taxonID	type	description	language	source
03873730995FFF84FEDA5039FC99A428.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 02 E 3 F 5 D 3 - 5986 - 4 DA 9 - AC 6 C- 4 B 9 A 5 BDCDCE 3	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995FFF84FEDA5039FC99A428.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Pimelodus (Pseudopimelodus) pulcher Boulenger, 1887.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995FFF84FEDA5039FC99A428.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rhyacoglanis is distinguished in the Pseudopimelodidae by three characters, the first two of which autapomorphic: 1) the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head are grey with a light blotch on the cheek (vs. completely grey in Cruciglanis and Pseudopimelodus, black in Batrochoglanis and Microglanis and ligth in Cephalosilurus and Lophiosilurus); 2) the dark stripe along the midline of the upper and lower caudal-fin lobes is confluent with a dark caudal peduncle blotch (vs. dark stripes on caudal fin not confluent with dark caudal-peduncle pigmentation or absent altogether); 3) 30 - 35 total vertebrae (vs. 36 - 44). Rhyacoglanis differs from other pseudopimelodids except Cruciglanis and Pseudopimelodus by the combination of the presence of the vomer, the anterior nostril located slightly posterior of the rictus nearly at the vertical through the posterior of the base of the maxillary barbel, and the thick skin on the pectoral-fin spine. Rhyacoglanis differs from Cruciglanis and Pseudopimelodus in the number of total vertebrae (31 - 35 vs. 41 - 44 in Cruciglanis; 41 - 42 in Pseudopimelodus). It differs from Pseudopimelodus in the long posterior cleithral process almost reaching the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. very short process falling short of that vertical). Rhyacoglanis is distinguished from Cruciglanis by the lack of lateral processes on the second basibranchial (vs. presence of these processes resulting in a cross-shaped ossification) and a pelvic-fin origin at the vertical through the terminus of the dorsal-fin base (vs. slightly posterior of that point). Additional diagnostic characters for Rhyacoglanis in the Pseudopimelodidae are the small maximum body size (less than 100 mm SL vs. more than 100 mm SL in Cephalosilurus, Lophiosilurus and Pseudopimelodus); the rounded anterior head outline in dorsal view (vs. an almost trapezoidal head in Lophiosilurus); the terminal mouth opening forward (vs. superior mouth in Lophiosilurus or supraterminal in Cephalosilurus, and Pseudopimelodus); the very wide frontal fontanel (vs. a narrow fontanel in Cruciglanis and Pseudopimelodus); the thin, elongate, arched mesocoracoid in ventral view (vs. triangular in Pseudopimelodus); a posterolaterally projected dentigerous premaxillary plate (vs. projection absent in Microglanis); the laterally expanded anterior transverse process of the fourth vertebrae (vs. unexpanded process in Batrochoglanis, Cephalosilurus, Lophiosilurus and Microglanis); the forked caudal fin with pointed or rounded lobes and a lower lobe usually longer than the upper lobe (vs. an emarginate caudal with the upper lobe longer than the lower lobe in Batrochoglanis and Microglanis, or a round caudal-fin margin in Cephalosilurus and Lophiosilurus); the elongate caudal peduncle (vs. a short peduncle in Batrochoglanis); the adult pigmentation pattern of two or three well-defined dark body bands (vs. bands absent at least at some point in ontogeny in Cephalosilurus and Lophiosilurus); and the head pigmentation slightly darker than the ground body coloration (vs. the similar head and body pigmentation in Cephalosilurus and Lophiosilurus).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995FFF84FEDA5039FC99A428.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Rhyacoglanis, from the Greek rhyax = torrent + glanis = catfish; indicating a catfish inhabiting running waters in reference to the habitat of the genus. Gender masculine.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309958FF87FF175239FB9BA387.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0 B 6 E 0 EF 7 - 5 B 23 - 419 E-A 3 D 1 - BF 3 A 827 A 39 CA Fig. 2; Tab. 1	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309958FF87FF175239FB9BA387.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ANSP 160625, 42.5 mm SL, Venezuela, Amazonas, río Orinoco, Raudales de Atures, at Culebra, approximately 7 km S of Puerto Ayacucho, ca. 05 o 35 ’ N 67 o 31 ’ W, 11 Nov 1985, W. G. Saul, R. Royero, O. Brull, L. Aguana & R. Peck. Paratype. Venezuela. Amazonas. ANSP 192597, 1, 27.0 mm SL, río Orinoco basin, río Ventuari, exposed cobble beach along base of Cerro Moriche, about 1 km upstream of Moriche community, 167 km E-NE of San Fernando de Atabapo, 04 o 45 ’ 12.46 ” N 66 o 22 ’ 21 ” W, 3 Apr 2010, M. H. Sabaj Pérez, N. K. Lujan, D. C. Werneke, T. P. Carvalho, S. V. Meza V. & O. León Mata.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309958FF87FF175239FB9BA387.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rhyacoglanis annulatus is diagnosed from congeners by the caudal-peduncle band with an unpigmented central region (vs. band uniformly dark). Rhyacoglanis annulatus differs from R. paranensis in the distance between the anus and anal-fin origin (15.8 - 16.2 vs. 6.5 - 12.7 % SL), the distance between the pelvic-fin origin and anus (8.2 - 9.6 % vs. 9.9 - 17.3 % SL) and total vertebrae (31 - 33 vs. 34 - 35). Rhyacoglanis annulatus is distinguished from R. epiblepsis by distally pointed caudal-fin lobes (vs. rounded), in the distance between the anus and anal-fin origin (15.8 - 16.2 vs. 11.5 - 15.0 % SL), the distance between the pelvic-fin origin and anus (8.2 - 9.6 vs. 10.0 - 14.3 % SL), pectoral-fin spine length (8.1 - 20.0 vs. 12.6 - 16.7 % SL), dorsal-fin spine length (16.6 - 16.7 vs. 9.8 - 15.3 % SL), the number of total vertebrae (34 - 35 vs. 31 - 33), and possession of few dark body spots (vs. numerous less intense spots). Rhyacoglanis annulatus is separable from R. seminiger by the separate subdorsal and subadipose bands (vs. bands fused), the distance between the anus and anal-fin origin (15.8 - 16.2 vs. 6.8 - 11.6 % SL), the distance between the pelvic-fin origin and anus (8.2 - 9.6 vs. 12.4 - 15.0 % SL) and total vertebrae (34 - 35 vs. 31 - 33). Rhyacoglanis annulatus is separated from R. pulcher in the distance between the anus and anal-fin origin (15.8 - 16.2 vs. 13.8 - 15.2 % SL) and the distance between the pelvic-fin origin and anus (8.2 - 9.6 vs. 11.1 - 14.0 % SL).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309958FF87FF175239FB9BA387.taxon	description	Description. Body proportions presented in Tab. 1. Body depressed from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; progressively posteriorly compressed from that point to caudal-fin base. Dorsal profile of posterodorsal portion of head and body nearly straight to dorsal-fin origin; dorsal-fin base inclined slightly posteroventrally and nearly straight; region between posterior terminus of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin nearly straight. Ventral profile of head and body nearly straight from lower jaw margin to posterior of anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle profile slightly concave along dorsal and ventral margins. Head depressed; slightly longer than wide. Anterior margin convex in dorsal view. Head with well developed unculiferous tubercles primarily dorsally. Mouth terminal and wide; width more than one-half of HL. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw. Lips thick; most developed on lateral surface of lower jaw and proximate to rictus. Premaxillary tooth plate posterolaterally pointed. Anterior nostril located immediately posterior to vertical through rictus. Eye small, superior, covered by skin, slightly posterior of anterior one-third of HL. Opercular membrane well developed; margin reaching pectoral-fin origin. Maxillary barbel base enlarged. Tip of adpressed barbel reaching pectoral-fin origin. Tip of adpressed inner mental barbel extending slightly beyond base of outer mental barbel, but falling short of barbel tip. Tip of adpressed outer mental barbel reaching pectoralfin origin. Dorsal fin trapezoidal overall; distal margin rounded; length of longest ray equal to fin-base length. Dorsal-fin origin immediately posterior to anterior one-third of body and anterior to one-half of SL. Tip of adpressed dorsal fin reaching midpoint between dorsal and adipose-fin bases. First dorsal-fin ray (spinelet) small, rigid, and forming dorsal-fin spine-locking mechanism. Second ray a spine with anterior margin smooth and posterior margin with retrorse serrations. Dorsal-fin rays I, 6 * (2). Adipose fin long; its base longer than that of dorsal fin; posterior margin free and slightly angular. Pectoral fin slightly triangular overall with posterior margin rounded. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching vertical through middle of dorsal-fin base. First pectoral-fin ray strong, rigid and developed as spine with similar size serrae along anterior and posterior margins. Serrations on posterior margin retrorse. Tip of bony pectoralfin spine notched (Fig. 3 a). Pectoral-fin rays I, 6 * rays (2). Pelvic fin almost triangular with posterior margin rounded. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through base of penultimate dorsal-fin ray. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin falling short of anal fin but extending beyond vertical through adiposefin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5 * (2). Anal fin margin rounded distally; base shorter than that of adipose-fin. Anal-fin rays iii, 7 * (2). Caudal fin forked with pointed lobes; ventral lobe slightly longer than dorsal lobe. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 6,8, i * (2). Dorsal procurrent rays 12 (1) or 14 * (1); ventral procurrent rays 9 (1) or 10 * (1). Posterior cleithral process well developed, pointed, reaching vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Axillary pore present. Lateral line complete. Total vertebrae 34 (1) or 35 * (1). Ribs 9 * (2). Gill rakers 1,1,4 * (1) or 1,1,5 (1). Color in alcohol. Ground color light brown. Head with dark spots dorsally, on operculum, and ventral to orbit. Region over adductor mandibulae muscle lightly colored. Two small dark spots posterodorsally on head. Subdorsal band narrow, somewhat triangular. Subadipose band nearly rectangular. Region between bands with scattered small, irregularly shaped, dark spots. Caudal-peduncle band irregularly shaped; central region unpigmented. Dorsal fin dark on basal two-thirds and unpigmented posteriorly and distally. Adipose fin with dark pigmentation anteriorly, anterobasally and centrally. Caudal fin hyaline overall with thin arched dark band transversing each lobe; overall pattern resembling sideways V; distal region lightly colored. Anal fin hyaline other than dark blotch near base and series of dark spots aligned across middle of rays. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline overall; each crossed by dark stripe.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309958FF87FF175239FB9BA387.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Rhyacoglanis annulatus is known solely from the southern portions of the río Orinoco basin in Venezuela (Fig. 4).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309958FF87FF175239FB9BA387.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name, annulatus, is a Latin adjective meaning ringed, in reference to the caudalpeduncle band with a light inner region.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309958FF87FF175239FB9BA387.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Only two specimens of R. annulatus are known, representing two localities. This rarity in collections suggests that the species may be rare in nature as well. The geographic distribution of R. annulatus in the upper río Orinoco basin must be wide, as the localities cover a broad geographic region with up to 40,000 km 2. However, in light of extent of occurrence superior to 20,000 km 2, and lack of evidence indicating population decline or fluctuations, R. annulatus should be assigned a Least Concern (LC) IUCN (2016) status.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309958FF87FF175239FB9BA387.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Rhyacoglanis annulatus is known from two preserved specimens collected in widely separated areas. An internet site (Fluvial, by Oliver Lucanus) (http: // www. fluvalaquatics. com / ca / explore / expeditions / metaexpedition / #. VP 3 nn _ nF-FU), shows a third specimen identified as Pseudopimelodus cf. raninus which is rather R. annulatus as evidenced by the unique caudal-peduncle pigmentation. This specimen from the río Meta represents a distinctly more northwesterly record for the species in the río Orinoco system.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995BFF8AFC4E55C6FCE6A387.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 20173235 - 94 FE- 4571 - BBAA-C 3 D 3744692 A 2 Figs. 5 - 6; Tab. 2	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995BFF8AFC4E55C6FCE6A387.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. AMNH 266401, 53.3 mm SL, Bolivia, Beni, río Itenez, cachuelo approximately 300 m above mouth of río Machupo, ca. 12 ° 29 ’ S 64 ° 24 ’ W, 14 Oct 1964, R. M. Bailey, A. Ximenez, R. Ramos & D. Anez. Paratypes. AMNH 40127, 116 (25 measured), 41.0 - 54.2 mm SL, collected with holotype.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995BFF8AFC4E55C6FCE6A387.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis can be distinguished from all congeners by having rounded caudal-fin lobes (vs. pointed lobes). Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis can be differentiated from R. annulatus by possessing a uniform caudal-peduncle band (vs. an unpigmented region in the band) and lower total vertebrae (31 - 33 vs. 34 - 35). Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis differs from R. paranensis by the intensely spotted lateral surface of body (vs. presence of only a few dark spots). Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis is differentiated from R. seminiger by the distinct separation of the dark subdorsal and subadipose bands (vs. fusion of those bands) and well developed serrations along the entire anterior pectoral-spine margin (vs. weak serrations limited to the basal portion of the margin). Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis differs from R. pulcher in the possession of numerous dark spots on the body (vs. limited spots) and lower number of total vertebrae (31 - 33 vs. 34 - 35).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995BFF8AFC4E55C6FCE6A387.taxon	description	Description. Body proportions are presented in Tab. 2. Body depressed from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; progressively more compressed from that point to caudal-fin base. Dorsal profile of head and body posterodorsally nearly straight from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin base slightly straight; profile nearly straight from limit of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin. Ventral profile of head and body very slightly convex from margin of lower jaw to end of anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle concave dorsally and ventrally. Head depressed, slightly longer than wide. Anterior margin very slightly convex in dorsal view. Head with unculiferous tubercles mainly dorsally. Mouth terminal, wide, more than one-half of HL. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw. Lips thick, well developed primarily on lateral surface of jaws. Premaxillary tooth plate with posteriorly pointed projection. Anterior nostril immediately posterior of vertical through rictus. Eye small, superior, covered by skin, slightly posterior of anterior one-third of HL. Opercular membrane well developed; margin reaching pectoral-fin base. Maxillary-barbel base enlarged. Tip of adpressed barbel falling short of opercular margin. Adpresssed inner mental barbel extending beyond base of outer mental barbel but falling short of barbel tip. Tip of adpressed outer mental barbel reaching margin of opercular membrane. Dorsal fin trapezoidal; distal margin rounded; length of longest ray shorter than fin base. Dorsal-fin origin immediately posterior to anterior one-third of body length and anterior to one-half of SL. Tip of adpressed dorsal fin falling short of midpoint between bases of dorsal and adipose fins. First dorsal-fin ray (spinelet) small, rigid, and forming dorsal-fin locking-mechanism. Second ray a spine with anterior margin smooth and posterior margin bearing retrorse serrations. Dorsal-fin rays I, 6 * rays (15). Adipose fin long; base longer than that of all other fins; posterior extremity free and rounded. Pectoral fin slightly triangular overall with distal margin rounded. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin falling short of pelvic-fin origin. First pectoral-fin ray strong, rigid, and forming spine with retrorse serrations along anterior and posterior margins. Serrations of posterior margin slightly larger, more so distally (Fig. 3 b). Pectoralfin rays I, 6 * (15). Pelvic fin almost triangular with distal margin rounded. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through base of penultimate dorsal-fin ray. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin falling short of anal-fin origin and of vertical through adipose-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5 * (15). Anal fin rounded distally. Anal-fin rays iii, 5 (2), iv, 5 (5), iii, 6 (7), iv, 6 * (6), iii, 7 (2). Caudal fin forked with rounded lobes; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 6,7, i (2), i, 6,8, i * (18), i, 7,8, i (5). Posterior cleithral process well developed and pointed. Axillary pore present. Lateral line with pored portion of variable length; extending posteriorly beyond vertical through posterior limit of adipose-fin base, but falling short of caudal-fin base. Total vertebrae 30 (1), 31 * (8), 32 (14), 33 (2). Ribs 9 * (21), 10 (4). Gill rakers 1,1,2 (1); 1,1,3 (6); 1,1,4 (2); 1,1,5 (6). Color in alcohol. Ground color brown. Head with dark spots dorsally, on opercle, and ventral to orbit. Region over adductor mandibulae muscle lightly colored in many specimens. Lateral and dorsolateral surface of body covered by small dark spots. Subdorsal band nearly triangular; subadipose band trapezoidal; caudal-peduncle band with straight anterior and biconcave posterior margins. Dorsal fin with dark stripes basally and across midsection with lightly colored stripes along distal margin and ventral one-third of posterior five rays. Adipose fin with central portion entirely dark brown. Caudal-fin ground coloration light; each lobe with posteriorly arching dark band and lobe margins lightly pigmented. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins with thin, incomplete, dark stripes. Completely spotted individuals with spots extending onto fins (Fig. 6).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995BFF8AFC4E55C6FCE6A387.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis is known only from the río Madeira-Mamoré system in Bolivia (Fig. 4).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995BFF8AFC4E55C6FCE6A387.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name, epiblepsis, is an adjective from the Greek epi (= up), and blepsis (= act of sight) in reference to the dorsal position of the eyes.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730995BFF8AFC4E55C6FCE6A387.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Several specimens of R. epiblepsis were collected, potentially indicating that the species is locally common. However, because R. epiblepsis, is known only from the type locality, is it not possible to estimate its actual distribution. Considering the absence of information about its distribution and population dynamics, R. epiblepsis should be assigned a Data Deficient (DD) IUCN (2016) status.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309956FF8DFC4F55C6FBF3A448.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 258 CF 6 F 3 - FB 04 - 4283 - 8 CC 9 - 7986 EDEFB 2 B 3 Figs. 7 - 8; Tab. 3	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309956FF8DFC4F55C6FBF3A448.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MZUEL 14119, 61.9 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, rio Piracicaba, 22 º 43 ’ 10 ” S 47 º 39 ’ 21 ” W, 25 Sep 2008, L. Giuliano-Caetano. Paratypes. All from Brazil. Minas Gerais. MZUSP 36770, 4, 32.8 - 38.7 mm SL, Ituiutaba, Salto do Morais, rio Tijuco, 18 º 56 ’ 58 ” S 49 º 23 ’ 01 ” W, Oct 1985 - Feb 1986, A. L. Godinho. Mato Grosso do Sul. MZUEL 14121, 1, 89.3 mm SL, Três Lagoas, Córrego Mimoso, tributary of rio Sucuriú, 19 º 03 ’ 8.67 ” S 52 º 58 ’ 52 ” W, 7 Jan 2004, W, L. M. Cordeiro et al. MZUSP 22505, 39, 40.9 - 16.0 mm SL, Três Lagoas, rio Paraná, in front of Jupiá, 20 º 15 ’ 00 ” S 51 º 07 ’ 00 ” W, Sep 1962, Expedição do Departamento de Zoologia. MZUSP 24448, 11, 49.9 - 22.2 mm SL, Três Lagoas, Ilha Solteira, 25 - 28 May 1972, Expedição MZUSP. São Paulo. MCP 14442, 7, 36.1 - 67.8 mm SL, rio Cubatão, tributary of rio Pardo, near Cajuru, ca. 21 º 18 ’ S 47 º 1 ’ W; 7 Nov 1989, W, R. M. C. Castro. MZUSP 22931, 20, 35.3 - 23.8 mm SL, Pirassununga, rio Mogi Guaçu, Cachoeira de Emas, ca. 21 º 55 ’ S 47 º 23 ’ W, Feb 1964, Expedição do Departamento de Zoologia. MZUEL 12159, 12, 33.7 - 27.6 mm SL, Pirassununga, rio Mogi Guaçu, Cachoeira de Emas, 21 º 55 ’ 38 ” S 47 º 22 ’ 3 ” W; 4 Aug 1994, L. Giuliano Caetano. MZUSP 107932, 14, 62.5 - 39.4 mm SL, Ipeúna, rio Passa Cinco, tributary of Rio Tietê, 22 º 25 ’ 30 ” S 47 º 41 ’ 49 ” W, 1 Jun 2006, O. Moreira Filho et al. MZUEL 2381, 1, 38.3 mm SL, Ourinhos, rio Paranapanema, under railroad bridge, 23 º 00 ’ 36 ” S 49 º 54 ’ 18 ” W, 24 Jun 1992, Duke Energy International. Paraná. MZUEL 6034, 10, 44.6 - 38.7 mm SL, Itambaracá, rio Paranapanema, fish ladder at Canoas I Dam, 22 º 56 ’ 24 ” S 50 º 31 ’ 7 ” W, 17 Mar 2005, Equipe de Coleta de Peixes da UEL. NUP 3844, 2, 41.8 - 44.0 mm SL, Santa Fé, rio Bandeirante do Norte, tributary of Rio Pirapó, 23 º 00 ’ 26 ” S 51 º 47 ’ 54 ” W, 13 Sep 2004, NUPELIA. MZUEL 14120, 89, 38.2 - 32.2 mm SL, Cornélio Procópio, rio Laranjinha, 23 ° 17 ’ 50 ” S 50 ° 28 ’ 43 ” W, 21 Jan 2009, Galindo et al.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309956FF8DFC4F55C6FBF3A448.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rhyacoglanis paranensis differs from R. annulatus by possessing a uniformly dark caudal peduncle band (vs. a band with an unpigmented central region), a wide subdorsal band (vs. a narrower band), a lower number of total vertebrae (31 - 33 vs. 34 - 35), a greater distance between the pelvic-fin and anus (9.9 - 17.3 vs. 8.2 - 9.6 % SL), and a shorter distance between the anus and anal fin (6.5 - 12.7 vs. 15.8 - 16.2 % SL). Rhyacoglanis paranensis is differentiated from R. epiblepsis by the pointed caudal-fin lobes (vs. rounded lobes), presence of only a few dark body spots (vs. many body spots of less intense pigmentation). Rhyacoglanis paranensis differs from R. seminiger by possessing distinctly separated subdorsal and subadipose bands (vs. fused bands), continuity between dark pigmentation on the caudal-fin lobes (vs. separation of the pigmentation on those lobes) and presence of discrete, dark transverse pectoral and pelvic-fin stripes (vs. fins largely uniformly dark). Rhyacoglanis paranensis differs from R. pulcher in the lack of dorsal and ventral confluence between the dark subdorsal and subadipose bands (vs. dorsal and ventral continuity of those bands), in the lack of confluence between subadipose and caudal-peduncle bands (vs. dorsal and ventral continuity of those bands) and possession of lower number of total vertebrae (31 - 33 vs. 33 - 35).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309956FF8DFC4F55C6FBF3A448.taxon	description	Description. Body proportions in Tab. 3. Body depressed from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; progressively more compressed from that point to caudal-fin base. Dorsal profile of head and anterodorsal portion of body nearly straight from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin but slightly concave along occipital region. Dorsal-fin base nearly straight with slight posteroventral incline. Body profile nearly straight from end of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin. Ventral profile of head and body convex from lower jaw margin to end of anal-fin base, almost straight from anus to anal-fin origin. Caudal peduncle profile concave dorsally and ventrally. Head depressed; wider than long. Anterior outline of head convex in dorsal view. Head with undeveloped unculiferous tubercles laterally and dorsally. Mouth terminal, wide; width greater than one-half HL. Upper jaw slightly longer than, or same length as, lower jaw. Lips thick, well developed mainly close to rictus. Premaxillary tooth plate posterolaterally pointed. Anterior nostril located immediately posterior to vertical through rictus. Eye small, superior, covered by skin, slightly posterior to anterior one-third of HL. Opercular membrane well developed; margin reaching pectoral-fin origin. Maxillary-barbel base enlarged. Tip of adpresssed barbel reaching pectoral-fin origin. Adpressed inner mental barbel extending posteriorly slightly beyond outer mental-barbel base but falling short of barbel tip. Tip of adpressed outer mental barbel reaching margin of opercular membrane but falling short of pectoralfin origin. Dorsal fin trapezoidal with distal margin rounded and longest ray equal to dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin immediately posterior to anterior one-third of body, but anterior to one-half of SL. Tip of adpressed dorsal fin falling short of midpoint between dorsal-fin insertion and adipose-fin origin. First dorsal-fin ray (spinelet) small, rigid, and forming dorsal-fin spine-locking mechanism. Second dorsal-fin ray spinous; smooth anteriorly and with retrorse serrations posteriorly. Dorsal-fin rays I, 6 * (29). Adipose fin long; base length similar to that of dorsal fin; posterior extremity free and angular. Pectoral-fin profile triangular overall; posterior margin semi-circular. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin falling short of pelvic-fin origin. First pectoral-fin ray a strong, rigid spine with retrorse serrations along entirety of anterior and posterior margins. Posterior serrations somewhat larger than anterior serrations. Tip of pectoral-fin spine notched (Fig. 3 c). Pectoral-fin rays i, 6 * (27). Pelvic fin almost triangular with posterior margin rounded. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through base of penultimate dorsal-fin ray. Tip of adpressed pelvic-fin reaching adipose-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5 * (31). Analfin margin rounded posteriorly. Anal-fin base shorter than adipose-fin base. Anal-fin rays iii, 5 * (2), iii, 6 (6), iii, 7 (1), iv, 5 (2), iv, 6 (16), or iv, 7 (2). Caudal fin forked with lobes pointed; ventral lobe slightly longer than dorsal lobe. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 6,7, i (1), i, 6,7, ii (2), or i, 6,8, i * (29). Dorsal procurrent rays 12 (2), 13 (10), 14 (5), 15 (8), 16 * (2), 17 (2), or 18 (2); ventral procurrent rays 9 (3), 10 (5), 11 (16), 12 (3), or 13 * (3). Posterior cleithral process well developed, pointed, reaching vertical anterior of dorsal-fin origin. Axillary pore present. Lateral line complete. Total vertebrae 31 (1), 32 * (15), or 33 (16). Ribs 8 * (26), or 9 (6). Gill rakers 0,1,4 (1), 1,1,3 * (4), 1,1,4 (12), 1,1,5 (13), 1,1,6 (3), 2,1,3 (2), 2,1,4 (2), 2,1,5 (4), or 2,1,7 (1). Color in alcohol and in life. Ground color light brown in alcohol; light orange in life (Fig. 8). Head with dark spots on dorsal surface, opercle, and region ventral to orbit. Region over adductor mandibulae muscle lightly colored. Iris dark in alcohol; light gray in life. Dark subdorsal band with irregular anterior and posterior margins; extending to ventral region of body but not contacting contralateral counterpart. Subadipose band with irregular anterior and nearly straight posterior margins. Lightly colored region between subdorsal and subadipose bands with scattered dark spots. Anterior margin of caudal-peduncle band nearly straight and posterior margin in shape of shallow, posteriorly open sideways V. Dorsal fin with dark pigmentation covering fin other than for distal one-fifth. Adipose fin with dark blotch centrally. Anal fin with dark basal spot and dark stripe on midsection; two regions conjoined posteriorly. Caudal fin hyaline basally with broad dark band across each lobe and lobe tips largely hyaline. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline except for transverse dark stripe on each.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309956FF8DFC4F55C6FBF3A448.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Rhyacoglanis paranensis is only known from the upper rio Paraná basin in Brazil (Fig. 4).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309956FF8DFC4F55C6FBF3A448.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name, paranensis, is an adjective in reference to the occurrence of the species in the upper rio Paraná basin.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309956FF8DFC4F55C6FBF3A448.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Several specimens of R. paranensis were obtained from collections, suggesting that the species is not rare. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of R. paranensis in the upper rio Paraná basin must be wide, as the localities cover a broad geographic region of approximately 500,000 km 2. The construction of several hydroelectric power plants along the upper rio Paraná will likely fragment the species distribution by destroying the preferred habitat in rapids, and represents a potential threat to R. paranensis. However, in light of the extent of occurrence exceeding 20,000 km 2, and lack of evidence indicating population decline or fluctuation, we recommend assigning R. paranensis an IUCN (2016) conservation status of Least Concern (LC).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309951FF90FC815299FC3FA5C6.taxon	description	Figs. 9 - 10; Tab. 4	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309951FF90FC815299FC3FA5C6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ecuador. Canelos. BMNH 1880.12.8.105 - 107, 3, syntypes, 58.5 - 68.5 mm SL, Upper Amazon River basin, 1880, C. Buckley.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309951FF90FC815299FC3FA5C6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rhyacoglanis pulcher is distinguished from R. paranensis by the dorsal and ventral confluence of the dark subdorsal and subadipose bands (vs. separation of those bands) and total number of vertebrae (34 - 35 vs. 31 - 33). Rhyacoglanis pulcher differs from R. annulatus in the uniformly dark caudal-peduncle band (vs. band centrally light), distance from the pelvic-fin origin to the anus (11.1 - 14.0 vs. 8.2 - 9.6 % SL) and distance from the anus to the anal-fin origin (13.8 - 15.2 vs. 15.8 - 16.2 % SL). Rhyacoglanis pulcher is distinguished from R. epiblepsis by the pointed caudal-fin lobes (vs. rounded lobes), the very obvious body bands (vs. obscure or absent bands) and limited number of dark spots on the body (vs. spots numerous and not dark). Rhyacoglanis pulcher is diagnosed from R. seminiger by the confluence of the dark subdorsal and subadipose bands limited to dorsal and ventral regions (vs. bands completely fused), stripes on caudal fin continuous with the caudal-peduncle spot (vs. distinctly separated) and total vertebrae (34 - 35 vs. 32 - 33).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309951FF90FC815299FC3FA5C6.taxon	description	Description. Body proportions are given in Tab. 4. Body depressed from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; progressively compressed from that point to caudal-fin base. Dorsal profile of head and body posterodorsally nearly straight from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; dorsal-fin base slightly straight; profile nearly straight from terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin. Ventral head and body profile slightly convex to almost straight from lower jaw margin to posterior limit of anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle profile slightly concave along dorsal and ventral margins. Head depressed; slightly longer than wide. Anterior margin convex in dorsal view. Head with weakly developed scattered unculiferous tubercles laterally and dorsally. Mouth terminal and wide; width more than one-half of HL. Upper jaw slightly longer than, or same length as, lower jaw. Lips thick and well developed, more so proximate to rictus. Premaxillary tooth plate posterolaterally pointed. Anterior nostril immediately posterior to vertical through rictus. Eye small, superior, covered by skin, slightly posterior to anterior one-third of HL. Opercular membrane well developed; margin falling short of pectoral-fin origin. Maxillary barbel base enlarged. Tip of adpressed maxillary barbel falling short of opercular margin. Tip of adpressed inner mental barbel surpassing base of outer mental barbel but falling short of tip of that barbel. Tip of adpressed outer mental barbel reaching opercular membrane margin. Dorsal-fin trapezoidal with distal margin rounded and first branched ray longer than dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin immediately posterior to anterior one-third of body but anterior to one-half of SL. Tip of adpressed dorsal fin reaching slightly beyond midpoint between dorsal-fin base terminus and adipose-fin origin. First dorsal-fin ray (spinelet) small, rigid and forming dorsal-fin spine-locking mechanism. Second ray in form of spine with anterior margin smooth and posterior margin bearing retrorse serrations. Dorsal-fin rays I, 6 (3). Adipose fin long; base longer than that of other fins; posterior margin free and rounded. Pectoral-fin margin somewhat triangular overall with posterior margin rounded. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin falling short of pelvic-fin origin. First pectoral-fin ray strong, rigid and in form of spine with serrae along anterior and posterior margins; posterior serrations retrorse and distinctly larger than anterior serrae; pectoral-fin spine notched distally (Fig. 3 d). Pectoral-fin rays I, 5 (1) or I, 6 (2). Pelvic-fin profile almost triangular; posterior margin rounded. Pelvic-fin origin immediately posterior to vertical through terminus of dorsal-fin base. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching vertical through adiposefin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5 (3). Anal-fin margin rounded; base shorter than that of adipose fin. Anal-fin rays iii, 7 (2) or iv, 6 (1). Caudal fin forked; lobes pointed; ventral lobe slightly longer than, or almost same length as, dorsal lobe. Caudal-fin principal rays i, 6,8, i. Dorsal procurrent rays 17 (2) or 18 (1); ventral procurrent rays 15 (1), 16 (1), or 17 (1). Posterior cleithral process well developed, pointed, reaching vertical through anterior of dorsal-fin base. Axillary pore present. Lateral line complete. Total vertebrae 34 (2), 35 (1). Ribs 9 (1), 10 (1) or 11 (1). Gill rakers 1,1,3 (1) or 1,1,4 (2). Color in alcohol. Pigmentation faded in examined specimens. Ground color light brown. Head with dark spots dorsally and ventral to eye. Body with dark subdorsal, subadipose and caudal-peduncle bands. Subdorsal band somewhat triangular, ventrally narrower and extending to ventral region of body with dorsal and ventral extensions continuous with subadipose band. Subadipose band overall rectangular with dorsal and ventral anterior and posterior extensions continuous with similar extensions of subdorsal and caudal-peduncle bands. Caudalpeduncle band with anterior margins extending along border forming a distinct anteriorly directed sideways V. Dorsal fin covered by dark band other than along distal one-fifth. Adipose fin with large dark central spot. Anal fin with two dark transverse stripes. Caudal fin hyaline other than for arched dark distal band on each lobe; bands of each lobe confluent on middle caudal-fin rays; dark pigmentation continuing anteriorly to caudal peduncle band; overall dark pigmentation in form of posteriorly directed sideways Y. Pectoral fin hyaline other than for transverse dark stripe slightly posterior to middle of fin. Pelvic fin with curved dark transverse stripe near midlength (Figs. 9 - 10).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309951FF90FC815299FC3FA5C6.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Rhyacoglanis pulcher occurs in the Ecuadorian Amazon (Fig. 4). Though Mees (1974) indicated that R. pulcher also occurs in the río Popoi in the upper río Beni in Bolivia, the río Marañón in Peru, and at Sangadina, Mato Grosso, Brazil, we were unable to examine and confirm the identification of the specimens from the two last localities and the latter in particular represents a questionably unusually great range extension. The río Beni specimens reported on by Mees (1974) are rather R. epiblepsis, described herein.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309951FF90FC815299FC3FA5C6.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Few specimens of R. pulcher were obtained from collections, suggesting that the species may be naturally rare. However there is a possibility that R. pulcher has a wider distribution in the rio Amazonas basin. In the absence of the information about geographic distribution and population dynamics necessary to properly evaluate the extent of occurrence, we recommend assigning an IUCN (2016) status of Data Deficient (DD) to R. pulcher.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
038737309951FF90FC815299FC3FA5C6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. After nearly 150 years of preservation, the syntypes of Pseudopimelodus pulcher are very soft with faded coloration. However, the residual pigmentation in these specimens agrees closely with the illustration presented by Boulenger (1887), suggesting that the drawing can be taken as an accurate depiction of the original pigmentation. Most features were accurately described in the original description. Boulenger commented, however, that the “ band of teeth in the upper jaw is of moderate breadth, without prolonged lateral portion ”; whereas we find that the tooth band is actually posteriorly pointed. A sample from the rio Jamari (INPA 9517), a rio Madeira tributary, agrees with the pigmentation pattern and most features of Rhyacoglanis pulcher except for having 7 branched pectoral-fin rays vs. the 5 - 6 rays in the type series. Unfortunately, with only two specimens from the rio Jamari and three from the type locality, it is uncertain whether this difference represents intraspecific variation or is an indication of an undescribed species of Rhyacoglanis in the rio Madeira. We tentatively identify the Madeira population as R. cf. pulcher pending study of additional specimens from those regions. Mees (1974) proposed P. variolosus to be a synonym of P. pulcher based on the features reported by Miranda-Ribeiro (1914). However, the type locality of P. variolosus is Coxim, rio Taquary, Mato Grosso State, in a different hydrographic basin than that of P. pulcher. Examination of part of the syntype series of P. variolosus (lectotype MNRJ 818 and paralectotype MNRJ 16245), and of the description of the species by Miranda-Ribeiro (1914), shows that P. variolosus has at least two of the known synapomorphies of Rhyacoglanis, although we were not able to confirm the number of vertebrae, even via radiography. Since our analysis did not allow us to unequivocally confirm the synonymy of P. variolosus with P. pulcher, we prefer to maintain it as tentatively valid until more specimens from the rio Taquary become available.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 F 27 E 9 DD-CED 6 - 402 D-A 6 F 6 - EAAB 04914 D 0 B Figs. 11 - 12; Tab. 5	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. LIRP 12466, 74.2 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sapezal, rio Tapajós basin: rio Juruena, Pequena Central Hidrelétrica Cidezal, 13 º 22 ’ 39 ” S 59 º 00 ’ 57 ” W, 3 Jun 2010, R. J. Hilário. Paratypes. Brazil. Mato Grosso. LIRP 8042, 9, 48.3 - 74.8 mm SL, collected with holotype. MZUEL 14123, 2, 60.4 - 64.8 mm SL, collected with holotype. MZUSP 82085, 3, 44.4 - 70.4 mm SL, Campo Novo do Parecis, rio Tapajós basin, rio do Sangue, tributary of the rio Juruena, 13 º 18 ’ 56 ” S 57 º 35 ’ 42 ” W, 18 Feb 2003, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 118019, 1, 72.4 mm SL, São José do Rio Claro, rio Tapajós basin, rio Claro, tributary of rio Arinos, 13 º 30 ’ 15 ” S 56 º 37 ’ 6.70 ” W, 14 Aug 2015, O. T. Oyakawa et al.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rhyacoglanis seminiger differs from all congeners in having the dark subdorsal and subadipose bands seamlessly conjoined (vs. completely separate or joined only dorsally and ventrally by narrow horizontal connecting extensions). Rhyacoglanis seminiger differs from R. annulatus in the uniformly dark caudal-peduncle band (vs. band with an unpigmented central section) and total vertebrae (32 - 33 vs. 34 - 35). Rhyacoglanis seminiger can be differentiated from R. epiblepsis by the pointed caudal-fin lobes (vs. rounded lobes), lack of intensely dark body spotting (vs. such spotting) and weak serrations limited to the base of the anterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine (vs. well developed serrations along the entire anterior margin). Rhyacoglanis seminiger additionally differs from R. pulcher in having 32 - 33 vertebrae (vs. 34 - 35).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	description	Description. proportional measurements are given in Tab. 5. Body depressed from snout to dorsal-fin origin, progressively compressed from that point to caudal-fin base. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex and posterodorsally nearly straight from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; dorsal-fin base slightly posteroventrally nearly straight; profile nearly straight from terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin. Ventral profile of head and body convex overall from lower-jaw margin to anus; approximately straight from anus to posterior limit of anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle profile concave dorsally and ventrally. Head depressed; slightly longer than wide. Anterior margin convex in dorsal view. Head with unculiferous tubercles mainly dorsally. Mouth terminal and wide; width more than one-half of HL. Upper and lower jaws of equal length. Lips thick and well developed, more so on lateral surface of lower jaw and proximate to rictus. Premaxillary tooth plate posterolaterally pointed. Anterior nostril positioned immediately posterior to vertical through rictus. Eye small, superior, covered by skin, positioned slightly posterior of anterior one-third of HL. Opercular membrane well developed; margin reaching pectoral-fin origin. Maxillary-barbel base enlarged. Tip of adpressed barbel reaching pectoral-fin origin but falling short of opercular margin. Tip of adpressed inner mental barbel slightly surpassing outer mental-barbel base but falling short of barbel tip. Tip of adpressed outer mental barbel reaching margin of opercular membrane. Dorsal fin trapezoidal overall with distal margin rounded; longest ray shorter than length of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin immediately posterior of anterior one-third of body but anterior to midpoint of SL. Tip of adpressed dorsal fin falling short of midpoint between dorsal-fin insertion and adipose-fin origin. First dorsal-fin ray (spinelet) small, rigid, and forming dorsal-fin locking-mechanism. Second ray a spine with anterior margin smooth and posterior with retrorse serrations. Dorsal-fin rays I, 6 * rays (10). Adipose fin long; its base length equal to, or slightly shorter than, length of dorsal-fin base; posterior extremity free and rounded. Pectoral fin triangular overall; posterior margin rounded. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin falling short of pelvic-fin origin. First pectoral-fin ray strong, rigid and forming spine with retrorse very small serrations anteriorly. Posterior serrations extending along entire spine; largest distally. Anterior serrations distinctly smaller that posterior serrations; limited to basal one-half of spine (Fig. 3 e). Pectoral-fin rays I, 6 * (10). Tip of pectoral-fin spine notched. Pelvic fin triangular overall with posterior margin rounded. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through base of penultimate dorsalfin ray. Tip of adpressed pelvic-fin reaching anal-fin origin and surpassing vertical through adipose-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 5 * (10). Anal fin rounded distally; its base shorter than adipose-fin base. Anal-fin rays iv, 5 * (6), iii, 6 (1), or iv, 6 (3). Caudal fin forked with pointed lobes; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 6,7, i * (1) or i, 6,8, i (9). Dorsal procurrent rays 13 (1), 14 (3), 15 * (3) or 16 (2); ventral procurrent rays 11 (1), 12 * (6), or 13 (2). Posterior cleithral process well developed, pointed and reaching vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Axillary pore present. Lateral line complete. Total vertebrae 32 (2) or 33 * (8). Ribs 8 * (9), 9 (1). Gill rakers 1,1,3 * (5), 1,1,4 (3), 1,1,5 (1), or 1,1,6 (1). Color in alcohol. Ground color light brown with dorsal portion of head slightly darker and region over the adductor mandibulae muscle less intensely pigmented. Subtle transverse dark stripe sometimes present from nape to tip of post-cleithral process; when present stripe sometimes darker on nape. Dark subdorsal and subadipose bands conjoined into wide band extending from vertical through dorsal-fin origin nearly to vertical through posterior one third of adipose-fin base. Lightly pigmented horizontal blotch sometime present within band in region between verticals through dorsalfin base terminus and beginning of adipose-fin base. Light colored blotch present at adipose-fin origin. Dark caudalpeduncle band vertically elongate with undulate anterior border and biconcave posterior margin. Some specimens with scattered dark dots over lightly colored regions of head and body. Contralateral dark bands conjoined ventrally anterior of pelvic fin, between pelvic and anal fins, and along caudal peduncle. Dorsal fin darkly pigmented other than for narrow, lightly colored band along anterodorsal margin; sometimes with lightly colored region on basal one-third. Adipose fin with dark central region. Caudal-fin lobes with dark stripes or small dots on distal one-half; dark pigmentation restricted to dorsal and ventral portions of upper and lower lobes, respectively. Anal fin with dark basal blotch anteriorly and dark stripe over posterior one-third; patches fused in some individuals. Pectoral fin with broad dark stripe extending over two-thirds of spine and covering progressively more of fin rays medially. Pelvic fin dark basally, followed by unpigmented transverse band and large dark band over most of rest of fin other than for unpigmented marginal stripe.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Rhyacoglanis seminiger is only known from the rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The species was collected in rapids of the rio Juruena and the rio Arinos, in the foothills of the Serra do Parecis (Fig. 4).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecological notes. The upper rio do Sangue, where some of the paratypes were collected, has very fast-flowing clear waters over a substrate composed nearly exclusively of quartz sand and small rocks, with the river margins covered by riparian forest. The Serra do Parecis foothills hold potential for small hydroelectric power plants that could adversely impact rheophilic species such as R. seminiger. Indeed, the rio Juruena specimens originate at one such site (Pequena Central Hidrelétrica Cidezal).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name, seminiger, is an adjective from the Latin semi = half, and niger = black, in reference to the dramatically contrasting light vs. dark coloration pattern. suggests discrete populations with limited gene flow, or phenotypic plasticity to environmental differences. In the absence of samples from intervening regions, we tentatively consider these to be intraspecifically variable, or conspecifics. If additional samples demonstrate consistent differences, then the rio do Sangue populations may merit recogniton as a new species.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	description	Comparative morphometry. The first three principal components axes account for 92.8 % of the total variance, with the first axis accounting for 84.2 %. All variable first axis loadings were positive and presumably of approximately equal magnitude, indicating it reflects the size component. The second and third principal components include positive and negative variable loadings, and help index morphological variation among individuals that helps to differentiate species (Fig. 13). Rhyacoglanis pulcher is easily discriminated along the third component, which indexes its greater anus to analfin distance, dorsal-fin spine length, posterior nostril distance, pectoral-fin spine length, and caudal-peduncle length (all positive loadings; Tab. 6). Rhyacoglanis paranensis and R. seminiger differ from R. epiblepsis and R. annulatus by their greater dorsal-fin spine length, postcleithral process length, body depth and pectoral-fin spine length (all of which load positively on the second axis) and the lesser anus to anal-fin distance, distance between the posterior nostril and the orbit and adipose-fin length (negative loadings in the second axis). Some specimens of R. paranensis differ from R. seminiger by having longer dorsal and pectoral-fin spines, but these species are overall morphometrically very similar. Rhyacoglanis annulatus and R. epiblepsis (Fig. 13) also share similar measurements.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Few specimens of R. seminiger were obtained from collections, suggesting that the species may be naturally rare. The geographic distribution of R. seminiger in the rio Tapajós basin is probably wide, as the known localities cover a broad geographic region of approximately 90,000 km 2. The construction of hydroelectric power plants potentially threaten R. seminiger, and may result in fragmentation of its distribution by destruction of its preferred habitat in rapids. However, considering the extent of occurrence exceeding 20,000 km 2, and lack of evidence indicating current population decline or fluctuations, we recommend assigning an IUCN (2016) status for R. seminiger of Least Concern (LC).	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
03873730994CFF95FC495207FB53A306.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pigmentation features, in particular the fusion of the subdorsal and subadipose bands allows the unequivocal identification of Rhyacoglanis seminiger. Some differences exist, however, in dorsal fin and body band coloration between the rio do Sangue (some individuals with light blotches; Fig. 12) and rio Juruena samples (nearly completely dark). This variation along with the disjunct geographic distribution Unculiferous tubercles in species of Rhyacoglanis. Unculi are unicellular keratinous projections, specialized skin structures found across the main groups of Ostariophysi (Roberts, 1982) and observed in all pseudopimelodids. All species of Rhyacoglanis have small epidermal unculiferous tubercles. These unculiferous tubercles have a mammiliform shape, are rounded to elliptical, covered by unculi of irregular penta- to heptagonal-shapes, have a prominent irregular shaped apex (Fig. 14 a). The length of their longest axis ranges from 60 to 120 μm (mean = 82.3 ± 18.5 μm; N = 22). The unculiferous tubercles are usually more developed on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and body with a highest density on the head, particularly the barbels, lips and around the orbit. On the dorsal, pectoral, pelvic and anal fins the unculiferous tubercles are limited to the rays. No unculiferous tubercles were detected ventrally on the abdomen. Unculiferous tubercles were observed in smaller specimens (16.0 mm SL, MZUSP 22505) indicating their presence is not related to sexual maturity. Unculiferous tubercles in R. annulatus and R. seminiger are larger and more conspicuous than in R. paranensis, R. epiblepsis and R. pulcher. Each unculus in R. paranensis and R. seminiger has several rounded projections with the one in the middle slightly larger (Fig. 14 b). Unculiferous tubercles tend to be most developed in substrate-dwelling Cypriniformes and Siluriformes inhabiting swift water habitats (Roberts, 1982). Tubercles likely decrease skin surface turbulence and, thus, reduce drag on the fish in a way comparable to denticles in shark skin (Oeffner, Lauder, 2012) and contribute to adaptation of Rhyacoglanis to its rheophilic ecology.	en	Shibatta, Oscar Akio, Vari, Richard P. (2017): A new genus of Neotropical rheophilic catfishes, with four new species (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160132: 1-30, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160132, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160132
