taxonID	type	description	language	source
038087D7FFEDFF93FEC1FC9BFE1334EB.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 37; MNI = 12. 1989 - 1992 sample: 1 left maxillary; 2 left I 3; 1 right C; 1 left P 4; 1 left M 2; 3 right i 1; 6 left i 1; 1 i 1?; 1 right i 2; 1 left i 2; 1 left i 2 - 3; 1 right c; 1 left c; 1 left p 3; 1 right p 4; 1 right m 1; 1 right m 2; 1 left m 3; 1 canine?; 1 right ulna; 1 left ulna; 1 left tibia; 1 left metatarsal II; 3 first phalanges; 3 second phalanges.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFEDFF93FEC1FC9BFE1334EB.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION In Europe, two medium-to-large-sized canids coexist during the Late Pleistocene: wolf Canis lupus and dhole Cuon alpinus Pallas, 1811. Their association in a same geochronological context suggests their potential identification in palaeontological samples (Perez-Ripoll et al. 2010; Pionnier-Capitan et al. 2011). Thirty seven bone remains recovered from the recent excavations have been related to large canids. The right lower carnassial (m 1 – F 9. C. 264) has a large talonid with two cusps which is typical of wolves (Fig. 4 D, E). The general proportions of this carnassial (breadth = 12.5 mm, length = 27 mm) and of the left upper carnassial (P 4 – H 8. C. 240) (breadth = 13 mm, length = 25 mm) match the range recorded for Late Pleistocene wolves (breadth and length variations in m 1 11.1 - 13.2 by 26.5 - 33.4 mm and in P 4 12.3 - 15.3 by 23.8 - 29.9 mm in Schütt 1969; Boudadi-Maligne 2010; Brugal & Boudadi- Maligne 2011). Yet, these carnassials are smaller than the ones referred to as Canis lupus maximus Boudadi-Maligne, 2012, described at Jaurens (OIS 3; Boudadi-Maligne 2012). Postcranial remains are also referable to C. lupus. In particular, the morphological features of the fragmentary left tibia G 11. B. 109 are diagnostic of Canis, as defined by Pionnier- Capitan et al. (2011): the border of the medial malleolus is salient and prominent, whereas the distal border of the cranial side is straight and regular; moreover, the proximo caudal tuberosity of the ulnar olecranon E 11. B. 112 is more prominent in Canis as observed by Pionnier-Capitan et al. (2011). To sum up, the large canid from Fouvent is unambiguously referable to Canis (morphological features) and more precisely to Canis lupus (dimensions).	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFEDFF91FC20FEB8FD7F3649.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 13; MNI = 5. 1842 sample: 2 left humeri; 1 right tibia; 1 left tibia.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFEDFF91FC20FEB8FD7F3649.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 2 right c; 1 right mandible; 2 left mandibles; 1 left ulna; 1 left metacarpal II; 1 right calcaneus; 1 left metatarsal V. DESCRIPTION Among the small canids remains (n = 76), some of them have been associated to the red fox Vulpes vulpes (n = 13) corresponding to five adults. The low number of elements determined at species level is related both to the state of conservation of the material and to the difficulties to distinguish Vulpes and Alopex Kaup, 1829. The red fox is a small common carnivore in Pleistocene bone assemblages (e. g., Gönnersdorf in Poplin 1976; Gerde in Clot 1980). This predator is ubiquitous and well-represented during different Pleistocene glacial and interglacial climatic phases. In France, the red fox is found at Nauterie II (layer 11: Mindel-Riss), at Montmaurin-la-Niche, Nestier, and Gerde (Riss); it then cooccurs with the arctic fox Alopex lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758) throughout Würmian times, before it becomes a common carnivore during Holocene times (Clot & Duranthon 1990). Morphometrical similarities and potential co-occurrence of red and arctic foxes during the Oxygen Isotopic Stage 3 (OIS 3; Cohen & Gibbard 2011) necessitate performing a careful analysis of the bone material. At Fouvent, cranial and dental elements are represented by a left mandibular branch with p 2 - m 2, a fragment of left mandible with m 1 and m 2, and a broken right mandible with m 1 and m 2 with two canines. As regards the red fox, according to Poplin (1976), the lower canines are longer and thinner in comparison with isatis. At Gerde, Clot (1980) also pointed out the great difficulty to make the distinction between Vulpes and Alopex but determined the canines of fox based on their general proportions. We attributed the material of Fouvent to the red fox on the base of the concerned morphometrical data. Our three m 1 s (G 8. B. 509 b, D 11. E. 3 and G 8. B. 507) leave no doubt for their specific assignment. Their large dimensions (respectively B = 6.4 - 6 - 6 with L = 16 - 16 - 16) match perfectly those of red foxes as provided at Gerde (Clot 1980: table 49) and at Gönnersdorf (Poplin 1976: 48 fig. 28). Postcranial elements of red fox include two humeri, one ulna, one metacarpal II, two tibiae, one calcaneus and one metatarsal V. The measurements are summarized in Table 2. According to Altuna (2004), the breadth of the distal humerus of the red fox ranges between 17.2 and 23.8 mm while Clot (1980) gives an interval comprised between 19.2 and 22 mm. According to these studies, the distal breadth of isatis is not greater than 19.5 mm, consequently the humerus of Fouvent (1842.118) is quite similar in size to the red fox. Published metric data available for the ulna are rare but the dimensions of the specimen of Fouvent suggest without no doubt an attribution to Vulpes. The total length (47 mm) of the left metacarpal II (G 8. A / B. 165) of Fouvent is larger in comparison to the measurements of red fox (Altuna 2004). However, the left metacarpal falls into A sin, left; dext, right. Other abbreviations: see text. the variation range as provided by Clot (1980) for Pleistocene populations of Vulpes. The same is true for the measurements of both a proximal and a distal tibiae (respectively n ° 1842.119 and 1842.92) that we also assigned to the red fox. In the Table 3, the maximum length (56 mm) of the left metatarsal V (F 9. B. 135) is roughly similar to the mean value observed in living foxes (Altuna 2004) corresponding to their smaller pleistocene representatives (Clot 1980). We observed the same thing with the maximum length of the calcaneus G 8. E. 26 (only 29 mm) that could be associated to a small red fox, while populations of isatis only reach a maximum of 28.4 mm.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFEFFF9FFC0FFADDFD0F3203.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 9; MNI = 6. 1842 sample: 1 left tibia.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFEFFF9FFC0FFADDFD0F3203.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 1 left P 3; 1 left humerus; 1 right ulna; 1 left ulna; 2 right innominates; 1 left innominate; 1 right femur. The Pleistocene wolverine was recorded for the first time in France at Fouvent (Gervais 1870). This inhabitant of modern arctic areas (Pastichniak-Arts & Larivière 1995) was a conspicuous element of Last Glacial Maximum faunas in Europe (Kurtén 1968). Although it is found in many sites (review in Döppes 2001), detailed descriptions of both cranial and postcranial elements are quite rare (e. g., Villereversure in Martin 1968; Jaurens in Mallye & Guérin 2002). Nine remains from Fouvent (representing six individuals) have been attributed to the wolverine. Seven remains brought to light some additional morphometrical features of the knowledge of this species (Table 4). For example the P 3 (F 11. B. 223) shows a fairly massive crown which is made of a single antero-posterior cusp crossed by a protruding edge. Moreover, a cingulum is strongly developed at the base of the lingual side. The dimensions of this tooth compared to large recent and fossil mustelids (Wolverine and Badger) permit us to identify it as G. gulo (Fig. 5). Furthermore, morphometrical data allow us to exclude the Badger Meles meles Linnaeus, 1758. Finally the specimen of Fouvent has relatively small dimensions compared to the Pleistocene gluttons but fits well among the greatest living representatives of G. gulo. mm. *, juvenile; sin, left; dext, right. Other abbreviations: see text.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE1FF9FFEDEFADDFBE3350A.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 25; MNI = 10. 1989 - 1992 sample: 1 left c; 1 canine; 2 thoracic vertebrae; 1 right scapula; 1 right radius; 1 left radius; 1 right ulna; 2 right metacarpals IV; 1 left metacarpal IV; 1 left metacarpal V; 1 right femur; 1 right innominate; 1 left femur; 1 femur; 1 patella; 2 right tibiae; 1 left tibia; 2 right metatarsals IV; 1 left metatarsal V; 1 first phalanx; 1 third phalanx.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE1FF9FFEDEFADDFBE3350A.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The badger M. meles is frequently found in Pleistocene samples. His role in bone assemblage disturbance and stratigraphic significance are regularly evoked (Clot & Duranthon 1990; Mallye 2007). It is clearly attested in Fouvent (NISP = 25; MNI = 10); the type of preservation / alteration of the concerned specimens supports their contemporaneity with the bulk of inventoried material. Their robustness and morphological features perfectly fit those of M. meles. In particular, the greatest lengths (GL) of all three metacarpals IV (36, 32.4, and 32.5 mm, respectively) fall within the size range of Pleistocene badgers (between 28 and 32.5 mm; Ambros 2006) even if one of them appears larger than the compared data. During the Late Pleistocene interval in Europe, Meles is only represented by M. meles (Kurtén 1968; Mallye & Guérin 2002). Accordingly, we have referred the concerned specimens to that species.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE1FF9CFC58F93CFDB031D7.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 2; MNI = 1. 1989 - 1992 sample: 1 right mandible; 1 left mandible.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE1FF9CFC58F93CFDB031D7.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The bone sample from the recent excavations includes several remains attributed to small Mustelidae, among which a pine marten or a beech marten (NISP = 2) and a smaller one related to genus Mustela (NISP = 8). Two mandibles of greater size (related to a single individual) has been observed in detail. Based on their general characters and size, the specific determination of these pieces could only be related to a polecat (European polecat Mustela putorius or steppe polecat M. eversmanii). These species at Fouvent do not imply the same environmental conditions for the deposit. Morphologically, the mandible of steppe polecat is distinguished from the common polecat by a bulge of the horizontal branch under the m 1 just below the paraconid (Hugueney 1975; Delpech 1989). The mandible F 11. B. 214 (Fig. 4 G, H) clearly shows this morphological feature. In addition, the dimensions of the two hemi-mandibles as well as the carnassials (L / B of m 1 respectively 10 / 4 and 9.3 / 3.7 mm) suggest large-sized animals, similar to those of the steppe polecat (Table 5). Accordingly, everything concurs unambiguously to assign those remains to Mustela eversmanii.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE2FF9CFBC2F9FCFBB834EB.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 1; MNI = 1. 1989 - 1992 sample: 1 fragment of right C.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE2FF9CFBC2F9FCFBB834EB.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION A fragment of a right upper canine is reported to a Pantherine (F 9. C. 226). The general size of the fragment suggest a large size species like leopard Panthera pardus or cave lion Panthera (Leo) spelaea but the intense surface modification (dissolution) and the difficulty to take any measurements do not allow us to make precise attribution. Consequently this speciment is related to Panthera sp.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE2FF9CFF2DFC3BFAAC352B.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 17; MNI = 9. 1842 sample: 1 left maxilla; 1 right M 1; 1 right mandible; 1 right m 3.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE2FF9CFF2DFC3BFAAC352B.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 1 right I 2; 2 right I 3; 1 left I 3; 1 left C; 1 right M 2; 1 right i 1 - 3; 2 left c; 1 left m 2; 1 left m 3; 1 canine?; 1 lower molar? DESCRIPTION Bear remains are far from being well represented in the Fouvent assemblage. Seventeen elements, referred to nine individuals (adult and old bears) have been attributed to Ursidae. The original work of Lovis (1968), based on the 1842 sample, reports the presence of two different species: the brown bear Ursus arctos and the cave bear U. spelaeus. Re-examination of both this material and bone remains recovered from the 1989 - 1992 excavations allows identifying a single species, U. spelaeus. Morphometric data (Table 6) and morphological features (e. g., general shape and size of raw teeth, high development of numerous cuspids) of unworn teeth (1842.66 left maxilla including M 1 and M 2; G 9. B. 558 right M 2 (Fig. 4 J, K); F 10. C. 263 left m 3) relate unambiguously this material to the cave bear. The wide size range as recorded for a given dental locus (e. g., length ranging between 25.3 and 31 mm on M 1 and between 40.5 and 48 mm on M 2) might be due to either intraspecific variability or sexual dimorphism (marked in recent ursids). Such variability is often recorded for tooth length: Spahni (1954) recorded significant variations on M 2 of bears from Austrian caves; a 38.5 - 48.7 mm range is observed on 18 teeth at Arcy-sur-Cure (Baryshnikov & David 2000); at Pestera cu Oase (Romania), the length of M 2 ranges between 37.8 and 52.1 mm (Pacher & Quilès 2013). Be as it may, at Fouvent, the low number of teeth does not allow to test these variations in good statistical conditions. Fouvent-Saint-Andoche Gulo schlosseri L’Escale (Bonifay 1971)	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE2FF9CFF2DFC3BFAAC352B.taxon	description	Gulo gulo extant male (Döppes 2001) Gulo gulo modern (Mallye & Guérin 2002) Meles thorali Saint-Valler, Lunel-Viel (Bonifay, 1971) Meles meles modern (Mallye & Guérin, 2002) Suborder FELIFORMIA Kretzoi, 1945 Family FELIDAE Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Subfamily PANTHERINAE Pocock, 1917 Genus Panthera Oken, 1816	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE3FF9DFC7DFF79FB1F356B.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Thirteen cranio-dental remains (upper and lower teeth, mandible) have been attributed to the cave lion. This material and its stratigraphical distribution within the locality suggest a minimum number of seven individuals. Teeth measurements reveal significant size variability (Table 7). Many palaeontological, phylogenetic, and biogeographical works have focused on the cave lion (e. g., Burger et al. 2004; Hemmer 2011; Sabol 2011; Stuart & Lister 2011). In Europe, Late Pleistocene lions are both represented by the subspecies Panthera (Leo) spelaea described at Gailenreuth (OIS 3, Germany), and the smaller form, P. (Leo) spelaea var. cloueti (Filhol, 1891) (Filhol & Filhol 1871) of Jaurens (Ballesio 1980) (OIS 3, France). The taxonomic status of the small morph is a matter of debate, given that such size discrepancy may either reflect ecomorphotypy or sexual dimorphism. At Fouvent, the ratio B / L of the P 4 and the m 1 compared with fossil and living populations leads to some comments on the size of the different clines (Fig. 6). Thus, on the base of the m 1 of Jaurens, a clear distinction appears between large-sized lions (Jaurens in Ballesio 1980) and a smaller form (Jaurens in Ballesio 1980; Espèche in Clot et al. 1984). In addition, many osteometrical datasets for Late Pleistocene cave lions confirm significant variability for the m 1 (specimens smaller than P. spelaea var. cloueti and also larger than the biggest form of Jaurens). Moreover, current data confirm the presence of a strongly marked sexual dimorphism, increasing the probability of significant overlap between osteometrical dimensions. In our opinion, the different sizes observed at Jaurens seem to be more related to intraspecific sexual dimorphism than to any evolutionary stage or stratigraphical age-based discrepancy. Consequently, if we consider the small form of Jaurens as characteristic of females, the m 1 of Fouvent which are very close in size could belong to females. The same thing is true concerning the two P 4 s of Fouvent, both presenting extreme values. The larger one could be associated to a large-sized male and the smaller to a female. However, it would be necessary to undertake a thorough revision of cave lion intraspecific variability in order to validate the concerned hypothesis.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE3FF9BFC60F8BCFD243729.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 850; MNI = 121. 1842 sample: 2 left mandibles; 1 atlas; 3 cervical vertebrae; 3 thoracic vertebrae; 1 left humerus; 1 left radius; 1 left ulna; 1 left metacarpal II; 1 right metacarpal V; 1 right innominate; 1 left innominate; 1 left femur; 2 right tibiae; 1 right calcaneus; 1 left calcaneus; 1 left talus; 1 right metatarsal IV; 1 right metatarsal V.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE3FF9BFC60F8BCFD243729.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 6 skull fragments (occipital); 2 right maxillae; 1 left maxilla; 4 right DI 3; 6 left DI 3; 8 right DC; 6 left DC; 5 right D 2; 3 left D 2; 4 right D 3; 14 left D 3; 3 right D 4; 6 left D 4; 1 right I 1; 2 left I 1; 2 right I 1 - 2; 2 left I 1 - 2; 15 right I 2; 17 left I 2; 16 right I 3; 9 left I 3; 8 right C; 8 left C; 7 right P 1; 13 left P 1; 8 right P 2; 6 left P 2; 9 right P 3; 14 left P 3; 14 right P 4; 20 left P 4; 11 right mandibles; 8 left mandibles; 5 mandibles?; 2 right dc; 7 left dc; 5 right d 2; 9 left d 2; 10 right d 3; 11 left d 3; 11 right d 4; 20 left d 4; 2 right d 1; 5 left i 1; 1 left i 1 - 2; 5 right i 2; 5 left i 2; 1 right i 2 - 3; 1 left i 2 - 3; 20 right i 3; 21 left i 3; 22 right c; 21 left c; 7 left p 2; 21 left p 3; 20 right p 3; 34 right p 4; 35 left p 4; 33 right m 1; 23 left m 1; 140 tooth fragments; 1 atlas; 1 cervical vertebra; 2 lumbar vertebrae; 4 caudal vertebrae; 3 right humeri; 4 left humeri; 2 left radius; 1 radius; 1 left ulna; 1 right scapholunar; 1 left scapholunar; 1 left pisiform; 1 pisiform; 2 right metacarpals II; 1 femur?; 1 patella?; 1 left tibia; 1 tibia?; 1 right fibula; 1 left fibula; 2 right tali; 1 left cuboid; 1 right metatarsal II; 1 left metatarsal II; 1 left metatarsal III; 1 left metatarsal V; 3 sesamoids?; 2 metapodials?; 9 first phalanges; 6 second phalanges; 6 third phalanges. DESCRIPTION Cave hyena is represented by 850 bone remains originating from both 1842 (NISP = 24) and 1989 - 1992 (NISP = 826) samples. This material represents about 6 % of the complete collection, about 25 % of the NISP and 77 % of the carnivores. Cave hyena remains are related to 121 individuals, ranging from juvenile to old adults (Fourvel et al. submitted); this series is among the largest ones for Late Pleistocene cave hyenas in Europe. Morphological characters (Fig. 3 A, V) and measurements of both teeth and postcranial elements (Table 8) recovered in Fouvent closely match the descriptions of late Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea published in the literature (Reynolds 1902; Clot 1980; Testu 2006; Barycka 2008). The extreme morphological variability of referred dental remains most probably coincides with ecomorphotypic variations, thus precluding any use of cave hyenas in a biochronological purpose (e. g., Kurtén 1963; Kurtén & Poulianos 1977; Klein & Scott 1989; Baryshnikov 1999). However, Würmian cave hyenas seem to differ from other representatives of Crocuta in having a large size, especially as regards dentition. In Fouvent, upper and lower carnassials are at the same time large, robust, and highly metrically variable. Figure 7 shows breadth / length ratios for upper and lower carnassials (P 4: Fig. 7 A; m 1: Fig. 7 B) from Fouvent, compared to various Late Pleistocene and modern spotted hyena populations. Hyena teeth from Fouvent reveal strong size variability. However, this material has more large dimensions (B / L) than Middle Pleistocene hyenas (Crocuta crocuta intermedia from Lunel-Viel 1 in Bonifay 1971; Crocuta crocuta praespelaea from Petralona in Kurtén & Poulianos 1977, 1981) and similar proportions than many OIS 3 populations (Jaurens in Ballesio 1979; Cueva de las Hienas in Fosse 1997; Labeko Koba in Altuna & Mariezkurrena 2000; Conives in Fourvel 2008). Other teeth and postcranial elements are in perfect agreement with the observation as detailed here above. Morphological and metric features of the Fouvent cave hyena coincide with the large and robust hyenas as recorded in the OIS 3 (between more or less 57 and 29 ky; Fourvel 2012). Super-Order UNGULATA Linnaeus, 1766 [description by JBF, PFos, PFer, POA] Eight ungulate species have been recognized (2219 NISP, 192 MNI). The collection is truly remarkable with a high frequency of mega-herbivores (8 mammoths and 39 woolly rhinoceroses) and large species (16 giant deers, 31 large bovids and 62 horses) (Figs 8, 9). Order PROBOSCIDEA Illiger, 1811 Family ELEPHANTIDAE Gray, 1821 Subfamily ELEPHANTINAE Gray, 1821 Genus Mammuthus Brookes, 1828	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE5FF9BFF3FFBFAFAA931F7.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 222; MNI = 8. 1842 sample: 1 thoracic vertebra (apophysis); 1 humerus (portion of proximal end); 1 innominate (juvenile); 1 patella; 1 long bone fragment.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE5FF9BFF3FFBFAFAA931F7.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 38 tusk fragments; 109 teeth and tooth fragments; 1 atlas; 2 vertebral apophyses; 2 ribs; 1 radius (shaft fragment); 1 ulna (fragment); 1 innominate (fragment); 4 femurs (shaft fragments); 1 right tibia (shaft cylinder); 3 tibiae (shaft cylinder); 1 right calcaneus fragment; 49 long bone fragments; 1 flat bone fragment (scapula or innominate); 3 compact bone portions (carpals or tarsals). DESCRIPTION We could not get access to the complete mammoth collection from Fouvent. However, the palaeontological analysis of the proboscideans was already realized by the late P. Paupe during the 1989 - 1992 excavations. The present study is largely inspired from his unpublished report. Our own analysis was focused on highly fragmented deciduous teeth (ridges of enamel) and long bone fragments which were not identified anatomically in spite of their large proportions. We have observed directly 222 remains attributed to M. primigenius but were not able to describe thirty-three isolated teeth and two tusk fragments. Based on P. Paupe’s observations and our own analysis, eight up to ten individuals are represented in Fouvent. Juveniles are dominant: four individuals died between two and seven years old. Four teeth are referred to prime adults (between 10 - 20 and 30 years old). Two molars point to the presence of two old individuals, aged of 45 and 50 years, respectively. In our analysis, dental remains are mostly represented by fragments of lamella mostly belonging to very young animals (n = 81). This did not allow us to deduce neither their rank, nor their laterality and even less the MNI. Although the preliminary study of P. Paupe is based on a small dental sample (n = 11), our observations confirm his taxonomic assignment with certainty. Thus, both the morphological description of teeth as well as the morphometrical indices (e. g., lamellar frequency between 10 to 16, length / height ratio) demonstrate a high evolved degree of the mammoths that are associated without no doubt to M. primigenius (Paupe in Detrey 1992). Order PERISSODACTYLA Owen, 1848 Suborder HIPPOMORPHA Wood, 1937 Family EQUIDAE Gray, 1821 Subfamily EQUINAE Gray, 1821 Genus Equus Linnaeus, 1758	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE5FF85FC56FCB8FAB23609.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED — NISP = 922; MNI = 62 1842 sample. — 1 palate; 1 right I 1; 1 left I 1; 1 right I 2; 1 left I 2; 1 right I 3; 1 left I 3; 1 right P 2; 1 left P 2; 2 right P 3 - 4; 2 right M 1 - 2; 2 left M 1 - 2; 1 right M 2; 1 left M 3; 1 left d 2; 2 right p 2; 1 left p 2; 3 left p 3 - 4; 1 left p 4; 1 right m 1 - 2; 2 left m 1 - 2; 1 left m 3; 3 tooth fragments; 1 cervical vertebra; 1 right scapula; 1 left radio-ulna; 1 right metacarpal; 1 left metacarpal; 1 left innominate; 1 right tibia; 1 left pathological cuneiform and scaphoid; 1 right talus; 2 left tali; 2 left calcanei; 1 right metatarsal; 1 metatarsal; 1 vestigial metapodial; 2 first phalanges; 2 second phalanges.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE5FF85FC56FCB8FAB23609.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 3 left DI; 8 right D 2; 8 left D 2; 1 right D 3; 13 right D 3 - 4; 16 left D 3 - 4; 1 right I 1; 1 left I 1; 1 I 1 /; 1 right I 1 - 2; 1 right I 2; 1 I 3; 9 upper canines; 33 upper tooth fragments; 25 right P 2; 23 left P 2; 53 right P 3 - 4; 60 left P 3 - 4; 1 left M 1; 94 right M 1 - 2; 84 left M 1 - 2; 3 M 1 - 2; 34 right M 3; 30 left M 3; 1 mandible; 4 right di; 1 left di; 2 di; 6 right d 2; 5 left d 2; 2 left d 3; 10 right d 3 - 4; 4 left d 3 - 4; 3 right d 4; 5 left d 4; 1 left lower deciduous tooth; 5 right i 1; 5 left i 1; 2 right i 1 - 2; 2 left i 1 - 2; 1 left i 2; 1 right i 2 - 3; 1 right i 3; 16 right p 2; 18 left p 2; 28 right p 3 - 4; 37 left p 3 - 4; 1 left p 3; 1 left p 4; 1 right m 1; 25 right m 1 - 2; 46 left m 1 - 2; 4 right m 2; 4 left m 2; 22 right m 3; 21 left m 3; 11 lower tooth fragments; 1 pisiform; 1 right scaphoid; 1 left scaphoid; 1 right metacarpal; 1 right tibia; 1 tibia; 2 fibulae; 4 vestigial metapodials; 4 third phalanges; 3 sesamoids; 41 cheek tooth fragments; 14 incisor fragments. DESCRIPTION	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFE5FF85FC56FCB8FAB23609.taxon	description	As a first step, we wanted to know if the cohorts of horses from the different levels of Fouvent could be considered as coming from the same species. Thus, we grouped the stratigraphic units (e. g., Ab, Ba, C 2 ...) in three levels namely A, B and C. Dental remains without stratigraphic location were excluded, as well as few teeth from the levels E and E 9. We compared the Protocone Index using the Kruskal-Wallis test of one-way analysis of variance by ranks detailed previously. The analysis clearly indicates that there was no statistically significant difference between levels A, B, and C (α = 0.05). Thus, dental material from those levels can be considered as originating from the same demographic / evolutionary unit, which is confirmed by the lack of differences in pairs of Dunn (1964) (Table 10). The method of Dunn (1964) compares the mean of the ranks, the latter being those used in the calculation of k according a normal asymptotic distribution for the standardized difference of the average of the ranks. The dimensions of most upper teeth of Fouvent match the variation range of both E. germanicus and E. gallicus (Table 9). This is also the case in the upper part of the sequence of La Quina (Charente, France) which hosted the two species and made impossible their distinction based on their dimensions (Armand 1998). Here, we propose a new quantitative approach using biometric data, sourced from Eisenmann’s (1991) overview. Despite the phylogenetic uncertainties highlighted by her, all the caballine equids from Europe during the middle and late Pleistocene are carefully and methodically described in her analysis. The only difference with Eisenmann (1991) that we made here is that we consider as valid the well known species E. gallicus represented in France at Solutré (Prat 1968), Jaurens (Mourer-Chauviré 1980), Camiac (Guadelli 1987), or La Quina (Armand 1998). The dataset of Eisenmann (1991) allowed us to calculate confidence intervals for lengths of upper teeth (except for P 2 and M 3, unavailable) and their protocone (CI with α = 0.05). From a methodological point of view, the normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For each measurement following a normal distribution, the confidence interval on the mean was given using the basic t-test of Student with the software R (2.14.0; t. test function). For the measurements which did not satisfy the conditions of normality, the confidence interval we derived was estimated from the theoretical median (wilcox. test function in R). Results indicate that intervals associated to Würmian species are well individualized from those related to ante-Würmian A B C D E F G H equids. They only overlap on measurements which include the protocone length. Table 11 also shows that dimensions of the upper teeth of Fouvent are systematically associated to Würmian horses. This is confirmed by the occlusal protocone index of molars and premolars, which is always comprised between 114 and 126 for Würmian species (119.6 in Fouvent) and always lower than 114 for older equids, with the exception of Equus chosaricus Gromova, 1949 (114.1; Table 12). To identify the horse of Fouvent at species level through dental measurements, we used the routine package knn. cv from R software (version 2.13.2). The program corresponds to one of the more efficient non-parametric methods for Protocone index of M 1 M 2 / Protocone Localities and / or species index of P 3 P 4 Montoussé (Equus mosbachensis) 103.4 Pech-de-l’azé (niveau 9) 104.8 species Equus Tilloux Caune mosbachensis de l’Arago (Equus chosaricus) 108.4 108.3 109 horse localities Equus Equus Ehringsdorf missi taubachensis 109.5 109.6 109.7 Antewürmian and La Bau Equus Equus Biache-Saint-Vaast Micoque de piveteaui achenheimensis l’Aubesier (IJ) 109.8 111.8 110.6 112.5 111.6 Bau de l’Aubesier (H) 113.8 Equus chosaricus 114.1 Kniegrotte 114 species La Equus Bourgeois-Delaunay Chaise gallicus (Aurignacien (niveau 1) 4) 116.9 116.7 114.9 horse localities Grotte Bourgeois-Delaunay St-Germain-la-Rivière des fées (niveau 9) 117.5 118.2 117.3 Würmian and Fouvent Gavaudin Combe-Grenal 119.6 118.4 121.5 Pair-non-Pair 121.8 Equus germanicus 126.3 data classification in data mining: the so-called k-Nearest Neighbors (or k-NN for short; see details of the method in Mathieu-Dupas 2010). When there is little or no prior knowledge about the distribution of the original data, the rationale consists of finding among the predefined training samples (e. g., measurements of well known species) the closest distances of the new points that may be assigned to the original data. In this study, we applied the Euclidean distance, which is most commonly used. As an example, for a data point x of Fouvent, we computed the distance between x and all the data points from the training samples, in order to attribute the species determined by the nearest points of x according to k. This number k, usually an odd number, ranks the nearest neighbors from the training data. It determines the species to be assigned on the base of the majority vote using cross validation. When k is small (e. g., k = 1), it improves the power of association even if noise may somewhat affect the results. However, when k increases it is less sensitive to noise and makes the borders of the classes less distinct but necessarily requires large training samples (Mathieu-Dupas 2010). Table 13 shows unambiguously and whatever k is, that the nearest species for the ratio of protocone length to occlusal length of M 1 M 2 [M-pl / M-ol] is always E. germanicus. The same is true for the ratio of the length of protocone to the occlusal average length of P 3 P 4 M 1 M 2 [PM-pl / PM-ol], except for an isolated case (k = 7) which is associated to Equus antunesi Cardoso & Eisenmann, 1989. Nevertheless, E. steinheimensis appears for the ratio of the length of the protocone to the occlusal length of P 3 P 4 [P-pl / P-ol], as the closest species except for k = 9, k = 13 and k = 14 which are attributed once again with E. germanicus. However, the dental morphology of E. steinheimensis allows undoubtedly excluding such an assignment because caballoid and stenoid characters are not observed at Fouvent, contrary to what occurs at Châtillon-Saint-Jean (Drôme, France; Mourer- Chauviré 1972). At Fouvent, dentition shows styles with splits on the premolars, molars with simple parastyle and mesostyle, concave interstylar surfaces, and bilobed protocones. Even so, the proximity between E. steinheimensis and E. germanicus is not trivial and refers to the hypothesis of a possible phylogenetic relationship, as mentioned by Prat (1968: 520). Finally, our analysis does not either reveal a possible association between the horse of Fouvent and the more evolved E. gallicus. At the end of this study, it appears that dental morphometry, coupled with high resolution analytical tools can account for evolutionary stages of Pleistocene horses. We have shown that the horse of Fouvent was associated to the typical species E. germanicus but did not yet reach the evolutionary stage as observed in E. gallicus. In conclusion, in an anagenetic perspective, it is quite reasonable to consider that the deposition E. germanicus of Fouvent is probably associated to the time interval from the very end of OIS 4 to the end of OIS 3. Suborder CERATOMORPHA Wood, 1937 Family RHINOCEROTIDAE Gray, 1821 Subfamily RHINOCEROTINAE Gray, 1821 Genus Coelodonta Bronn, 1758	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFBFF80FC97FA9DFDF530E8.taxon	description	1842 sample: 1 right M 2; 3 tooth fragments; 1 right humerus; 1 left humerus; 1 left ulna; 1 right innominate; 1 innominate; 1 right tibia; 1 right talus. 1989 - 1992 sample: 2 petrosal bones; 4 left D 1; 4 right D 2; 4 left D 2; 12 right D 3; 8 left D 3; 5 right D 4; 7 left D 4; 1 upper deciduous tooth fragment; 1 right P 2; 3 left P 2; 2 right P 3; 1 left P 3; 2 right P 4; 1 left P 4; 1 right M 1; 4 left M 1; 1 right M 2; 4 left M 2; 3 right M 3; 2 left M 3; 2 upper molar fragments; 2 right d 1; 1 left d 1; 4 left d 2; 3 right d 3; 9 left d 3; 6 right d 4; 1 left d 4; 1 d 4; 2 lower deciduous tooth fragments; 1 left p 2; 1 p 2 - 3; 2 right p 3; 1 right p 3 - 4; 3 left p 3 - 4; 4 lower premolar fragments; 4 right m 1; 1 left m 1; 1 left m 2 - 3; 1 right m 3; 2 left m 3; 2 lower molar fragments; 55 tooth fragments; 1 left scapula; 2 right humeri; 2 left humeri; 2 radii; 1 left metacarpal IV; 2 left innominates; 1 right femur; 1 femur; 4 right tibiae; 4 left tibiae; 6 tibiae; 1 right talus; 1 first phalanx; 3 long bone fragments; 1 flat bone fragment (scapula or innominate); 1 metapodial. DESCRIPTION More than 90 isolated teeth (mainly deciduous teeth), and several postcranial elements have been attributed to the woolly rhinoceros C. antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) (Fig. 8). The morphology of this Eurasian Pleistocene species is well-known (for review, see Guérin 1980). The Fouvent sample presents all the morphological features of this species (large size, high crowned teeth, quadrangular M 3 s with distinct ectoloph and metaloph). We have used the tooth wear stage-based protocol developed by one of us (POA) for reconstructing mortality curves in both extant and extinct rhinoceroses, based on isolated teeth (Bacon et al. 2008). The age classes as characterized on the white rhinoceros by Hillman-Smith et al. (1986) are used in this study because of the phylogenetic, chronological and ecological close relationships between this extant species and the woolly species (Antoine 2002). We have restricted this analysis to upper teeth, more abundant in Fouvent (69 specimens), as they display a much more homogenous eruption and wear pattern than the lower teeth, both in the white rhino and in the woolly rhino. The mortality curve obtained for C. antiquitatis is trimodal, with a majority of individuals ranging from classes I to IX (1.5 months up to 9 years) (Fig. 10); the first mode is comprised between 1.5 and 4 years (classes V-VI), which coincides with a period encompassing weaning and abandonment of juvenile individuals by the mother (Groves 1972). The second mode includes specimens the individual age of which ranges from 4 and 9 years, e. g., more or less the subadult-adult transition (classes VIII-IX; Hillman-Smith et al. 1986). The third and last mode, with less specimens, includes adult individuals (14 - 28 years; classes XII-XIII). Based on upper teeth, juveniles (61 %) are far overrepresented with respect to subadults (23 %) and adults (16 %). Such a structure is significantly distinct from that of natural populations of recent Indian rhinos (Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus, 1758), consisting of 27 % juveniles, of 21 % subadults, and of 52 % adults (Laurie 1982; Laurie et al. 1983). On the other hand, the Fouvent mortality profile is much similar to what is observed for the late Pleistocene rhino tooth sample of Duoi U’Oi, in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian cave localities, for which the accumulating factor is also of biological origin (porcupines; Bacon et al. 2008; Antoine 2012). Nevertheless, 14 woolly rhino teeth from the 1989 - 1992 excavation sample in Fouvent are eroded, which attests to a by-pass and a hydrodynamical erosion, both post-mortem and pre-accumulation (n ° 32, 42, 78, 87, 107, 124, 158, 192, 225, 269, 293, 330, 337, and 480). A lower tooth was split into two pieces then eroded, before both halves were recovered from two distinct excavation units (FVT 92 G 9 B- 525 and FVT 92 F 9 B- 165). Several teeth from Fouvent show environmental enamel hypoplasia, which expresses a severe physiological stress during odontogenesis (but does not imply any genetic origin). On decidual teeth, this pathology is due to a starving episode for the mother during pregnancy or nursing, whereas enamel hypoplasia on permanent teeth expresses denutrition coinciding with either weaning or abandonment of the calf by a newly pregnant mother (Mead 1999). In Fouvent, the specimens showing the most spectacular pathologies are the M 1 G 9 D 607, the M 2 E 11 B 218, and the d 4 F 11 C 243 (Fig. 11). Individual ages 1.5 month 4 months 1.5 year 3 years 4 years 7 years 10 - 11 years 20 years 30 - 32 years 40 years Order ARTIODACTYLA Owen, 1848 Suborder RUMINANTIA Scopoli, 1777 Family BOVIDAE Gray, 1821 Subfamily BOVINAE Gray, 1821 Genus Bison Smith, 1827	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFEFF80FEC0FBBAFA3535CA.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 241; MNI = 31. 1842 sample: 1 skull (parietal fragment); 1 left horn core; 1 horn core; 1 left M 1 - 2; 2 right M 1 - 2; 2 left m 3; 1 right radius; 2 left metacarpals; 1 right innominate; 1 right tibia; 1 left talus; 1 left calcaneus; 2 right calcanei.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFEFF80FEC0FBBAFA3535CA.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 10 petrosal bones; 1 skull (frontal fragment); 2 right D 2; 3 left D 3; 2 right D 3; 2 right D 4; 2 left P 2; 2 left P 3 - 4; 2 right P 3 - 4; 3 left P 4; 1 left M 1; 4 right M 1 - 2; 3 left M 1 - 2; 3 right M 2; 1 left M 2; 1 right M 3; 1 left mandible including m and m 2; 1 right d 2; 2 left d 4; 1 right d 4; 1 right i 1 - 2; 1 right i 2; 1 left p 2; 2 right p 3; 5 left p 3; 3 right p 4; 2 left p 4; 4 right m 1; 8 left m 1; 3 right m 1 - 2; 5 left m 1 - 2; 2 m 1 - 2; 5 right m 3; 6 left m 3; 1 m 3; 1 upper premolar fragment; 6 upper molar fragments; 10 lower molar fragments; 1 incisor fragment; 2 premolar fragments; 1 molar fragment; 18 tooth fragments; 2 cervical vertebrae; 1 sacral fragment; 5 right humeri; 4 left humeri; 3 humeri; 1 right radius; 2 right radii; 6 radius; 3 ulnae; 1 scaphoid; 1 metacarpal; 1 right femur; 1 left femur; 11 femorae; 5 right tibiae; 3 left tibiae; 14 tibiae; 1 right malleolus; 1 right talus; 3 right calcanei; 2 left cuneiforms; 1 right metatarsal; 3 left metatarsals; 4 metatarsals; 2 first phalanges; 2 sesamoids; 4 metapodials. DESCRIPTION Among the ungulate remains from Fouvent, 241 specimens could be associated to large bovines (Bos or Bison). Tooth wear, as well as the bones dispersal within the different layers, suggest a minimum of 31 individuals from different age classes: adult, juvenile and senile. Their precise taxonomic identification (at genus or specific level) in association with other species provides usually a valuable asset to reconstruct palaeo-environments. B. priscus is commonly associated to an open / steppic land, while B. primigenius Bojanus, 1827 is more adapted to open spaces and open woodland. Some morpho- metrical discriminating criteria for bovines during Pleistocene were widely detailed in the last decades (Olsen 1960; Brugal 1983; Slott-Moller 1990; Auguste 1995; Fernandez 2006). Unfortunately, fragmentation of dental and postcranial material with numerous surface alterations (dissolution, bone desquamation, etc …) have strongly restricted our observations and measurements as regards Fouvent. The dental material is abundant with 91 teeth isolated or within jaws, i. e. 37 % of the total sample. The distinction between Bos and Bison was mainly conducted on a small part of the sample starting from dental morphological criteria of Slott-Moller (1990). We observed on ten M 3 that the height of the ectostylid, as well as the mesial vestibular convexity of the crown, were consistent with the typical morphological features of Bison. Among postcranial elements, a complete astragalus (1842.7) and a complete calcaneus (1842.78; Fig. 9 I) were ascribed to B. priscus. The upper trochlea shows in both cases the typical “ U ” profile of bison as described by Slott-Moller (1990). The medial tubercle appears isolated above the proximal margin line of the distal trochlea, which is characteristic of Bison (Olsen 1960). Similarly, the calcaneus meets the criteria mentioned for the bison (Brugal 1983; Magniez 2010). If some remains are associated to B. priscus, however it is not possible to assign by extension all the material to this species. On the one hand, the sample size with morphological evidence of bison is too small, on the other hand it is quite possible that other bones (coxal, metapods, carpals, and tarsals still under study) could either correspond to B. primigenius as it is often the case.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFEFF81FC62F83FFAC73236.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 46; MNI = 16. 1842 sample: 2 right mandibles; 1 left mandible; 2 right tali; 1 naviculo-cuboid.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFEFF81FC62F83FFAC73236.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 1 left maxilla; 1 right mandible; 3 left mandibles; 6 left P 2; 1 left M 1; 3 left M 2; 1 left M 3; 1 left d 4; 2 right p 3; 2 right p 4; 1 left p 4; 1 right m 1; 1 left m 1; 2 right m 2; 1 left m 2; 3 left m 3; 8 tooth fragments; 1 right humerus; 2 left humeri. DESCRIPTION The giant deer M. giganteus is represented by 46 remains (mainly cranial elements including teeth). Sixteen individuals (mainly adults and olds) have been counted based on the dispersion within the stratigraphy. The giant deer is quite common in the Late Pleistocene interval, even if the samples are generally small (Kurtén 1968; Delpech & Guérin in Guérin & Patou-Mathis 1996; Magniez 2010). Dental morphology of the Fouvent sample closely matches that of published material (e. g., Thenius 1966; Croitor 2008; Magniez 2010). Upper premolars and molars are robust with a strong cingulum. On the lingual face, they have a well developed and individualized interlobar column. The mandibular fragments of Fouvent with m 1, m 2 and / or m 3 also show individualized interlobar column (Fig. 9 A, B). Measurements are summarized in Table 14 and their comparison with published data confirms our attribution to the Megaceros. The basal length and the width of six left P 2 are quite similar of the ones recorded at Tournal (23 - 23 mm for the length and 22 - 23 for the width in Magniez 2010) and at Conives (22 mm for the length and 21.4 mm for the width in Fourvel 2008). The comparison dataset concerning lower cheek teeth are rarer but the measurements recorded at Fouvent are close to the values of Tournal. Nonetheless the first lower molars are smaller; the length for example is comprised between 15 and 19.5 mm whereas the only m 1 from Tournal is 28.1 mm long (Magniez 2010). In addition, if the measurements of the m 2 are similar at Fouvent and Tournal they are much smaller than the only m 2 of the megaceros of Labeko Koba, Spain (L = 34 mm; B = 22.2 mm). Six postcranial elements have been attributed to the giant deer based on their morphology and general proportions. Three humeral shaft fragments (G 8. A / B. 215, E 11. B. 71, F 10. B. 416) have been determined as a giant deer because of their size and morphology excluding each other large species (equids, bovids or rhinoceros). Two right tali (1842.103 and 1842.79) and one naviculo-cuboid (1842.80) present the same characters as described in Breda (2005) and Magniez (2010).	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFFFF81FC51FE18FAF736EA.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 30; MNI = 10. 1842 sample: 3 right antlers; 1 left talus.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFFFF81FC51FE18FAF736EA.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 1 left M 1 - 2; 1 right i 1; 1 left i 2 - 3; 1 right p 2; 3 left p 3; 1 right p 4; 1 left m 2; 2 left m 3; 1 lower tooth fragment; 1 right humerus; 2 left humeri; 2 radii; 1 left femur; 2 femorae; 1 right tibia; 1 left tibia; 2 tibiae; 1 right metatarsal III-IV; 1 first phalanx. DESCRIPTION The red deer C. elaphus is represented by 30 cranial and postcranial remains which are related to 10 individuals. The dental material is attributed undoubtfully to C. elaphus. Premolar and molar size, proportion, and morphology are consistent with the descriptions of Bouchud (in Lavocat 1966) and easily distinguishable from the reindeer. In addition, their size clearly does not correspond to the roedeer and there is no interlobar column on molars as for the giant-deer. The morphometrical features, in particular on M 3, do not match the descriptions of the small form Cervus simplicidens (Guadelli 1996). Unfortunately, with the exception of a left talus (1842.97; Fig. 9 D, E), bones are too much fragmented for any biometric analysis. However, diagnostic criteria for the red deer as described by Bouchud (in Lavocat 1966) were observed at Fouvent (e. g., the welldeveloped median gutter of the metapods). The occurrence of a red deer at Fouvent is not surprising, as this ubiquist species has been recognized in Europe from the Middle Pleistocene (e. g., Mosbach, Mauer) until recent times. It is commonly found in Late Pleistocene samples (Delpech & Guérin in Guérin & Patou-Mathis 1996; Magniez 2010). Subfamily ODOCOILEINAE Pocock, 1923	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFFFF8EFC4DF99CFEB434EB.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 113; MNI = 16. 1842 sample: 1 left antler; 3 antler fragments; 1 left talus.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFFFFF8EFC4DF99CFEB434EB.taxon	description	1989 - 1992 sample: 2 right antlers; 1 left antler; 3 antler fragments; 3 petrosal bones; 1 left P 2; 1 left P 2 - 3; 2 right P 3 - 4; 1 right M 1 - 2; 3 left M 1 - 2; 1 right M 2; 1 right M 3; 1 right i 1; 1 left i 1; 4 left p 4; 1 left m 1; 2 left m 2; 1 right m 3; 4 left m 3; 2 right m 1 - 2; 1 left m 1 - 2; 4 tooth fragments; 5 right humeri; 2 left humeri; 4 humeri; 2 left radii; 4 radii; 1 ulna; 2 left magnum; 1 right lunate; 1 left scaphoid; 1 left metacarpal III-IV; 1 left femur; 4 femorae; 1 patella; 4 right tibiae; 1 left tibia; 4 tibiae; 2 naviculo-cuboids; 3 right metatarsals III-IV; 1 left metatarsal III-IV; 2 metatarsals; 1 sesamoid; 2 vestigial metapodials; 1 long bone fragment; 4 metapodials; 7 first phalanges; 5 second phalanges; 4 third phalanges. A D DESCRIPTION One hundred and thirteen bone remains (both cranial and postcranial elements) have been referred to as the reindeer, R. tarandus. Their stratigraphical location at Fouvent suggests a minimal number of 16 individuals. All the typical reindeer morphological features (see Magniez 2010 for a review) could be observed on the material (including teeth, antler and postcranial elements). Unfortunately, this material is too much altered and the sample is not sufficiently abundant to meet the conditions for any population structure analysis (age-structure, sex-ratio ...). Be as it may, a left basilar fragment of shed antler (FVT. 1842.106) can be associated to a male adult (Fig. 9 M). Another small fragment (FVT. 1992. F 10. B. 329) could match a female or a young male (Averbouh pers. comm.; Fig. 9 N). Finally, distinct tooth wear stages as observed on isolated teeth suggest various age classes (young adults, adults, old adults, and seniles).	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFF0FF8FFC74FA5CFDEC3255.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — NISP = 11; MNI = 3. 1989 - 1992 sample: 1 left i 3; 1 left humerus; 1 radius; 1 left ulna; 1 right femur; 1 femur; 1 right tibia; 1 right talus; 3 metatarsals III-IV.	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
038087D7FFF0FF8FFC74FA5CFDEC3255.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Roe deer is represented by 11 remains (including one isolated tooth), which correspond to three adult individuals. Appendicular skeleton is not sufficiently abundant and well preserved to allow any taxonomic identification. However, the size and the general morphology of metatarsals are typical of Capreolus (i. e. presence of a narrow longitudinal dorsal gutter; proximal epiphysis distinct from other comparable small ungulate species). The roe deer C. c. suessenbornensis has been attested in Europe (e. g., Süssenborn) since the Middle Pleistocene, and it became abundant with C. c. capreolus during the Cromerian stage. This latter subspecies has been widespread in Europe from the late Pleistocene until today (Kurtén 1968; Delpech & Guérin in Guérin & Patou-Mathis 1996).	en	Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe, Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015): Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den. Geodiversitas 37 (2): 237-266, DOI: 10.5252/g2015n2a5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5
