taxonID	type	description	language	source
038087D72351FFDE93D8B88D6C6E0145.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Laosa gloriosa Edwards, 1926 (monotypic). Adult. Medium sized crane flies, body length 8 – 15 mm, wings long and comparatively narrow. Vein Sc very long, tip of Sc 1 reaches far beyond branching point of radial sector (Rs). Rs short and straight. Cells r 3 and r 5 with additional cross vein each. Basal deflection of CuA 1 its own length beyond branching point of M (Fig. 2). Male genitalia (Fig. 3) with simple ninth tergite, posterior margin of which widely rounded; gonocoxite with large ventro-mesal lobe; outer gonostylus narrow and slightly arched before apex; inner gonostylus subglobular with well developed rostral prolongation and additional lobe bearing few long apical setae.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72351FFDE93D8B88D6C6E0145.taxon	description	Larva. Body white. Head capsule oval, depressed dorsoventrally and slightly reduced. Caudal end of head capsule (frons) rounded. Internolateralia fused with frontoclypeus. Clypeus consists of two parts: preclypeus and postclypeus. Labrum membranous, with groups of hair-like structures on lateral and ventral sides. Posterior end of labrum conical. Mandible large, heavily sclerotised, with two well developed apical teeth; ventral margin with two smaller teeth, dorsal margin with small single tooth. Maxilla well developed, sclerotised at the base and setose at the apex, cardo large. Hypostomal plate heavily sclerotised except apical part and curved along anterior margin. Hypostoma with nine teeth, the median tooth not prominent, lateral teeth short and obtuse. Hypopharynx and prementum dentate. Abdominal segments with dorsal and ventral creeping welts bearing groups of curved spines and setae and bounded by 4 – 6 transverse rows of fine setae. Spiracular lobes reduced, stigmal field narrowed on inner side. Spiracular field with only one, ventral pair of irregular sclerites. Spiracle oblong and oblique. Anal field consists of two pairs of white, fleshy and long (projecting beyond middle of segment) anal papillae. The larvae develop in the thickness of the bast fibers of trunks usually laying on the ground or hanging above the ground and covered with the strong, not exfoliating, partly fresh bast. Larvae were recorded in trunks of various deciduous and coniferous trees (Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011). Pupa. Yellowish brown. Cephalic crest and mesonotal spines absent. Abdominal segments III – VII with dorsal and ventral creeping welts. Surface of abdominal segments smooth, without spines. Prothoracic horns large, elongate, directed upward, bent at nearly right angle in apical part (Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011). Subgenus includes 20 species. Most of them recorded from Oriental (9 species) and Australian (8 species) Regions with only three species known from Eastern Palearctic. No fossil species are known (Evenhuis, 2014). It is recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72351FFD893D8BD4E6E8E0504.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: holotype, male (antenna, fore leg and wing slide-mounted), Japan, Shikoku, Mt. Ishizuchi, altitude 1800 m, June 16, 1956, T. Yano (USNM); 1 male (Fig. 1) (pinned, wing slide-mounted (Fig. 2), terminalia (Fig. 3) in microvial with glycerol on same pin), S. Korea, # 30, Cheju [Jeju] Island, September 6, 1954, G. W. Byers (USNM). General body coloration dark grayish brown (Fig. 1). Male body length 10.0 mm, wing length 14.9 mm. Head. Dark brownish gray. Eyes big, thus anterior vertex narrow. Original description (Alexander, 1958) mentioned anterior vertex carinate, but the author thought that “ this possibly abnormal and caused by shrinkage ”. Anterior vertex of Korean specimen carinate too. Antenna dark brown. Scape elongate, cylindrical. Pedicel subglobular, more than three times as short as scape, base narrowly pale. Basal flagellomeres subglobular with very short verticils. Rostrum and palpus blackish dark brown, labella pale.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72351FFD893D8BD4E6E8E0504.taxon	description	Thorax. Cervical sclerites and pronotum dark brown dusted with gray. Mesonotal prescutum grayish dark brown with indistinct median stripe. Area around pseudosutural fovea and lateral margin of sclerite yellowish. Scutal lobe dark brown, area between lobes silvery gray because of pruinosity. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown, densely dusted by gray. Pleuron grayish dark brown, semi-polished. Wing (Fig. 2) subhyaline, iridescent, grayish, yellow at base and in costal area, with darkened areas around all cross-veins. The most distinct, but small spots at base of Rs, at tips of Sc 1 / Sc 2 and R 1. Stigma dark brown. Veins brown, yellow in prearcular and costal areas. Venation: Sc long, Sc 1 ending far beyond branching of Rs. Sc 2 at tip of Sc 1. Rs very short, slightly arched. R 1 short transverse. R 2 distinctly before tip of R 1, cells r 3 and r 5 with additional cross vein each, radial and medial veins distinctly arched before wing margin. Cross-vein r-m at base of discal cell. Discal cell elongate, about five times as long as wide. Free end of M 1 + 2 twice as long as its basal part, that makes frontal margin of discal cell. Basal deflection of CuA 1 its own length beyond base of discal cell. First anal vein straight, second slightly sinuous. Cell a 2 medium wide, anal angle widely rounded. Stem of halter pale with brownish yellow base, knob light yellowish brown with infuscated base. Length of male halter 1.8 mm. Coxae dark brown, narrowly yellowish ventrally. Trochanters obscure yellow. Fore and middle femora brownish black to black with yellow base. Posterior femur yellow at base, light brown at middle, distal part dark brown. Fore and middle tibiae and tarsi dark brown to black, posterior tibia and basal tarsomere brown with narrowly dark brown apex, remaining tarsomeres dark brown. Male femur III: 12.5 mm, tibia III: 11.35 mm. Abdomen. Dark brown, sparsely covered with gray pruinosity. Two basal sternites obscure brownish, third brownish only at base. Male terminalia (Fig. 3) light rusty brown. Ninth tergite with widely rounded posterior margin and small median emargination. Gonocoxite elongate, with large, elongate, blunt-apexed, setose ventromesal lobe. Outer gonostylus long and narrow, slightly curved at apex. Inner gonostylus short, oval with long arched rostral prolongation that is armed with two long subbasal spines starting from single tubercle; elongate lobe starts from dorsal surface of stylus, distally lobe covers outer gonostylus, apex with brush of long setae starting at right angle and pointed laterally. Paramere long, wide at base, distal part triangle-shaped. Penis long, narrower distally, bifid at apex. Elevation range in Korea. Unknown. Period of activity. Single specimen was collected at the beginning of September. Habitat. Unknown. General distribution. Currently known only from Shikoku Island, Japan and recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72357FFDA93D8BA386CDA001F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head dark brown, dusted with gray, thorax obscure yellow, mesonotal prescutum with brown median stripe, lateral stripes missing. Abdominal segments brown with widely yellow posterior margins. Wing unpatterned except stigma, vein Sc 1 reaches frontal wing margin slightly before branching point of Rs, R 3 and R 4 + 5 strongly curved towards posterior wing margin. Membranous area behind ninth tergite with two triangle-shaped plates, gonocoxite elongate with subglobular ventro-mesal lobe, outer gonostylus short and nearly straight, inner gonostylus small, oval with large unarmed rostral prolongation, ventral side of stylus extended into short sculptured spine at base of rostral prolongation.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72357FFDA93D8BA386CDA001F.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material. Type specimens 2 males. Holotype: male (pinned) (Fig. 4), S. Korea, # 35, Cheju Island, [Halla San (volcano), altitude 1500 ft.], September 9, 1954, G. W. Byers (USNM). Paratypes: male (pinned, wing slide mounted in euparal (Fig. 7), genitalia (Fig. 8) in microvial filled with glycerol on same pin), S. Korea, # 36, Cheju-do, Halla San (volcano), altitude 1500 ft., September 10, 1954, G. W. Byers (SMEK).	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72357FFDA93D8BA386CDA001F.taxon	description	Description (Figs. 4 – 9). Adult (Fig. 4), male (N = 2). General body color brownish yellow. Body length 4.6 – 4.7 mm, wing length 5.7 – 6.2 mm. Head. Dark brown to blackish, covered with silvery gray pruinosity. Anterior vertex narrow, silvery gray. Dorsally head with longitudinal line of ground blackish color, sides of which marked with gray pruinosity, oval, less intense spot laterally. Eyes big, nearly reaching each other dorsally and ventrally. Antenna reaching base of wing, if bent backward. Scape brown with yellowish distal part, sparsely dusted with gray, elongate, nearly cylindrical. Pedicel dark brown, twice as short as scape. Flagellum dark brown at base, brown at apex, basal flagellomeres oval with apical pedicels, decreasing in length apically, apical segment twice as long as preceding. Verticils twice as long as respective segments. Flagellomeres covered with whitish pubescence. Rostrum brown, semi-polished. Palpus dark brown, mouth parts paler. Thorax. Obscure yellow. Cervical sclerites dark brown. Pronotum obscure yellow with dark brown dorsal stripe. Ground color of mesonotal prescutum yellow, median stripe brown, dark brown at frontal margin of sclerite. Lateral stripes missing, lateral margin of sclerite indistinctly brownish. Scutal lobe brown, area between lobes yellowish. Scutellum pale, mediotergite obscure yellow. Pleuron obscure yellow, semi-polished. Wing (Fig. 7) subhyaline, brownish, unpatterned except light brownish stigma. Veins light yellowish-brown. Venation: Sc long, Sc 1 ending slightly before branching point of Rs. Sc 2 at tip of Sc 1. Rs medium-long, slightly arched. R 1 short, nearly transverse, indistinct at wing margin. R 2 at tip of R 1, oblique. R 3 and R 4 + 5 long, distinctly arched, getting closer to each other towards wing margin. Cross-vein r-m distinct, beyond base of discal cell. Discal cell elongate, 2.6 times as long as wide. Basal deflection of CuA 1 at middle of discal cell. Second anal vein medium-long, slightly arched subapically. Cell a 2 medium wide, anal angle widely rounded. Halter 0.8 – 1.0 mm long, with pale stem and dark brown knob. Coxae obscure yellow, just fore coxa frontally darkened. Trochanters obscure yellow. Femora pale at base turning brown distally with yellow apical ring. Tibiae light brown, basal tarsomeres brown, two distal tarsomeres dark brown. Femur I: 4.6 – 5.7 mm long, III: 6.2 – 6.5 mm, tibiae I: 5.9 – 6.6 mm, III: 6.2 – 6.5 mm, tarsus I: 5.6 mm, III: 4.7 – 4.9 mm. Claw with subbasal spine. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown at base with widely yellow posterior margin. Four basal sternites generally yellow, third and fourth indistinctly brown at base, remaining sternites distinctly dark brown at base widely yellow at distal margin. Male genitalia (Fig. 8) yellow. Ninth tergite simple, posterior margin nearly straight, membranous area behind ninth tergite with two triangle-shaped finely setose plates (Fig. 8 pl). Gonocoxite elongate with subglobular ventro-mesal lobe at middle (Fig. 9). Outer gonostylus (Fig. 5) narrow, comparatively short, slightly arched. Inner gonostylus short, oval, 2.25 times as short as gonocoxite with large, slightly curved, unarmed rostral prolongation. Ventral side of stylus with short acute-pointed sculptured lobe at base of rostral prolongation (Fig. 6). Paramere with long and narrow blade-shaped point-apexed distal prolongation (Fig. 8). Penis elongate, turning narrower before apex, reaching slightly beyond middle of gonocoxite. Habitat. Unknown. Elevation. Nearly 500 m. Period of activity. Beginning of September.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72357FFDA93D8BA386CDA001F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently known only from Jeju Island, South Korea.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72357FFDA93D8BA386CDA001F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Distinguished from other species in the genus by small size, body coloration, wing venation and male genitalia. The structure of the male genitalia of L. byersiana n. sp. are unique among East Palearctic Libnotes. One such feature is the unusually shaped membranous area with two large plates below the ninth tergite (behind the ninth tergite in KOH cleared terminalia (Fig. 8 )), which are remains of the 10 th segment. These plates are derivates of semi-membranous structures that are sometimes present in other Libnotes (Libnotes), for example, two elongate darkened lobules are ventral to the posterior margin of the ninth tergite in L. divaricata. The inner gonostylus of L. byersiana has a small acute lobe on the ventral surface which is also unique among species of L. (Libnotes). Overall, the male genitalia of L. byersiana resembles that of L. (Neolibnotes) biprotensa (Alexander, 1972) from Palau Islands, but the wing venation of both species is very different. Among East Palearctic species, L. divaricata is most similar to L. byersiana. Both species are the smallest among Korean Libnotes, and resemble most Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829 with unpatterned wings, similar wing venation, an unarmed rostral prolongation of the inner gonostylus and a complicated tip of the penis.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72357FFDA93D8BA386CDA001F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Dr. George W. Byers, who, as a military entomologist in post-war Korea in 1954, collected lots of crane flies together with this species.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72355FFD493D8BCB46D0B05CC.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: paratype, male (wing and genitalia slide-mounted), Japan, Meguro, Tokyo, June 10, 1923, Ryaichi Takashi (USNM); metatypes, 2 males (wing, leg and genitalia slide-mounted), Japan, Shikoku, Asizuri- Misaki, May 10, 1951, Issiki-Ito (USNM); 6 males (antenna (Fig. 10) and wing (Fig. 11) of one male slidemounted, terminalia (Fig. 12) in microvial with glycerol), 2 females (in ethanol, ovipositor of one female (Fig. 13) in microvial with glycerol), S. Korea, Jeju-do, Seogwipo, Donnaeko-ro, Hanrasong restaurant, N 33.299475, E 126.586671, altitude 250 m, June 12, 1999 (KU). General body coloration yellowish brown. Male body length 4.3 – 5.4 mm, female 5.6 – 6.1 mm. Wing length of male 6.3 – 7.1 mm, of female 7.2 mm. Head. Grayish brown. Eyes big, anterior vertex narrow. Antenna of male (Fig. 10) 1.2 – 1.4 mm, of female 1.5 mm long. Scape brown, elongate, nearly cylindrical. Pedicel brown with yellowish base, twice as short as scape. Flagellum grayish brown, basal flagellomeres oval, distal elongate. Apical segment 1.6 times as long as preceding segment. Longest verticils 1.6 times as long as respective segments. Rostrum yellowish brown, palpus brown, labella pale.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
038087D72355FFD493D8BCB46D0B05CC.taxon	description	Thorax. Pronotum dark brown with narrowly yellowish posterior margin. Mesonotal prescutum grayishyellowish brown with wide dark brown median stripe, that gets darker frontally and indistinct posteriorly, with narrow yellowish line along middle. Scutal lobe brown, area between lobes pale. Scutellum yellowish brown, mediotergite pale brown. Pleuron obscure yellow with slightly darker spots. Wing (Fig. 11) subhyaline, brownish, yellowish in prearcular area, indistinctly darkened around base of Rs and basal deflection of CuA 1. Stigma elongate, brownish, slightly widening towards wing apex. Veins light brown, yellow in prearcular area. Venation: Sc long, Sc 1 ending slightly beyond branching of Rs. Sc 2 at tip of Sc 1. Rs short, slightly arched. R 1 short transverse and very indistinct. R 2 beyond tip of R 1, oblique. R 3 and R 4 + 5 long, distinctly arched and parallel to each other. Cross-vein r-m distinct, at base of discal cell. Discal cell elongate, 2.75 times as long as wide. Basal deflection of CuA 1 slightly before middle of discal cell. Second anal vein short and arched. Cell a 2 medium wide, anal angle widely rounded. Halter obscure yellow, base of knob slightly infuscated. Length of male halter 1.0 – 1.1 mm, of female 1.0 – 1.2 mm. Coxae yellow, trochanters brownish yellow. Femur yellow with pale base and brownish distal part, tibia light brown, basal tarsomere same color as tibia, distal tarsomeres darkened. Male femur I: 5.45 mm long, III: 5.1 mm. Abdomen. First abdominal tergite yellowish, remaining tergites brown. Basal sternite yellow, second and third light brown, remaining dark brown. Male terminalia (Fig. 12) brown, inner gonostylus pale brown. Posterior margin of ninth tergite rounded with small median emargination. Gonocoxite elongate, with short blunt-apexed, setose subbasal ventro-mesal lobe. Outer gonostylus sickle-shaped, inner gonostylus short, subglobular with long arched unarmed rostral prolongation. Paramere with deep invagination at posterior margin, separating horn-shaped darkened mesal part and wide blunt outer lobe. Penis long, wider at base. Tip complicated, laterally extended into curved darkened lobes, central part bifid, “ U ” - shaped. Ovipositor (Fig. 13) obscure yellow, cercus with small dorsal, subapical tooth, hypovalva darkened at base, reaching to about tooth of cercus. Elevation range in Korea. 250 m. Period of activity. Middle of June. Habitat. Species was collected near restaurant, close to stream surrounded by trees and shrubs. General distribution. Currently known only from Honshu and Shikoku islands, Japan and here recorded from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.9
