taxonID	type	description	language	source
038087E7FFCDFFF5FCF1FAF2FBCB5C5B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ZM-CBSU 9713 (Fig. 2); male, 23.9 mm SL, Iran, Fars, Darab, Korsiah Banaki spring-stream system, Kol River, 28 ° 46 ' 24.96 '' N, 54 ° 23 ' 35.48 '' E, altitude 1027 m, 15 March 2005, coll. A. Teimori, M. Ebrahimi, M. Nokhbatolfoghahai. Paratypes. ZM-CBSU 8600, 9601 – 9739; 35 females (21.3 – 39.3 mm SL), 34 males (18.6 – 34.6 mm SL), same locality as holotype. Non-type material. ZM-CBSU 8683 – 8700, 10871 – 10882; 19 females (15.3 – 27.8 mm SL), 11 males (12.7 – 23.5 mm SL), Iran, Darab, Dasht-e-Konar wetland, Kol River, 28 ° 09 ' 23.1 '' N, 55 ° 18 ' 17.5 " E, altitude 699 m, 20 April 2007, coll. H. R. Esmaeili, A. Teimori, A. Gholamifard, N. Nazari.	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFCDFFF5FCF1FAF2FBCB5C5B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aphanius darabensis n. sp. is closely related to A. shirini from which it is distinguished by higher number of flank bars in males (9 – 18 in A. darabensis vs. 7 – 10 in A. shirini), by small irregular vertical patches of brown color on the flank of females (vs. prominent dark brown blotches of round or irregular shape), and by symmetrically shaped triangular to trapezoid otoliths with a rostrum clearly longer than the antirostrum (Figs. 4 A – E) (vs. quadrangular to trapezoid otoliths with short and equally sized rostrum and antirostrum). It is distinguished from the other Aphanius species of our comparison group by the combination of four characters in both sexes: longer anal fin (15.5 % SL in males, 12.1 % SL in females), larger pelvic fin (8.1 – 12.5 % SL in males, 7.04 – 10.3 % SL in females), greater scale width (4.1 – 6.0 % SL), and otolith characters as described above (Figs. 4 A – E). In addition, males can be distinguished by greater scale length (3.0 – 4.8 % SL) and small caudal peduncle (0.9 – 1.5 % minimum body depth); and females can be separated additionally by a short caudal fin length (12.7 – 19.2 % SL) (see comparative morphology and identification key below).	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFCDFFF5FCF1FAF2FBCB5C5B.taxon	description	Description. Body thick and oval; greatest body depth just anterior of pelvic fins; rounded dorsal, anal, pectoral and caudal fins; anal fin positioned posterior to the dorsal fin origin; pectoral fin inserted at below midline of body, not reaching the pelvic fins and shorter than head length; pelvic fins short, positioned anterior to the dorsal fin origin, not reaching the anal fin; head profile straight and dorsal profile rounded; snout rounded; lower jaw directed upward; posterior tip of upper jaw halfway between snout and anterior edge of orbit; jaws with tricuspid teeth. Otoliths triangular to trapezoid, symmetrical; rostrum longer than antirostrum (Figs. 4 A – E). Morphometric and meristic characters are summarized in Tables 1 – 2. Eye diameter 0.2 – 0.4 % head length (HL) in males and 0.3 – 0.4 % HL in females; HL 25.9 – 31.9 % SL in males and females and longer than head depth; head depth 20.3 – 24.9 % SL in males and 19.6 – 23.7 % in females; predorsal length shorter than preanal length, 58.5 – 65 % SL in males and 59 – 66 % in females; minimum body depth 14.9 – 20.2 % SL in males and 13.5 – 16.6 % in females; pectoral fin length 17.3 – 21.8 % SL in males and 15.5 – 19.7 % in females. 11 – 15 dorsal fin rays, 10 – 13 anal fin rays, 13 – 18 pectoral fin rays, 5 – 8 pelvic fin rays. Lateral scale series 23 – 28; caudal peduncle scales 7 – 10; gill rakers 10 – 13. Diagnostic molecular characters. The Kimura 2 - parameter model revealed that genetic distances between Aphanius darabensis n. sp. and A. isfahanensis, A. arakensis, A. vladykovi, A. shirini, A. pluristriatus, A. sophiae, A. farsicus, A. mesopotamicus, and A. kavirensis n. sp. are 0.087, 0.080, 0.075, 0.072, 0.068, 0.068, 0.067, 0.067 and 0.064 %, respectively (Table 3). Aphanius darabensis n. sp. is distinguished by 69 fixed diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the mt-DNA cytochrome b sequences from its sister species A. shirini. It is also distinguished from the other Iranian Aphanius species of the comparison group by diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the mt-DNA cytochrome b sequences (e. g. 66 vs. A. farsicus, 54 vs. A. isfahanensis, 73 vs. A. vladykovi; see Table 3). Aphanius darabensis n. sp. is distinguished by 65 fixed diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the mt-DNA cytochrome b sequences from the new species A. kavirensis (see below). Color pattern. Description of color is based on formalin fixed specimens. Male: Body coloration dark brown, dorsal surface of head and upper flank dark brown; belly and ventral part of head whitish-cream; chin and snout with dense black pigments, darker than rest of ventral head; one row of dense dark grey pigments below eyes, especially in anterio-ventral region of eyes. Dorsal fin with white margin and dark and light brown irregular pigments on membranes and rays, rays more pigmented than membranes, the three anteriormost dorsal fin rays darker than the remaining dorsal fin rays. Anal fin dark brown proximal, with white margin; white crescent-like marks in some specimens; 2 – 4 anteriormost anal fin rays darker than remaining anal fin rays in some males. Caudal fin brown at base, with white margin; brown crescent-like marks in some males (independent of the males’ size). Few dark brown pigments at base of pectoral fin, some individuals with dark brown pigments in proximal portions of pectoral fin; pelvic fin with dark brown pigments, darker than pigments on pectoral and lighter than pigments on anal and dorsal fins, with white margin in some individuals. 9 – 18 narrow white vertical flank bars on brown background from behind head to tail. Female: Dorsal surface of head and upper flank dark brown; belly and lower head whitish-cream; dark brown pigments on snout and around eyes small and denser than opercular pigments. Flank with irregular thin brown vertical patches, which may be interrupted in vertical extent and weakly expressed anteriorly; some specimens with dark yellow region in middle of flank, from posterior part of operculum to near caudal peduncle base. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins hyaline; caudal fin base with 2 – 8 small dark brown pigments and a single oval to lozenge-shaped dark brown spot at middle of caudal fin base. Fins with little pigmentation being more visible in dorsal, anal and caudal than in pectoral fins; proximal half of dorsal fin with dark brown pigments. Sexual dimorphism. Males with vertical flank bars, females without bars but with one small oval to lozengeshaped black spot at the central base of the caudal fin and irregularly arranged thin brown vertical patches on the flank (absent in males).	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFCDFFF5FCF1FAF2FBCB5C5B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name links to Darab (the land of water) referring to Darab city, SE of Shiraz (Fars Province), as the species is found in a spring near to this city. Proposed common name. Kol tooth-carp. Kapour-e-dandandare-e-Kol (Farsi), Kol Zahnkärpfling (German).	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFCDFFF5FCF1FAF2FBCB5C5B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and conservation. Aphanius darabensis n. sp. has been collected from three localities in the Kol River (Hormuzgan Basin). The first locality, Korsiah Banaki (near Darab city) has dried out due to the recent droughts since 2005, and attempts in 2012 and 2013 by the authors to find the species again have failed. At the other localities, i. e. Dasht – e – Konar wetland (SE of Darab city) and Golabi spring (Fig. 5) (near Darab city), A. darabensis occurs in low numbers. Hence care should be taken to conserve this population. Drought and introductions of alien fishes, particularly Gambusia holbrooki and Neotropical convict cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata (see Esmaeili et al. 2013), are major threats to this endemic fish species.	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFC8FFF7FCF1FD1EFC655965.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ZM-CBSU 9587 a (Fig. 6); male, 26.7 mm SL, Iran, Semnan, Damghan, Cheshmeh Ali Spring, Kavir Basin, 36 ° 16 ' 45.6 '' N, 54 ° 05 ' 01.6 '' E, altitude 1569 m, 22 August 2011, coll. H. R. Esmaeili, A. Gholamifard, G. Sayyadzadeh, R. Zamaniannejad. Paratypes. ZM-CBSU 9587 b, 9587 – 9600, 1141 – 1199, 11200; 42 females (15.3 – 42.3 mm SL), 32 males (17.6 – 28.1 mm SL), same locality as holotype.	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFC8FFF7FCF1FD1EFC655965.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aphanius kavirensis n. sp. is closely related to a group containing A. sophiae, A. mesopotamicus and A. pluristriatus. An unambiguous species separation within this group is only possible by molecular characters. However, combination of three morphological characters can help to separate A. kavirensis n. sp. from the species of the comparison group: females with irregularly arranged large blotches of dark brown color on the flank, short pectoral fin in both sexes (13.4 – 18.1 % SL in males, 11.2 – 18.3 % SL in females), and otoliths of slightly asymmetrical triangular to trapezoid shape with a pronounced predorsal portion, a thick antirostrum and a rostrum that is equal or slightly longer than the antirostrum (Figs. 4 F – J) (see also comparative morphology and identification key below).	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFC8FFF7FCF1FD1EFC655965.taxon	description	Description. Body thick and oval; greatest body depth just anterior of pelvic fins; rounded dorsal, anal, pectoral and caudal fins; anal fin positioned posterior to the dorsal fin origin; pectoral fin inserted at below midline of body, not reaching the pelvic fins and shorter than head length; pelvic fins relatively short, positioned anterior to the dorsal fin origin, not reaching the anal fin; head profile straight and dorsal profile rounded; snout rounded; lower jaw directed upward; jaws with tricuspid teeth. Otoliths slightly asymmetrical, triangular to trapezoid with a pronounced predorsal portion, thick antirostrum, and comparatively short rostrum (Figs. 4 F – J). Morphometric and meristic characters are summarized in Tables 1 – 2. Eye diameter 0.31 – 0.40 % head length (HL) in males and 0.27 – 0.38 % in females; HL 26.6 – 32.1 % SL in males and 24.8 – 31.6 % in females, longer than head depth; head depth 19.8 – 23.5 % SL in males and 19.2 – 22.7 % in females; predorsal length shorter than preanal length, 58.9 – 64.2 % SL in males and 60.2 – 66.4 % in females; minimum body depth 14.4 – 17.9 % SL in males and 12.4 – 17.1 % in females; pectoral fin length 13.4 – 18.1 % SL in males and 11.2 – 18.3 % in females. 9 – 13 dorsal fin rays, 9 – 12 anal fin rays, 14 – 17 pectoral fin rays, 5 – 7 pelvic fin rays. Lateral scale series 25 – 29; caudal peduncle scales 9 – 12; gill rakers 9 – 11. Diagnostic molecular characters. The Kimura 2 - parameter model revealed that genetic differences between Aphanius kavirensis n. sp. and A. isfahanensis, A. darabensis n. sp., A. vladykovi, A. shirini, A. arakensis, A. farsicus, A. sophiae, A. pluristriatus and A. mesopotamicus are 0.071, 0.064, 0.062, 0.054, 0.039, 0.037, 0.014, 0.011 and 0.010 %, respectively (Table 3). 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 A. darabensis 2 A. kavirensis 3 A. arakensis 4 A. mesopotamicus 5 A. pluristriatus 6 A. sophiae 7 A. farsicus 8 A. isfahanensis 0.080 9 A. shirini 0.058 0.087 10 A. vladykovi 0.068 0.088 0.072 11 A. fasciatus 0.192 0.187 0.187 0.183 12 A. iberus 0.198 0.207 0.208 0.187 0.193 13 F. sjoestedti 0.283 0.298 0.286 0.277 0.301 0.302 Aphanius kavirensis n. sp. is distinguished by 17 – 18 fixed diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the mt-DNA cytochrome b sequences from its closest relatives (19 vs. A. sophiae, 17 vs. A. mesopotamicus, 18 vs. A. pluristriatus, see Table 3). Color pattern. Description is based on formalin fixed specimens. Male: Dorsal surface of head and upper flank dark brown; belly and lower head whitish-cream; chin and snout with small dense black pigments; row of very dense black pigments below eye and especially in anterio-ventral region of eyes. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins with clear white margin, relatively wider in caudal fin; dark brown irregularly arranged pigments on membranes and rays, rays more pigmented than membranes. Anteriormost dorsal fin rays darker than the rest in some individuals; anal fin darkest just proximal to clear margin; caudal fin darkest at base with white crescent-like bars in some individuals. Few small dark brown pigments at base of pectoral fin, pectoral fin rays of light brown color; pelvic fin lemon-yellowish having few dark pigments. 9 – 14 narrow white vertical flank bars on dark brown background from behind head to tail, particularly clear on posterior part of flank. Female: Dorsal surface of head and upper flank dark brown; belly and lower head light brown to whitishcream; small dark brown pigments on snout and around eyes, denser than on operculum. Flank with irregularly arranged large blotches of dark brown color; some specimens with pale yellowish stripe in the middle of the flank, extending from posterior part of operculum to near the base of caudal peduncle. Unpaired and paired fins of generally whitish-cream color and without white margin. Anal fin uniformly whitish-cream; dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins with a few dark brown pigments being more numerous in dorsal and caudal than in pectoral fins; dorsal fin base and proximal dorsal fin with dense dark brown pigments in some specimens. Proximal caudal fin in some individuals with irregularly arranged dark brown or black pigments or crescent-like bars, small oval to lozenge-shaped spot at central base of caudal fin. Sexual dimorphism. Males with vertical flank bars, females without bars, but with one small oval to lozengeshaped spot at the central base of the caudal fin and dark brown blotches on the flank (absent in males).	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFC8FFF7FCF1FD1EFC655965.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name links to the Kavir Basin, where the species is found. Proposed common name. Kavir tooth-carp, Kapour-e-dandandare-e-Kavir (Farsi), Kavir Zahnkärpfling (German).	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
038087E7FFC8FFF7FCF1FD1EFC655965.taxon	distribution	Distribution and conservation. Aphanius kavirensis n. sp. has only been collected from its type locality, Cheshmeh Ali Spring in the Kavir Basin (N-Iran) (Fig. 8). Introduction of exotic carnivorous fish such as Oncorhyncus mykiss (personal observation) may threat this endemic species.	en	Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Teimori, Azad, Gholami, Zeinab, Reichenbacher, Bettina (2014): Two new species of the tooth-carp Aphanius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) and the evolutionary history of the Iranian inland and inland-related Aphanius species. Zootaxa 3786 (3): 246-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.2
