identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0385A42BFFADFFB936ACFAE72B12F8B9.text	0385A42BFFADFFB936ACFAE72B12F8B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protozantaena Perkins 1997	<div><p>Protozantaena Perkins, 1997</p> <p>Protozantaena Perkins, 1997: 174 (type species Protozantaena labrata Perkins, by original designation); Perkins 2009: 41 (partim).</p> <p>Protozantaena is here redefined and redescribed, following the separation of Riberazantaena gen. nov.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: Body length 1.35–1.75 mm; body form rather flattened; antenna ten-segmented (five + club); maxillary palpi relatively long; no hypomeral carina; hypomeral antennal pocket setae forming a strong cup; ocelli weakly developed, located between the midline and the eyes; pronotum transverse, with anterior hyaline margin and no postocular emarginations; elytral series not striate impressed; tarsi relatively long and aedeagus with reduced parameres, terminal flagellum and additional flagellum and/or distal projections (Fig. 2A &amp; B). Distinguished from Parhydraena and Decarthrocerus by the lack of a hypomeral carina, and the very small size. Distinguished from Discozantaena by the very small size, the presence of well-developed hypomeral antennal pocket setae, and the markedly different habitus. Distinguished from Parhydraenopsis by the very small size, the less convex body form, the different elytral puncture pattern, and differences in aedeagal anatomy. Distinguished from Riberazantaena gen. nov. by the relatively long maxillary palpi (palpus length/head width ca. 0.47–0.72), the non-striate impressed elytral series and the presence of (reduced) parameres on the aedeagus.</p> <p>Redescription. Body size very small, length ca. 1.35–1.75 mm; form elongate oval, weakly to moderately transversely convex dorsally, head not deflexed. Antennomeres ten (five + club), second slightly longer than combined lengths of third to fifth. Maxillary palpi relatively long; palpus length/head width ca. 0.47–0.72. Eyes well-developed, not protuding, 6–8 facets in longest series in dorsal aspect. Labrum set at an angle to clypeus, usually same length or slightly longer than clypeus, shape of anterior margin straight to emarginate. Clypeus anterior margin and frontoclypeal suture slightly arcuate. Ocelli weakly convex, located midway between midline and eyes. Frons very weakly convex between ocelli; area behind and between ocelli lacking carinae. Pronotum with anterior and posterior shallow transverse impressions on disc, posterior impression usually U-shaped; anterior hyaline border present over median third, extremely narrow. Hypomeron lacking carina at margin of hydrofuge pubescence; antennal pocket bordered by row contiguous, arcuate setae forming strong cup, numbering ca. 12–18. Proventral antennal cleaner, a dense cluster of sharp spines, located on anterolateral margin of each side of proventrite. Metaventrite with shallow impression on disc in basal 1/2, and often with midlongitudinal carina between impression and mesoventral intercoxal process. Each elytron with ten rows of punctures, six between suture and humerus; serial punctures deeper and larger than punctures on intervals, but never striate-impressed, setae slender and usually very short. Intercoxal sternite small, triangular. Aedeagus (Fig. 2A &amp; B) with gonopore at tip of long, rigid flagellum and additional distal flagellum and/or process; parameres reduced, each with two setae.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385A42BFFADFFB936ACFAE72B12F8B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bilton, David T.	Bilton, David T. (2021): Riberazantaena, a new hydraenid genus from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae). Zootaxa 4999 (6): 573-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4999.6.4
0385A42BFFAEFFBC36ACF8C32931FF20.text	0385A42BFFAEFFBC36ACF8C32931FF20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Riberazantaena Bilton 2021	<div><p>Riberazantaena new genus</p> <p>Type species: Protozantaena grebennikovi Perkins, 2009: 47, herein designated.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: size small (length ca. 1.70–1.95 mm); body form flattened; antenna ten-segmented (five + club); maxillary palpi relatively short (Fig. 1); no hypomeral carina; hypomeral antennal pocket setae forming a strong cup; ocelli weakly developed, located between the midline and the eyes; pronotum transverse with anterior hyaline margin and without postocular emarginations; elytral series striate impressed; tarsi relatively short and aedeagus simplified with a single, terminal flagellum. Distinguished from Parhydraena and Decarthrocerus by the lack of a hypomeral carina, and the very small size. Distinguished from Discozantaena by the very small size, the presence of well-developed hypomeral antennal pocket setae, and the markedly different habitus. Distinguished from Parhydraenopsis by the very small size, the less convex body form, the different elytral puncture pattern, and differences in aedeagal anatomy. Distinguished from Protozantaena by the relatively short maxillary palpi (palpus length/head width ca. 0.4) and short tarsi (see Fig. 1), the striate impressed elytral series and the absence of parameres on the aedeagus (see Fig. 2).</p> <p>Description. Body size small, length ca. 1.70–1.95 mm; form elongate oval, weakly transversely convex dorsally, head not deflexed. Antennomeres ten (five + club), second slightly longer than combined lengths of third to fifth. Maxillary palpi relatively short; palpus length/head width ca. 0.4. Eyes well-developed, not elevated, 6–8 facets in longest series in dorsal aspect. Labrum set at an angle to clypeus, slightly longer than clypeus, anterior margin distinctly emarginate. Clypeus anterior margin and frontoclypeal suture arcuate. Ocelli weakly convex, located midway between midline and eyes. Frons very weakly convex between ocelli; area behind and between ocelli lacking carinae. Pronotum with anterior and posterior shallow transverse impressions on disc, posterior impression usually U-shaped; anterior hyaline border present over median third, narrow. Hypomeron lacking carina at margin of hydrofuge pubescence; antennal pockets well developed, bordered by row contiguous, arcuate setae forming strong cup, numbering ca. 16–18. Proventral antennal cleaner, a dense cluster of sharp spines, located on anterolateral margin of each side of prosternum. Mesoventrite with well-developed midlongitudinal and lateral ridges and truncate posterior intercoxal process. Metaventrite with shallow impression on disc in basal 1/2, and midlongitudinal carina between impression and mesoventral intercoxal process. Each elytron with ten striate impressed rows of punctures, six between suture and humerus; serial punctures deeper and larger than punctures on intervals, setae slender and rather short. Legs, including tarsi, relatively short; basal three pro and mesotarsomeres with well-developed suction setae in both sexes (although larger in males); those of protarsi larger than on mesotarsi. Intercoxal sternite small, triangular. Aedeagus simplified, with gonopore at tip of long, fine flagellum; parameres absent, reduced to setae on base of main piece.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in memory of my recently departed friend and colleague, Ignacio Ribera, who was originally intended to be a co-author of this work. Ribera is used in combination with zantaena from Protozantaena. Gender feminine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385A42BFFAEFFBC36ACF8C32931FF20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bilton, David T.	Bilton, David T. (2021): Riberazantaena, a new hydraenid genus from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae). Zootaxa 4999 (6): 573-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4999.6.4
0385A42BFFA8FFBD36ACF91E2907FE99.text	0385A42BFFA8FFBD36ACF91E2907FE99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Riberazantaena grebennikovi (Perkins 2009) Bilton 2021	<div><p>Riberazantaena grebennikovi comb. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 1A, 2C, 3 &amp; 4B)</p> <p>Protozantaena grebennikovi Perkins, 2009: 47.</p> <p>Material examined: 4♂, 2♀ “ TANZANIA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.62111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1219444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.62111/lat -7.1219444)">Uluguru Mts.</a> // at Tchenzema vil.// S07°07’19” E037°37’16”,// 7.xi.2010, 2429m,// sifting09, V.Grebennikov ”; 3♂ “ TANZANIA, W. Usamba-// ra Mts., Mazumbai For.,// S4.82634° E38.49690°,// 1860m, 12.i.2013, sift46,// V.Grebennikov ”; 3♂ “ TANZANIA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.575554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.838889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.575554/lat -6.838889)">Rubeho Mts.</a> // at Ipondelo vil.// 6°50’20”S 36°34’32”E,// 21.xii.2011, 1875m,// sift.10, V.Grebennikov ” (CBP, CNC, NMW)</p> <p>Variation and biogeography. Populations of these beetles have been sampled from three separate mountain forests in the Eastern Arcs: West Usambara Mountains, Uluguru Mountains and Rubeho Mountains (Fig. 4B). The first two of these also provided specimens included by Perkins (2009) in the type series. Whilst there are some differences between individuals from these populations in the shape of the apical expansion of the main piece (see Fig. 3), this character is also somewhat variable within a single sample, and not consistently diagnostic. Externally, beetles from these different forests do not differ consistently either. Despite this, the late Ignacio Ribera (pers. comm.), noted significant mitochondrial COI divergence between populations, suggesting relatively long-term isolation in montane forest ‘islands’. This isolation does not appear to have resulted in significant fixation of divergent morphological characters, however, and so I retain populations from all three mountain systems within R. grebennikovi. Grebennikov (2019) describes a remarkably similar situation in some Eastern Arc Afrocloetus Petrovitz, 1968 pill scarabs, in which distinct, allopatric mitochondrial clades are in some cases morphologically identical. It is interest- ing to note that there is much greater geographical distance between populations of R. grebennikovi than between the northernmost populations of this species and R. latissima sp. nov. in the South Pare Mountains. All specimens examined were micropterous, in contrast to the observations of Perkins (2009).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. For characters allowing separation from Riberazantana latissima sp. nov., see under that species below.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385A42BFFA8FFBD36ACF91E2907FE99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bilton, David T.	Bilton, David T. (2021): Riberazantaena, a new hydraenid genus from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae). Zootaxa 4999 (6): 573-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4999.6.4
0385A42BFFA9FFBF36ACF9C629BBFD15.text	0385A42BFFA9FFBF36ACF9C629BBFD15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Riberazantaena latissima Bilton 2021	<div><p>Riberazantaena latissima sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 1B, 2D &amp; 4)</p> <p>Type locality. Tanzania, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.92347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.27145" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.92347/lat -4.27145)">South Pare Mountains</a>, Chome Forest, S4.27145° E37.92347°, 2072 m.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (male): “ TANZANIA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.92347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.27145" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.92347/lat -4.27145)">South Pare</a> // Mts., Chome For.,// S4.27145° E37.92347° // 2072m, 4.1.2013, sift 40,// V. Grebennikov leg.” and red holotype label (NMW).</p> <p>Paratypes (39): 11♂, 28♀ same data as holotype and red paratype labels (2♂, 2♀ in 96% ethanol, remainder dry mounted) (AMG, CNC, CBP, NMW).</p> <p>Description. Size: Holotype: BL 1.80 mm; EL 1.10 mm; EW 0.90 mm. Paratypes: Males BL 1.75–1.80 mm; EL 1.05–1.10 mm; EW 0.85–0.90 mm. Females BL 1.80–1.95 mm; EL 1.15–1.20 mm; EW 0.95–1.00 mm.</p> <p>Colour: Dorsum (Fig. 1B) chestnut brown; pronotal disc and much of head dark brown. Antennae and maxillary palpi yellow, legs yellowish brown. Venter reddish brown; much of head, pronotal hypomeron and elytral epipleura paler.</p> <p>Head: Labrum strongly transverse, broadly rounded laterally and apically; apical margin slightly raised, with broad, v-shaped apicomedian emargination and long, yellow, comb-like setae at apicolateral angles, particularly in centre; sides and apex minutely serrate. Surface of labrum dull, weakly microreticulate; with sparse, fine punctures, bearing white, recumbent or decumbent setae. Frontoclypeal suture very distinct, arcuate. Clypeus, frons and vertex somewhat dull. Clypeus with strong, open microreticulation of irregular meshes; sparse medium punctures bearing fine, white, recumbent setae. Frons and vertex largely smooth, microreticulation largely effaced, distinct meshes restricted to internal borders of eyes and medially, meshes isodiametric; with sparse, medium to coarse punctures bearing long, white, recumbent setae. Ocelli distinct, shining, each located at the base of short, oblique interocular fovea. Compound eyes moderately large, eight ommatidia in longest series.</p> <p>Pronotum: Transverse, widest just before middle, then subparallel to posterior angles. Anterior margin broadly but very shallowly arcuate over median 0.3, here with distinct hyaline border; posterior margin weakly bisinuate around centre; lateral margins straight behind widest point, anteriorly arcuate to anterior angles; in lateral view appearing thickened, with upper and lower rim. Anterior angles broadly rounded, posterior angles weakly obtuseangulate. Anterior and posterior impressions very shallow, almost obsolete, U-shaped. Very shallow wide impression at each posterior angle. Surface weakly shining, especially on disc; microreticulation reduced to a few scattered, weak lines. Entire surface punctate, each puncture with anterior margin extended posteriorly as narrow ridge, apparently dividing puncture into a pair of two smaller punctures; long, fine, recumbent setae arising from posterior extreme of dividing ridge. Punctures larger in anterior and posterior impressions and laterally, smaller on disc. Sculpture subrugose anterolaterally.</p> <p>Elytra: Broad, elongate, attenuate posteriorly. Sides arcuate, explanate margins wide, distinct from shoulder for ca. 0.7 of length; apices separately rounded. Ten-seriate punctate, series on disc moderately striate-impressed, gradually weaker laterally and apically; punctures moderate, round, shallow; each bearing small, fine, white, recumbent or decumbent seta. Interstices weakly shining, each with unilinear row of fine, granulate punctures, bearing long, fine, slightly overlapping recumbent setae, longer and more distinct than setae of puncture rows.</p> <p>Venter: Mentum, submentum, and genae shining, microreticulation absent; with sparse, fine punctures, bearing fine, white decumbent setae. Gula with sparse medium punctures bearing long recumbent setae; surface between punctures with transverse wrinkles, overall appearance dull. Prosternum rugosely microreticulate and punctate, punctures bearing erect to recumbent setae; mesoventrite same. Pronotal hypomeron broad, glabrous, with weak, isodiametric to elongate microreticulation. Elytral epipleura very broad anteriorly, narrowing over posterior 0.6 and absent at acuminate apices; surface shining, glaborus, without evident microreticulation. Metaventrite dull, with isodiametric to slightly transverse microreticulation; with dense, fine punctures bearing shaggy hydrofuge vestiture; with deep oval impression posteriorly and strong, shining midlongitudinal carina anteriorly; carina and impression confluent. Abdominal ventrites 1–4 completely hydrofuge pubescent; ventrite 5 with row of pubescence at anterior margin only; ventrites 5 and 6 with irregular transverse rows of punctures bearing long, yellowish, decumbent setae close to posterior margin. All ventrites microreticulate, meshes isodiametric to slightly transverse. Last ventrite very sparsely pubescent, free margin markedly arcuate; last tergite with tuft of setae on each side of narrow, shallow apicomedial notch.</p> <p>Wings: The two specimens examined are micropterous.</p> <p>Aedeagus: Elongate (Fig 2D), main piece weakly arcuate in lateral view; apex broadly truncated in ventral view. Flagellum thin and flexible over most of length, thicker and more heavily pigmented basally, longer than main piece. Note that flagellum is flexible, so detail of curvature is not diagnostic.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Distinguished from R. grebennikovi by the larger size (1.75–1.95 vs. 1.7–1.75 mm), the broader, flatter habitus (Fig. 1), the more strongly impressed elytral series and differences in the aedeagus, particularly the apex of the main piece (Fig. 2C vs. D).</p> <p>Etymology. From the Latin latissimus – broadest – in recognition of the very broad, flat habitus of this species.</p> <p>Distribution. Currently known only from forest litter in the Chome Forest (Fig. 4A), South Pare Mountains in northern Tanzania (Fig. 4B).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385A42BFFA9FFBF36ACF9C629BBFD15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bilton, David T.	Bilton, David T. (2021): Riberazantaena, a new hydraenid genus from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae). Zootaxa 4999 (6): 573-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4999.6.4
