identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03802B15E57ABF10FF0E722DFA44F940.text	03802B15E57ABF10FF0E722DFA44F940.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacidae Handlirsch 1906	<div><p>Key to the species of Bittacidae in South China</p><p>1 Epandrial lobe prolongated apically, with complicated processes at inner, ventral and dorsal sides; gonocoxites with two long distal prolongations; Oriental Region...................................................................... 2</p><p>- Epandrial lobe simple and varying; gonocoxites without long prolongations; cosmopolitan........................... 3</p><p>2 Gonocoxite prolongated caudally; apex of proctiger approximately L-shaped; dorsal margin of epandrial lobe extending ventromesad into a long sabre-shape; gonostylus slender; Guangxi (Tianlin)............... Bicaubittacus yangi Tan &amp; Hua, 2009</p><p>- Gonocoxite not prolongated caudally; apex of proctiger rounded, without processes; middle part of epandrial lobe with two processes on ventral margin; gonostylus short, broad basally; Guangdong (Mt. Yim Na)......................................................................................... Bicaubittacus longiprocessus (Huang &amp; Hua, 2005)</p><p>3 A transverse band across ocellar triangle extending to compound eyes............................................4</p><p>- A transverse band across ocellar triangle not extending to compound eyes........................................ 5</p><p>4 Epandrial lobe approximately rectangular, rounded distally in lateral view, with a digital process on inner side; Guangxi (Mao’ershan)....................................................................... Bittacus lii Zhou, 2003</p><p>- Epandrial lobe trapezoid for the main body in lateral view, with a slender elongate lobe at ventro-distal apex; Guangxi (Napo)....................................................................... Bittacus monastryrskiyi Bicha, 2007</p><p>5 Epandrial lobe with a process at ventro-distal apex........................................................... 6</p><p>- Epandrial lobe without process at ventro-distal apex.......................................................... 8</p><p>6 Upper branch of proctiger truncated distally, with a pair of lateral processes; Guangdong (Mt. Yim Na)......................................................................................... Bittacus gressitti Chen &amp; Hua, 2011</p><p>- Upper branch of proctiger digitate, without process.......................................................... 7</p><p>7 Epandrial lobe trapezoid for the main body in lateral view, with a slender elongate lobe at ventro-distal apex and a blunt process at dorso-distal apex; cerci elongate, slightly shorter than gonocoxites; Guangdong (Mt. Yim Na).... Bittacus longilobus sp. n.</p><p>- Epandrial lobe hat-shaped in lateral view, with a sharp process at ventro-distal apex; cerci as long as half length of gonocoxites; Guangxi (Mao’ershan)................................................................. Bittacus acutus sp. n.</p><p>8 One Pcv; wings with a cuneiform marking along R 5; Hainan (Bawangling)........... Bittacus hainanicus Tan &amp; Hua, 2008</p><p>- Two Pcv; wings without marking along R 5 ................................................................. 9</p><p>9 Wings with two middle streaks in a V-shape; epandrial lobe sub-triangular in lateral view; upper branch of proctiger bootshaped; Guangdong (Tsao Kok Wan)............................................... Bittacus shaoguanensis sp. n.</p><p>- Wings only with four markings, each at ORs, FRs, OM and the distal end of CuP; epandrial lobe rectangular in lateral view; upper branch of proctiger digitate; Hainan (Diaoluoshan)..................... Bittacus diaoluoshanus Chen &amp; Hua, 2011</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03802B15E57ABF10FF0E722DFA44F940	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Yan-Na;Du, Wei;Hua, Bao-Zhen	Zhang, Yan-Na, Du, Wei, Hua, Bao-Zhen (2020): Three new species of the genus Bittacus Latreille, 1805 (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with a key to the species of Bittacidae in South China. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 381-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.6
03802B15E57ABF13FF0E7640FAC8FE8B.text	03802B15E57ABF13FF0E7640FAC8FE8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus Latreille 1805	<div><p>Bittacus Latreille, 1805</p><p>Bittacus Latreille, 1805: 20; Esben-Petersen, 1921: 117; Carpenter, 1931: 257; Cheng, 1957: 90; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979: 366. Type species: Panorpa italica Müller, 1766 .</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus Bittacus is similar to Terrobittacus, but can be differentiated from the latter by the following characters: 1) male epandrial lobe longer than half length of gonocoxite (cf. epandrial lobe distinctly shorter than half length of gonocoxite; 3) tergum X saddle-like (cf. tergum X vestigial or absent); 4) female subgenital plate separated mesally by a membranous area (cf. subgenital plate almost fused mesally).</p><p>Bittacus differs from Bicaubittacus by the male gonocoxites lacking paired prolongations distally.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03802B15E57ABF13FF0E7640FAC8FE8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Yan-Na;Du, Wei;Hua, Bao-Zhen	Zhang, Yan-Na, Du, Wei, Hua, Bao-Zhen (2020): Three new species of the genus Bittacus Latreille, 1805 (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with a key to the species of Bittacidae in South China. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 381-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.6
03802B15E579BF15FF0E7591FE60FED7.text	03802B15E579BF15FF0E7591FE60FED7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus acutus Zhang & Du & Hua 2020	<div><p>Bittacus acutus sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 2–3)</p><p>Type material. Holotype. ♂, CHINA: Guangxi: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.48555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.890278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.48555/lat 25.890278)">Mao’ershan Nature Reserve</a> (25°53′25″N, 110°29′08″E, elev. 1100 m), 25 July 2015, Ji-Shen Wang leg. Paratype. 1♀, same data as for the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: 1) wing with four brown markings, one each at OM, ORs, FRs and end of CuP (Fig. 2C); and 2) epandrial lobe hat-shaped in lateral view, with a sharp process at ventro-distal apex (Fig. 3A).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ acutus ” (sharpened) is a Latin participle, referring to the sharp distal process of the male epandrial lobe.</p><p>Description. Head (Fig. 2B). Vertex yellowish brown. Ocellar triangle blackish brown. Antennae yellowish brown, filiform and ciliated; flagellum with segments distinct basally and obscure beyond the 15th segment. Frons slightly concave below the antennal socket. Compound eyes blackish brown. Rostrum three times as long as wide. Clypeus yellowish brown; labrum fuscous; maxillary and labial palps yellowish brown; third maxillary palpomere the longest, and the fifth slightly shorter than the fourth.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 2A, D, E). Pronotum yellowish brown, with a pair of long setae on anterior margin. Mesonotum and metanotum yellowish brown. Pleura unevenly pale yellowish. Legs yellow; hind basitarsus longer than tarsomeres II and III combined. Tibia with two apical spurs, the longer one about 1.5 times as long as the shorter one in middle leg. Tarsomere IV bearing 24–27 prominent black ventral teeth, with three setae on each side subbasally; tarsomere V with 26–28 ventral teeth.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 2C). Forewing length 18.9 mm in male, 18.8 mm in female; width 4.6 mm in male, 4.2 mm in female. Pterostigma brown. Four brown markings, one each at ORs, FRs, OM and subapical portion of CuP; thyridium at FM; two Pcv; Av absent. Sc terminating beyond the origin of FRs; FM at the level of FRs; CuP ending before the origin of FM 3+4; 1A long, ending before FM. Hindwing length 16.5 mm in male, 15.0 mm in female; width 4.0 mm in male, 3.8 mm in female. Wing pattern similar to forewing, but Sc ending before the level of FRs; 1A coalesced with CuP basally.</p><p>Abdomen of male (Figs. 2A, 3A). Terga and sterna yellowish brown; terga III−VIII each with a narrow black antecosta; tergum VIII emarginate slightly on posterior margin. Epandrial lobe yellowish brown, slightly longer than gonocoxite, hat-shaped in lateral view, with a sharp process at ventro-distal apex and dense black spines along the distal inner surface. Tergum X saddle-like. Upper branch of proctiger digitate, with long setae distally; lower branch of proctiger curved ventrally, broad basally and tapering toward apex. Cerci clavate, approximately as long as half length of gonocoxites. Gonocoxites yellowish brown, separated by a V-shaped membranous median area caudally; gonostylus short, blunt distally with a process on inner side. Penisfilum slender and greatly coiled; aedeagal lobe broad, with its ventral portion enlarged and separated from aedeagus.</p><p>Abdomen of female (Fig. 3 B–C). Terga and sterna yellowish brown; each tergum with a narrow black antecosta. Subgenital plate sclerotized, yellowish brown, with a patch of black setae apically, and separated medially by a broad triangular membranous area, and with a prominent blunt distal process; dorsal margin concave apically in lateral view, with a slender process extending to the anterior portion of tergum IX. Tergum X yellowish brown, not extending ventrally. Anal plates consistent in length, blunt apically. Cerci slightly shorter than subanal plate.</p><p>Distribution. China (Guangxi).</p><p>Remarks. Bittacus acutus sp. n. resembles B. diaoluoshanus Chen &amp; Hua, 2011 in appearance, but can be readily separated from the latter by the following characters: 1) wing with only four brown markings, each at ORs, FRs, OM and CuP (cf. four brown markings and one distinct tawny stripe along apical margin extending from pterostigma to beyond the apex); and 2) male epandrial lobe with a sharp distal process (cf. epandrial lobe subtrapezoidal, without process).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03802B15E579BF15FF0E7591FE60FED7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Yan-Na;Du, Wei;Hua, Bao-Zhen	Zhang, Yan-Na, Du, Wei, Hua, Bao-Zhen (2020): Three new species of the genus Bittacus Latreille, 1805 (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with a key to the species of Bittacidae in South China. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 381-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.6
03802B15E57FBF14FF0E729AFBFEFDF0.text	03802B15E57FBF14FF0E729AFBFEFDF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus shaoguanensis Zhang & Du & Hua 2020	<div><p>Bittacus shaoguanensis sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 4–5)</p><p>Type material. Holotype. ♂, CHINA: Guangdong, Shaoguan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.884995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.726389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.884995/lat 24.726389)">Tsao Kok Wan</a> (24°43′35″N, 113°53′06″E, elev. 300 m), 22 April 2018, Ji-Shen Wang leg. Paratypes. 14♂, 8♀, same data as for the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: 1) three brown single markings, one each at OM, ORs and Scv; pale brown clouding along apical crossveins, two middle streaks in a V-shape (Fig. 4D); and 2) epandrial lobe sub-triangular in lateral view (Fig. 5A).</p><p>Etymology. The new species is named after its type locality, Shaoguan.</p><p>Description. Head (Fig. 4E). Vertex and frons yellowish; clypeus yellowish brown, darker than frons; labrum brown, darker basally and laterally; maxillary palp dark brown; fifth maxillary palpomere slightly shorter than the fourth. Ocellar triangle black. Antennae filiform and ciliated; scape and flagellum yellowish, pedicel pale brown; flagellum 17-segmented.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 4B, C, F). Pronotum blackish brown, with two long setae along anterior and posterior margin, respectively. Anterior two-thirds of mesonotum blackish brown, remaining part and metanotum unevenly brown. Pleura unevenly pale brown. Legs yellowish brown, except for coxae pale brown, femora and tibiae darker apically; tibia with two apical spurs, the longer one about 1.25 times as long as the shorter one in hind leg. Tarsomere IV bearing 24–27 prominent black ventral teeth, with two setae on each side subbasally; tarsomere V with 26–29 ventral teeth.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 4D). Wing membrane hyaline, tinged with yellowish brown. Forewing length 21.9–23.7 mm, width 4.9–5.8 mm. Pterostigma brown; two Pcv; Av absent; three distinct tawny brown markings, one each at OM, ORs, and Scv; pale brown clouding along apical crossveins, two middle streaks in a V-shape; apical margin slightly infuscate; thyridium at FM conspicuous; Sc ending beyond the level of FRs; 1A ending before FM. Hindwing length 17.2–18.4 mm, width 4.5–4.7 mm, similar to forewing.</p><p>Abdomen of male (Figs. 4A, 5 A–B). Terga II–VI yellowish brown, each with a narrow black antecosta; terga VII–VIII blackish brown; tergum VIII emarginate distally in a V-shape. Epandrial lobe blackish brown, with distal margin pale, shorter than gonocoxites, sub-triangular in lateral view, truncated apically with a series of short black spines on inner side. Upper branch of proctiger yellowish brown, boot-shaped, bearing a bundle of yellowish setae distally; lower branch of proctiger broad basally and tapering toward apex, curved downward and shorter than up- per branch. Cerci pale, slightly shorter than half length of gonocoxites. Gonocoxites blackish brown, separated by a U-shaped membranous area caudally; gonostylus short and blunt distally, with a process on inner side. Aedeagus broad basally; penisfilum elongate and coiled.</p><p>Abdomen of female (Fig. 5 C–D). Terga II–IX unevenly dark brown, each with a narrow black antecosta. Subgenital plate yellowish brown, separated medially by a bullet-shaped membranous area, apically with a series of black setae. Tergum X yellowish brown, extending ventrally. Anal plates consistent in length, blunt apically. Cerci slightly longer than subanal plate.</p><p>Distribution. China (Guangdong).</p><p>Remarks. Bittacus shaoguanensis sp. n. resembles B. strigatus Hua &amp; Chou, 1988 in appearance, but can be readily separated from the latter by the following characters: 1) femora yellowish brown, darker apically (cf. anterior 2/3 of fore femora blackish brown); 2) epandrial lobe shorter than gonocoxites, sub-triangular in lateral view (cf. epandrial lobe longer than gonocoxites, curved downward); and 3) upper branch of proctiger yellowish brown, boot-shaped apically (cf. upper branch of proctiger strongly sclerotized, digitate).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03802B15E57FBF14FF0E729AFBFEFDF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Yan-Na;Du, Wei;Hua, Bao-Zhen	Zhang, Yan-Na, Du, Wei, Hua, Bao-Zhen (2020): Three new species of the genus Bittacus Latreille, 1805 (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with a key to the species of Bittacidae in South China. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 381-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.6
03802B15E57EBF19FF0E7672FCE2F82B.text	03802B15E57EBF19FF0E7672FCE2F82B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus longilobus Zhang & Du & Hua 2020	<div><p>Bittacus longilobus sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 6–7)</p><p>Type material. Holotype. ♂, CHINA: Guangdong, Meizhou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.407776&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.403055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.407776/lat 24.403055)">Mt. Yim Na</a> (24°24′11″N, 116°24′28″E, elev. 700 m), 16 May 2018, Ji-Shen Wang leg. Paratypes. 5♂, 5♀, same data as for the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: 1) three cross- veins arranged in a brown line at FM 3+4 (Fig. 6D); and 2) epandrial lobe trapezoid for the main body in lateral view, with a slender elongate lobe at ventro-distal apex and a blunt process at dorso-distal apex; the lobe roughly one-third as wide as and twice as long as the main epandrial lobe (Fig. 7A).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ longilobus ” is derived from the Latin “ longus ” (long) and “ lobus ” (a lobe), referring to the long ventro-distal lobe of the male epandrium.</p><p>Description. Head (Fig. 6E). Vertex yellowish brown. Ocellar triangle blackish brown. Rostrum slightly yellowish basally, brown medially and yellowish brown apically; labial and maxillary palps dark brown. Antenna filiform; scape and pedicel pale brown; flagellum blackish brown, 17-segmented.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 6B, C, F). Pronotum yellowish brown, with two long setae on anterior and posterior margins. Mesonotum fuscous laterally, with a pair of black setae, scutellum light yellowish; metanotum yellowish brown laterally, light yellowish medially, scutellum pale yellowish. Legs yellowish, fuscous at apex; several short black setae on femora, tibiae and tarsi; tibia with two apical spurs, the longer one about twice as long as the shorter one in hind leg. Tarsomere IV bearing 27–31 prominent black ventral teeth and 3–4 setae on each side subbasally; tarsomere V with 30–33 ventral teeth.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 6D). Wing membrane yellowish-brown. Forewing length 19.9–21.7 mm, width 4.3–5.2 mm; pterostigma prominent; six markings, one each at OM, ORs, Scv, FRs and ends of CuA and CuP; crossveins and apical margin shaded with dark brown; thyridium conspicuous with pale border at FM; 1A terminating beyond FM; one Scv; two Pcv; no Av. Hindwing length 17.9–19.2 mm, width 4.0– 4.7 mm, similar to forewing.</p><p>Abdomen of male (Figs. 6A, 7 A–B). Terga II–VIII yellowish brown, each with a narrow black antecosta. Epandrial lobe yellowish, trapezoid for the main body in lateral view, with a slender elongate lobe at ventro-distal apex; the lobe roughly one-third as wide as and twice as long as the main epandrial lobe; a patch of short black thick spines on the inner surface at the dorso-distal portion of the main epandrial lobe and the subapex of the distal lobe, respectively; the distal lobe convergent distally in dorsal view. Upper branch of proctiger protruding between bases of epandrial lobe, furnished apically with long black hairs; lower branch of proctiger very short. Tergum X yellowish brown. Cerci elongate, slightly shorter than gonocoxites, but longer than the distal epandrial lobe. Gonocoxites yellowish brown, shorter than epandrial lobe; gonostylus reduced.Aedeagus expanded basally; penisfilum short and coiled approximately in apical half.</p><p>Abdomen of female (Fig. 7 C–D). Terga II–VIII yellowish brown, each with a narrow black antecosta. Subgenital plate broad with a distal patch of stiff setae; yellowish brown, sclerotized and separated by a triangular median membranous area, and with an inconspicuous U-shaped distal membranous area in lateral view. Tergum X blackish brown, only slightly extending ventrally. Supraanal plate shorter than subanal plate, truncate apically. Cerci slightly shorter than subanal plate.</p><p>Distribution. China (Guangdong).</p><p>Remarks. Bittacus longilobus sp. n. resembles B. flavidus Hua &amp; Huang, 2005 in general appearance, but can be readily separated from the latter by the following characters: 1) wing without fleck along R 5 distally (cf. wing with a quadrate brown fleck along R 5 distally); 2) tergum X blackish brown, only slightly extending ventrally (cf. tergum X prominently extending ventrally); and 3) epandrial lobes convergent, trapezoid for the main body in lateral view, with a slender elongate lobe roughly twice as long (cf. epandrial lobes divergent, the main body trapezoid, with a slightly elongate lobe one-half as long).</p><p>Bittacus longilobus sp. n. was collected from the same locality (Mt. Yim Na) as B. gressitti, but differs from the latter in male genitalia: 1) the epandrial lobe long and thin, with a slender elongate lobe roughly one-third as long as wide (cf. the main body of the epandrial lobe short and thick, with a produced lobe one-fourth as long as wide); and 2) upper branch of proctiger long, apex rounded, furnished apically with long hairs (cf. upper branch of proctiger curved upward, apex truncated, with a prominent side lobe).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03802B15E57EBF19FF0E7672FCE2F82B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Yan-Na;Du, Wei;Hua, Bao-Zhen	Zhang, Yan-Na, Du, Wei, Hua, Bao-Zhen (2020): Three new species of the genus Bittacus Latreille, 1805 (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with a key to the species of Bittacidae in South China. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 381-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.6
