which until that point had been illustrated only in drawings. Our examination of several specimens allowed the recognition of some variation in the rhinophores and gill of P. angustipes. The re-description by Dorgan et al. (2002) reported 25 perfoliations in the rhinophore, whereas we observed 19 to 25 perfoliations; the specimens from Brazil always have beige branchial leaves with numerous tiny dark spots, in contrast to the white to beige gills described by Dorgan et al. (2002). The radula examined here is wider compared to those recorded by Er. Marcus (1957). The two last lateral teeth are described as hook shaped (Er. Marcus, 1957), whereas in the specimens studied here they are spatulate (Fig. 21 C). In this paper, we also add micrographs of the caryophyllidia (Fig. 21 D).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF856338FF220EF5B05F5FC9.taxon	description	Taringa telopia Er. Marcus, 1955: 152, figs. 166 – 179; García et al. (2008: 150); Rios (2009: 428, partly); Padula et al. (2012: 3). Taringa telopia telopia Ev. Marcus, 1976 a: 140; Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a: 87. Taringa sp.: García et al. (2008: 152). Taringa sp. 1: Padula et al. (2012: 3). Taringa sp. 2: Padula et al. (2012: 3).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF856338FF220EF5B05F5FC9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Probably lost; it is not located at the American Museum of Natural History (see Boyko & Sage, 1996; Valdés & Gosliner, 2001) or Museu de Zoologia / USP (MZSP) (present study). Holotype of Thordisa dubia: ZMUC GAS – 2103, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Type locality. Ilha de São Sebastião, São Paulo state, Brazil. Material examined. Brazil: Pernambuco state: Canal de Itamaracá: MNRJ 13186, 18 / i / 2009, coll. F. Santos [2]; Alagoas state: Saco da Pedra: MNRJ 12922, 11 / i / 2008, coll. J. Bahia [1; one dissected]; Recife do Porto: MNRJ 12923, 07 / i / 2008, coll. J. Bahia [1]; Praia do Francês: MNRJ 13191, 09 / i / 2008, coll. J. Bahia [2; one dissected]; Rio de Janeiro state: Búzios: Praia dos Ossos: MZSP 92400, 18 / ix / 2009, coll. F. Santos [1]; Praia da Tartaruga: MNRJ 14970, 25 / v / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [2; one dissected]; MNRJ 13782, 25 / ix / 2009, colls. J. Alvim and Welligton [3; two dissected]; Cabo Frio: MNRJ 13182, 27 / viii / 2005, coll. V. Padula [1]; Canal de Itajurú: MNRJ 11757, 15 / vii / 2007, coll. J. Alvim [1]; MNRJ 14448, 23 / viii / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [3; two dissected]; MNRJ 13993, 05 / vii / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [1]; MNRJ 14924, 29 / ix / 2009, coll. D. Couto [2; two dissected]; MNRJ 15035, 12 / xi / 2009, coll. D. Couto [2; two dissected]; MNRJ 15033, 12 / xi / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [1]; Praia das Conchas: MNRJ 13185, 25 / v / 2005, coll. V. Padula [3; one dissected]; MNRJ 13183, 18 / ix / 2005, coll. V. Padula [2]; MNRJ 13181, 25 / vi / 2005, coll. F. Santos [2]; MNRJ 13184, 23 / iv / 2005, coll. V. Padula [1; one dissected]; MNRJ 13192, ii / 2007, coll. V. Padula [1]; MNRJ 13179, 23 – 24 / vii / 2005, colls. F. Santos and V. Scarabino [7; two dissected]; Arraial do Cabo: Praia do Forno: MNRJ 14924, 24 / xi / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [2]; MNRJ 12056, 20 / x / 2007, coll. J. Alvim [2]; MNRJ 12741, 23 / vi / 2007, coll. J. Alvim [1]; MNRJ 10787, 17 / vi / 2006, coll. J. Alvim [1]; MNRJ 10795, 28 / v / 2006, coll. J. Alvim [1]; MZSP 92248, 18 / ix / 2009, coll. F. Santos [1]; Niterói: Gragoatão: MNRJ HSL 7870, 22 / vi / 1948, coll. Devoto [1]; Angra dos Reis: Praia de Mambucaba: MNRJ 15036, 15 / xi / 2009, coll. J. Alvim [1]; São Paulo: Ilhabela: Praia do Portinho: MZSP 92740, 22 / xi / 2002, colls. F. Santos, V. S. Amaral and P. Lima [1]. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Ev. Marcus, 1976 a); Brazil: Pernambuco state: Canal de Itamaracá (present study); Alagoas state: Saco de Pedra, Praia do Francês, Pajuçara (Padula et al., 2012), Recife do Porto (present study); Rio de Janeiro state (Bergh, 1894): Búzios (García et al., 2008), Cabo Frio (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a; Valdés & Gosliner, 2001), Arraial do Cabo, Niterói and Angra dos Reis (present study); São Paulo state: Ilha de São Sebastião (Er. Marcus, 1955).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF856338FF220EF5B05F5FC9.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 2 D – F; 23 G): body elliptical, up 21.0 mm long alive, with two times greater length than width. Mantle densely covered by equidistant caryophyllidia, of approximately equal size (height: 100 µm); caryophyllidia lower in mantle edge and in center of mantle than those in sides of mantle, with variable number of spicules that protrude around tubercle. Tubercle apex with ciliary tuft, elongated and oval. Rhinophoral and branchial sheaths low and irregular covered by caryophyllia of same size as in centre of mantle. Rhinophores long with 10 to 12 diagonal perfoliations; cylindrical apex. Gill with six retractile, tripinnate branchial leaves, positioned symmetrically at longitudinal axis of body; anal cone high, located between two most posterior branchial leaves. Foot narrower than mantle, anteriorly bilabiated and notched on two lips; posteriorly foot may project beyond notum in a small rounded tail. Oral tentacles conical. Living specimens ranging in coloration from light orange to dark brown with blotches and spots brown all over dorsum with different sizes, and beige granules; these granules more often concentrated at edge and in center of mantle, and on rhinophoral and branchial sheaths; rhinophoral perfoliations brown with white blotches, rhinophore apex white; gill beige; foot ranging from whitish to light orange, may have tiny spots laterally. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 23 A – F): Labial cuticle smooth. Radula formula 31 x 3 – 4.38 – 39.0.38 – 39.4 – 3 in specimen measuring 12.0 mm in length; lateral plates hook-shaped; innermost lateral teeth presents one or two denticles on outer side and inner side with wide variation from smooth up to five incipient denticles, varying in size and position on cusp; subsequent lateral teeth only with external denticles increasing in number outwards (up to 8 or 9); 3 – 4 marginal teeth spatulate and pectinate. Reproductive system (Figures 23 H; 24 A): hermaphrodite duct connecting to long and slightly convoluted ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct short, connecting to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular and rounded, divided into two parts; proximal part smaller, whitish, less dense, and distal part larger, yellowish, denser. Vas deferens short, narrow and non-convoluted, opening into common atrium with vagina; vas deferens, near gonopore, presenting a cylindrical and smooth cuticle. Vagina elongated and narrow, opening into rounded and large bursa copulatrix. Bursa serially arranged, convoluted vaginal duct connecting to seminal receptacle; uterine duct short. Seminal receptacle with ¼ to 1 / 3 of diameter of bursa copulatrix.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF856338FF220EF5B05F5FC9.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology (Figures 24 B – C): egg mass forming a spiral ribbon with crenulated border. Ribbon presents 2 – 3 turns in the counterclockwise direction, and contains numerous rows of many tiny eggs (diameter: 86 µm to 91 µm). Egg mass usually white, 9.0 mm to 11.0 mm in diameter. Only in two cases we found a rosy egg mass, and these egg masses were always near to other, white egg masses.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF856338FF220EF5B05F5FC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Valdés and Gosliner (2001) demonstrated the synonymy between Taringa and Aporodoris and justified the use of the more recent name (Taringa), under ICZN (1999) conventions. Valdés and Gosliner (2001) also used Taringa telopia (the younger name) instead of Thordisa dubia, with the following justification: “ T. telopia has often been used in recent literature, whereas T. dubia was used as valid in the original description, more than a century ago ”. However, this decision was not taken in accordance to ICZN (1999, article 23.9.2), since they did not explicitly cite the code or the 25 works where the younger name was used as valid, or use the terms nomen protectum and nomem oblitum. Thus, this situation is an erroneous reversal of precedence (ICZN, 1999: article 23.10) and should be referred to the Commission and, according to the code, the junior name is to be maintained (ICZN, 1999: article 23.9.3 [Art. 82]). Er. Marcus (1955) described the genus Taringa to include T. telopia from São Paulo state, Brazil, but considered this species to be very similar to Thordisa dubia Bergh, 1894 from the coast of Rio de Janeiro state, which was described based on a single specimen. The only difference was the cuticle in the penis, a characteristic not mentioned by Bergh (1894) for Thordisa dubia. Therefore, Valdés and Gosliner (2001) analyzed Bergh’s illustrations (1894: Figs. 6 – 9) and considered these names as synonyms due to radular similarity, yet they did not mention the lack of the cuticle in the penis pointed out by Er. Marcus (1955). Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1967 a) recognized two subspecies: Taringa telopia telopia and Taringa telopia disa Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a — the latter from Florida — based on differences in the radula: number of rows (about 32 in T. telopia telopia and 42 in T. telopia disa), number of teeth per row (up to 45 in T. telopia telopia and at least 53 in T. telopia disa), and number of denticles on the inner side of the innermost lateral tooth. The recognition of two subspecies is still controversial, with the available data being differently interpreted. For example, Ortea et al. (1982) considered there to be more than one species in T. telopia, whereas Valdés et al. (2006) considered the two names as synonyms, but did not provide discussion to justify their decision. In fact, the number of rows and the number of teeth per row are characters with a wide range of radular variation in opisthobranchs, and should not be used to distinguish taxa, unless a ratio between the number of rows and the number of teeth per half-row was determined (Bertsch, 1976). The number of denticles on the inner surface of the innermost lateral tooth varies in the same radula in both T. telopia telopia (Figs. 23 C – E) and in T. telopia disa, which leads us to believe that we cannot use this character to separate subspecies. Nonetheless, we analyzed a large number of specimens of T. telopia from Brazil that were not mentioned by Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus (1967 a), which permits the recognition of T. telopia and T. disa as two valid species. A diagnostic feature is related to the outer surface of the innermost lateral tooth: specimens of T. telopia present one or two denticles on the cusp; this occurs in the fifteen radulae dissected in the present work (Figs. 23 A – B), whereas in T. disa, we could identify four denticles (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a). In addition, there are always four or five marginal teeth in T. telopia (Fig. 23 F), and in contrast to T. disa, six marginal teeth were never observed (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 a). Taringa telopia is a species with high variation in external coloration: living specimens range from light orange to dark brown, almost black in some cases (Padula et al., 2012: 7, Fig. 7 b), and the pattern of brown blotches and spots and beige granules is highly variable (Figs. 2 D – E), sometimes presenting without blotches, spots and granules (Fig. 2 F). Despite this large variation in color, there were no significant differences that would allow the subdivision of this species. García et al. (2008) designated a specimen as Taringa sp., which presents small and smooth innermost lateral teeth. In line with this, absence of denticle (s) on the outside of the innermost lateral tooth was observed in only one of the specimens studied here. This lack of denticle (s) is apparently related to the diminutive size of the specimen, which was a juvenile (4.0 mm in length), so we believe that this is an ontogenetic variation present within T. telopia. Padula et al. (2012) distinguished two morphotypes from the Brazilian coast (Alagoas state): Taringa sp. 1 and Taringa sp. 2. The first is much darker than the usual morphotype of Taringa telopia, and all specimens dissected in the present study display a single denticle on the outer surface of the innermost lateral teeth and show other minor differences in the reproductive system. Despite these small differences, we consider this as intraspecific variation, at least for now. Future studies using additional specimens of morphotype “ Taringa sp. 1 ” need to be performed. Taringa sp. 2 is apparently a juvenile.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF89633AFF220F30B7605C24.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MNRJ 13180, P. M. S. Costa leg., 15.0 mm preserved length [dissected]. Type locality. Bacia de Campos (22 ° 06 ' 9875 " S – 40 ° 10 ' 8204 " W), Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, 150 m depth.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF89633AFF220F30B7605C24.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Taringa is derived from an Aboriginal word meaning “ strong ”. " Iemanjá " (Yoruba expression " Yèyé omo ejá ", which means mother whose children are fish) is an African deity who represents the queen of the sea.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF89633AFF220F30B7605C24.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Radula with innermost lateral teeth having three denticles on their outer side, first denticle is tiny. Deferent duct long, narrow and convoluted, near opening presenting a ring-shaped and smooth cuticle. Bursa copulatrix large and sherical, not flattened, covering practically entire reproductive system.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF89633AFF220F30B7605C24.taxon	description	Description. External morphology (Figures 2 G – H; 25 E): body oval, slightly depressed, 15.0 mm long in a preserved specimen, with two times greater length than width. Mantle densely covered by equidistant caryophyllidia; caryophyllidia lower at mantle edge and in center of mantle (48 µm – 50 µm) than those on sides of mantle (100 µm – 110 µm), with variable number of spicules protruding around tubercle; tubercle apex with a ciliary tuft, elongated and oval. Rhinophoral sheaths moderately high and irregular covered by caryophyllidia of same size of those in centre of mantle. Rhinophores long with cylindrical apex, 12 diagonal perfoliations. Branchial sheath low with lobulated edge. Gill with six retractile, tripinnate branchial leaves, arranged symmetrically at longitudinal axis of body; anal cone high, located between two most posterior branchial leaves. Foot narrower than mantle, anteriorly bilabiated and notched on two lips. Oral tentacles triangular. Preserved specimen presenting mantle coloration orange-brown in edges and center, and with predominance of reddish brown on sides of mantle; mantle edge with white blotches; rhinophores with chestnut-colored perfoliations with white blotches and white apex; branchial leaves in proximal part translucent yellow and distal part brownish; ventrally body is yellowish, side of foot with brownish circular blotches. Labial cuticle and radula (Figures 25 A – D): labial cuticle smooth. Radula formula 29 x 3 – 4.34 - 35.0.34 - 35.3 – 4 in preserved specimen measuring 15.0 mm in length; innermost lateral teeth hook-shaped with three denticles on outer surface, first denticle smaller than others, and with one protuberance on inner surface; subsequent lateral teeth hook-shaped with only external denticles increasing in number outwards (up to 7); 3 – 4 marginal teeth spatulate and non-pectinate. Reproductive system (Figures 25 F – 26): hermaphrodite duct connecting to long and slightly convoluted ampulla. Postampullary gonoduct short, connecting to oviduct and prostate. Prostate granular and rounded, divided into two parts; proximal part smaller, whitish, less dense, and distal part larger, yellowish, denser. Vas deferens long, narrow and convoluted, opening into common atrium with vagina; vas deferens near gonopore presenting a ring-shaped and smooth cuticle. Vagina elongate, narrow and opening into bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix large and rounded / spherical, covering almost entire reproductive system. Bursa serially arranged, convoluted vaginal duct connecting to small-stalked seminal receptacle. Uterine duct very short. Seminal receptacle with 1 / 5 of diameter of bursa copulatrix.	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
0387C073FF89633AFF220F30B7605C24.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The single specimen studied here fits perfectly in the genus Taringa, presenting all the diagnostic features of this genus (Er. Marcus, 1955), including the dorsum covered by elongated caryophyllidia (Fig. 25 E); tripinnate gill; smooth labial armature (Fig. 25 A); radula without rachidian teeth and with hook-shaped lateral plates bearing denticles on outer side (Figs. 25 B – D); prostate divided into two parts (Fig. 26), and a penis with cuticular structure (Fig. 25 F). According to McDonald (2009), and considering Taringa telopia and Taringa disa as distinct species (see remarks relating to Taringa telopia), there are 14 valid species in the genus Taringa, of which three are reported from the Western Atlantic: T. telopia, T. disa and Taringa tritorquis Ortea, Peréz & Llera, 1982, the latter from Costa Rica, Cuba and the Azores. As indicated by the table presented by García-Gómez et al. (1993), T. iemanja sp. nov. differs from Taringa tritorquis in that the latter species possesses smooth rhinophoral sheaths with 6 – 8 lobes, whereas the sheaths in T. iemanja sp. nov. are irregularly covered by caryophyllia. The cuticular structure of the penis was not described for T. tritorquis, therefore we could not compare this feature. T. telopia and T. disa are clearly distinct from T. iemanja sp. nov. in that the cuticular structure of the penis in these species is cylindrical, whereas in T. iemanja sp. nov. it is ring-shaped. Taringa telopia is the most similar species to T. iemanja sp. nov., but differs in its almost complete lack of pigmentation in preserved specimens; T. iemanja sp. nov., on the other hand, has maintained coloration of the orange-brown mantle with white blotches on the mantle edge in preserved specimens (Fig. 2 G). Furthermore, the color of the rhinophores and gill of T. iemanja sp. nov. was found to be different from that of T. telopia. In live specimens of T. telopia, the color of the rhinophores and gill is uniformly beige, whereas in the preserved specimen of T. iemanja sp. nov. the rhinophores are chestnut with white blotches and a white apex; furthermore, the branchial leaves in the proximal part are translucent yellow and those in the distal part are brown. The external face of the innermost lateral tooth of T. iemanja sp. nov. presents three denticles, one of which is tiny (Fig. 25 B), whereas T. telopia presents only one or two denticles on the outside of the innermost lateral tooth (Figs. 23 A – B). We cannot assess the diversity of the inner surfaces of the innermost lateral teeth of T. iemanja sp. nov. relative to that of T. telopia (Figs. 23 C – E), because we obtained only one specimen of the former species. The outermost lateral tooth of T. iemanja sp. nov. is spatulated and non-pectinate (Fig. 25 D), whereas in T. telopia it is spatulated and pectinate (Fig. 23 F). Additionally, the deferent duct is convoluted in T. iemanja sp. nov. (Fig. 26); however, in T. telopia it is short and straight (Fig. 24). Finally, T. iemanja sp. nov. presents a bursa copulatrix that is proportionately longer and larger in volume (Fig. 26), covering practically the entire reproductive system, than that of T. telopia (Fig. 24).	en	Alvim, Juliana, Pimenta, Alexandre Dias (2013): Taxonomic review of the family Discodorididae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 152-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.2
