identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0385B26595243A7154D9FAB6FC06FE6A.text	0385B26595243A7154D9FAB6FC06FE6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bougainvillia frondosa Mayer	<div><p>Bougainvillia frondosa Mayer</p><p>(Figs 2–3)</p><p>References consulted. Kramp 1961: 77. Vannucci 1957: 52–53. Vannucci &amp; Rees 1961: 65. Goy 1979: 271. Bouillon 1999: 409, fig. 3.2; Nogueira et al. 2013: table 1.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 16/07/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 20/08/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W) 25/11/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 24/02/1999 — 3 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 255, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida (USA) (Mayer 1910), Yucatan Peninsula (Segura-Puertas 1992), Belize (Larson 1982), and Brazil (see below).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. Northeast (Goy 1979), Southeast (Vannucci &amp; Rees 1961; Moreira 1973), and South coast (Navas-Pereira 1981; Vannucci 1957).</p><p>Description. Umbrella higher than wide, 0.75–1.5 mm in diameter, in the specimens analyzed. Thick mesoglea, about ¼ of the total height. Cylindrical and short manubrium, cross-shaped in cross-section, pinkish to orange-colored. Basal trunk of oral tentacles long, divided two or three times. Tentacular bulbs small, hemispherical, each with two thick tentacles without ocelli.</p><p>Symbol Net type Net size Period Location Number Frequency Duration of N° of Depth Distance Mesh Sampling source figure of of the each trawl sampled (m) from coast Size</p><p>samples campaigns (min) stations (Km)</p><p>Hensen 30 cm (mouth October/1997 to (25º42'–50’S; 69 Monthly - 5 10–40 7 – 69 250 Sartori &amp; Lopes 2000</p><p>diameter) March/1999 47º55'– 48º27’W) µm (vertical tows)</p><p>Demersal 8 m width July/2004 to (25º55'– 26º03’S; 91 Monthly 10 3 5–7 1–5 2.5 Nogueira et al. 2006</p><p>September/2005 48º24'–35’W) cm</p><p>Demersal 12.2 m width September/2004 (25°20’–50’S 200 Seasonally 15 20 6 –15 1–12 2.5 Robert et al. 2007</p><p>to July/ 2005 cm 48°10’–35’W)</p><p>Demersal 7 m width September/2006 (25°40’–55’S; 24 Punctual 10 6 10 1–3 2 cm Nagata 2006</p><p>48°20’–35’W)</p><p>Systematic remarks. Bougainvillia is a well-defined genus and the medusae are easily recognized; however, species are difficult to identify. 32 species in the genus are valid, with 28 medusae species (Schuchert 2013; Nogueira et al. 2013); 8 were cited in Brazil, 7 in the medusa stage (Migotto et al. 2002). B. frondosa is completely distinct from other species of the genus because of the absence of ocelli and only two long, thick marginal tentacles per bulb (Bouillon 1999, see Table 1 in Nogueira et al. 2013).</p><p>Biological data. Unknown hydroid (Vannucci &amp; Rees, 1961). No information is available on the biology of the species. In Brazil it is considered rare (Vannucci 1957; Navas-Pereira 1981).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595243A7154D9FAB6FC06FE6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595233A7054D9FF58FC8EFBED.text	0385B26595233A7054D9FF58FC8EFBED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bougainvillia pagesi Nogueira, Rodriguez, Mianzan, Haddad & Genzano 2013	<div><p>Bougainvillia pagesi Nogueira, Rodriguez, Mianzan, Haddad &amp; Genzano 2013</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>References consulted. Nogueira et al. 2013: 7–8, figs 1–2, table 1.</p><p>Material. Shangrilá (25°37–42’S; 48° 24–27’W): 08/08/1998 — 22 specimens; 09/23/1998 — 28 specimens; 10/18/1998 —six specimens; 07/13/1999 —three specimens; 08/12/1999 —seven specimens; 09/21/1999 — 36 specimens; 10/17/1999 — 15 specimens; Guaratuba (25°52–56’S; 48°31–33’W): 05/31/2003 —one specimen; 08/ 08/2003 — 70 specimens; 09/20/2003 — 134 specimens; 01/16/2004 —one specimen; 05/12/2004 —nine specimens; 06/20/2004 —one specimen; 09/03/2006 — 104 specimens; 09/23/2003 — 80 specimens; Superagüí (25°20–22’S; 48°05–07’W): 07/23/2005 — 10 specimens;</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP—0902, 0 903 and 1480.</p><p>World distribution. Endemic from Southwestern Atlantic, extending from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Buenos Aires, Argentina (Nogueira et al. 2013).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro (R.M. Nagata, personal observations), Paraná and Santa Catarina shallow waters (Nogueira et al. 2013).</p><p>Description. Globular umbrella and thick mesoglea at the apical region representing up to 1/3 of bell height. Manubrium short, quadrate and without peduncle; oral tentacles dichotomously branching 3–5 times usually with short basal trunk. Folded and voluminous gonads, hanging at perradial walls of the manubrium and along proximal part of the radial canals; four marginal bulbs broad and triangular typically bearing 9–14 tentacles. Linear or crescent-shaped ocelli located on the adaxial base of each tentacle.</p><p>Systematic remarks. The most distinctive character of this Bougainvillia medusa is the shape and position of the gonads along with its relatively large size. See Nogueira et al. (2013) for a detailed comparison of this medusa with other species of the genus.</p><p>Biological data. Unknown hydroid. Medusae relatively common in the area studied; it may be found the whole year, but more abundantly between August and September.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595233A7054D9FF58FC8EFBED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595233A7054D9FB68FD2AF835.text	0385B26595233A7054D9FB68FD2AF835.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Niobia dendrotentaculata Mayer	<div><p>Niobia dendrotentaculata Mayer</p><p>(Fig. 5)</p><p>References consulted. Mayer 1910: 187–188, pl. 19, fig. 1–5. Kramp 1961: 110. Goy 1979: 274, fig. 10. Bouillon 1999: 413, fig. 3.30. Bouillon et al. 2004: 66, fig. 40 A. Tronolone 2007: 47–48, figs 2.15–2.16.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/12/ 1997 — 4 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 24/02/1999 — 1 specimen.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 244, 2 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. In the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans (Kramp 1961).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul (Navas-Pereira 1981; Tronolone 2007).</p><p>Description. Umbrella flat to lens-shaped, 0.62–2.25 mm in diameter. Short manubrium. Without mesenteries, ocelli and gastric peduncle. 4 radial canals, two simple and two bifurcated, six canals reaching the circular canal. Interradial gonads developed on manubrium. Tentacular bulbs usually of different shapes and sizes (Fig. 5). These bulbs develop into new medusae sequentially, by a process of budding. One specimen, 1 mm in diameter, with an advanced stage of budding, had developing buds with half its size. Most individuals with damaged margin, with 4 tentacular bulbs (maximum 6) of varying sizes, 3–4 larger ones, and some rudimentary in development (Fig. 5). Number of bulbs is usually 12 for larger individuals (&gt; 4 mm) (Bouillon 1999).</p><p>Systematic remarks. The family Niobiidae is monotypic. The single species is easily recognized by the number and branching pattern of radial canals, which are visible even in very damaged specimens. The shape of tentacular bulbs of different sizes is also characteristic of the species (Bouillon 1999).</p><p>Biological data. The hydroid is unknown. Mayer (1910) described the budding process from tentacular bulbs. It is an unusual species on the inner shelf of Paraná.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595233A7054D9FB68FD2AF835	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595203A7354D9FF1DFE76FACE.text	0385B26595203A7354D9FF1DFE76FACE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turritopsis nutricula McCrady	<div><p>Turritopsis nutricula McCrady</p><p>(Fig. 6)</p><p>References consulted. Mayer 1910: 144–146, figs 76–77. Vannucci 1957: 48. Russell 1953: 115–120, fig. 54. Kramp 1961: 66. Goy 1979: 270–271; Bouillon 1999: 410, fig. 3.10. Bouillon et al. 2004: 53, fig. 32. Miglietta et al. 2007: tab. 2. Tronolone 2007: 39–40, figs 2.9–2.10. Nogueira 2012, fig. 4.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º50’ S –47º25’): 27/10/1997 — 3 specimens; (25º47’ S – 48º05’W): 20/08/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º49’ S – 47º56’ W): 20/08/1998 — 2 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 248, 2 specimens. MZUSP 1496, 1 specimen. MZUSP 1493, 3 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. Western Atlantic: from New England (USA) to the coast of Argentina (Ramírez &amp; Zamponi 1981; Miglietta et al. 2007).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Sul (Goy 1979; Navas-Pereira 1981; Migotto 2002; Tronolone 2007; Nogueira 2011, 2012).</p><p>Description. Umbrella bell-shaped, higher than wide, mesoglea thicker at apex. Mature individuals 0.8–4 mm in height. Manubrium large, cross-shaped in cross-section, yellowish to orange. Four compact vacuolated endodermal masses over the manubrium. Four-lipped mouth with continuous row of sessile cnidocyst clusters along the margin. The four radial canals continue through the masses of vacuolated endodermal cells. Interradial gonads. Medusae dioecious, mature females often with embryos or planulae. 80–120 closely spaced marginal tentacles in a single row (Fig. 6). Tentacles with a terminal swelling and adaxial ocelli.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Several species of the genus were synonymized by Kramp (1961) as the cosmopolitan Turritopsis nutricula . More recently, Schuchert (2004) revised the genus based on morphological and reproductive characteristics, and showed that some populations may be distinct species. Miglietta et al. (2007) evaluated the genetic diversity of Turritopsis McCrady populations around the world, and based on the findings of Schuchert (2004), considered ten species potentially valid for the genus. Molecular studies suggested that T. nutricula is the only species of the genus from the eastern coasts of the Americas (Miglietta et al. 2007); however no individuals from the southwestern Atlantic were included in this study.</p><p>Biological data. Bavestrello et al. (1992) described the ability of the young jellyfish to “reverse” its life cycle, by transforming to the polyp stage. Piraino et al. (1996) described this reversion to polyps or resting stages in all stages of medusae development, even after sexual maturity. This capability makes this species potentially immortal (Piraino et al. 2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595203A7354D9FF1DFE76FACE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595203A7D54D9FA05FEB0FC0F.text	0385B26595203A7D54D9FA05FEB0FC0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proboscidactyla ornata (McCrady) McCrady	<div><p>Proboscidactyla ornata (McCrady)</p><p>(Fig. 7–8)</p><p>References consulted. Vannucci 1957: 67–70. Kramp 1959a: 178, fig. 255. Kramp 1961: 235. Kramp 1962: 343– 347. Brinckmann &amp; Vannucci 1965: 362–363. Goy 1979: 283, fig. 24. Correia 1983: 125, fig. 41. Bouillon 1999: 432, fig. 3.140. Tronolone 2001: 70–74, figs 17 A– E. Tronolone 2007: 51–52, figs 2.18–2.19.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/12/ 1997 — 5 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 22/12/1997 — 4 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 22/12/ 1997 —11 espécies; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 23/01/1998 — 2 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 23/01/ 1998 — 6 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 23/01/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 20/02/ 1998 — 4 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/04/1998 — 1 specimen: (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 16/07/ 1998 — 2 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 25/11/1998 — 2 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/01/ 1999 — 3 specimens: (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/01/1999 — 5 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/02/ 1999 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/03/1999 — 3 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/03/ 1999 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 24/03/1999 — 1 specimen.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 236, 8 specimens. MZUSP 1501, 3 specimens. MZUSP 1487, 1 specimen. MZUSP 1513, 4 specimens. MZUSP 1502, 1 specimen. MZUSP 1492, 3 specimens. MZUSP 1504, 3 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. Cosmopolitan in tropical waters (Kramp 1961). Atlantic Ocean: from New England (USA) to Bahamas, Brazil, and West Africa. Pacific Ocean: Acapulco (Mexico), China, and Japan. Mediterranean Sea. Indian Ocean: Maldives, India, Australia (Kramp 1961; Bouillon et al. 2004; Kawamura &amp; Kubota 2008).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. Coast of Alagoas and Bahia states (Goy 1979) and from the state of Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro (Thiel 1938; Vannucci 1957; Vannucci 1963; Moreira 1973; Goy 1979; Navas-Pereira 1981; Correia 1983; Tronolone 2001, 2007; Nogueira 2012).</p><p>Description. Umbrella hemispherical, 0.5–3.75 mm in diameter. Apical region with thickening of mesoglea. Base of manubrium with four gastric pouches, mouth with four lips. Medusa buds emerging on the basis of gastric pouches over the radial canals. Most specimens examined measured 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter, with 4–12 marginal tentacles, and medusa buds. The largest individual, 3.75 mm in diameter, had 16 tentacles and medusa buds, and was therefore sexually immature. Four primary radial canals, branching into 8 or more, rarely up to 20 terminal branches, in the same number of tentacles. The ramifications of radial canals can be observed only in wellpreserved specimens. Interradial clusters of cnidocysts on exumbrella connected to the margin through a hollow canal (Fig. 8). Without statocysts and ocelli. Tentacular bulbs orange to brown, hollow marginal tentacles. Specimens badly damaged, still preserving the medusa buds. The general shape, coloration of tentacles and tentacular bulbs, as well as clusters of cnidocysts in the exumbrella generally are conserved and are important for identification.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Of the nine valid species of the genus (Schuchert 2013), four occur in the South Atlantic (Bouillon 1999) and only P. ornata in Brazil (Migotto et al. 2002). P. ornata is smaller than the other three species of the South Atlantic and differs from P. mutabilis (Browne) and P. stellata (Forbes) by having only four gastric pouches and four primary radial canals; and from P. menoni Pagès, Bouillon &amp; Gili by having a smaller number of tentacles and terminal branches of the canals (usually 16–20 and a maximum of 45 in P. ornata and up to 60 in P. menoni) (Kramp 1952, 1966; Pagès et al. 1992; Bouillon 1999). In Japan, medusae of P. o r n a t a with more than four tentacles, similar to those described here, are rare, and almost all the individuals found in nature are immature (Kawamura &amp; Kubota 2008), as also observed here. Our specimens were similar to the recently released individuals described by Tronolone (2001) and smaller than those found by Vannucci (1957), who described their specimens as being 1.1–5 mm in diameter and with 16–20 tentacles.</p><p>Biological data. Hydroids of the family Proboscidactylidae are very specialized morphologically and in their environmental requirements. They have bilateral symmetry, with only two filiform tentacles emerging below the constriction of the hypostome, and are epizoic on sabellid polychaete tubes (Brinckmann &amp; Vannucci 1965). Kramp (1962: 343–345, figs 7–9) described a well-developed polyp grown at the base of the stomach of one P. ornata medusa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595203A7D54D9FA05FEB0FC0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265952E3A7C54D9FB45FD0EFCBF.text	0385B265952E3A7C54D9FB45FD0EFCBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corymorpha gracilis (Brooks) Brooks	<div><p>Corymorpha gracilis (Brooks)</p><p>(Fig. 9)</p><p>References consulted. Vannucci 1957: 41–43. Kramp 1961: 40 (as Euphysora gracilis). Goy 1979: 269–270, fig. 2 (as E. gracilis). Correia 1983: 57–58, fig. 9 (as E. gracilis). Pagès et al. 1992: 20, fig. 18 (as E. gracilis). Bouillon 1999: 418, fig. 3.56 (as E. gracilis). Tronolone 2001: 42–45, figs 9 A– B. Tronolone 2007: 43–44, figs 2.12–2.13.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 20 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 01/12/1997 — 7 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 23/01/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 23/01/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 02/10/ 1998 — 7 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 02/10/1998 — 24 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 7º55’80”W): 28/10/ 1998 — 4 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 25/11/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 25/11/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/01/1999 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/02/ 1999 — 1 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/02/1999 — 3 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 24/02/ 1999 — 1 specimen.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 246, 1 specimen. MZUSP 1508, 10 specimens. MZUSP 1519, 17 specimens. MZUSP 1515, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. Atlantic Ocean (Bouillon 1999), on the eastern side in the Benguela Current (Pagès et al. 1992), and on the western side, from North Carolina (USA), to the mouth of the River Plate (Kramp 1961; Goy 1979).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. Pernambuco State (Goy 1979), from the state of Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (Migotto et al. 2002), and also within estuaries (Navas-Pereira 1980; Montú &amp; Cordeiro 1988; Nogueira 2012).</p><p>Description. Dome-shaped umbrella, with pointed apical process, of variable size, and apical canal. Juvenile and mature specimens 0.25–6.25 mm in height, including the apical process. Four radial canals with circular canal. Manubrium large, cylindrical, almost filling the subumbrellar cavity (Fig. 9). A single gonad around the manubrium. Four tentacular bulbs, orange to brown, two of them rudimentary and without tentacles. Of the remaining two bulbs, one bears a long moniliform tentacle, opposite to a short and conical tentacle.</p><p>Systematic remarks. The systematics of the family Corymorphidae is controversial. Vannucci (1957) mentioned that Corymorpha gracilis should be placed in Euphysora Maas, at the suggestion of K. W. Petersen, as followed in later studies (e.g., Vannucci 1963; Moreira 1973; Navas-Pereira 1981). However, Petersen (1990) divided the family in two genera: Euphysa Forbes and Corymorpha Sars, the latter including the genera Euphysora, Vannuccia Brinckmann-Voss, Gotoea Uchida, and Steenstrupia Forbes. The present report, as do other recent studies (Tronolone 2001, 2007; Migotto et al. 2002; Schuchert 2013; Nogueira 2012), follows the classification of Petersen (1990). However, other authors such as Pagès et al. (1992), Bouillon (1999), Boero &amp; Bouillon (2000), Bouillon et al. (2004), and Genzano et al. (2008) did not follow this scheme and retained the genus Euphysora .</p><p>Other species of the genus Corymorpha found on the Brazilian coast are Corymorpha forbesi Vannucci &amp; Brinckmann-Voss, C. furcata (Kramp), and C. januarii Steenstrup (Navas-Pereira 1980, 1981; Ramirez &amp; Zamponi 1981; Silveira &amp; Migotto 1992; Nogueira 2012). Medusae of these three species are quite different from that of C. gracilis . Corymorpha forbesi has no apical process and bears only one tentacle, whereas C. furcata has a primary tentacle bifurcated at the end. C. januarii produces only eumedusoids without tentacles or a functional mouth (Silveira &amp; Migotto 1992; Bouillon 1999). Specimens described from the Benguela Current as Euphysora gracilis do not have an apical process (Pagés et al. 1992), a condition not observed in specimens from the southwestern Atlantic, necessitating comparison with material from Brazil.</p><p>Biological data. Common species throughout the southeast continental shelf of Brazil (Vannucci 1963, Tronolone 2007). Its life cycle has not been described.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265952E3A7C54D9FB45FD0EFCBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265952F3A7F54D9FC2EFEAEFD4A.text	0385B265952F3A7F54D9FC2EFEAEFD4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectopleura dumortieri (Van Beneden) Van Beneden	<div><p>Ectopleura dumortieri (Van Beneden)</p><p>(Fig. 10)</p><p>References consulted. Russell 1953: 76–79, fig. 33 A– D. Kramp 1961: 34. Bouillon 1999: 420, fig. 3.68. Tronolone 2001: 80–83, fig. 19. Bouillon et al. 2004: 105, fig. 55, G– J. Tronolone 2007: 53–54, fig. 2.20; Nogueira 2012, fig. 7.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste: (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 01/12/1997 — 2 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/12/ 1997 — 3 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/12/1997 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 22/12/ 1997 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 20/02/1998 — 2 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 31/03/ 1998 — 5 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/04/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 24/06/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 20/08/1998 — 5 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 02/10/ 1998 — 32 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 02/10/1998 — 6 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 239, 5 specimens. MZUSP 1490, 3 specimens. MZUSP 1498, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. In the three great oceans, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, and extending toward cooler regions north and south (Kramp 1961; Santhakumari et al. 1997; Ballard &amp; Myers 2000; Bouillon et al. 2004). In the western Atlantic, from New England (USA) to Panama (Kramp 1961; Miglietta et al. 2008), and Brazil (Migotto et al. 2002).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (Migotto et al. 2002).</p><p>Description. Umbrella almost spherical, 0.25–0.9 mm in diameter. Thick mesoglea with an apical thickening. Specimens very wrinkled and contracted, with mean size (0.5 mm height) smaller than the sizes mentioned by Bouillon (1999) and Russell (1953) (2–3 mm). Short apical canal in a few individuals. Four radial canals and circular canal. Exumbrella with eight longitudinal cnidocyst rows, arranged in four pairs, extending from the tentacular bulbs to the apex (sometimes not reaching the apex). Manubrium long, extending to the umbrella margin (Fig. 10), or exceeding it. Simple and tubular mouth, armed with cnidocysts. In contracted specimens the manubrium almost fills the subumbrellar cavity. Gonads surrounding the manubrium, leaving the mouth free. Four brown tentacular bulbs. Very extendable tentacles, with clusters of cnidocysts on abaxial surface (Fig.10). Tentacles usually coiled to each other.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Schuchert (2013) listed 31 species in the genus. However, most of the nominal species have been described only by part of their life cycle, such as the hydroid, newly released medusae, or adults (Bouillon &amp; Boero 2000). Rearing experiments are thus necessary to elucidate the life cycles of the species (Bouillon &amp; Boero 2000). Genetic studies also have the potential to clarify species by linking different life-cycle stages (Miranda et al. 2010). Only two species from the South Atlantic and Brazil known to produce medusae (Bouillon 1999; Migotto et al. 2002). E. dumortieri can easily be distinguished from E. obypa Migotto &amp; Marques by the presence of four tentacles in the first and only two in the second (Migotto &amp; Marques 1999). Russell (1953) commented that E. dumortieri slightly differentiates in the course of its development, and that newly released medusae are about 1 mm in height. In Brazil, specimens studied by Vannucci (1957) and Tronolone (2001), slightly larger than 1 mm, already had well-developed gonads, similar to the animals found in this study.</p><p>Biological data. The species was more abundant in the winter months, especially August 1998. Migotto (1996) described the life cycle of populations from the Brazilian coast. The polyp is known in Paranaguá (Altvater 2009), Cananéia (Vannucci 1963), and São Sebastião (Migotto 1996). The medusa is euryhaline, occurring in estuaries such as Cananéia (Vannucci 1957, 1963), Paranaguá (R. Nagata pers. obs.), and São Francisco do Sul (Nogueira 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265952F3A7F54D9FC2EFEAEFD4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265952D3A7E54D9FEE2FADEF9E0.text	0385B265952D3A7E54D9FEE2FADEF9E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aglaura aequorea	<div><p>Aequorea forskalea Péron &amp; Lesueur</p><p>(Figs 11–12)</p><p>References consulted. Russell 1953: 343–350, fig. 220a. Kramp 1955: p. 265 (as Aequorea aequorea) Kramp 1957: 38 (as A. aequorea). Kramp 1959a: 167, figs 234a–b (as A. aequorea). Kramp 1961: 203–204 (as A. aequorea). Kramp 1968: 99, fig. 269 (as A. aequorea). Goy 1979: 281–282, fig. 21 (as A. aequorea). Goy et al. 1991: 116 (as A. aequorea). Pagès et al. 1992: 24, fig. 23 (as A. aequorea). Cornelius 1995: 205–206, fig. 47. Bouillon 1999: 423, fig. 3.78. Bouillon et al. 2004: 118, figs 60e–f.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Guaratuba (25°54’S; 48°23’W): 08/08/2003 — 1 specimen; 20/09/2003 — 2 specimens; 18/08/2004 — 19 specimens; 25/11/2004 — 2 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 901, 2 specimens. MZUSP 906, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. Cosmopolitan from tropical and temperate waters (Russell 1953; Cornelius 1995). Atlantic Ocean: from North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea, to Patagonia and Atlantic coast of Africa. Mediterranean Sea and Indo-Pacific (Kramp 1955, 1968; Goy et al. 1990, 1991; Cornelius 1995; Bouillon 1999).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. Northeast coast (Goy 1979, as A. aequorea), and from the states of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul (Migotto et al. 2002; this study).</p><p>Description. Flat umbrella, 14–32 mm in diameter. Short manubrium, mouth large, about half the diameter of umbrella. Numerous radial canals (usually 60–80, sometimes fewer, and up to 160). Tentacles with elongated conical bulbs (Fig. 12), ranging from half, to the same number of radial canals (Fig. 11). 5–10 statocysts between successive radial canals. Gonads along almost the entire length of the radial canals.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Currently 24 species of the genus are recognized (Schuchert 2013). Species identification within the genus Aequorea Peron &amp; Lesueur is difficult, especially because of the fragility of the canals, tentacles, and bulbs (Pagès et al. 1992), which are of great importance in the taxonomy of the genus. Despite the numerical overlapping of the structures, the shapes of the tentacular bulb and arrangement of excretory papillae are decisive (Kramp 1965). Five species of the genus have been found in the South Atlantic (Bouillon 1999), and only A. forskalea in Brazil (Migotto et al. 2002). Although A. forskalea is considered a cosmopolitan species, it is probably a complex of species with wide molecular (Dawson 2004) and morphological (Kramp 1965) variation among different populations. Specimens of the British Isles, for instance, have an approximately equal number of tentacles and radial canals, and may reach 17 cm in diameter (Russell 1953, 1970); whereas specimens of the Benguela Current may reach more than 25 cm, and generally have two tentacles per canal (Pagès et al. 1992). The specimens studied, as others reported on the Brazilian coast (Goy 1979; Navas-Pereira 1981) have fewer canals than are reported in the literature (Russell 1953; Kramp 1961; Cornelius 1995; Bouillon 1999) and nearly two canals per tentacle, which may be because of their smaller size (&lt;3.5 cm). The genus needs a revision with better definitions and delineations of species.</p><p>Biological data. Uncommon species in the region, captured mainly from late winter through spring.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265952D3A7E54D9FEE2FADEF9E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265952D3A7954D9F995FC6DFBF2.text	0385B265952D3A7954D9F995FC6DFBF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhacostoma atlanticum L. Agassiz	<div><p>Rhacostoma atlanticum L. Agassiz</p><p>(Fig. 13)</p><p>References consulted. Kramp 1955: 266. Kramp 1959a: 168, fig. 237. Kramp 1961: 210. Moreira 1975: 557. Goy 1979: 290–291. Bouillon 1999: 423, fig. 3.81.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Shangrilá Beach (25°39–40’S; 48°21–26’W): 08/08/1998 — 1 specimen; 17/09/1999 — 16 specimens; 16/11/1999 — 2 specimens; 30/10/2004 — 1 specimen; 14/01/2005 — 2 specimens; Municipality of Guaratuba (25°54’S; 48°23’W): 21/04/2001 — 1 specimen; 29/07/2001 — 1 specimen; 08/08/2003 — 1 specimen; 20/06/2004 — 1 specimen; 23/07/2004 — 1 specimen; 18/08/20004— 4 specimens; 25/11/ 2004 — 3 specimens; Municipality of Guaraqueçaba, Superagüí Island (25°20–27’S; 48°07’W): 23/07/2005 — 1 specimen; 29/10/2005 — 24 specimens; Municipality of Paranaguá, Mel Island (25°33–36’S; 48°07–17’W): 27/10/ 2004 — 4 specimens; Municipality of Matinhos, Matinhos Beach (25°45–49’S; 48°24–30’W): 30/10/2004 — 106 specimens; 25/07/2005 — 2 specimens. Matinhos Beach (25°45–49’S; 48°24–30’W): 30/10/2004 — 25 specimens; 14/01/2005 — 1 specimen; 03/05/2005 — 47 specimens; 25/07/2005 — 86 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 904, 1 specimen, MZUSP 905, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. Atlantic Ocean (Bouillon 1999), coasts of North America, Africa, and Brazil (Kramp 1955, 1959a, 1961; Bouillon 1999; Migotto et al. 2002).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the states of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul (Navas-Pereira 1981; Tronolone 2001; Nogueira &amp; Haddad 2006b; Nogueira et al. 2010; Nogueira 2012).</p><p>Description. Rather flat umbrella ranging from 22 to 63 mm in diameter. Manubrium short, with fringed edges, wide mouth, about half the diameter of the umbrella. Simple radial canals, in number from 70 to 110, without centripetal canals. With distinct rows of gelatinous papillae (Fig. 13), parallel between each canal. Gonads along most of the canals, usually both ends free.</p><p>Systematic remarks. The genus Rhacostoma L. Agassiz is monotypic and easily distinguishable from other Aequoreidae: from Aequorea, by having gelatinous papillae rows between the canals; from Zygocanna Haeckel, by having simple canals; and from Gangliostoma Xu, by the absence of circular rows of papillae at the base of the manubrium (Kramp 1955, 1959a, 1961; Bouillon &amp; Boero 2000). These distinctive features are readily observable, even in nearly destroyed specimens. The specimens studied differ somewhat from the descriptions of North Atlantic specimens. The mature animals are much smaller and have fewer tentacles in relation to the canals, despite the possible presence of rudimentary bulbs that may develop later, or under different environmental conditions. This difference seems to be a pattern in Brazilian populations, and has been mentioned by other authors (Moreira 1975; Navas-Pereira 1981).</p><p>Biological data. Moreira (1975) suggested that the species is invasive in Brazilian waters, appearing only since the 1970s. If so, it seems to have developed well-established populations in the region. It can occur in large aggregates in the middle section of the southeastern Brazilian shelf, representing the majority (68%) of the biomass in organic carbon of macrozooplankton (Mianzan &amp; Guerrero 2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265952D3A7954D9F995FC6DFBF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265952A3A7854D9FB6BFC9FFE32.text	0385B265952A3A7854D9FB6BFC9FFE32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp	<div><p>Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp</p><p>(Fig. 14)</p><p>References consulted. Kramp 1959b: 254, fig. 17. Kramp 1961: 173. Kramp 1968: 79–80, fig. 214. Goy 1979: 276, fig. 14. Kubota 1995: 365–378, figs 2–3 and 6. Bouillon 1999: 423, fig. 3.84. Tronolone 2001: 99–102, figs 24 A–C. Bouillon et al. 2004: 134, figs 70 A– C. Xu &amp; Huang 2004: 111–113, fig. 3. Nogueira 2012, fig. 8.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/02/ 1999 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/03/1999 — 1 specimen.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 247, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. Indian Ocean; India (Navas-Pereira &amp; Vannucci 1991), Strait of Malacca, and Philippines (Kramp 1968). Pacific Ocean; Japan (Kubota 1995). Mediterranean Sea (Bouillon et al. 2004). Atlantic Ocean; Brazil (see below).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. State of Pernambuco (Goy 1979), and from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul (Moreira 1970, 1975; Navas-Pereira 1981; Tronolone 2001; Nogueira 2012; this study).</p><p>Description. Umbrella nearly hemispherical, as high as broad, 1.8–2.1 mm in umbrellar height. Mesoglea thin, velum narrow. Manubrium small, cruciform, mouth with 4 short and simple lips. Gonads voluminous, cylindrical, along almost whole length of radial canals. 4 wide tentacular bulbs, without rudimentary bulbs. Although previous investigators have reported 4 to 15 marginal cirri per quadrant (Kramp 1959b, 1968; Kubota 1995; Bouillon 1999; Tronolone, 2001), the two specimens analyzed had only 1–2; cirri might have been lost during collection. Four interradial statocysts, or 8–9 adradial (Kramp 1959b; Kubota 1995).</p><p>Systematic remarks. Four valid species are in the genus (Schuchert 2013). Cirrholovenia polynema Kramp is the largest (up to 12 mm in diameter), has the largest number of tentacles (32–40), cirri (up to 8 between tentacles), statocysts (2 between tentacles), thick mesoglea, crenulated lips, and wide and square mouth and manubrium in fixed animals (Kramp 1959b, 1968). Cirrholovenia reticulata Xu &amp; Huang 2004 has a thick mesoglea and the exumbrella covered by a net of papillae (Xu &amp; Huang 2004).</p><p>Our specimens were significantly larger than those previously reported in the literature, which measured about 1.5 mm in diameter (Kramp 1959b, 1961; Tronolone 2001; Bouillon et al. 2004). Only Kubota (1995) reported specimens from Japan up to 2.5 mm.</p><p>Biological data. C. tetranema is rare in Brazil, usually found in small numbers, in shallow waters (Navas- Pereira 1981; Tronolone 2001) or in estuaries, such as São Francisco do Sul Bay (Nogueira 2012). According to Moreira (1978) the species tolerates low salinities in the laboratory. Kubota (1995) described stages of young medusae, their growth, cnidome, and spawning time of gametes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265952A3A7854D9FB6BFC9FFE32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265952B3A7854D9FDA9FDB2F95A.text	0385B265952B3A7854D9FDA9FDB2F95A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eucheilota duodecimalis A. Agassiz	<div><p>Eucheilota duodecimalis A. Agassiz</p><p>(Figs 15–16)</p><p>References consulted. Mayer 1910: 283–284, fig. 152. Vannucci 1960: 395–396, fig. 1. Kramp 1961: 174. Bouillon 1999: 425, fig. 3.94. Tronolone 2001: 103–106, fig. 25. Tronolone 2007: 61–62, fig. 2.25. Nogueira 2012, fig. 9.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal de Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste: (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 1 specimen; 22/12/1997 — 1 specimen; 23/01/1998 — 10 specimens; 20/02/1998 — 13 specimens; 22/01/ 1999 — 1 specimen; 24/03/1999 — 1 specimen.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1514, 5 specimens, MZUSP 1488, 1 specimen, MZUSP 1499, 1 specimen. Dzoo-Cn 235, 6 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. Western Atlantic; from the northeast coast of the United States to southern Mexico (Mayer 1910; Suárez-Morales et al. 1995), and Brazil (Migotto et al. 2002).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, in coastal regions and within bays (Navas-Pereira 1980; Migotto et al. 2002; Nogueira 2012).</p><p>Description. Umbrella higher than wide, 0.5–1.3 mm in diameter, shape of the umbrella almost always conserved. Manubrium bottleneck-shaped, short, less than ¼ of the umbrellar height. Tiny mouth lips, almost fused. Four radial canals, circular canal. Gonads in the distal portion of the radial canals, females with large oocytes. Specimens larger than 0.5 mm in diameter bearing gonads. Four tentacular bulbs, usually with a pair of lateral cirri (Fig. 16), and eventually more. Tentacles and cirri in most animals destroyed. Three statocysts between adjacent bulbs. Large statocysts easily viewable if margin undamaged.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Currently 18 species are recognized in the genus (Schuchert 2013); five have been found in the South Atlantic (Bouillon 1999) and four of these in Brazil (Migotto et al. 2002). This species is easy to identify, being very distinct from the other three Eucheilota species of the southwestern Atlantic, because of: four tentacles; 12 statocysts arrangement; absence of rudimentary bulbs; and the typical shape and position of the gonads (Fig. 15). Although all the descriptions mention a single pair of lateral cirri (Mayer 1910; Kramp 1961; Bouillon 1999), individuals were observed with two pairs, similar to the description of Tronolone (2001). Kramp (1959b) noted that the number of cirri of Eucheilota spp. may frequently vary. Young individuals, characterized by the marginal cirri (Vannucci 1960; Tronolone 2001), were not found.</p><p>Biological data. Typical species of coastal waters, euryhaline with a preference for warmer waters (&gt;20ºC) (Vannucci 1963; Navas-Pereira 1981).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265952B3A7854D9FDA9FDB2F95A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265952B3A7A54D9F8CCFF19FB27.text	0385B265952B3A7A54D9F8CCFF19FB27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eucheilota maculata Hartlaub	<div><p>Eucheilota maculata Hartlaub</p><p>(Figs 17–18)</p><p>References consulted. Russell 1953: 311–313, figs 193–195. Vannucci 1957: 62. Kramp 1959a: p. 154, fig. 206. Kramp 1961: 174–175. Goy 1979: 278, fig. 16. Cornelius 1995: 157–160, fig. 35. Bouillon 1999: 425, fig. 3.95.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º43’S – 48º26’W): 20/08/1998 — 2 specimens; Municipality of Guaratuba (25°54’S; 48°23’W): 20/06/2004 — 16 specimens; 23/07/2004 — 1 specimen; 2 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 978, 1 specimen. MZUSP 1485, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. Southwest of India, North Atlantic, including several locations in Europe (Cornelius 1995; Bouillon 1999), Argentina (Goy 1979) and Brazil (Tronolone 2001, this study).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of São Paulo to Santa Catarina (Tronolone 2001; Nogueira 2012; this study).</p><p>Description. Nearly hemispherical umbrella, 1–15 mm in diameter, and 4–12 mm in height. Manubrium quadrate and short, about 1/3 of the height of umbrella cavity, cruciform shape in aboral view, without peduncle; four black spots on the interradial walls of the manubrium (Fig. 18), which occasionally may be absent in fixed material. Wide mouth with four perradial wide lips, with slightly fringed edges (Fig. 18). Four radial canals. Gonads linear–ovate in young individuals, growing laterally over the distal 2/3 of the canals, not reaching the circular canal. Long hollow tentacles, with conical bulbs, usually 16, and rarely more (up to 24). A pair of coiled cirri flanking each tentacle. 1–3 rudimentary bulbs between each tentacle, which may develop tentacles, possibly with lateral cirri. 8 adradial closed-statocysts.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Although the specimens studied had rather shrunk cirri because of fixation, these can be observed under higher magnification (Fig. 17), a characteristic that, together with 1–3 rudimentary bulbs with cirri between each tentacle; 8 adradial statocysts; and four interradial black spots on the manubrium wall support the identification of the species. The identification of the species for Brazil is uncertain because of many similarities with Eucheilota ventricularis McCrady (e.g., shape of umbrella, mouth lips, tentacular bulbs, shape and position of the gonads, and four manubrial black spots etc.) (Tronolone 2001). We examined live specimens of E. af. ventricularis at the Uruguaian coast, which were very similar to the specimens described here, and also to live specimens observed from the São Sebastião Chanel (Tronoloe 2001), including the coloration of tentacular bulbs and manubrial black spots (in almost all specimens), but were significantly larger (up to 23 mm) and had more tentacles (32–56). Even though these spots have been considered diagnostic for E. maculata (Russell 1953; Bouillon 1999) they also occur in E. ventricularis (Vannucci 1957; Rodriguez 2012), and may disappear after a period of fixation in formalin (Nogueira, M. &amp; R. M. Nagata pers. obs.), which could explain records of specimens without these spots (Goy 1979; Rodriguez 2012). Further studies are needed to determine the validity of these species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265952B3A7A54D9F8CCFF19FB27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595293A6554D9FAD8FC14FD4A.text	0385B26595293A6554D9FAD8FC14FD4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eucheilota paradoxica Mayer	<div><p>Eucheilota paradoxica Mayer</p><p>(Fig. 19)</p><p>References consulted. Kramp 1959b: 245. Kramp 1961: 172. Uchida &amp; Sugiura 1975: 330–335, figs A– N. Carré &amp; Carré 1990: 304–305, figs 1–3; Bouillon 1999: 425, fig. 3.93. Tronolone 2001: 111–114, fig. 27. Bouillon et al. 2004: 163, fig. 87. M. Tronolone 2007: 63–64, fig. 2.26.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º48’S – 48º04’W): 22/12/1997 — 5 specimens; (25º50’S – 47º55’W): 22/12/1997 — 2 specimens; (25º44’S – 48º21’W): 23/01/1998 — 2 specimens; (25º46’S – 48º12’W): 23/01/1998 — 18 specimens; (25º46’S – 48º12’W): 20/02/1998 — 8 specimens; (25º48’S – 48º04’W): 20/02/1998 — 5 specimens; (25º46’S – 48º12’W): 31/03/1998 — 20 specimens; (25º42’S – 48º27’W): 22/ 04/1998 — 6 specimens; (25º44’S – 48º21’W): 22/04/1998 — 8 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1486, 4 specimens. Dzoo-Cn 250, 2 specimens, Dzoo-Cn 251, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. Western Atlantic Ocean; Florida (USA), Bahamas, Belize (Mayer 1910; Larson 1982), and Brazil (Migotto et al. 2002). Indian Ocean (Santhakumari 1999). Pacific Ocean, in Japan (Uchida &amp; Sugiura 1975). Mediterranean Sea (Carré &amp; Carré 1990).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catarina, found in shallow waters and within bays (Navas-Pereira 1980; Vannucci 1963; Tronolone 2001, 2007; Nogueira 2011, 2012; this study).</p><p>Description. Umbrella higher than wide, mesoglea thick, 0.3–1.5 mm in diameter. Almost all specimens retained their typical umbrellar shape after collection and fixation. Manubrium flask-shaped, short, reaching less than half of the umbrella height. Four radial canals usually with medusa buds (Fig. 19). Four marginal tentacles, with 1–3 pairs of lateral cirri, four rudimentary interradial bulbs with lateral cirri. 8 adradial large marginal statocysts. In a few specimens, some statocysts may be displaced to the interradial position. A single statolith per statocyst easily visualized by staining with methylene blue. Very small individuals (&lt;0.5 mm in diameter) with only two marginal tentacles, alternated with two rudimentary bulbs, both with lateral cirri, and without medusa buds.</p><p>Systematic remarks. This species can be readily differentiated from others of the genus by the frequent presence of medusa buds on radial canals (Kramp 1962), and four tentacular bulbs with lateral cirri alternating with rudimentary bulbs without tentacles, but with cirri (Kramp 1959b, 1961, 1962 and Bouillon 1999).</p><p>Biological data. Most of our specimens of 0.3– 0.8 mm in diameter had medusa buds, beginning to develop near the manubrium. No adult medusae, with gonads, which develop after the budding stage, were found. Adults have never been collected in the Atlantic or Mediterranean (Carré &amp; Carré 1990); however Uchida &amp; Sugiura (1975) reported both stages, successively in Japan. Bouillon et al. (2004) mentioned specimens with up to 5 mm in the Mediterranean, Uchida &amp; Sugiura (1975) mentioned specimens measuring 2.9 mm that were highly developed, with the four interradial rudimentary bulbs developed into tentacular bulbs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595293A6554D9FAD8FC14FD4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595363A6754D9FCF1FE6AFCF6.text	0385B26595363A6754D9FCF1FE6AFCF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clytia	<div><p>Clytia spp.</p><p>(Figs 20–22)</p><p>References consulted. Vannucci &amp; Ribeiro 1955: 68–81, figs 1–8. Kramp 1961: 164 (as Phialidium). Pagès et al. 1992: 32–34, figs 35–36. Bouillon 1999: 430, figs 3.124–3.128. Lindner &amp; Migotto 2002: figs 3–5. Bouillon et al. 2004: 193–196. Bouillon et al. 2006: 415–417, fig. 192. Lindner et al. 2011: 23–30, fig. 3.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 2 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/12/1997 — 5 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 22/12/ 1997 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 22/12/1997 — 2 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 23/01/ 1998 — 4 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 23/01/1998 — 14 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 23/01/ 1998 — 3 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 20/02/1998 — 4 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 16/07/ 1998 — 22 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 16/07/1998 — 1 specimen;(25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 20/08/ 1998 — 19 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 20/08/1998 — 15 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 28/10/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 28/10/1998 — 26 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/01/ 1999 — 2 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/01/1999 — 1 specimen.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Mzusp 1524, 2 specimens, MZUSP 1500, 19 specimens, MZUSP 1511, 3 specimens. Dzoo-Cn 237, 3 specimens.</p><p>Distribution: Some species are considered cosmopolitan, such as Clytia linearis and Clytia hemisphaerica (Bouillon 1999; Lindner &amp; Migotto 2002), but this can be attributed to the non-recognition of different, morphologically similar species (Lindner et al. 2011). Clytia Lamouroux polyps and jellyfish are common in coastal environments, and are found from the intertidal to 1000 m depth.</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. Along the entire coast (Migotto et al. 2002; Mesquita et al. 2006).</p><p>Description. Umbrella discoidal, 0.25–10 mm in diameter, slightly higher in smaller specimens and well flattened in larger ones. Velum and mesoglea thin. Short manubrium, with a square base, and without peduncle. Some medusae with the base of the manubrium stretched in varying degrees, resembling a short peduncle, possibly damage from the net-collections (Figs 20 and 22). Mouth with 4 simple lips, crenulated in larger specimens. 4 radial canals; only 2 specimens (&lt;2%) with 5 canals and 5 manubrium lips. Medusae less than 4 mm in diameter, with gonads oval to slightly elongated on the distal third of the radial canals. The largest specimens (&gt; 4 mm), with linear gonads along the distal ¾ of radial canals, with large oocytes (Fig. 21). Tentacular bulbs of the same size, conical, slightly elongated, with the same shape as in living specimens. No marginal cirri, tentacles hollow. Specimens less than 1 mm in diameter (&lt;10% of total) with four marginal tentacles; 1–3 mm in diameter (~ 60% of the total) usually with eight tentacles; 3–4.5 mm in diameter (~ 20% of total) with 16 tentacles; and larger than 4.5 mm (~ 10% of total), with 24–32 marginal tentacles. Variable number of statocysts, specimens less than 2.5 mm usually with one or rarely two large statocysts between bulbs; the largest individuals usually have two statocysts.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Medusae of Clytia are easily identified among the Campanulariidae, by the typical umbrella, without gastric peduncle, hollow tentacles, and no marginal cirri or rudimentary bulbs (Bouillon et al. 2004). Individuals with the base of the manubrium stretched can be misidentified as species with a short peduncle, such as Eutonina scintilans (Bigelow) . This kind of damage may occur when the animals become stuck in the mesh. Few species of Clytia are identifiable based on morphological characters of the medusae [e.g., Clytia linearis (Thornely)]. Characters such as the size, shape and position of the gonads and the number of tentacles and statocysts may have great morphological plasticity in some species, and a wide range of variation (Lindner &amp; Migotto 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004). In the western South Atlantic, 8 species of Clytia have been found (Migotto et al. 2002; Lindner &amp; Migotto 2002). Most mature specimens described here, with about 16 tentacles and 3 mm in diameter, resemble the description of Clytia noliformes (McCrady), which has no distinguishing characters in the medusa stage (Lindner &amp; Migotto 2002). Other specimens, larger than 4 mm, with more than 16 tentacles, thin mesoglea, linear gonads, and often more than one statocyst between tentacular bulbs, resemble Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus) . The life cycle and cnidome of these species should be examined, and molecular studies should be conducted. A taxonomic revision is needed to resolve problems within the genus (Lindner et al. 2011).</p><p>Biological data. Clytia hemisphaerica may be the first hydromedusa to have its DNA completely sequenced (Houliston et al. 2011). The species is easy to obtain, cultivate, and manipulate, and has become a model among the Medusozoa, for studies on the evolution of regulatory mechanisms of cellular development and body plan (Houliston et al. 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595363A6754D9FCF1FE6AFCF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595343A6754D9FCA6FBEAF8A8.text	0385B26595343A6754D9FCA6FBEAF8A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Obelia	<div><p>Obelia spp.</p><p>(Fig. 23)</p><p>References consulted. Russell 1953: 297–303, figs 182–184. Vannucci 1955: 55–60, figs 1–2. Kramp 1961: 162– 164. Cornelius 1990: 543–546. Bouillon 1999: 430–431, fig. 3.129. Tronolone 2001: 96–98, fig. 23. Bouillon et al. 2004: 199, fig. 114 A. Tronolone 2007: 59–60, fig. 2.24.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 5 specimens; 20/02/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 16/07/1998 — 32 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 20/08/1998 — 3 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 20/08/1998 — 6 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 20/08/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 02/10/1998 — 1 specimen.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 254, 4 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. Occurs in coastal regions worldwide (Bouillon et al. 2004).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Rio de Janeiro (Navas-Pereira 1980) to Rio Grande do Sul (Navas- Pereira 1981).</p><p>Description. Umbrella flat, 0.5–1.6 mm in diameter. Mesoglea thin, without velum. 4 narrow radial canals, circular canal. About 8 statocysts. 26–88 marginal tentacles solid, non-extensible, short (somewhat longer than half the subumbrellar radius), and with a short endoderm extension to the mesoglea. Tiny individuals, about 0.5 mm in diameter, with 24–32 tentacles. Manubrium short, with square base and 4 simple lips. Gonads spherical to ovoid, hanging on the distal part of the radial canal.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Obelia medusae are much modified from the basic morphology of a hydromedusa of other genera of Campanulariidae . Easily recognized by the umbrellar shape, typically flatter and without subumbrellar cavity; absence of the velum; and solid marginal tentacles. Obelia m edusae do not have morphological characters for specific identification (Russell 1953; Bouillon et al. 2004). Between 1830 and 1948, 70 nominal species of Obelia were described (Cornelius 1975), which were classified into five valid species (Cornelius 1990). Three of these forms are known in Brazil: Obelia bidentata Clarke, Obelia dichotoma (Linnaeus), and Obelia geniculata (Linnaeus) (Migotto et al. 2002) .</p><p>Biological data. Boero et al. (2007) demonstrated its ability to feed on bacterioplankton, rather than the mesozooplankton, which is the more common food of the planktonic cnidarians.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595343A6754D9FCA6FBEAF8A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595353A6654D9FEE2FEAEFA58.text	0385B26595353A6654D9FEE2FEAEFA58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gossea brachymera Bigelow	<div><p>Gossea brachymera Bigelow</p><p>(Fig. 24–26)</p><p>References consulted. Russell 1939: 707–710, figs 1–3. Kramp 1957: 42–45, fig. 8, pl. 5, figs 2–3. Kramp 1959a: 177, fig. 254. Kramp 1961: 225. Kramp 1968: 105, fig. 285. Bouillon 1978: fig. 12. Bouillon 1999: 432, fig. 3.135; Nogueira 2012: 14–15, figs 37–40.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Guaratuba (25°54’S; 48°23’W): 08/08/2003 — 68 specimens; 20/09/2003 — 15 specimens; 01/11/2003 — 1 specimen; 16/01/2004 — 1 specimen; 12/05/2004 — 2 specimens; 18/08/2004 — 5 specimens; (25º53’S; 48º32’W): 03/09/2006 — 54 specimens; 23/09/2006 — 17 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 907, 4 specimens; MZUSP 908, 2 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. Northern Gulf of Mexico and Pacific coast of Mexico (Russell 1938; Segura-Puertas et al. 2003), Strait of Magellan (Kramp 1957), Argentina (Vannucci &amp; Tundisi 1962; Genzano et al. 2008) and Brazil (Migotto et al. 2002).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Paraná to Rio Grande do Sul (Navas-Pereira 1981; Nogueira 2012; this study).</p><p>Description. Umbrella hemispherical, 5–20 mm in diameter, and 5–20 mm in height. Evident gastric peduncle, broad, pyramidal, which occupies about half the height of the subumbrellar cavity. Mouth with 4 perradial lips, well developed, provided with many nodules of nematocysts along its margin. Four radial canals, simple and obvious. Gonads wavy, over the canal from the base of the peduncle until near the circular canal, hanging on the distal portion (Figs 24, 25). A total of 32 protuberances of different sizes on the umbrella margin. The 4 interradial and 4 perradial protuberances are the most developed; each has a developed tentacle, and by its side, a dwarf tentacle, and internally a closed statocyst (Fig. 26). The 8 adradial protuberances are smaller, with only one developed tentacle. The other 16 protuberances, each with a developed tentacle interspersed with a dwarf tentacle. Dwarf tentacles solid, with a nematocyst button at the end, and several nematocyst rings along the length, except at the base.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Four species of the genus are considered valid (Bouillon &amp; Boero 2000; Schuchert 2013). Among them, G. brachymera is easily recognizable by the pattern of tentacles, the presence of a developed tentacle flanked by a dwarf in the inter- and perradial positions, and by the evident gastric peduncle. The specimens with well-developed gonads are larger than reported in most other studies: 4.5–7.5 mm (Russell 1938), 2–6 mm (Vannucci &amp; Tundisi 1962), except for those analyzed by Kramp (1957) from the Strait of Magellan, which also reached 2 cm in diameter. This medusa passes through considerable morphological changes during its growth; young specimens do not have the gastric peduncle, have fewer tentacles and the mesoglea is considerably thinner (Nogueira 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595353A6654D9FEE2FEAEFA58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595353A6054D9F9CDFAB8FCBE.text	0385B26595353A6054D9F9CDFAB8FCBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Olindias sambaquiensis Muller	<div><p>Olindias sambaquiensis Müller</p><p>(Figs 27–30)</p><p>References consulted. Vannucci 1951: 72–73, figs 1–4. Kramp 1959a: 173. Kramp 1961: 227–228. Goy 1979: 291. Zamponi &amp; Girolla 1989: 20–22, figs 3–9; Bouillon 1999: 432, fig. 3.137. Haddad 2006: 33–37, fig. 15. Nogueira &amp; Haddad 2006a: 880, figs 1–16.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Shangrilá Beach (25°39–40’S; 48°21–26’W): 16/04/1998 — 1 specimen; 20/04/1998 — 16 specimens; 23/05/1998 — 5 specimens; 08/08/1998 — 1 specimen; 15/01/1999 — 1 specimen; 15/05/1999 — 3 specimens; 26/06/1999 — 4 specimens; 29/07/1999 — 3 specimens; 17/09/1999 — 190 specimens; 14/10/1999 — 77 specimens; 16/11/1999 — 17 specimens; 30/10/2005 — 25 specimens; 14/01/2005 — 1 specimen; 03/05/2005 — 12 specimens; 25/07/2005 — 29 specimens; Municipality of Guaratuba (25°54’S; 48°23’W): 21/04/2001 — 1 specimen; 20/05/2001 — 1 specimen; 29/07/2001 — 1 specimen; 27/10/2001 — 12 specimens; 23/11/2001 — 2 specimens; 18/01/2002 — 2 specimens; 23/02/2002 — 10 specimens; 31/05/2003 — 39 specimens; 08/08/2003 — 146 specimens; 20/09/2003 — 61 specimens; 01/11/2003 — 10 specimens; 01/12/2003 — 2 specimens; 16/01/2004 — 16 specimens; 27/02/2004 — 3 specimens; 14/04/2004 — 32 specimens; 12/05/2004 — 295 specimens; 20/06/2004 — 100 specimens; 23/07/2004 — 27 specimens; 18/08/2004 — 61 specimens; 22/10/2004 — 2 specimens; 25/11/2004 — 279 specimens; 15/12/2004 — 39 specimens; (25º53’S; 48º53’W): 03/09/2006 — 437 specimens; 23/09/2006 —1439 specimens; Barra do Saí Beach (25°58’– 26°01’S; 48°35’W): 22/07/2004 — 22 specimens; 30/08/2004 — 83 specimens; 21/10/2004 — 1 specimen; 25/11/2004 — 15 specimens; 17/12/2004 — 3 specimens; 20/04/2005 — 16 specimens; Munipality of Guaraqueçaba, Superagüi Island (25°20–27’S; 48°07’W): 29/10/2004 —2870 specimens; 15/01/2005 — 6 specimens; 23/07/2005 — 146 specimens; Municipality of Paranaguá, Mel Island (25°33–36’S; 48°07–17’W): 27/10/2004 — 337 specimens; 23/01/2005 — 2 specimens; 04/ 05/2005 — 2 specimens; 22/07/2005 — 72 specimens; Municipality of Matinhos (25°45–49’S; 48°24–30’W): 30/10/ 2004 — 25 specimens; 14/01/2005 — 1 specimen; 03/05/2005 — 47 specimens; 25/07/2005 — 86 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens: MZUSP 900, 10 specimens. Dzoo-Cn 215, 2 specimens; Dzoo-Cn 198, 8 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. Endemic to subtropical and temperate southwest Atlantic coast, from Rio de Janeiro State (22°S) (Brazil) to San Blas Bay, Province of Buenos Aires (42°S) (Argentina) (Mianzan 1989; Mianzan &amp; Ramirez 1996; Genzano et al. 2008).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From north of the State of Rio de Janeiro (A.C. Morandini pers. comm. 2012) to Santa Catarina (Nogueira et al. 2010).</p><p>Description. Almost hemispherical umbrella, 6–10 cm in diameter. Manubrium slightly quadrangular without peduncle, mouth margin sinuous (Fig. 29), with 4 lips. 4 radial canals, 14–27 centripetal canals per quadrant, usually unbranched and ending blindly (Fig. 27). Gonads with papilliform processes closely folded (Fig. 30), on the radial canals, from the circular canal toward the middle part. About 60–100 primary hollow tentacles, reddish in living animals, originating on the exumbrella, just above the margin, with complete or incomplete nematocyst rings along their length, and with a nematocyst button at the tip (Fig. 28). 150–300 hollow secondary tentacles; usually yellowish in living animals, originating at the umbrellar margin, with semicircles of nematocysts over their entire length, except in the most proximal region, which is strongly muscular, and also with a small nematocyst button at the tip. Also on the margin, 90–200 club-shaped protrusions. Statocysts in pairs near the base of primary tentacles.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Among the six valid species in the genus (Bouillon &amp; Boero 2000; Schuchert 2013), O. sambaquiensis is distinguishable mainly by the absence of adhesive pads at the tip of the tentacles, the number of primary structures (centripetal canals, tentacles, and clubs), and the shape and size of the umbrella (Vannucci 1951; Kramp 1961). According to Kramp (1959a), the other forms of Olindias Müller, except for O. singularis Browne, are distinguishable only by numerical characters and probably belong to a single species. However, the features mentioned above, the wide geographical separation, and the absence (at least apparently) of intermediate individuals are sufficient to consider them valid (Vannucci 1951a). A wide variation in the pattern of radial and centripetal canals in this species occurs, such as individuals with between 2 and 5 radial canals (Nogueira &amp; Haddad 2006a).</p><p>Biological data. It is frequently associated with accidents with bathers in Brazil (Vannucci 1951; Haddad et al. 2002) and Argentina (Zamponi &amp; Facal 1987; Kokelj et al. 1995; Mianzan &amp; Ramirez 1996; Mianzan et al. 2001), causing moderate to severe stings. In Brazil it can be found throughout the year, being more abundant during the winter off São Paulo (Vannucci 1951) and spring at Florianópolis (Nogueira et al. 2010). In Argentina, by contrast, the species occurs only during the warmer months (Vannucci &amp; Tundisi 1962; Zamponi &amp; Facal 1987; Chiaverano et al. 2004). Its life cycle, with a small, solitary polypoid phase, was described by Zamponi &amp; Facal (1987).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595353A6054D9F9CDFAB8FCBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595333A6354D9FBFBFC62FCBF.text	0385B26595333A6354D9FBFBFC62FCBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cunina octonaria McCrady	<div><p>Cunina octonaria McCrady</p><p>(Figs 31–32)</p><p>References consulted. Mayer 1910: 460–465, 473, pl. 55, figs 1–2. Vannucci 1957: 82–84. Kramp 1959a: 199– 200, fig. 307. Kramp 1961: 282–283. Goy 1979: 286–287, fig. 28. Bouillon 1999: 433–434, fig. 3.150. Nogueira 2012, fig. 15.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 3 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/12/1997 — 5 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/12/ 1997 — 6 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 22/12/1997 — 10 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 22/12/ 1997 — 9 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 23/01/1998 — 6 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 23/01/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 23/01/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 20/02/ 1998 — 3 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 20/02/1998 — 3 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 27/05/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 28/10/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 28/10/ 1998 — 3 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 28/10/1998 — 2 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 25/11/ 1998 — 4 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 25/11/1998 — 2 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 21/12/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/01/1999 — 2 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/03/ 1999 — 5 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/03/1999 — 2 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1494, 1 specimen, MZUSP 1497, 1 specimen, MZUSP 1503, 7 specimens, MZUSP 1526, 7 specimens, MZUSP 1489, 2 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. Tropical regions of the three great oceans and in the Mediterranean Sea (Kramp 1961; Bouillon et al. 2004). Western Atlantic; southern United States (Kramp 1961), Mexico (Segura-Puertas 1992; Loman-Ramos et al. 2007), Brazil, and northern Argentina (Ramírez &amp; Zamponi 1981).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (Moreira 1973; Navas-Pereira 1980; 1981; Tronolone 2001; Nogueira 2011, 2012; this study).</p><p>Description. Umbrella flattened (very flat in most specimens) 0.7–4.12 mm in diameter. Margin formed by lappets (Fig. 31). Walls of the gastric cavity usually opened and without manubrium. Without peripheral canal system. 8 manubrial pouches square, very close together, with the same number of tentacles (Fig. 31). Marginal tentacles solid, with rectangular ectodermal cells, leaving the umbrella to the opposite center of each manubrial pouch. Approximately 70% of the specimens with 8 tentacles and manubrial pouches, and umbrellar diameter smaller than 2.5 mm. 1–5, usually 3 statocysts or only one statocyst (central) per lobe. Otoporpae small, observed only in some better-preserved individuals (Fig. 32).</p><p>No larvae were found within the gastric cavity of adults, as is often reported in Cuninidae (Mayer 1910; Kramp 1961; Lucas &amp; Reed 2009). Also there were no parasitic bitentaculate larvae, as reported on other medusae species, and are generally attributed to C. octonaria (Mayer 1910; Vannucci 1957; Bouillon et al. 2006).</p><p>Systematic remarks. Thirteen species of the genus are valid (Bouillon &amp; Boero 2000; Schuchert 2013). Five species of Cunina have been found in the southwest Atlantic (Bouillon 1999), four of these in Brazil: Cunina duplicata Maas (Kramp 1959a), Cunina frugifera Kramp (Kramp 1957; Goy 1979), Cunina peregrina Bigelow (Vannucci 1963; Navas-Pereira 1981; Ramírez &amp; Zamponi 1981), and Cunina octonaria (Migotto et al. 2002) . Cunina octonaria is distinguished from C. frugifera by the shape of the manubrial pouches and by the absence of peripheral canals (Bouillon 1999). Cunina peregrina is larger (up to 14 mm) has wider marginal lappets, and usually more tentacles (8 to 14, usually 12) (Kramp 1961; Bouillon 1999). Cunina duplicata is even larger (up to 54 mm) and has numerous (up to 29) long and tapered manubrial pouches (Bouillon 1999). Narcomedusae are fragile and sometimes difficult to identify in samples collected with standard plankton nets. Our identification was based on the size, number of tentacles and marginal lappets, absence of peripheral canals, shape and distance between the gastric pouches, and the number and shape of otoporpae of the better-preserved specimens. Other species of the genus may be present among the damaged specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595333A6354D9FBFBFC62FCBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B26595303A6D54D9FC29FEB8FDF9.text	0385B26595303A6D54D9FC29FEB8FDF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solmaris corona (Keferstein & Ehlers) Keferstein & Ehlers	<div><p>Solmaris corona (Keferstein &amp; Ehlers)</p><p>(Fig. 33)</p><p>References consulted. Mayer 1910: 437, fig. 288. Russell 1953: 477–480, fig. 314. Kramp 1959: 197. Kramp 1961: 278. Correia 1983: 164, fig. 62. Bouillon 1999: 434–435, fig. 3.159. Bouillon et al. 2004: 236, fig. 147.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 4 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 01/12/1997 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 22/12/ 1997 — 1 specimen; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 23/01/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 20/02/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 31/03/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 31/03/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/04/1998 — 9 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 27/05/ 1998 — 4 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 27/05/1998 — 5 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 16/07/ 1998 — 5 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 16/07/1998 — 39 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 16/07/ 1998 — 3 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 20/08/1998 — 63 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 20/08/ 1998 — 98 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 20/08/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 02/10/ 1998 — 6 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 02/10/1998 — 14 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 28/10/ 1998 — 2 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 28/10/1998 — 18 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 28/10/ 1998 — 5 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 28/10/1998 — 6 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/01/ 1999 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/03/1999 — 1 specimen.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1525, 11 specimens. Dzoo-Cn 249, 9 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. In tropical and subtropical regions of the three great oceans and the Mediterranean Sea (Russell 1953; Bouillon 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004). On both sides of the Atlantic, from Norway to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (Mayer 1910; Kramp 1959a), and with multiple records from the British Islands (Mayer 1910; Russell 1953; Ballard &amp; Myers 2000). In the western Atlantic, Belize (Larson 1982).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Paraná to Rio Grande do Sul (Navas-Pereira 1981; Correia 1983; this study).</p><p>Description. Umbrella flattened, lens-shaped, up to 15 mm in diameter (Bouillon 1999), reaching ~ 35 mm in living specimens (Nogueira 2011). Diameter ranging from 0.125 mm to 2.5 mm in the specimens examined; about 90% of the individuals smaller than 1 mm in diameter. Mesoglea thicker at the top, thin at the umbrellar margin, with up to 35 marginal lappets. Each lappet up to twice as long as wide. Without otoporpae. Velum well developed, usually destroyed in fixed animals, especially the smaller ones. Stomach circular, without manubrial pouches, and covering the subumbrellar surface. Mouth simple, circular. Without peripheral canal system. Bouillon et al. (2004) described gonads forming a broad ring on the outer part of the subumbrellar manubrial wall, however we did not observe this because our specimens were juveniles. Up to 35 marginal tentacles (or more?), with solid endodermal core connected to the exumbrella just above the peronia, between marginal lobes, with a length of 1.5 to 2 times the umbrellar diameter. Most specimens examined with 8–12 marginal tentacles. 1–3, rarely 4, marginal statocysts per lobe, mounted on large cushion, with long bristles.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Seven species are currently considered valid in the genus (Bouillon &amp; Boero 2000; Schuchert 2013). The general aspect of Solmaris corona, S. flavescens (Kölliker) and S. leucostyla (Will) is very similar. The observation of diagnostic characters, such as gonads, statocysts and the shape of the marginal lobes, is difficult in medusae collected with plankton nets, because of the damage inherent to the collection method. Solmaris leucostyla is smaller (3–7 mm) with 1–3 statocysts and is endemic in the Mediterranean (Bouillon et al. 2004). Solmaris flavescens has 12–17 tentacles, reaching 23 mm in diameter, and marginal lappets quadrate; while young S. corona measuring only a few millimeters have 8–12 tentacles, and large specimens measuring 12–15 mm have 30–36 tentacles and the marginal lappets rectangular (Mayer 1910; Bouillon 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004). Smaller specimens were identified by comparison with larger specimens (&gt; 2 mm from the same sample, in which important structures such as statocysts and the insertion of the tentacles were observed). This material was also compared with large medusae (&gt; 15 mm) from the middle and outer shelf of Santa Catarina (Nogueira 2011). In Brazil, S. flavescens has been found in Rio Grande do Norte (Thiel 1936 apud Vannucci 1951b). Vannucci (1957: 84) considered S. flavescens a synonym of S. leucostyla and mentioned the latter, and also S. corona in her specimens from the South Brazilian Bight. Vannucci (1963: 170) mentioned S. leucostyla as abundant in the shallow waters off São Paulo, but no reference material from these campaigns is available. The genus needs a revision.</p><p>Biological data. Large aggregations of S. corona caused losses estimated at more than 5 million British pounds for the industrial production of salmonids in the British Isles in 1997 and 2001–2002 (Purcell et al. 2007). The medusae accumulate in the gills of fish, causing gill disorders such as bleeding and necrosis (Purcell et al. 2007; Baxter et al. 2011). Large aggregations (max. 83 org.m -3) have been found in association with the cold waters of the South Atlantic Central Water off the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Navas-Pereira 1981; Nogueira 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B26595303A6D54D9FC29FEB8FDF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265953E3A6C54D9FD2EFBF9FA24.text	0385B265953E3A6C54D9FD2EFBF9FA24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liriope tetraphylla (Chamisso & Eysenhardt) Chamisso & Eysenhardt	<div><p>Liriope tetraphylla (Chamisso &amp; Eysenhardt)</p><p>(Fig. 34–35)</p><p>References consulted. Russell 1953: 419–429, figs 275–282. Kramp 1955: 275–276. Vannucci 1957: 70–73. Kramp 1961: 238. Goy 1979: 284. Pagès et al. 1992: 43, fig. 52. Bouillon 1999: 435, fig. 3.162. Tronolone 2001: 130–134, figs 32 A– F. Tronolone 2007: 69–70, figs 230–231.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 164 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 01/12/1997 — 157 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 01/ 12/1997 — 36 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W); 01/12/1997 — 86 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/ 12/1997 — 124 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/12/1997 — 206 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 22/12/1997 — 54 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 22/12/1997 — 79 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 23/01/1998 — 12 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 23/01/1998 — 33 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 23/01/1998 — 53 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 23/01/1998 — 174 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 23/01/1998 — 102 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 20/02/1998 — 36 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 20/02/1998 — 63 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 20/02/1998 — 593 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 20/02/1998 — 570 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 20/02/1998 — 90 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 31/03/1998 — 6 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 31/03/1998 — 6 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 31/03/1998 — 4 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/04/1998 — 30 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 22/04/1998 30 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 22/04/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 22/04/1998 —specimen; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 27/05/1998 — 27 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 27/05/1998 — 19 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 27/05/1998 — 2 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 24/06/1998 — 21 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 24/06/1998 — 7 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/06/1998 — 8 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 16/07/1998 — 29 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 16/07/1998 — 25 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 16/07/1998 — 17 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 16/07/1998 — 10 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 20/08/1998 — 585 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 20/08/1998 — 922 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 20/08/1998 — 154 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 20/08/1998 — 14 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 20/08/1998 — 3 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 02/10/1998 — 84 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 02/10/1998 — 234 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 02/10/1998 — 60 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 28/10/1998 — 10 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 28/10/1998 — 207 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 28/10/1998 — 101 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 28/10/1998 — 79 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 28/10/ 1998 — 36 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 25/11/1998 — 35 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 21/12/ 1998 — 7 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 21/12/1998 — 6 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/01/ 1999 — 38 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 22/01/1999 — 20 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 22/01/ 1999 — 30 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 24/02/1999 — 2 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/02/ 1999 — 3 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/02/1999 — 3 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 24/02/ 1999 — 23 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 24/03/1999 — 2 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 24/03/ 1999 — 9 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/03/1999 — 72 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/03/ 1999 — 3 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 24/03/1999 — 11 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1520, 34 specimens, MZUP 1518, 33 specimens, MZUSP 1495, 4 specimens. Dzoo-Cn 252, 8 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. In the three great oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, in greater abundance within the 20 °C isotherm (Thiel 1936, p. 52, fig. 10 cited in Russell 1953), and absent in the polar regions (Russell 1953).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. Along the entire coast, being abundant near and whithin estuaries (Vannucci 1957; Goy 1979; Navas-Pereira 1980; Montú &amp; Cordeiro 1988; Tronolone 2007; Neumann-Leitão et al. 2008; Nogueira 2011, 2012).</p><p>Description. Umbrella hemispherical, 0.25–17.5 mm in diameter, thin mesoglea with apical thickening. Small stomach, gastric peduncle of variable length, depending on the degree of ontogenetic development. In mature individuals, peduncle can reach 1–3 times the umbrellar height (Fig. 34). Mouth with 4 simple or slightly crenulated lips. 4 flattened, circular to leaf-shaped gonads on the radial canals, covering almost the entire subumbrellar surface (Fig. 34). 4 long and hollow perradial marginal tentacles, with nematocyst rings. 4 short solid interradial marginal tentacles, with adaxial batteries of nematocysts, which may be lost as the medusa grows. 8 statocysts at the base of the tentacles, with concretions. Young medusae (&lt;2 mm) without peduncle, and with only interradial tentacles (Fig. 35).</p><p>Systematic remarks. Other species have been described for the genus; however, it is currently considered monospecific (Schuchert 2013). Collins et al. (2008) suggested the existence of cryptic species based on significant divergences in mitochondrial 16S and nuclear SSU sequence data. The species is easily recognized in all its stages of development due to the general shape, type and arrangement of tentacles, manubrium and peduncle shape, and long gastric peduncle in adults. Its morphology can be highly variable with respect to the shape of the gonads (Russell 1953), number of radial (Zamponi &amp; Genzano 1989a, b) and centripetal canals (Pagès et al. 1992), and size (Bouillon 1999).</p><p>Biological data. In some regions the species occurs in oceanic waters, as in the Benguela Current (Buecher &amp; Gibbons 2001), Humboldt Current, Chile (Kramp 1966; Palma et al. 2007) and off the California coast, USA (Suárez-Morales et al. 2002). However, in the Western Atlantic it is generally considered a euryhaline-coastal species (Larson 1982; Suárez-Morales et al. 1999; Tronolone 2007; Mianzan et al. 2000). In most studies of planktonic cnidarians in the western tropical and subtropical Atlantic, the species is dominant in coastal waters, and may occur in almost 100% of the samples (Vannucci 1963; Larson 1982; Suárez-Morales et al. 1999, 2002; Tronolone 2007; present study). In Brazil, densities up to 1000 org.m -3 were recorded off estuarine regions of Paranaguá (Paraná) and São Francisco do Sul (Santa Catarina) (Tronolone 2007). On beaches of southern Uruguay and northern Argentina, aggregations reaching densities of 4.7 * 10 6 org.m -3 cause skin irritations in bathers (Mianzan et al. 2000). Its diet has not been studied in detail, but the species may be an important predator at different trophic levels, given the great diversity of planktonic organisms found within the manubrium, such as herbivorous crustaceans, chaetognaths, and fish eggs and larvae (Larson 1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265953E3A6C54D9FD2EFBF9FA24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265953F3A6F54D9F999FAD8FA7F.text	0385B265953F3A6F54D9F999FAD8FA7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aglaura hemistoma Peron & Lesueur	<div><p>Aglaura hemistoma Péron &amp; Lesueur</p><p>(Figs 36–37)</p><p>References consulted. Mayer 1910: 398–401, pl. 49, figs 3–7 figs 250–251. Vannucci 1957: 76–79. Kramp 1961: 251. Goy 1979: 284–285, fig. 25. Pagès et al. 1992: 44–45, fig. 53. Bouillon 1999: 437, fig. 3.170. Bouillon et al. 2004: 241, figs 16 A, 152 G. Tronolone 2007: 71–72, fig. 2.32.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 01/12/ 1997 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 01/12/1997 — 4 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 20/02/ 1998 — 4 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 31/03/1998 — 3 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 31/03/ 1998 — 14 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/04/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 22/04/ 1998 — 2 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 22/04/1998 — 10 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 22/04/ 1998 — 53 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 27/05/1998 — 4 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 27/05/ 1998 — 46 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 27/05/1998 — 19 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 27/05/ 1998 — 43 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 24/06/1998 — 8 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/06/ 1998 — 11 specimens; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 16/07/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 16/07/ 1998 — 9 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 16/07/1998 — 21 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 20/08/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25º44’15”S – 48º21’60”W): 20/08/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 02/10/ 1998 — 40 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 28/10/1998 — 1 specimen; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 25/11/ 1998 — 8 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 21/12/1998 — 2 specimens; (25º42’65”S – 48º27’85”W): 22/01/ 1999 — 2 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/02/1999 — 4 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/02/ 1999 — 26 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 24/02/1999 — 11 specimens; (25º46’32”S – 48º12’15”W): 24/03/ 1999 — 4 specimens; (25º48’10”S – 48º04’90”W): 24/03/1999 — 8 specimens; (25º50’25”S – 47º55’80”W): 24/03/ 1999 — 25 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1505, 1 specimen. Dzoo-Cn 253, 4 specimens.</p><p>World distribution. In the three great oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, abundant in tropical and subtropical waters (Mayer 1910; Bouillon 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. Near the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and from the state of Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Sul (Migotto et al. 2002).</p><p>Description. Umbrella with parallel walls, apex flattened, 0.75–3.75 mm in height (Fig 36). Eight radial canals. Long thin gastric peduncle, mouth with 4 simple lips. Eight gonads attached on peduncle (Fig. 37), spherical in younger individuals and elongating to sausage-shaped in fully developed medusae. Umbrellar margin with numerous and juxtaposed short tentacles, with distal portion club-shaped. In undamaged specimens, tentacular length about ¾ of the umbrellar diameter, however tentacacles usually broken because of collection with nets. Eight statocysts.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Aglaura Péron &amp; Lesueur is a monotypic genus. The shape and consistency of the umbrella are typical of species of Rhopalonematidae . Because of their rigidity, specimens generally retain their shape. The shape and position of the gonads on the gastric peduncle distinguish A. hemistoma from apparently similar species with records in Brazil, such as Aglantha digitale (F. Müller) and Amphogona apicata Kramp.</p><p>Biological data. Despite its preference for coastal waters on the Catalonia coast, Mediterranean Sea (Gili et al. 1988; Bouillon et al. 2004), A. hemistoma is generally considered a warm-ocean and epipelagic species that occasionally visits the coastal region, such as: in the Adriatic Sea (Benović &amp; Bender 1987; Lucić et al. 2009) and the Gulf of Tunis (Daly Yahia et al. 2003), both in the Mediterranean; in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean (Santhakumari 1993); and in the southern Benguela Current (Buecher &amp; Gibbons 2000). On the Brazilian coast, the medusa is dominant on the middle and outer shelf, associated with Tropical Water, and occasionally enters coastal waters, tolerating salinities from 33 to 36.9 (Vannucci 1957, 1963; Tronolone 2007; Nogueira 2011). Moreira (1973) and Nogueira (2011) studied the diel vertical migration of the species, which aggregates on the surface at night. Colin et al. (2005) described an omnivorous diet of the species, including tintinnids and copepods.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265953F3A6F54D9F999FAD8FA7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
0385B265953C3A6E54D9FA30FA6EF830.text	0385B265953C3A6E54D9FA30FA6EF830.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphogona apsteini (Vanhöffen) Vanhoffen	<div><p>Amphogona apsteini (Vanhöffen)</p><p>References consulted. Mayer 1910: 405–406, fig. 257. Kramp 1955: 274. Kramp 1959a: 188, 242, 249–251, fig. 280. Kramp 1961: 252–253. Bouillon 1999: 437, fig 3.174.</p><p>Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25º48’S – 48º04’W): 22/04/1998 — 5 specimens; (25º50’S – 47º55’W): 22/04/1998 — 6 specimens.</p><p>Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1507, 1 specimen. Dzoo-Cn 242, 1 specimen.</p><p>World distribution. Cosmopolitan in tropical waters. Indian Ocean; Maldives and Sumatra. Western Pacific; Great Barrier Reef, Japan, and Taiwan. Atlantic: Ghana and Brazil (Kramp 1955, 1959a; Migotto et al. 2002, Lin 2010).</p><p>Distribution in Brazil. From the state of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul (Vannucci 1963; Moreira 1973; Navas-Pereira 1981; this study).</p><p>Description. Umbrella nearly hemispherical, wider than high, thin mesoglea 2–3 mm in diameter. Tiny stomach, short conical gastric peduncle. Mouth with 4 curved short lips. In almost all specimens, lips curled up, or horizontally. 8 spherical to elongated gonads, hanging on the distal 1/4 of the radial canals; in less developed specimens, four large gonads alternate with four small gonads. In more developed specimens, gonads almost of equal size. Between 50 and 70 marginal tentacles estimated, because the margin was usually damaged.</p><p>Systematic remarks. Three valid species in the genus (Schuchert 2013). Amphogona pusilla Hartlaub is distinguished by having only 16 marginal tentacles and spherical gonads. Amphogona apicata Kramp, which also occurs in the southwest Atlantic (Kramp 1957), is distinguished by the slightly higher umbrella, with a gelatinous apical projection. Amphogona apsteini has the umbrella flatter than the other two species, more tentacles than A. pusilla, and 8 unequally sized gonads in young specimens, alternating large and small gonads on the distal portion of radial canals, which facilitates its identification.</p><p>Biological data. Medusae of the species were considered hermaphroditic, with alternating male and female gonads (Browne 1904, cited in Mayer 1910), although this condition has been questioned (Carré &amp; Carré 2000).</p><p>Bougainvillia pagesi Nogueira Jr., Rodriguez, Mianzan, Haddad 559 CW 8, 9 &amp; Genzano 2013.</p><p>Family Hydractiniidae L. Agassiz,</p><p>Hydractinia sp. Es 7 Family Niobiidae Peterson, 1979</p><p>Niobia dendrotentaculata Mayer, 1900 8 SW 5, 9 Family Oceanidae Eschscholtz, 1829</p><p>Turritopsis nutricula McCrady, 1859 3 SW 5, 9 Family Proboscidactylidae Hand &amp; Hendrickson, 1950</p><p>Proboscidactyla ornata (McCrady, 1859) 52 CW, SW 1, 5, 9 Family Corymorphidae Allman, 1872</p><p>......continued on the next page</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385B265953C3A6E54D9FA30FA6EF830	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo;Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira;Haddad, Maria Angélica	Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira, Haddad, Maria Angélica (2014): Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3768 (3): 291-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3
