identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038087F4A46B9D6438B09139FBA4F146.text	038087F4A46B9D6438B09139FBA4F146.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus trimaculatus Cameron 1904	<div><p>Zethus trimaculatus Cameron, 1904</p><p>(Figs. 1–6 excluding 4-2)</p><p>Cameron, 1904, Zeit. Syst. Hym. Dipt., 4(1): 14–15, “ Sikkim ” (holotype BMNH).</p><p>Giordani Soika, 1941, Boll. Soc. Veneziana Stor. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., 2(3): 213–214, fig. 16–3, 216 (key). Giordani Soika, 1958, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia, 11: 75 (key).</p><p>Material examined. Holotype, ♀, Darjeeling (West Bengal, India), Cameron, Coll., B. M. type, Hym. 18. 101.</p><p>Diagnosis. Macropunctures of integument mainly foveate and dense; antennal scapes not broadened toward apex. Notaulix incomplete and distinct only at apical 1/2 of scutum. Medial part of mesopleura strongly raised and plateau-like; propodeal lamella weakly scleritized, yellowish brown coloured and circularly shaped. Apical lamellae of T2 &amp; T3 short and erected; T 1 in lateral view with dorsal margin obtusely curved between basal stem and apical expansion; apical expansion of T1 rectangular in dorsal view with both sides nearly straight; T1 with VFB glabrous, S1 with BS glabrous, S 2 in lateral view roundly angulate at basal 1/3 and nearly straight at apical 2/ 3. Male clypeus with broad yellow band on apical margin, FXI bullet-shaped, as long as wide and shorter than FX (cf. Nguyen &amp; Carpenter 2016).</p><p>Redescription of holotype (female, Fig. 1)</p><p>Structure. Head: Clypeus gently convex and about 1.7 times as wide as high, apical margin smoothly curved with apex narrowly and weakly emarginate (Fig. 5). Antennal scapes nearly straight and distinctly shorter than mandibles. OD a little shorter than the diameter and distinctly longer than the radius of antennal socket, ocellar area not raised. Occiput carina well develop and complete (extend to base of mandibles), weak dorsally. Gena in profile a little wider above than below, with broadest part slightly narrower than upper part of compound eye, posteroventral corner of gena obtusely curved (Fig. 2). Mandible with three blunt teeth, apical tooth more pointed and slightly larger; out surface of mandible obscurely macropunctate with several longitudinal and low ridges.</p><p>Mesosoma: Pronotum smoothly narrowed forward, anterior margin straight, humeral angles obtuse. Pronotal lamella weak laterally and indiscernible dorsally. Subhumeral area weakly depressed. Notaulix incomplete, broad and deep apically, diminished gradually forward to basal 1/2 of scutum. Tegula oval, outer margin smoothly curved; posterior lobe of tegula triangular and well developed, about 1/2 as long as anterior broad part of tegula (Fig. 3), apex acute, reaching far beyond parategula and slightly beyond anterior margin of auxiliary fossa. Parategula small, about three times as large as adjoining macropunctures. Mesopleura abruptly convex medially and plateau-like, epipleural and pleural sutures faintly discernible only by lines of closely adjoining macropunctures. Scutellum rectangular and flat, anterior margin adorned with a transverse row of eight pits. Metanotum narrow and belt-like, with distinct anterior furrow and lateral longitudinal keels, posterior side vertical. Propodeum broadly concave on posterior depression, dorsal side inclined outward and separated from lateral sides by weak lateral carinae; submedian carina indiscernible, median ridge of posterior depression strong and erect, dorsal propodeal aperture round. Propodeal lamella circular in shape and weakly scleritized (Fig. 4-1), propodeal valvulae rectangular and well separated from propodeal lamellae. Posterior margin of hind tibia adorned with a row of widely spaced and short spines.</p><p>Metasoma: T2, T3 and S2 with smooth apical lamellae, weak on S2 and erected on T2 &amp; T3. T1 petiolate, distinctly shorter than T2, dorsal margin obtusely curved in profile between basal stem and apical expansion; apical expansion nearly rectangular in dorsal view, with both lateral and dorsal margins nearly straight. Dorsal side of T1 distinctly depressed sub-apically with apical margin weakly swollen, smooth and shining. T1with VFB wider than BS of S1. S1 exposed and flask-shaped, differentiated into a slender BS and an abruptly broadened AE. 2nd metasomal segment sessile and a little longer than wide, T2 smoothly curved dorsally, S2 roundly angulate in profile at basal 1/3 with apical 2/3 nearly straight. T3 broadly depressed before apical lamella, S3 gently and broadly protruding posteriorly.</p><p>Integumental sculptures. Body with deep and dense foveate macropunctures on head, pronotum, basal half of scutum and mesopleura, shallower on gena and tend to become reticulate on apical half of scutum and scutellum; scutal area between notaulix deeply macropunctate. Subhumeral area transversely sulcate on lower half, epicnemium smooth and shining, posterior depressed part of mesopleura coriaceous. Metanotum sparsely macropunctate on both dorsal and posterior sides. Propodeum with lateral sides mainly coriaceous and obscurely and sparsely macropunctate near upper margin, dorsal side striate at outer half and rugose at inner half; posterior depression of propodeum broadly and transversely sulcate. T1 densely foveate with foveae tend to join to each other, VFB glaborous. S1 glabrous at BS and obscurely rugose at AE. T2 shallowly and moderate-spaced macropunctate dorsally and sparsely micropunctate laterally, punctation become denser before apical lamella, S2 sparsely micropunctate. T3 and T4 coriaceous basally and deeply and elongately macropunctate apically, subapical depression of T3 smooth and shining. T5 and S3–S5 moderate-spaced micropunctate, T6 coriaceous.</p><p>Body markings. Body mainly black, dark yellowish brown on antennal flagellomeres, legs, except coxa, and T5 &amp; T6, yellowish brown on tegula, propodeal lamellae and valvulae. Body orange-coloured as follows: paired transverse middle spots on dorsal side of pronotum, a transverse line of three irregular spots on metanotum, and apical ring of T1. Wings transparent, palely enfumed at costal area of forewings.</p><p>Pilosity. Hairs whitish or pale yellowish brown with length a little longer than OD, very sparsely present all over. Hind tibia with dense and yellowish pubescence on inner side.</p><p>Remarks. The holotype of Z. trimaculatus is female and was collected from Darjeeling, West Bengal in northeastern India. The male was recently reported by Nguyen &amp; Carpenter (2016) from Vietnam; according to their description, the male was characterized by a broad yellow band running along anterior margin of clypeus and a short, bullet-shaped FXI. Although Lang San (a.s.l. 350m, Na Ri District, Bac Can Province) where the male was collected is more than 1.500km away from and much lower in elevation than Darjeeling (a.s.l. 2042m), the distinct features of the male that Nguyen &amp; Carpenter have mentioned, i.e. rounded propodeal lamella and angulate lateral contour of S2 at basal 1/3, fit well with those of the female type. Gusenleitner (2011) reported also one pair of Z. trimaculatus from Laos but did not give any comment on them. The authors have examined this pair now deposited in OLM and found them possess both round propodeal valvulae that are broadly attached basally to propodeal lamellae (Fig. 4-2) and a dorsally rounded propodeal orifice. According to Bohart &amp; Stange (1965) and Hermes et al. (2014), these character states does not belong to Zethus but more likely to Discoelius Latreilli. The status of this pair will be reviewed and clarified in another article and is not discussed here further.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087F4A46B9D6438B09139FBA4F146	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lu, Sheng-Shan	Lu, Sheng-Shan (2017): New record of the genus Zethus Fabricius from Taiwan, with the description of Z. taiwanus sp. nov. and a key to the species of trimaculatus - group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 4324 (3): 529-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.7
038087F4A46E9D6738B09531FB26F336.text	038087F4A46E9D6738B09531FB26F336.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus taiwanus Lu 2017	<div><p>Zethus taiwanus sp. nov. Yeh &amp; Lu</p><p>(Figs. 7–15, 21, 23, 25 &amp; 26)</p><p>Material examined. All types except one male were collected by WCY from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.885002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=121.572105" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.885002/lat 121.572105)">Guishan</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.885002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=121.572105" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.885002/lat 121.572105)">Xindian District</a>, New Taipei City, E24°53'6.01" N121°34'19.59", a. s. l. 500m. Holotype: ♀, V/25/2012 . Paratypes: 1♂, V/23/2012; 1♂ 1♀, V/25/2012; 6♂, V/14/2013; 1♀, V/25/2013. 1♂, V/19/2010, Machia, a.s.l. 180m, Pingdong County, leg. I. H. Sung.</p><p>Holotype and most of paratypes to be deposited at the Forest Arthropoda Collection Taiwan (FACT), TFRI. The pair collected in V/25/2012 will be donated to the National Museum of Natural History, Taichung .</p><p>Diagnosis. Bi-coloured species with black body and yellowish brown legs. Female clypeus minutely tridentate, male clypeus strongly bi-dentate with apical notch deep and 1/5 as wide as clypeus. Male mandible with three large teeth, basal tooth formed a rectangular plate with basal angle of mandible and separated from middle tooth by a broad notch. Female ocelli small with OD distinctly shorter than the radius of antennal socket. Aedeagus of male genitalia with ventral lobe of penile valve erect and thin, cockscomb-shaped in profile, basal plate triangular with attenuate and pointed apex.</p><p>Holotype (female, Fig. 15)</p><p>Structure. Head: Clypeus gently convex, transversely oblong and slightly less than two time as wide as long, apex widely truncate with three blunt teeth, middle tooth smaller and indistinct, apical truncation about 1/3 as wide as clypeus (fig. 7). Antennal scapes broadened toward apex and slightly shorter than mandibles, inter-antennal area gently raised. Ocelli small with OD distinctly smaller than the radius of antennal socket, ocellar area not raised. Gena distinctly wider above than below in profile, postero-ventral corner strongly angulate, broadest part distinctly wider than upper part of compound eye (Fig. 10). Occiput carina strong and complete, distinctly ridge-like and bordered anteriorly with one row of short pits. Mandible with three blunt teeth, basal one small and indistinct; out surface of mandibles with irregular longitudinal depressions and ridges, basal part shallowly macropunctate.</p><p>Mesosoma: Anterior margin of pronotum straight, humeral angle distinctly angulate, pronotal lamella strong laterally and weak dorsally. Subhumeral area moderately depressed. Notaulix complete and straight, broad and deep apically and slightly attenuate toward base. Tegula as in Z. trimaculatus but more elongate, with posterior lobe distinctly longer than half length of anterior part (Fig. 9). Mesopleura with medial part gently convex, pleural suture defined by a row of large, deep and transversely elongate pits, epipleural suture discernible only by depressed line of punctures. Scutellum rectangular with a weak medial longitudinal furrow, anterior margin adorned with a transverse row of six large pits. Metanotum rectangular with postero-lateral corners angulate, posterior side vertical. Posterior depression of propodeum broadly concave with interspaces of rugose punctation tend to from transverse ridges, median ridge strong and raised, dorsal propodeal aperture elliptical; dorsal side of propodeum slightly inclined outward and separated from lateral side by indistinct lateral carina; submedian carina distinct at anterior half, invisible posteriorly. Propodeal lamella well developed and strongly protruding upward (Fig. 14); propodeal valvula rectangular and well segregated from propodeal lamella. Hind tibia with only three or four irregularly spaced short spines on posterior side.</p><p>Metasoma: T2, T3 and S2 with smooth and shining apical lamella, weak on S2 and well developed and protruding posteriorly on T2 and T3, apical lamella of T3 two times as long as that of T2. T1 a little shorter than T2, dorsal margin smoothly curved between basal stem and apical expansion; apical expansion elliptical in dorsal view with lateral sides smoothly curved, dorsal side with a straight and weak dorsal ridge. Dorsal side of T1 less depressed sub-apically than in Z. trimaculatus, apical margin weakly swollen, smooth and shining. Ventral side of T1 and S1 as in Z. trimaculatus (Fig. 11). Second metasomal segment sessile, distinctly longer than wide, smoothly and gently curved both dorsally and ventrally. T2 &amp; T3 slightly depressed sub-apically, S3 gently and broadly protruding posteriorly, apical margin with thin and smooth flange.</p><p>Integumental sculptures. Foveate to reticulate macropunctures densely present on head, dorsal side of pronotum except its median narrow area, basal 1/3 of scutum, upper half of mesopleura and T1, sparser and shallower on posterior half of gena, scutellum and metanotum. Clypeus densely and shallowly foveate, antennal scape smooth ventrally and obscurely micropunctate dorsally. Subhumeral area broadly and transversely sulcate, scutal area between notaulix smooth with sparse and shallow macropunctures, tegula smooth. Mesopleura moderately and shallowly macropunctate below pleural and epipleural sutures with epicnemium and posterior part coriaceous. Propodeum coriaceous on dorsal and lateral sides, obscurely macropunctate along upper margin of lateral side; posterior depression with upper 1/3 rugose and lower 2/3 obscurely sulcate. T1 with VFB coarsely foveate but smooth close to inner margin, S1 with BS foveate and AE obscurely rugose. T2 sparsely micropunctate, T3 coriaceous with sub-apical depressed area moderately macropunctate dorsally and deeply and densely macropunctate laterally, S3 densely macropunctate.</p><p>Body markings. Body black, legs mainly yellowish brown with dark brownish femora. A yellow spot on dorso-inner margin of antennal socket, a tiny and faint pale spot on gena above. A pair of transverse yellow lateral spots on apical margin of T1. Tegula yellowish brown. Wings transparent, very palely enfumed with brown.</p><p>Pilosity. Long yellowish brown hairs (more than three times of OD) present moderately on entire body except antennal flagella, very dense on clypeus and shorter on scutum. Hind tibia with dense and yellowish pubescence on inner side.</p><p>Male. General morphology of male is similar to the holotype female, differences are noted as follows: Ocelli larger, OD about as wide as the radius of antennal socket. Clypeus strongly bi-dentate, with apical notch deep and broad, about 1/5 as wide as clypeus; foveate punctures of clypeus deeper. Mandible with three large teeth, basal tooth shorter and blunt, formed a rectangular plate with basal angle of mandible and separated from middle tooth by a deep and broad notch, middle tooth close to and forming a fork with apical tooth (Fig. 8); base of mandible usually with a transverse yellow mark (absent in one male). Antenna as in holotype female (Fig. 13), FXI conical, distinctly longer than FX, roundly obtuse at apex and coloured yellowish brown to dark brown (Fig. 12). Humeral angle more strongly angulate, anterior margin of scutellum adorned with a row of eight large pits in two males. Submedian carina of propodeum weak. Legs nearly wholly yellowish brown in six of nine males, dark brown in the other three.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs. 21, 23, 25 &amp; 26): Ventral lobe of gonocoxite protruding and horn-like, basal lobe of volsellar ridge horn-like and slightly curved apically, ventral root of digitus long, straight and pointed. Volsella adorned with dense and long hairs on cuspis and digitus, short hairs on middle part adjacent to digitus and short setae on volsellar ridges. Cuspis sub-triangular in shape with a pack of about 13 dark teeth of variable size close to ventral margin and some denticles on medial lobe. Basal lobe of digitus deeply curved and saddle-like with many denticles along dorsal margin of its outer side opposed to denticles on median lobe of cuspis. Distal lobe of digitus ribbon-like, attenuate toward apex and slightly twisted (23). In lateral view, aedeagus with ventral lobe of penile valve erect and basally curved angularly and basal apodeme strongly curved at middle (Fig. 25); basal plate of aedeagus triangular with attenuate and pointed apex (Fig. 26).</p><p>Variations of paratype females. No distinct differences were discovered between the holotype and the two paratype females.</p><p>Measurements (in mm). ♀ BL 13.8–14.8, FWL 7.5–8.8. ♂ BL 11.4–13.6, FWL 7.5–10.8.</p><p>Etymology. This species is named after its type locality in Taiwan.</p><p>Remarks. The site where the specimens of Z. taiwanus were collected from Guishan is located at the margin of secondary forest close to the agricultural fields of villagers. The collecting site in Machia is a recreational park partly surrounded nearby also by secondary forest. This species is probably very rare, as a three-year survey of eumenine fauna of Taiwan conducted between 2012–2014 did not yield other additional records.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087F4A46E9D6738B09531FB26F336	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lu, Sheng-Shan	Lu, Sheng-Shan (2017): New record of the genus Zethus Fabricius from Taiwan, with the description of Z. taiwanus sp. nov. and a key to the species of trimaculatus - group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 4324 (3): 529-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.7
038087F4A46D9D6A38B097E1FC76F2AB.text	038087F4A46D9D6A38B097E1FC76F2AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus nigerrimus Gusenleitner 2001	<div><p>Zethus nigerrimus Gusenleitner, 2001</p><p>(Figs. 16–20, 22, 24, 27 &amp; 28)</p><p>Gusenleitner, 2001, Linzer biol. Beitr., 33(2): 659–661, “Vinh Phu, Tam Tao (probably Vinh Phuc, Tam Dao according to Nguyen et al., 2014), N. Vietnam” (holotype NHMW).</p><p>Gusenleitner, 2012, Linzer biol. Beitr., 44(2): 1050, Hua Phan, Laos.</p><p>Gusenleitner, 2013, Linzer biol. Beitr., 45(1): 138, figs. 7–9.</p><p>Material examined. 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.990555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.990555/lat 20.225)">Ban Saleui</a>, Phou Pan Mt., 1350–1900m, E103°59'26'' N20°13'30'', Hua Phan Prov., Laos. V/6/2011, leg. C. Holzschuh &amp; locals, det. J. Gusenleitner . 1♂, same locality as the female, VI/15/2013, leg. C. Holzschuh &amp; locals, det. J. Gusenleitner. Both specimens were in OLM .</p><p>Diagnosis. Body almost entirely black. Female clypeus minutely bi-dentate apically, space between the teeth depressed with a middle ridge; male clypeus bi-dentate with shallow apical notch 1/6 as wide as clypeus. Male mandible with three teeth, two basal teeth small, about the same size and close to each other. Epicnemial carina strong and raised, bordered posteriorly by a narrow furrow, epipleura suture distinct. Volsella of male genitalia with broad vosellar ridge having oblong basal lobe. Volsellar ridge adorned with six or seven small, dark and setigerous teeth at ventro-inner margin and a large protrusion close to basal lobe at baso-outer corner. Aedeagus with ventral lobe of penile valve roundly shaped basally in profile, basal plate broad and equilaterally triangular with blunt apex.</p><p>Differential description. General morphology of Z. nigerrimus is similar to that of Z. taiwanus . It differs from the latter as described below.</p><p>Female. Clypeus minutely bi-dentate, space between the teeth depressed with a middle ridge (described by Gusenleitner as tri-dentate). Ocellar area not distinctly raised. Occiput carina obscurely bordered anteriorly by a row of short pits. Epicnemial carina strong and raised, bordered posteriorly by a narrow furrow; pleural suture defined by a row of seven large and deep pits, epipleural suture distinct. Propodeum with posterior depression very shallow, almost flat and finely striate transversely, submedian carina indiscernible. Apical expansion of T1 relatively longer and narrower, about 4/9 (1/ 2 in Z. taiwanus) as wide as T2. Body punctation generally more sparser and shallower. Posterior half of gena nearly wholly smooth, scutal area between notaulix smoother and shining with only few punctures. Body almost entirely black, propodeal valvulae deep brown, yellow markings as in Z. taiwanus . Body hairs (about two OD long) mainly whitish, yellowish brown on mandibles. Hairs longer and denser on clypeus, lower side of mesopleura, outer half of posterior depression of propodeum and metasoma, except dorsal surface of T2.</p><p>Male (first reported here). Clypeus with apical notch narrower and shallower, about 1/6 as wide as clypeus. Mandible with three teeth, two basal teeth small, about the same size and close to each other. FXI slightly longer than FX, slender in shape with apex more pointed and coloured dark reddish brown as in other flagella. Propodeum with weak submedian carina and obscurely rugose lateral sides.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs. 22, 24, 27 &amp; 28): Ventral lobe of gonocoxite short and blunt, volsellar ridge broad and expanded basally with oblong basal lobe, ventral root of digitus shorter and triangular. Volsellar ridge adorned with six or seven small, dark and setigerous teeth at ventro-inner margin and a large protrusion (not shown here) close to basal lobe at baso-outer corner. Basal lobe of digitus broader in inner view with its ventral corner distinctly exceeds cuspis. In lateral view, aedeagus with ventral lobe of penile valve roundly shaped basally and basal apodeme smoothly curved; in ventral view, basal apodeme broad at basal 1/2 with its outer margin strongly curved almost at a right angle at basal 1/3. Basal plate of aedeagus equilaterally triangular with blunt apex.</p><p>Measurements (in mm). ♀ BL 17.8, FWL 8.9, ♂ BL 14.6, FWL 11.7</p><p>FIGURES 21–28. Male genital structures. 21, 23, 25 &amp; 26, Z. taiwanus; 22, 24, 27 &amp; 28, Z. nigerrimus . 21 &amp; 22, genital capsule, ventral; 23 &amp; 24, left volsella, inner; 25 &amp; 27, aedeagus, ventral; 26 &amp; 28, aedeagus, lateral. ae, aedeagus. ap, basal apodeme of ae. crv, volsellar ridge. cu, cupis. di, digitus. go, gonocoxite. lbd, basal lobe of di. lbv, basal lobe of crv. ldd, distal lobe of di. lvg, ventral lobe of go. lvv, ventral lobe of penile valve. pb, basal plate of ae. rvd, ventral root of di. vo, volsella.</p><p>Remark. Gusenleitner reported Z. nigerrimus also from Malaysia (2007) and Laos (2012). However, direct inspection on the male collected from Johor, Malaysia revealed that it belongs in fact to a different species, which has a much longer metasomal petiole and is probably undescribed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087F4A46D9D6A38B097E1FC76F2AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lu, Sheng-Shan	Lu, Sheng-Shan (2017): New record of the genus Zethus Fabricius from Taiwan, with the description of Z. taiwanus sp. nov. and a key to the species of trimaculatus - group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 4324 (3): 529-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.7
