taxonID	type	description	language	source
03858783FFE88E2558BFFD77918BFB8E.taxon	description	Fig. 4	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE88E2558BFFD77918BFB8E.taxon	description	Nemachilus zonalternans. — Day, 1889: 232. Noemacheilus zonalternans. — Sen, 1985: 119, fig. 63. Acanthocobitis zonalternans. — Kottelat, 1990: 13. Acanthocobitis (Paracanthocobitis) zonalternans. — Grant, 2007: 3. Paracanthocobitis zonalternans. — Singer & Page, 2015: 396.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE88E2558BFFD77918BFB8E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Paracanthocobitis zonalternans is distinguished from all other species of Paracanthocobitis by combination of incomplete lateral line ending near dorsal-fin insertion; 9 ½ – 10 ½ branched dorsal-fin rays; axillary pelvic lobe present; series of black blotches, usually without black stripe but with faint dusky stripe, along side of body, usually ending near dorsal-fin insertion; circular black spot on upper margin of caudal-fin base; black pigment extending from lateral stripe onto pectoral-fin base; no marmorated pattern anterior to dorsal-fin origin; dorsal saddles short, rarely connecting to lateral blotches; 8 (occasionally 7) branched upper caudal-fin rays.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE88E2558BFFD77918BFB8E.taxon	description	Description. Meristic and morphometric data are in Tables 4 and 5. Body deepest just anterior to dorsal-fin origin; slightly compressed before dorsal fin, strongly compressed postdorsally. Head depressed, snout gently rounded to slightly pointed when viewed dorsally or laterally. Dorsal-fin origin far in front of pelvic-fin origin; distal margin convex. Pectoral fin 0.17 – 0.26 SL, not reaching pelvic fin; pelvic fin 0.16 – 0.22 SL, not reaching anal fin; caudal fin emarginate. Lateral line incomplete, reaching at most to dorsal-fin insertion; 19 – 50 pores. Axillary pelvic lobe present. Mouth arched with heavily papillated lips; upper lip with 3 – 5 rows of papillae, continuous with large pads on lower lip. Three pairs of barbels; inner rostral barbel extends to or slightly past base of maxillary barbel, maxillary barbel and outer rostral barbel extend to or slightly past eye. Body covered with scales; 9 ½ (12 specimens) – 10 ½ (43 specimens) branched dorsal-fin rays; 9 – 12, usually 10, pectoral-fin rays; 6 pelvic-fin rays; 5 ½ branched anal-fin rays; 8 (occasionally 7) branched upper caudal-fin rays; 8 branched lower caudal-fin rays. Suborbital flap in male. Maximum SL 41.8 mm female. Body yellow-brown with 10 – 15 dark brown to black blotches along lateral line sometimes overlain with faint dusky stripe usually ending near dorsal-fin insertion; 14 – 18 small dark brown dorsal saddles. Dark spots and blotches on head; uninterrupted black bar from eye to tip of snout. Ocellus with black center near upper margin of caudal peduncle; 3 – 6 concentric rows of dark spots in dorsal fin, 2 – 3 rows of dark spots in anal fin, 4 – 6 dark bands on caudal fin. Dusky lateral stripe extending onto pectoral-fin origin. pecies P. zonalternans x ¯ ± D P. phuketensis x ¯ ± D P. marmorata x ¯ ± D P. triangula x ¯ ± D P. nigrolineata x ¯ ± D (n = 55) (n = 55) (n = 4) (n = 11) (n = 79) tanđarđ lenǥth 20.5,41.8 17.1, ³³. ³ 28.2, ³³. 9 24.6,29.2 21.5,42.4 L Comparisons. Paracanthocobitis zonalternans differs from all other species of Paracanthocobitis except P. phuketensis, P. nigrolineata, P. triangula, and P. marmorata in having an incomplete lateral line ending near the dorsal-fin insertion (vs. lateral line to the end of the caudal peduncle) and 9 ½ – 10 ½ (vs.> 10 ½) branched dorsal-fin rays. Paracanthocobitis zonalternans is most similar morphologically to P. nigrolineata but differs in having a series of black blotches, usually black stripe along the side of the body absent or dusky and ending near the dorsalfin insertion (vs. having a series of black blotches overlain by a black stripe ending near the caudal fin), and sometimes having 7 (vs. always 8) upper branched caudal-fin rays. Paracanthocobitis zonalternans differs from P. phuketensis in having black pigment extending from a black lateral stripe onto the pectoral-fin base, an axillary pelvic lobe (vs. lobe usually absent, occasionally rudimentary) and in having short (not extending ventrally to dorsal stripe) dorsal saddles in the majority of specimens that rarely connect to lateral blotches (vs. dorsal saddles longer than interspaces, frequently connecting to lateral blotches). Paracanthocobitis zonalternans differs from P. triangula in having a circular (vs. triangular) black spot on the upper margin of the caudal-fin base and in having black pigment extending from the black blotches along the side of the body onto the pectoral-fin base. Paracanthocobitis zonalternans differs from P. marmorata in having an axillary pelvic lobe and a circular (vs. teardrop shaped) black spot on the upper margin of the caudal-fin base and in not having a marmorated pattern between the dorsal saddles and lateral blotches.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE88E2558BFFD77918BFB8E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Paracanthocobitis zonalternans is known from the Salween River drainage in Thailand and Myanmar (Fig. 5).	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE88E2558BFFD77918BFB8E.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Thailand: Salween drainage: CAS 35775, 6, 23.5 – 42.6 mm, Nam Mesarieng, near Mesarieng (Mae Sariang), northern Thailand, 18.151 N, 97.934 E; CAS 35776, 2, 41.3 – 41.8 mm, same locality as CAS 35775; CAS 36042, 2, 38.8 – 40.8 mm, same locality as CAS 35775; FMNH 124763, 4, 19.6 – 27.7 mm, Nam Mae Yuan River, rte. 108, 103 km N of Mae Sariang, 18.807 N, 97.931 E; FMNH 124764, 1, 29.1 mm, Mae Samat River, rte. 108, 15 km S of Mae Hong Son, 19.189 N, 97.984 E; NIFI 0 0 874, 14, 28.0 – 32.5 mm, Tak Province, Huai Mae Kamui, Amphoe Tha Song Yang, 17.230 N, 98.229 E; NIFI 6393, 1, 35.7 mm, Mae Hong Son Province, Mae Sanga River, 18.238 N, 97.961 E; ROM 51139, 5, 23 – 31.9 mm, Tak Province, N of Mae Charao, 16.967 N, 98.567 E; UF 188197, 7, 20.5 – 29.5 mm, Mae Hong Son Province, Khun Yuam County, Pai River near Surin River, approx. 1.5 km N of Ban Mae Surin on rte. 108, 18.928 N, 97.937 E; UF 188198, 12, 23.3 – 35.7 mm, Tak Province, Amphoe Tha Song Yang, Moei River at rte. 105, approx. 7 km SE of Nam Tha Song Yang, 17.516 N, 97.966 E; USNM 288452, 26 (10 ex.) 33.5 – 42.4 mm, Mae Hong Son Province, mountain stream, 5 km W of Mae Sariang, 18.191 N, 97.878 E; ZRC 41258, 8, 26.5 – 36.6 mm, Tak Province, Mae Nam Moi, S of Phop Phra, 16.290 N, 98.706 E; ZSM 27468, neotype of Cobitis zonalternans, 33.1 mm, Huay Me Charno, 4 km S of Amphoe Mae Romat on road 1085.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE78E2158BFFB459576FE4F.taxon	description	Figs. 6 & 7	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE78E2158BFFB459576FE4F.taxon	description	Noemacheilus (Acanthocobitis) phuketensis. — Bănărescu & Nalbant, 1968: 322.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE78E2158BFFB459576FE4F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Paracanthocobitis phuketensis is distinguished from all other species of Paracanthocobitis by combination of incomplete lateral line ending near dorsal-fin insertion; 9 ½ – 10 ½ branched dorsal-fin rays; axillary pelvic lobe usually absent, occasionally rudimentary; series of black blotches, sometimes overlain with faint dusky stripe along side of body not obscuring lateral blotches, ending near caudal-fin; circular black spot on upper margin of caudal-fin base; black pigment not extending from black blotches along side of body onto pectoral-fin base; no marmorated pattern anterior to dorsal-fin origin; dorsal saddles longer than interspaces, frequently connecting to lateral blotches; 7 – 8 branched upper caudal-fin rays.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE78E2158BFFB459576FE4F.taxon	description	Description. Meristic and morphometric data are in Tables 4 and 5. Body deepest just anterior to dorsal-fin origin; slightly compressed before dorsal fin, strongly compressed postdorsally. Head depressed, snout gently rounded to slightly pointed when viewed dorsally or laterally. Dorsal-fin origin far in front of pelvic-fin origin; distal margin convex. Pectoral fin 0.18 – 0.28 SL, not reaching pelvic fin; pelvic fin 0.16 – 0.22 SL, not reaching anal fin; caudal fin emarginate. Lateral line incomplete, reaching just beyond dorsal-fin insertion; 20 – 48 pores. Axillary pelvic lobe usually absent, occasionally rudimentary. Mouth arched with heavily papillated lips; upper lip with 3 – 5 rows of papillae, continuous with large pads on lower lip. Three pairs of barbels; inner rostral barbel extends to or slightly past base of maxillary barbel, maxillary barbel and outer rostral barbel extend to or slightly past eye. Body covered with scales; 9 ½ (5 specimens) – 10 ½ (50 specimens) branched dorsal-fin rays; 9 – 10, usually 9, pectoral-fin rays; 6 pelvic-fin rays; 5 ½ branched anal-fin rays; 7 – 8 branched upper caudal-fin rays; 8 branched lower caudal-fin rays. Suborbital flap in male. Maximum SL 33.3 mm female. Body yellowish-brown with 10 – 12 dark brown to black blotches along lateral line sometimes overlain with faint dusky stripe usually ending near caudal fin; 12 – 15 small dark brown dorsal saddles; dorsal saddles longer than interspaces, frequently connecting to lateral blotches. Dark spots and blotches on head; uninterrupted black bar from eye to tip of snout. Ocellus with black center near upper margin of caudal peduncle; 3 – 6 concentric rows of dark spots in dorsal fin, 2 – 3 rows of dark spots in anal fin, 4 – 6 dark bands on caudal fin. Dusky lateral stripe not extending onto pectoral-fin origin. Comparisons. Paracanthocobitis phuketensis differs from all other species of Paracanthocobitis except P. zonalternans, P. nigrolineata, P. triangula, and P. marmorata in having an incomplete lateral line ending near the dorsal-fin insertion (vs. lateral line to the end of the caudal peduncle) and 9 ½ – 10 ½ (vs.> 10 ½) branched dorsal-fin rays. Paracanthocobitis phuketensis differs from P. zonalternans in not having black pigment extending from a black lateral stripe onto the pectoral-fin base; axillary pelvic lobe usually absent, occasionally rudimentary (vs. always present); and in having dorsal saddles longer than interspaces that frequently connect to lateral blotches vs. short (not extending ventrally to dorsal stripe) dorsal saddles that rarely connect to lateral blotches. Paracanthocobitis phuketensis differs from P. nigrolineata in not having a distinct black stripe along the side of the body obscuring the lateral blotches and black pigment extending from the lateral stripe onto the pectoral-fin base; and axillary pelvic lobe usually absent, occasionally rudimentary (vs. always present). Paracanthocobitis phuketensis differs from P. triangula in having a circular (vs. triangular) black spot on the upper margin of the caudal-fin base, and axillary pelvic lobe usually absent, occasionally rudimentary (vs. always present). Paracanthocobitis phuketensis differs from P. marmorata in having a dusky lateral stripe along the side of the body (vs. no stripe); axillary pelvic lobe usually absent, occasionally rudimentary (vs. always absent); a circular (vs. tear-drop shaped) black spot on the upper margin of the caudal-fin base; and in not having a marmorated pattern between the dorsal saddles and lateral blotches. Paracanthocobitis phuketensis from Phuket Island and Phang-Nga river drainages further differs from P. nigrolineata, P. triangula, and P. marmorata in sometimes having 7 (vs. always 8) upper branched caudal-fin rays.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE78E2158BFFB459576FE4F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Paracanthocobitis phuketensis is known from Peninsular Thailand in the Panang Tak drainage and on Phuket Island, south to the Perlis, Padang Sarai, and Ketil drainages of Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 5).	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE78E2158BFFB459576FE4F.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula: MCZ 47226, 1, 26.9 mm, Satun Malay Peninsula, Boripatra River, on road from Satun to Hat Tai., 6.815 N, 99.974 E; ZRC 41103, 1, 17.1 mm, Perlis Sintok-Pdg., Senai Road, 6.456 N, 100.491 E; ZRC 46671, 3, 22.9 – 27.8 mm, Kedah Kg. Tandop about 6 – 7 mi from Baling on road to Weng, 5.665 N, 100.901 E. Thailand: Phang-Nga drainage: UF 182833, 4, 23.6 – 27.3 mm, near Phang Nga, off rte. 4090, 8.571 N, 98.418 E; Tapi (Tapee) drainage: UF 183331, 2, 31.3 – 33.3 mm, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, near rte. 4015, 8.349 N, 99.692 E; NIFI 0 2181, 2, 27.0 – 27.1 mm, Surat Thani Province, Suratthani Tapi (Tapee) drainage, Khlong Sok at Ban Kheng Sok, 8.907 N, 98.522 E; Kraburi drainage: UF 236043, 16 (10 ex.), 23.3 – 31.3 mm, Ranong, Kraburi River at Khlong Bangsikim, trib. of Laoun River, km 3 / 537 near Ban Kreo Noi, 10.1505 N, 98.717 E; ZRC 42198, 3, 24.7 – 30.9 mm, Ranong Province, Khlong Phrae, Sai Ban Kraeo Noi (Bang Kaeo), km 8 on road branching E, 32 km of Ranong on rte to Kra Buri, 10.184 N, 98.720 E; Songkhla drainage: ZRC 41974, 5 (1 adult, 4 juveniles), 36.4 mm, Ranong King, Amphae Suk Sam Lan (Ran), Ton Koi Waterfall, 9.353 N, 98.430 E; ZRC 42184, 8 (5 adult, 3 juveniles), 18.5 – 23.1 mm, Ranong stream, N of Khura Buri, 100 km S of Ranong, 9.199 N, 98.413 E; Panang Tak drainage: UF 236051, 4, 27.9 – 32 mm, Chumphon Province, Tha Sae Co., Panang Tak River at Khlong Rap Ro, 10.627 N, 99.057 E. Phuket Island: FMNH 124765, 2, 25.5 – 28.4 mm, Klong Vang In Nevi, (trib., Kra River), rte. 4, 18 km from Kra Buri (52 km SW of Chumphon), 10.272 N, 98.758 E; FMNH 124766, 1, 29.0 mm, Klong Chuitt, rte. 4090, 18 km NW of Pling, 8.588 N, 98.398 E; ROM 48972, 2, 27.7 – 31.3 mm, Ranong Province, N of Bang Kaeo, off highway 4 close to border of Burma, 10.250 N, 98.750 E; SMF 3966, 29.4 mm, holotype of Noemacheilus phuketensis, Phuket Island, off west coast of south peninsula Thailand, 7.992 N, 98.343 E; SMF 3967, 22.2 mm, paratype of Noemacheilus phuketensis, same locality as SMF 3966; SMF 4244, 37.5 mm, paratype of Noemacheilus phuketensis, same locality as SMF 3966; UMMZ 238962, 2, 22 – 24.4 mm, Phuket, Nam Tok Ton Sai, 8.026 N, 98.363 E; ZRC 45717, 8, 21 – 26.7 mm, Phuket, 7.957 N, 98.317 E. Gulf of Thailand: ZRC 42016, 1, 23.6 mm, Prachaup Khiri Khan Province, Thaup Sakae District, W of Ang Thong, 11.449 N, 99.483 E.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE38E3C58BFFDFE90F5FCAE.taxon	description	Figs. 8 & 9	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE38E3C58BFFDFE90F5FCAE.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. NIFI 5080, 33.1 mm SL, Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province, Thong Pha Phum, Mae Khlong drainage, unnamed tributary of Khwae Noi just S of rte. 323, 14.540 N, 98.780 E, 27 January 2015. Paratypes. Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province: ANSP 179829, 2, 35.6 – 36 mm SL, Ulong River, tributary of Khwae Noi, at rte. 323 bridge, 5 – 10 km from Thong Pha Phum, 14.782 N, 98.669 E, 4 March 2001; NIFI 3087, 4, 27 – 29.4 mm SL, Thong Pha Phum, Huay Ulong, 14.760 N, 98.638 E, no date; UF 188053, 9, 24.9 – 35.8 mm SL, same locality as holotype, 27 January 2015; UMMZ 209461, 7, 29.9 – 35.5 mm SL, Khwae Yai, 14.227 N, 99.234 E, 28 February 1975; Ratchaburi Province: ZRC 42002, 2, 29.7 – 42.4 mm SL, Suan Pheng District, Suan Pheng Waterfall, 13.524 N, 99.239 E, no date.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE38E3C58BFFDFE90F5FCAE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Paracanthocobitis nigrolineata is distinguished from all other species of Paracanthocobitis by combination of incomplete lateral line ending near dorsal-fin insertion; 9 ½ – 10 ½ branched dorsal-fin rays; axillary pelvic lobe present; black stripe along side of body, ending near caudal-fin, usually overlying black lateral blotches extending ventrally from lateral stripe; circular black spot on upper margin of caudal-fin base; black pigment extending from lateral stripe onto pectoral-fin base; no marmorated pattern anterior to dorsal-fin origin; black dorsal saddles short, not connecting to lateral blotches; 8 branched upper caudal-fin rays.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE38E3C58BFFDFE90F5FCAE.taxon	description	Description. Meristic and morphometric data are in Tables 4 and 5. Body deepest just anterior to dorsal-fin origin; slightly compressed before dorsal fin, strongly compressed postdorsally. Head depressed, snout gently rounded to slightly pointed when viewed dorsally or laterally. Dorsal-fin origin far in front of pelvic-fin origin; distal margin convex. Pectoral fin 0.18 – 0.23 SL, not reaching pelvic fin; pelvic fin 0.16 – 0.19 SL, not reaching anal fin; caudal fin emarginate. Lateral line incomplete, reaching just beyond dorsal-fin insertion; 21 – 56 pores. Axillary pelvic lobe present. Mouth arched with heavily papillated lips; upper lip with 3 – 5 rows of papillae, continuous with large pads on lower lip. Three pairs of barbels; inner rostral barbel extends to or slightly past base of maxillary barbel, maxillary barbel and outer rostral barbel extend to or slightly past eye. Body covered with scales; 9 ½ (13 specimens) – 10 ½ (66 specimens) branched dorsal-fin rays; 9 – 13, usually 10, pectoral-fin rays; 6 pelvic-fin rays; 5 ½ branched anal-fin rays; 8 branched upper caudal-fin rays; 8 branched lower caudal-fin rays. Suborbital flap in male. Maximum SL 42.4 mm female. Body yellow-brown with 10 – 13 dark brown to black blotches along lateral line overlain with black stripe usually obscuring lateral blotches and ending at caudal-fin origin; 13 – 24 small dark brown dorsal saddles. Dark spots and blotches on head; uninterrupted black bar from eye to tip of snout. Ocellus with black center near upper margin of caudal peduncle; 3 – 6 concentric rows of dark spots in dorsal fin, 2 – 3 rows of dark spots in anal fin, 4 – 6 dark bands on caudal fin. Black lateral stripe extending onto pectoral-fin origin. Comparisons. Paracanthocobitis nigrolineata differs from all other species of Paracanthocobitis except P. zonalternans, P. phuketensis, P. triangula, and P. marmorata in having an incomplete lateral line ending near the dorsal-fin insertion (vs. lateral line to the end of the caudal peduncle) and 9 ½ – 10 ½ (vs.> 10 ½) branched dorsal-fin rays. Paracanthocobitis nigrolineata is most similar morphologically to P. zonalternans but differs in having a black stripe along the side of the body, usually overlying black lateral blotches, ending near the caudal fin (vs. stripe absent or dusky and ending near the dorsal-fin insertion), and in always having 8 (vs. sometimes 7) upper branched caudal-fin rays. Paracanthocobitis nigrolineata differs from P. phuketensis in having a black stripe along the side of the body, usually obscuring black lateral blotches (vs. a series of black blotches, sometimes overlain with a faint dusky stripe not obscuring the black blotches); black pigment extending from the lateral stripe onto the pectoral-fin base; axillary pelvic lobe present (vs. absent, occasionally rudimentary), and 8 (vs. sometimes 7) branched upper caudal-fin rays. Paracanthocobitis nigrolineata differs from P. triangula in having a circular (vs. triangular) black spot on the upper margin of the caudal-fin base and in having black pigment extending from the lateral stripe onto the pectoral-fin base. Paracanthocobitis nigrolineata differs from P. marmorata in having a circular (vs. teardrop-shaped) black spot on the upper margin of the caudal-fin base, black pigment extending from the lateral stripe onto the pectoral-fin base, an axillary pelvic lobe, and in not having a marmorated pattern between the dorsal saddles and lateral blotches.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE38E3C58BFFDFE90F5FCAE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Paracanthocobitis nigrolineata is known from Irrawaddy and Sittang drainages of Myanmar and the Mae Khlong drainage of Thailand with a large geographic gap in-between (Fig. 5). This gap is likely due to the paucity of sampling in Myanmar.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE38E3C58BFFDFE90F5FCAE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet nigrolineata refers to the black stripe along the side of the body.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFE38E3C58BFFDFE90F5FCAE.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined (excluding types). Myanmar: Irrawaddy drainage: CAS 32368, 13, 19.0 – 26.6 mm, near Indaw, Chaung and Karnaing, 24.226 N, 96.143 E; CAS 34752, 2, 23.5 – 31.3 mm, Ngamoeyeik Creek, 9 mi NW Hlegu, 17.219 N, 96.201 E; UF 30191, 2, 36.3 – 35.7 mm, Gyobu Reservoir, 9 km N of Taik-Kyi Taik-Kyi township, Rangoon, 16.831 N, 96.250 E; ZRC 43453, 10, 17.3 – 38.0 mm, Shan State, Ma Gawe River, along Kalaw-Thazi Hwy between Mandalay and Nampantet, 21.397 N, 96.245 E. Sittang drainage: USNM 378439, 10, 31.5 – 39.7 mm, Kayin Stream near the Sittang River, east of Taungoo, 18.958 N, 96.478 E. Thailand: Kanchanaburi Province: Mae Khlong drainage: NIFI 0 1435, 13, 24.6 – 32.0 mm, Khao Noi, 13.967 N, 99.590 E; NIFI 0 2057, 7, 19.9 – 33.9 mm, same locality as NIFI 01435; UF 172979, 1, 31.3 mm, Lichia River, at 323 bridge, 15.071 N, 98.581 E; UF 176389, 2, 29.1 – 34.8 mm, Huay Ka Yeng County, Kring Ta Ko, 14.753 N, 98.501 E; UF 176411, 1, 22.8 mm, Huay Ka Yeng, at 3272 bridge, 14.660 N, 98.534 E; UF 176449, 35 (10 ex.), 22 – 30.1 mm, Mae Nam Khwae, Huay Ban Rai, 14.7193 N, 98.506 E; UF 176546, 2, 24.9 – 25.5 mm, Huay Ka Yeng, trib. of Mae Nam Khwae at Huay Pok Kok, 14.680 N, 98.527 E; UF 176554, 23 (10 ex.), 25.4 – 24.4 mm, same locality as UF 176449; UF 181138, 2, 34.5 – 36.4 mm, Mae Nam Khwae Noi at Ban Huay Pakkok, 14.380 N, 98.480 N; UF 181149, 7, 29 – 36.4 mm, Pakkok River — Mae Nam Khwae Noi at Ban Huay Paousa, 14.633 N, 98.800 E; UF 182821, 13, 27.7 – 37.4 mm, Thong Pha Phum, near rte. 3272, 14.690 N, 98.521 E; UF 188054, 3, 33.8 – 38.8 mm, Thong Pha Phum, Mae Klong River, 14.650 N, 98.530 E; UF 188055, 4, 25.7 – 31.6 mm, Sangkhla Buri Co., Song Karia River at rte. 323, 15.220 N, 98.440 E; UF 188056, 1, 25.4 mm, Sangkhla Buri Co., unnamed trib of Lake Vajiralongkorn, 15.060 N, 98.560 E.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFE8E3E58BFFCA59699FD13.taxon	description	Fig. 10	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFE8E3E58BFFCA59699FD13.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. UMMZ 250272, 28.6 mm SL, female, Bangladesh, Meghna drainage, 25.183 N, 89.983 E, 21 February 1978. Paratypes. Bangladesh: Meghna drainage: CAS 235899, 1, 23.4 mm SL, Sylhet, Nur Nody Stream, upstream from Lubha River at Nihalpur Village, 25.036 N, 92.306 E, 24 January 1998; UMMZ 208784, 13 (10 ex.), 25.8 – 29.2 mm SL, same locality and date as holotype; UMMZ 208629, 1, 24.6 mm SL, Sylhet, Dauki / Piyain Gang River, 25.101 N, 91.753 E, 19 February 1978; UF 188249, 3, 26.1 – 28.4 mm SL, same locality and date as holotype.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFE8E3E58BFFCA59699FD13.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Paracanthocobitis triangula is distinguished from all other species of Paracanthocobitis by combination of incomplete lateral line ending near dorsal-fin insertion; 9 ½ – 10 ½ branched dorsal-fin rays; axillary pelvic lobe present; series of black blotches, sometimes overlain with faint dusky stripe along side of body not obscuring lateral blotches, ending just beyond dorsal-fin insertion; small black triangular blotch in ocellus on upper margin of caudal-fin base; black pigment of the midlateral stripe not extending onto pectoral-fin base; no marmorated pattern between dorsal saddles and lateral blotches; dorsal saddles usually extending ventrally just past faint lateral stripe, usually connecting to lateral blotches; 8 branched upper caudal-fin rays.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFE8E3E58BFFCA59699FD13.taxon	description	Description. Meristic and morphometric data are in Tables 4 and 5. Body deepest just anterior to dorsal-fin origin; slightly compressed before dorsal fin, strongly compressed postdorsally. Head depressed, snout gently rounded to slightly pointed when viewed dorsally or laterally. Dorsal-fin origin far in front of pelvic-fin origin; distal margin convex. Pectoral fin not reaching pelvic fin; pelvic fin not reaching anal fin; caudal fin emarginate. Lateral line incomplete, reaching at most to just past dorsal-fin insertion with 20 – 37 pores. Axillary pelvic lobe present. Mouth arched with heavily papillated lips; upper lip with 3 – 5 rows of papillae, continuous with large pads on lower lip. Three pairs of barbels; inner rostral barbel extends to or slightly past base of maxillary barbel, maxillary barbel and outer rostral barbel extend to or slightly past eye. Body covered with scales; 9 ½ (1 specimens) – 10 ½ (10 specimens) branched dorsal-fin rays; 9 – 10, usually 9, pectoral-fin rays; 6 pelvic-fin rays; 5 ½ branched anal-fin rays; 8 branched upper caudal-fin rays; 8 branched lower caudal-fin rays. Suborbital flap in male. Maximum SL 29.2 mm female. Body yellow-brown with 10 – 12 dark brown to black blotches along lateral line sometimes overlain with faint dusky stripe not obscuring lateral blotches, ending just beyond dorsal-fin insertion; 12 – 14 small dark brown dorsal saddles uniform, equal to or wider than interspaces, usually extending ventrally just past lateral stripe and connecting to lateral blotches. Dark spots and blotches on head; uninterrupted black bar from eye to tip of snout. Ocellus with small black triangular blotch in center, near upper margin of caudal peduncle; 3 – 6 concentric rows of dark spots in dorsal fin, 2 – 3 rows of dark spots in anal fin, 4 – 6 dark bands on caudal fin. Black lateral stripe not extending onto pectoral-fin base. Comparisons. Paracanthocobitis triangula differs from all other species of Paracanthocobitis except P. zonalternans, P. phuketensis, P. nigrolineata, and P. marmorata in having an incomplete lateral line ending near the dorsal-fin insertion (vs. lateral line to the end of the caudal peduncle) and 9 ½ – 10 ½ (vs.> 10 ½) branched dorsal-fin rays. Paracanthocobitis triangula differs from P. zonalternans, P. phuketensis, P. nigrolineata, and P. marmorata in having a small black triangular (vs. circular or teardrop-shaped) blotch on the upper margin of the caudal-fin base. Paracanthocobitis triangula further differs from P. zonalternans in lacking black pigment extending from the lateral stripe onto the pectoral-fin base, from P. phuketensis in having an axillary pelvic lobe (vs. usually absent, occasionally rudimentary), and from P. nigrolineata in not having a black stripe along the side of the body with black pigment from the stripe extending onto the pectoral-fin base. Paracanthocobitis triangula further differs from P. marmorata in having an axillary pelvic lobe and in not having a marmorated pattern between the dorsal saddles and lateral blotches.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFE8E3E58BFFCA59699FD13.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Paracanthocobitis triangula is known from the Brahmaputra (Jamuna) and Meghna drainages of Bangladesh (Fig. 5).	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFE8E3E58BFFCA59699FD13.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet triangula refers to the usual presence of a small black triangular blotch in the ocellus on the upper margin of the caudal peduncle.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFC8E3858BFFD39911AF80A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ZMA 119.972, 29.4 mm SL, female, India, Barak drainage, 24.799 N, 93.782 E, date unknown. Paratypes. India: Barak drainage, same locality as holotype: ZMA 250.182, 2, 28.2 – 31.9 mm SL, UF 188251, 1, 33.9 mm SL.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFC8E3858BFFD39911AF80A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Paracanthocobitis marmorata is distinguished from all other species of Paracanthocobitis by combination of incomplete lateral line ending just beyond dorsal-fin insertion; 9 ½ – 10 ½ branched dorsal-fin rays; no axillary pelvic lobe; no black stripe along side of body; marmorated pattern of dark lines and blotches between irregularly shaped dorsal saddles dark blotches along side of body; teardrop-shaped black spot on upper margin of caudal-fin base; 8 branched upper caudal-fin rays.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFC8E3858BFFD39911AF80A.taxon	description	Description. Meristic and morphometric data are in Tables 4 and 5. Body deepest just anterior to dorsal-fin origin; slightly compressed before dorsal fin, strongly compressed postdorsally. Head depressed, snout gently rounded to slightly pointed when viewed dorsally or laterally. Dorsal-fin origin far in front of pelvic-fin origin; distal margin convex. Pectoral fin 0.19 – 0.22 SL, not reaching pelvic fin; pelvic fin 0.15 – 0.17 SL, not reaching anal fin; caudal fin emarginate. Lateral line incomplete, reaching at most to just past dorsal-fin insertion with 25 – 31 pores. No axillary pelvic lobe. Mouth arched with heavily papillated lips; upper lip with 3 – 5 rows of papillae, continuous with large pads on lower lip. Three pairs of barbels; inner rostral barbel extends to or slightly past base of maxillary barbel, maxillary barbel and outer rostral barbel extend to or slightly past eye. Body covered with scales; 9 ½ branched dorsal-fin rays; 9 – 10 pectoral-fin rays; 5 – 6 pelvic-fin rays; 5 ½ branched anal-fin rays; 8 branched upper caudal-fin rays; 8 branched lower caudal-fin rays. Suborbital flap in male. Maximum SL 33.9 mm female. Body yellow-brown with numerous, irregular and poorly defined dark brown dorsal saddles; dark blotches along lateral line extending onto lower side of body; dark brown marmorated pattern between saddles and lateral blotches, usually ending after dorsal-fin insertion. No dark stripe along side. Dark spots and blotches on head; uninterrupted black bar from eye to tip of snout. Ocellus near upper margin of caudal peduncle, small teardropshaped black spot in center; 3 – 6 concentric rows of dark spots in dorsal fin, 2 – 3 rows of dark spots in anal fin, 4 – 6 dark bands on caudal fin. Comparisons. Paracanthocobitis marmorata differs from all other species of Paracanthocobitis except P. zonalternans, P. phuketensis, P. nigrolineata, and P. triangula, in having an incomplete lateral line ending near the dorsal-fin insertion (vs. lateral line to the end of the caudal peduncle) and 9 ½ – 10 ½ (vs.> 10 ½) branched dorsal-fin rays. Paracanthocobitis marmorata differs from P. zonalternans, P. phuketensis, P. nigrolineata, and P. triangula in having a dark marmorated pattern between the dorsal saddles and lateral blotches and a teardrop-shaped (vs. circular or triangular) black spot on the upper margin of the caudal-fin base, and in not having an axillary pelvic lobe (rarely present in P. phuketensis). Paracanthocobitis marmorata further differs from P. zonalternans and P. nigrolineata in not having black pigment extending onto the pectoral-fin base.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFC8E3858BFFD39911AF80A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Paracanthocobitis marmorata is known from the Barak drainage of Assam, India (Fig. 5).	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
03858783FFFC8E3858BFFD39911AF80A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet marmorata refers to the marmorated pattern on the nape and between the dorsal saddles and lateral blotches in lieu of the black stripe along the side of the body typical of other members of the P. zonalternans complex. Two of the five species in the P. zonalternans complex, P. marmorata and P. triangula, are quite distinctive morphologically. The other three species, P. zonalternans, P. nigrolineata, and P. phuketensis, are similar to one another morphologically and distributed in a narrow geographic area, north to south in the Salween, Mae Khlong, and peninsular drainages (Fig. 5). Despite the high degree of morphological similarities found across these three species, the genetic distances in the mitochondrial marker are moderately large, ranging from 7.6 % between P. zonalternans and P. phuketensis to 9.3 % between P. nigrolineata and P. phuketensis (Table 3), suggesting that the species are reproductively isolated from each other even though morphological changes are less pronounced. Paracanthocobitis phuketensis, distributed in several rivers draining to the Gulf of Thailand and to the Andaman Sea, shows the greatest intraspecific genetic variation of the group. This variation should be explored in more detail for historical and ecological explanations. Molecular data agree with the hypothesis proposed by Singer & Page (2015) that the P. zonalternans species complex forms a clade separate from the P. botia clade, represented here (Fig. 1) by P. maekhlongensis, P. pictilis, and P. mandalayensis. In addition, the genetic distances among species of the P. botia clade, which are very distinct morphologically from one another, are less than those found between P. zonalternans and P. nigrolineata and P. phuketensis. Šlechtová et al. (2007) found Acanthocobitis to be sister to P. zonalternans plus P. botia (identifications of the Paracanthocobitis species are uncertain, but almost certainly represent the P. zonalternans and P. botia clades). However, more specimens and tissues from both major clades within Paracanthocobitis and from the sister genus Acantocobitis are needed to confirm relationships among the species in these genera as well as relationships of these genera to other nemacheilids. Kottelat (2012) listed Cobitis chlorosoma McClelland, 1839 as a synonym of Acanthocobitis zonalternans. The original description for C. chlorosoma is very short: “ Light green, clouded with a darker green, caudal and dorsal marked with spots in transverse rows. D. 11: P. 12: V. 8: A. 6: C. 18. Hab. Upper Assam. ” Text with a drawing (plate 52, fig. 3) of the species accompanying the description states: “ Light green, clouded with dark olive green above the lateral line, fins tinged with red, dorsal and anal slightly barred, snout short, six cirri. " The only species of Paracanthocobitis known from Assam is P. botia, which has counts that agree with those given by McClelland for C. chlorosoma (Singer & Page 2015), and a pigment pattern very similar to that shown in the drawing of C. chlorosoma (McClelland, 1839: pl. 52). Most species of Paracanthocobitis have a greenish cast and often have fins tinged with red. Paracanthocobitis zonalternans is an exception, being light brown or yellowish with bold black spots or a black stripe along the lateral line. Acanthocobitis pavonacea, also described by McClelland (1839) from Assam and shown on the same plate as C. chlorosoma, has a distinctly pointed caudal fin and 17 or more branched dorsal-fin rays, unlike that shown for C. chlorosoma, which is here considered a synonym of P. botia.	en	Page, Lawrence M. (2017): A revision of the Paracanthocobitis zonalternans (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) species complex with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4324 (1): 85-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.5
