identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03807E7AFFC44314FF29FD94A7C5E578.text	03807E7AFFC44314FF29FD94A7C5E578.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) moussavoui James & Divina 2012	<div><p>Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) moussavoui sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 1A,B, 3A)</p> <p>Material. Holotype USNM 1142292, semi-clitellate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.23569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.84873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.23569/lat -2.84873)">Falaise de Véra</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon on forested hillside at 2.84873°S, 10.23569°E, 22 m asl., 16 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.; paratype USNM 1142293, semi-clitellate head fragment, same data as holotype.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named after Gautier Moussavou, one of the Gabon Biodiversity Program technicians who were part of the collecting team at Gamba.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) with eight nephridia per segment, free testes and funnels, acanthodriline male field, and penial setae with protruding teeth and a partially twisted lanceolate tip.</p> <p>Description. Dimensions 25 mm by 1.6 mm at segment X, 2.0 mm at clitellum (not developed), 2.0 mm at XXX; body cylindrical throughout, segments 101. Setae closely paired throughout; setal formula AA:AB:BC:CD = 4:1:3:1 at X, 6:1:5:1 at XXX, DD&gt; 1/2 circumference throughout. Prostomium prolobous, no secondary annulation. Pale red-brown pigmentation on peritoneum. First dorsal pore 5/6, spermathecal pores paired 7/8/ 9 in AB ahead of small protuberances. Ovipores nearly equatorial just median to A in XIV; male pores in XVIII; prostatic pores and penial setae at ends of seminal grooves in AB in XVII–XIX. Seminal grooves straight or slightly convex laterally, narrow midventral genital marking on 8/9 between spermathecal pores (Fig. 1A).</p> <p>Septa 5/6–7/8 membranous, 8/9–11/12 are transparent with some muscle fibers. Alimentary canal with two gizzards in V, VI; separated by thin annulus; paired calciferous glands in XV–XVII, reniform with internal lamellar structure; glands of XV smaller than those of XVI, XVII, which are roughly equal; glands with separate ducts to esophagus wall, but close together; esophagus valvular in XVIII, intestinal origin XIX; typhlosole a thick undulating fold originating in XXIII, height less than one fourth lumen diameter, ending in LXXXIII. No lateral typhlosoles. Nephridia of anterior segments small plectonephridia, 8 per segment; in intestinal segments stomate megameronephridia 1 pair near AB, 6 sac-like meronephridia per segment from B to above D.</p> <p>Vascular system with ventral trunk, single dorsal trunk, these connected by lateral trunks in VII–IX, lateroesophageal hearts in X–XII. Extra-esophageal vessel not seen; supra-esophageal vessel X–XII.</p> <p>Ovaries, funnels free in XIII; paired spermathecae in VIII, IX, ampulla in two parts, an ectal barrel-shaped section and a thinner-walled ental lenticular chamber; simple shortly stalked iridescent diverticulum attached at the base of the ampulla’s ectal chamber; long slender, slightly muscular duct longer than ampulla (Fig. 1B).</p> <p>Male sexual system holandric, testes, funnels free in X,XI; seminal vesicles in XI, XII; vasa deferentia superficial, enter body wall in XVIII; tubular prostates XVII, XIX in one or two short kinks, confined to segments of origin; slender muscular ducts; penial setal follicles joined to body wall by long dorsal muscle band reaching to middorsal. Penial setae bowed, the ectal part of the curve tightens slightly, followed by recurved ectal quarter with 7–9 triangular teeth protruding slightly from the convex side of the recurve; comparable number of small teeth flat on the opposite side, 0.83 mm long, diameter 28 µm in basal two thirds. Just after the teeth the seta bends back the other way, flattens to become lanceolate in overall outline, and has a partial twist (Fig. 3A).</p> <p>Remarks. By the location of the first dorsal pore and the spermathecal ampulla’s differentiation into two sections, this species belongs to subgenus Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) Csuzdi, 1996. Within that subgenus Csuzdi (1996b) indicates six species-groups with a single type of penial setae and divides them according to the general form of the penial setae. Of the general forms the congica -group is closest in having one or more large teeth below the tip. Within that group of 18 species the present species is closest to D. gabunensis Michaelsen, 1915. D. gabunensis differs from the new species in free testes and funnels, the more clearly bipartite spermathecal ampulla, lack of teeth on the penial setal lanceolate tip, and overall greater number of teeth on each side of the penial setae. Besides this, it is diagnosed by the combination of having 8 nephridia per segment, free testes and funnels, acanthodriline male field, and penial setae with protruding teeth and a partially twisted lanceolate tip.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC44314FF29FD94A7C5E578	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFC74315FF29FE46A7D2E4C8.text	03807E7AFFC74315FF29FE46A7D2E4C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) tchignoumbai James & Divina 2012	<div><p>Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) tchignoumbai sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 1C,D, 3B)</p> <p>Material. Holotype USNM 1142294, clitellate, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.00476&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.74693" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.00476/lat -2.74693)">Vembo</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon in forested low area, 2.74693°S, 10.00476°E, 5 m asl., 18 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls. Paratype USNM 1142295: one clitellate, same data as holotype.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named for Landry Tchignoumba, one of the Gabon Biodiversity Program technicians who were part of the collecting team at Gamba.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) with penial setae of one type, slightly bowed, gradually tapering to diameter of 2.5µm in distal third, in which the seta has several very slight scars spaced evenly on the shaft, with a barely perceptible bend at each scar, bends alternating in direction; end of seta blunt, the bifid typhlosole, mid-ventral oval genital markings with paired glandular spots presetal in XV, on 21/22/23/24/25 and spermathecae in VII and VIII with pores in 7/8/9.</p> <p>Description. Dimensions 50, 51 mm by 2.5 mm at segment X, 3.0, 3.1 mm at clitellum, 2.1, 2.3 mm at XXX; body cylindrical throughout, segments 135+, 137+. Setae closely paired throughout; setal formula AA:AB:BC:CD = 4.5:1:3.5:1 at X, 8:1:6:1 at XXX, DD&gt; 1/2 circumference throughout. Prostomium retracted into buccal cavity overhung by forward edge of peristomium, therefore schizolobous. Unpigmented, no secondary annulation. First dorsal pore 5/6, spermathecal pores paired 7/8/ 9 in B. Ovipore single mid-ventral in XIV; male pores in XVIII; prostatic pores and penial setae at ends of seminal grooves in AB in XVII–XIX. Seminal grooves slightly convex laterally; male field elevated. Clitellum XIII–XIX, saddle-shaped reaching to 1/2 BC in XIII–XV, to C in XVI–XIX; mid-ventral oval genital markings with paired glandular spots presetal in XV, on 21/22/23/24/25 (Fig. 1C).</p> <p>Septa 4/5–11/12 muscular. Alimentary canal with two gizzards in V, VI; separated by thin annulus; paired calciferous glands in XV–XVII, reniform with internal lamellar structure in XVI, XVII but apparently lacking this in XV; XV glands same size as XVI, XVI&lt;XVII; glands with separate ducts to esophagus wall, but close together; esophagus valvular in XVIII, intestinal origin XIX; typhlosole a thin bifid fold with sparsely placed paired vertical flaps originating in XXIII, height less than one fourth lumen diameter, ending in LXXX, LXXXIX. Lateral typhlosoles XXIII, XXIV–XXXIII, XXXV. Nephridia of anterior segments small plectonephridia, 8 per segment; in intestinal segments stomate megameronephridia 1 per side near AB, 3 sac-like meronephridia per side from B to near mid-dorsal.</p> <p>Vascular system with ventral trunk, single dorsal trunk, these connected by lateral trunks in VIII–IX, lateroesophageal hearts in X–XII. Extra-esophageal vessel not seen; supra-esophageal vessel X–XII.</p> <p>Ovaries, funnels free in XIII; spermathecae two pairs in VIII (1 specimen) or VII, VIII, each a tongue-shaped ampulla with slight constriction in the middle, bilobed shortly stalked iridescent diverticulum attached near ampulla-duct junction; short muscular duct (Fig. 1D).</p> <p>Male sexual system holandric, testes, funnels free in X, XI; in one specimen funnels of XI lacking iridescence; seminal vesicles in XI, XII (one specimen) or only XI (specimen with only funnels of X iridescent); vasa deferentia superficial, enter body wall in XVIII; tubular prostates XVII, XIX in tight zig-zag folds, confined to segments of origin; long slender muscular ducts. Penial setae 0.9 mm long, slightly bowed, gradually tapering to diameter of 2.5µm in distal third, in which the seta has several very slight scars spaced evenly on the shaft, with a barely perceptible bend at each scar, bends alternating in direction; end of seta blunt and fluted (Fig. 3B).</p> <p>Remarks. By the location of the first dorsal pore and the spermathecal ampulla’s constriction into two sections, this species belongs to the subgenus Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus). Within that subgenus Csuzdi (1996b) indicates six species-groups with a single type of penial setae and divides them according to the general form of the penial setae. The penial setae of D. tchignoumbai are similar to those of the affinis -group, and within this group it is most similar to D. toroensis Cognetti, 1907. Among the differences from D. torensis are the oval genital markings in XV and behind the clitellum, the bifid typhlosole, the thicker and much shorter spermathecal ducts, spermathecae in VII and VIII with pores in 7/8/9, and the penial setal morphology having fewer denticles and a rounded spatulate tip.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC74315FF29FE46A7D2E4C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFC64315FF29FECCA065E38F.text	03807E7AFFC64315FF29FECCA065E38F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) tobii James & Divina 2012	<div><p>Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) tobii sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 1E, F, 3C)</p> <p>Material. Holotype USNM 1142296, clitellate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.04411&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.80055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.04411/lat -2.80055)">Gamba Complex</a>, Gabon in leaf axils of Pandanus plants in swamp between low forested dune ridges of coastal plain at 2.80055°S, 10.04411°E, 13 m asl., 17, 18 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls. Paratypes USNM 1142297: two clitellates; same data as holotype. Other material: USNM 1180250, 1180252, same data as holotype.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named in honor of Mr. Elie Tobi, one of the research technicians at the Gabon Biodiversity Program in Vembo, Gamba.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) with penial setae of one type, no ornamentation or bends until the tip, which has a half-spiral tight curve with setal tip bent back to and under the shaft, peri-esophageal testes sacs, and ten nephridia per segment.</p> <p>Description. Dimensions 29–32 mm by 2.1–2.2 mm at segment X, 2.2–2.4 at clitellum, 2.1–2.2 mm at XXX; body cylindrical throughout, segments 110–118. Setae closely paired throughout; setal formula AA:AB:BC:CD = 2.5:1:3:1.5 at X, 4:1:5:1.5 at XXX, DD&gt; 1/2 circumference throughout; AA narrower at XX, gradually widens over several segments. Prostomium epilobous closed, furrow 1/2 very faint. Pale brown pigmentation denser dorsally; darker mid-dorsal stripe along muscle band of dorsal pores. First dorsal pore 5/6, spermathecal pores minute, not seen. Ovipores paired equatorial just median to A in XIV; male pores in XVIII; prostatic pores and penial setae at ends of seminal grooves in AB in XVII–XIX. Seminal grooves slightly concave laterally. Clitellum XIII–XX, annular; no genital markings (Fig. 1E).</p> <p>Septa 4/5 slightly muscular, 5/6 not seen, 6/7–9/10 very thin, membranous; 10/11–12/13 slightly thicker. Alimentary canal with two gizzards in V, VI; separated by thin annulus; paired calciferous glands in XV–XVII, reniform with internal lamellar structure; gland of XV smaller than the equal-sized glands of XVI, XVII; glands with separate ducts to esophagus wall, but close together; esophagus valvular in XVIII, intestinal origin XIX; typhlosole originating in XXIII, height less than one fourth lumen diameter; a thick fold almost oval in cross-section XXIII–XXIX; thereafter a thin fold; lateral typhlosoles small XXV–XXX. Nephridia of anterior segments small plectonephridia, 10 per segment; in intestinal segments stomate megameronephridia 1 per side near AB, 4 sac-like meronephridia per side.</p> <p>Vascular system with ventral trunk, single dorsal trunk, these connected by lateral trunks in VIII–IX, lateroesophageal hearts in X–XII. Extra-esophageal vessel not seen; supra-esophageal vessel not seen.</p> <p>Ovaries, funnels free in XIII; paired spermathecae in VII, VIII, long sausage-shaped ampulla sometimes passing through septum to next segment posterior, ampulla and duct not well-differentiated, diverticulum shortly stalked, 1–3 lobed, attached near ampulla-duct junction; short muscular duct (Fig. 1F).</p> <p>Male sexual system holandric, testes, funnels topologically free in x, xi; septa 9/10/11/12 meet body wall very close together to form peri-esophageal testes sacs; seminal vesicles vestigial or undeveloped; vasa deferentia superficial, enter body wall in XVIII; tubular prostates XVII, XIX in one or two short kinks, confined to segments of origin; short slender ducts; penial setal follicles in XVII, XIX. Penial setae 0.7 mm by 10 µm in basal two thirds, tapering to 5 µm in distal third, no ornamentation or bends until the tip, which has a half-spiral tight curve with setal tip bent back to and under (or over, depending on point of view) the shaft (Fig. 3C).</p> <p>Remarks. By the location of the first dorsal pore and the spermathecal ampulla’s slight constriction into two sections, this species belongs to the subgenus Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus). The penial setae of D. tobii possibly correspond to those of the East African austeni species group (Czuzdi 2010), but the new species’ penial setae are much smaller than any of the afore-mentioned species group members. There are penial setal similarities to the smaller setae of D. modigliani (Rosa, 1896), but in the present case there is only one penial setal type. The new species is diagnosed by the combination of the penial setal morphology, peri-esophageal testes sacs, thick main typholosole, lateral typhlosoles present, and ten nephridia per segment.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC64315FF29FECCA065E38F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFC04311FF29FA17A286E7B8.text	03807E7AFFC04311FF29FA17A286E7B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) alonsoi James & Divina 2012	<div><p>Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) alonsoi sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 2A, B, 3D)</p> <p>Material. Holotype USNM 1142289, clitellate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.23569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.84873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.23569/lat -2.84873)">Falaise de Véra</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon on forested hillside at 2.84873°S, 10.23569°E, 22 m asl., 16 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls. Other material: USNM 1180244, same data as holotype.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Alfonso Alonso of the Smithsonian Institution’s Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, who coordinated the collecting expedition to Gamba.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) with penial setae of one type, the distal third of which has 2 complete undulations of low amplitude, finally tapering to a very fine point bent 90° from main axis; lacking lateral typhlosoles, free testes, simple spermathecal ampulla, and 8 nephridia per segment.</p> <p>Description. Dimensions 32, 33 mm by 1.8–2.0 mm at segment X, 2.3–2.4 at clitellum, 1.7–2.2 mm at XXX; body cylindrical throughout, segments 111, 116. Setae closely paired throughout; setal formula AA:AB:BC:CD = 4:1:4:1 at X, 5:1:5:1 at XXX, DD&gt; 1/2 circumference throughout. Prostomium proepilobous with faint single middorsal furrow not quite reaching 1/2, no secondary annulation. Pale red-brown pigmentation denser dorsally; most obvious on peritoneum; scattered dark rose pigment dots concentrated near segmental equators. First dorsal pore 5/ 6, spermathecal pores paired 7/8/ 9 in AB. Ovipores nearly equatorial just median to A in XIV; male pores in XVIII; prostatic pores and penial setae at ends of seminal grooves in AB in XVII–XIX. Seminal grooves slightly convex laterally, ends bent 90° medially to prostatic pores; lateral walls of grooves elevated. Clitellum XIII–XIX, saddleshaped reaching to B in XVII–XIX, annular in XIII–XVI; no genital markings (Fig. 2A).</p> <p>Septa 5/6–8/9 very thin, membranous; 9/10–12/13 slightly muscular. Alimentary canal with two gizzards in V, VI; separated by thin annulus; paired calciferous glands in XV–XVII, reniform with internal lamellar structure; gland sizes XV&lt;XVI&lt;XVII; glands with separate ducts to esophagus wall, but close together; esophagus valvular in XVIII, intestinal origin XIX; typhlosole a thick undulating fold originating in XXIII, height less than one fourth lumen diameter, ending in neighborhood of LXXX. No lateral typhlosoles. Nephridia of anterior segments small plectonephridia, 8 per segment; in intestinal segments stomate megameronephridia 1 per side near AB, 3 sac-like meronephridia per side from B to above D.</p> <p>Vascular system with ventral trunk, single dorsal trunk, these connected by lateral trunks in VII–IX, lateroesophageal hearts in X–XII. Extra-esophageal vessel not seen; supra-esophageal vessel X–XII.</p> <p>Ovaries, funnels free in XIII; paired spermathecae in VIII, IX, each a tongue-shaped ampulla, bilobed shortly stalked iridescent diverticulum attached near ampulla-duct junction; short muscular duct (Fig. 2B).</p> <p>Male sexual system holandric, testes, funnels free in X, XI; seminal vesicles in XII (one specimen) or lacking; vasa deferentia superficial, muscular, enter body wall in XVIII; tubular prostates XVII, XIX in one or two short kinks, confined to segments of origin; long slender muscular ducts; penial setal follicles joined to body wall by long dorsal muscle band reaching to halfway between mid-lateral and mid-dorsal. Penial setae 0.95 mm by 8 µm in basal two thirds, tapering to 3 µm in distal third, in which the seta has 2 complete undulations of low amplitude, finally tapering to a very fine point bent 90° from main axis, ornamentation lacking (Fig. 3D).</p> <p>Remarks. By the location of the first dorsal pore, this species belongs to subgenus Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus). However the spermathecae do not have the characteristic two-chambered ampulla, but rather a simple ampulla with a short muscular duct. The penial setae are almost entirely smooth, having only a few slight scales or scars along the shafts, in the manner found in most penial setae in the genus and in Acanthodrilidae, regardless of the presence of distinctive ornamentation. We consider this type of scales to be a result of the tapering of the setae, where constituent fibers terminate leaving a small zig-zag scar on the surface. The penial setae of D. alonsoi do not correspond to any of the D. (Diplothecodrilus) species groups, but instead has penial setae very much like four other morphotypes collected at Gamba, including the next new species, D. (Diplothecodrilus) gambaensis and three taxa for which material was insufficient for new species description. The penial setal morphology, consisting of a long smooth main shaft with an undulating ectal section and a fine tip bent sharply to make a hook, is present in several other species spread over two subgenera, and is probably not a reliable indicator of phylogeny. This will be discussed in detail after the partial descriptions of additional Dichogaster morphotypes. Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) alonsoi is diagnosed by the combination of the penial setal morphology, absence of lateral typhlosoles, free testes, and 8 nephridia per segment.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC04311FF29FA17A286E7B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFC2431EFF29FC1CA65AE0FB.text	03807E7AFFC2431EFF29FC1CA65AE0FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster (Dichogaster) gambaensis James & Divina 2012	<div><p>Dichogaster (Dichogaster) gambaensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 2C–E, 3E)</p> <p>Material. Holotype USNM 1142290, clitellate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.04805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.78957" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.04805/lat -2.78957)">Ivinga</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon in forested flat on coastal plain at 2.78957°S, 10.04805°E, 15 m asl., 17 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls. Paratypes USNM 1142291, 5 clitellates, same data as holotype. Other material: USNM 1180242, clitellate, interior coastal plain forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.00476&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.74693" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.00476/lat -2.74693)">Vembo</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon, 2.74693°S, 10.00476°E, 5 m asl., 18 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls. USNM 1180243, clitellate, interior coastal plain forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.00643&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.73829" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.00643/lat -2.73829)">Vembo</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon, 2.73829°S, 10.00643°E, 14 m asl., 18 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after the area in southwest Gabon called Gamba. This species seems to be rather widespread in the Gamba area, particularly in forest patches on sandy soils.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Dichogaster (Dichogaster) with male pores medial to, not in, the seminal grooves, spermathecae in VI and VII with pores in 7/8/9, microscolecine reduction, complex typhlosole with paired vertical flaps, and the undulating ectal section of the penial setae, terminating in a 90° bend.</p> <p>Description. Dimensions 150–165 mm by 5.0–6.0 mm at segment X, 5.5–6.5 mm at clitellum, 4.8–6.0 mm at XXX; body cylindrical throughout, segments 230–275. Setae closely paired throughout; setal formula AA:AB:BC:CD = 2.5:1:4:1.2 at X, 4:1:4.5:1 at XXX, DD&gt; 1/2 circumference throughout. Prostomium proepilobous, peristomium with many furrows. Secondary annulations post-setal VII-X; pre-, post-setal XI, XII, and from XXIV. Dusky gray-brown pigmentation denser dorsally. First dorsal pore 12/13, spermathecal pores near mid-ventral paired 7/8/ 9 in A lines. Single mid-ventral ovipore equatorial on oval papilla spanning BB in XIV; male pores in XVIII near mid-ventral just median to A, median to seminal grooves; prostatic pores and penial setae on elevated papillae at anterior end of seminal grooves in AB in XVII–1/2 XVIII; grooves run downhill posteriorly to terminate near equator of XVIII, meeting transverse furrow. Clitellum XIII–XXIII, saddle-shaped reaching to B. Large midventral crescentic genital marking concave posteriorly in XVI, broad genital midventral marking with elevated transverse ridge bearing prostatic pores in XVII, genital marking midventral trapezoidal or crescentic concave anteriorly in XIX; indistinct midventral epidermal thickenings in BB of XV, XX, XXI (Fig. 2C).</p> <p>Septa 5/6–8/9 very thin, membranous, offset back two segments; 9/10 slightly thickened, 10/11–13/14 muscular; 9/10/11/12 meet close together on body wall; 9/10 reduced to covering of hearts, testes of X. Alimentary canal with two gizzards in V, VI; separated by thin annulus; paired calciferous glands in XV–XVII, reniform, outer margins indented to make 6–8 lobes per gland; gland of XV smaller than roughly equal-sized glands of XVI, XVII; with internal lamellar structure; glands with separate ducts to esophagus wall, but very close together; esophagus valvular in XVIII, intestinal origin XIX; typhlosole originating in XXIII with densely packed paired vertical flaps about 3 or 4 pairs per segment (Fig. 2E), height less than one third lumen diameter, vertical flaps less dense by L, fade out entirely by LXX, thereafter typhlosole a simple fold ending near CXXX. Lateral typhlosoles large, convoluted XXIII–XXXIX, XL. Nephridia small plectonephridia to XIV, 20–22 per segment; in intestinal segments stomate megameronephridia 1 per side near AB, 10 sac-like meronephridia per side from B to above D. In intestinal segments separate from nephridia are 12–14 small sub-peritoneal, post-septal bodies of fine tubules connected to small pre-septal knobs; each body of tubules connected to the others of a side by small tubule.</p> <p>Vascular system with ventral trunk, single dorsal trunk, these connected by lateral trunks in VIII–IX, laterals of V–VII to gizzards; latero-esophageal hearts in X–XII. Extra-esophageal vessels to dorsal esophageal wall at 8/9; supra-esophageal vessel X–XII; clitellar vessel from esophageal wall in XIII to body wall of XIV–XX.</p> <p>Ovaries, funnels free in XIII; paired spermathecae in VI, VII by septa but with ducts to 7/8/9, ampulla globular to cordate, duct narrow, diverticulum sessile or shortly stalked at center of duct, chamber multilocular; anterior spermathecal pair smaller than posterior (Fig. 2D).</p> <p>Male sexual system holandric, testes, funnels topologically free in X,XI but in peri-esophageal sacs formed by near-fusion of septa 9/10/11/12 at body wall and/or in subesophageal pockets of 9/10, 10/11; very small acinous seminal vesicles in XI, XII; vasa deferentia superficial, united from XII, muscular from XIV, enter body wall in XVIII; very long tightly coiled/kinked tubular prostates confined to XVII with septum 17/18 making a pouch holding much of the prostate gland; long slender muscular ducts rising vertically to near dorsum; penial setal follicles joined to body wall by long dorsal muscle band reaching to halfway between mid-lateral and mid-dorsal. Penial setae 1.0– 1.3 mm by 13 µm in basal two thirds, tapering to 5 µm in distal third, in which the unornamented seta has 8 complete undulations of low amplitude, finally tapering to a very fine point bent 90° from main axis (Fig. 3E).</p> <p>Remarks. This species with first dorsal pore in 12/13 and simple spermathecal ampullae clearly falls in D. (Dichogaster) according to Csuzdi (1996b), and further has a spermathecal morphology placing it in the damonis - group of that subgenus. Within that species-group it is the only one with male pores medial to, not in, the seminal grooves, spermathecae in VI and VII with pores in 7/8/9, incomplete microscolecine reduction, complex typhlosole with paired vertical flaps, and the undulating ectal section of the penial setae, terminating in a 90° bend. Penial setal ornamentation is confined to a few small scars along the tapering portion of the shaft, as in D. alonsoi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC2431EFF29FC1CA65AE0FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFCD431FFF29FA21A7E7E708.text	03807E7AFFCD431FFF29FA21A7E7E708.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster undefined-a	<div><p>Dichogaster sp. A</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180245, clitellate head fragment, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.23569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.84873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.23569/lat -2.84873)">Falaise de Véra</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon on forested hillside at 2.84873°S, 10.23569°E, 22 m asl., 16 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>Description. Dimensions&gt; 10 mm by 1.8 mm at segment X, 2.3 mm at clitellum, 1.7 mm at XXX; body cylindrical throughout. Setae closely paired throughout; setal formula AA:AB:BC:CD = 5:1:5:1.3 at X, 5:1:5:1 at XXX, DD&gt; 1/2 circumference throughout. Prostomium proepilobous with faint single mid-dorsal furrow not quite reaching 1/2, no secondary annulation. Unpigmented except for very faint brown color along the mid-dorsal line, first dorsal pore 5/6, spermathecal pores paired 7/8/ 9 in AB. Paired ovipores nearly equatorial just median to A in XIV; male pores in XVIII; prostatic pores and penial setae at ends of seminal grooves in AB in XVII–XIX. Seminal grooves slightly convex laterally. Clitellum XIII–XIX, no genital markings.</p> <p>Septa 5/6–8/9 very thin, membranous; 9/10–12/13 slightly muscular. Alimentary canal with two gizzards in V, VI; separated by thin annulus; paired calciferous glands in XV–XVII, reniform with internal lamellar structure; glands with separate ducts to esophagus wall, but close together; esophagus valvular in XVIII, intestinal origin XIX; typhlosole originating at 23/24; with closely spaced paired vertical flaps, height less than one fourth lumen diameter. No lateral typhlosoles. Nephridia of anterior segments small plectonephridia, 8 per segment; in intestinal segments stomate megameronephridia 1 per side near AB, 3 sac-like meronephridia per side from B to above D.</p> <p>Vascular system with ventral trunk, single dorsal trunk, these connected by lateral trunks in VII–IX, lateroesophageal hearts in X–XII. Extra-esophageal vessel not seen; supra-esophageal vessel X–XII.</p> <p>Ovaries, funnels free in XIII; paired spermathecae in VIII, IX, each ampulla with slight constriction in the middle giving an hourglass shape, bilobed shortly stalked iridescent diverticulum attached near ampulla-duct junction; short muscular duct.</p> <p>Male sexual system holandric, testes, funnels free in X, XI; seminal vesicles lacking; vasa deferentia superficial, muscular, enter body wall in XVIII; tubular prostates XVII, XIX in one or two short kinks, confined to segments of origin; long slender muscular ducts; penial setal follicles joined to body wall by long dorsal muscle band reaching to halfway between mid-lateral and mid-dorsal. Penial setae 1.15–1.23 mm by 11 µm in basal two thirds, tapering to 5 µm in distal third, in which the seta is unornamented over 4 complete undulations of low amplitude, finally tapering to a very fine point bent 90° from main axis.</p> <p>Remarks. There is also a tail fragment of dimensions consistent with the head fragment, and having the same typhlosole structure in the anterior portion. If this is from the same species, then we can add that the typhlosole undergoes a gradual transition to a simple fold, and eventually terminates near segment LXXXV. The total body length would be roughly 35 mm. This worm was found on a decomposing tree trunk. It has the undulating penial setal structure, a typhlosole with vertical flaps, bi-chambered ampullae and first dorsal pores in 5/6.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFCD431FFF29FA21A7E7E708	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFCC431FFF29FC8CA67AE2C3.text	03807E7AFFCC431FFF29FC8CA67AE2C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster undefined-b	<div><p>? Dichogaster sp. B</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180246, juvenile, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.23569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.84873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.23569/lat -2.84873)">Falaise de Véra</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon under log on forested hillside at 2.84873°S, 10.23569°E, 22 m asl., 16 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>Description. Unpigmented, 80 mm long, first dorsal pore 12/13; male field with prostatic pores in XVII, XIX; the latter less developed. Prostomium separated from peristomium dorsally by invaginated ring having the appearance of deep segmental boundary but clearly not a boundary; prolobous otherwise. Weakly muscular proventriculus in V, strong gizzards in VI, VII; anterior septa 10/11–13/14 muscular, other anterior septa membranous. Reniform calciferous glands paired XV–XVII, lamellar internal structure. Intestinal origin XIX, intestinal pouches small paired knobs on dorsal intestine XXIX–XXXV; typhlosolar origin 26/27, full size by XXXI, complex with regularly paired vertical flaps; lateral typhlosoles very small ridges XXVII–XXXV. Nephridia sac-form, 16 per segment. Spermathecae VII, IX, short duct, bulbous ectal portion of ampulla with stalked multi-locular diverticulum at duct junction; main ampulla clavate. Prostates of XVII long folded tubule confined to XVII, prostates of XIX much smaller, both with muscular ducts but those of XVII much larger. Large penial setal follicles in XVII only, penial setae long, hair-like with undulating ectal portion tapering to a fine point bent in a 90° curve.</p> <p>Remarks. We were considering placing this worm in Millsonia Beddard, 1894 following the taxonomy of Csuzdi (1996b, 2010), but the intestinal pouches are of a different form and are probably not homologous to the digitate caeca of Millsonia. Following that interpretation, the presence of gizzards in VI and VII, the complex typhlosolar structure and the form of the penial setae also support placement of this worm in Dichogaster (Dichogaster). The complex typhlosolar structure and the undulating penial setae with a 90° curve at the tip are also found in Dichogaster gambaensis, Dichogaster sp. C and Dichogaster sp. A. These other species have gizzards in V and VI. Species with intestinal pouches are known to occur in some Eutrigaster (following Csuzdi (1996b), or Dichogaster, as was advocated in James (1996, 2004)) from Guadeloupe and Jamaica. With now two known potentially independent evolutions of dorsal pouches within Dichogaster and Eutrigaster and the separate origin of digitate caeca in Millsonia, it is necessary to be careful with interpretation and assignment to genera or species groups.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFCC431FFF29FC8CA67AE2C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFCC431CFF29F8D9A7B2E373.text	03807E7AFFCC431CFF29F8D9A7B2E373.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) Csuzdi 1996	<div><p>Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) sp. C</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180251, late juveniles, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.04805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.78957" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.04805/lat -2.78957)">Ivinga</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon in forested flat on coastal plain at 2.78957°S, 10.04805°E, 15 m asl., 17 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>Description. Unpigmented, dimensions 72–78 mm long by 2.5 mm at X, 2.6 mm at XXX; 176 segments, body cylindrical throughout. Setae closely paired throughout; setal formula AA:AB:BC:CD = 5:1:4:1. at X, 9:1:6.5:1 at XXX, DD&gt; 1/2 circumference throughout. Prostomium separated from peristomium dorsally by invaginated ring having the appearance of deep segmental boundary but clearly not a boundary; therefore schizolobous. First dorsal pore 5/ 6, spermathecal pores 7/8/ 9 in AB. Ovipores mid-ventral equatorial in XIV; male pores in XVIII; prostatic pores and penial setae at ends of seminal grooves in AB in XVII–XIX. Seminal grooves slightly convex laterally.</p> <p>Septa 5/6–12/13 muscular, others membranous; gizzards in V, VI separated by the thick septum 5/6, gizzard of V larger. Intestinal origin XIX, with constriction at 36/37; lateral typhlosoles continuous XXV–XXXVI; main typhlosole XXIV–LV; from XXIV–XXXIII with bifid ventral margin, paired opposite vertical flaps on sides; after XXXIII transition to simple fold. Reniform large calciferous gland paired XV–XVII. Hearts X–XII esophageal, supraesophageal vessel visible X–XII; lateral commissures V,VI to gizzard; VII, VIII, IX to ventral vessel. Nephridia of intestinal segments sac-form, 12 per segment, ventral-most row stomate. Holandric with testes free, small seminal vesicles XI, XII; prostates tubular with long, bowed muscular ducts in XVII, XIX. Penial setae present XVII, XIX; shaft 0.83 mm by 14 µm in ental section, bowed slightly with 5 gentle undulations over 0.24 mm of the ectal portion, ectal-most 0.09 mm tapering to fine point with hooked tip. Ovaries in XIII, free; spermathecae in VIII, IX; immature but showing relatively thick very short duct, long ampulla, with simple diverticulum attached near duct/ampulla junction.</p> <p>Remarks. This species represented only by juveniles has the complex typhlosolar structure seen in several other species collected at Gamba, and gizzards in V and VI but separated by a muscular septum. Apart from D. tchignoumbai, all others in the collection have membranous septa between the gizzards. Besides the muscular septum 5/6, it also shares with D. tchignoumbai the schizolobous prostomium. The anterior-most projection of the first segment, that which is ordinarily a prostomium either slightly marked off from the peristomium by shallow furrows or grooves, or in the case of zygolobic species, not marked off at all, is here set off from the peristomium by an almost circumferential furrow that reaches posteriorly under the forward edge of the main part of the peristomium. Careful segment counts confirm that this furrow is not an intersegmental boundary.</p> <p>We have provisionally assigned this species to the subgenus Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) based on the location of the first dorsal pores and an estimate that the mature spermathecae will show the characteristic two-parted ampulla of the subgenus. However, it shares the complex typhlosole and penial seta form of gentle undulations leading to a hooked tip, with two taxa having first dorsal pores in 12/13. Penial setal form could well be homoplasious in this comparison, as we see the undulating form in Gamba species assigned to different subgenera, and similar form in many other Dichogaster species. For examples, D. (Diplothecodrilus) mundamensis, Michaelsen, 1897, D. (Dt.) fouoriensis Csuzdi, 1996, D. (Dt.) minutissima Csuzdi, 1996, D. (Dt.) tanganyikae (Beddard, 1902) and D. (Dichogaster) greeffi Michaelsen, 1903 have the undulating penial setal form, although ornamented with small scars throughout the undulation (Csuzdi, 1996a; 2005; 2010), unlike the species reported here on whose penial setal shafts we could detect no ornamentation. The current taxonomy places greater weight on the locations of first dorsal pores and the form of the spermathecal ampulla than on penial setal form, which is probably a good choice.</p> <p>More problematic than penial setae is the shared typhlosolar structure. It seems unlikely that the identical complex typhlosole structure has been converged upon by members of the two subgenera, or alternatively, retained from an ancestral state at the divergence of the subgenera. Dichogaster tchignoumbai, living in the same conditions as the present species Dichogaster sp. C, has a strongly bifid typhlosole bearing sparse vertical flaps, rather than the densely crowded flaps in the other species with complex typhlosoles. Though it might be reasonable to hypothesize that the soil environment of the coastal plain at Gamba favors the evolution of a complex typhlosole, we have in this small collection two different forms of complex typhlosole. This indicates that the same problem can be solved in different ways. The species with non-bifid typhlosoles bearing densely crowded flaps represent a conflict between one set of characters (dorsal pores, spermatheca form) and another (typhlosoles, maybe penial setae). Worse, Dichogaster (Dt.) sp. C shares the schizolobous prostomium and muscular septum 5/6 with D. (Dt.) tchignoumbai but their typhlosoles and penial setae differ. This casts doubt on the reliability of typhlosole characters. Clearly there is much to be learned about character evolution in Dichogaster, and it is not yet possible to make any firm conclusions about taxonomic boundaries within which character states show homology.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFCC431CFF29F8D9A7B2E373	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFC9431AFF29FCD3A274E073.text	03807E7AFFC9431AFF29FCD3A274E073.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ocnerodrilidae (Blakemore 2006)	<div><p>Ocnerodrilidae</p> <p>In three locations we found members of the Ocnerodrilidae, but in all cases the individuals are poorly preserved and mostly immature. Due to these deficiencies, none of them could be assigned to a genus with any certainty. There are several widely-distributed Ocnerodrilidae (Blakemore 2006) and considerable doubts about the species delineations. Some species appear to be complexes of parthenogenetic morphs. Africa is part of the natural range of the family, so some of the species collected at Gamba could be indigenous to the area. The following brief accounts of the morphology of two taxa found abundantly at one location are provided to aid in matching future collections to what we found.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC9431AFF29FCD3A274E073	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFC9431AFF29FB28A2A7E296.text	03807E7AFFC9431AFF29FB28A2A7E296.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ocnerodrilus Eisen 1878	<div><p>? Ocnerodrilus ? sp.</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180247, subadults, banks and riparian area of small stream inland near large antenna, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.23569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.84873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.23569/lat -2.84873)">Gamba Complex</a>, Gabon, 2.84873S, 10.23569E, 22 m asl., 16 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>Description. Unpigmented, slender; spermathecal pores paired in 8/9 at CD level; paired prostatic pores XVII, XVIII. Septa 5/6–8/9 muscular, other septa membranous; gizzard lacking, intestinal origin XII, typhlosole lacking. Sub-esophageal glands paired (or partly fused, but with paired ducts?) in IX, ental portion without lumen, a solid body of parallel small tubules; ectal portion with small central lumen. Last hearts in XI. Tubular prostates paired in XVII, XVIII, coiled under intestine. Seminal vesicles in IX, XII. Spermathecae tubular, adiverticulate in IX.</p> <p>Remarks. By having spermathecae, these individuals fall outside the boundaries of Ocnerodrilus Eisen and into Ilyogenia Beddard but some authors (e.g. Blakemore 2006) consider the latter to be a thecate morph of O. occidentalis Eisen, 1878.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC9431AFF29FB28A2A7E296	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFC9431BFF29F935A79CE5B0.text	03807E7AFFC9431BFF29F935A79CE5B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ocnerodrilidae James & Divina 2012	<div><p>Ocnerodrilidae gen. nov. ?</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180248, semi-clitellates and juveniles, banks and riparian area of small stream inland near large antenna, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.23569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.84873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.23569/lat -2.84873)">Gamba Complex</a>, Gabon, 2.84873S, 10.23569E, 22 m asl., 16 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>Description. Unpigmented, slender; paired prostatic pores XVII on large porophores; no dorsal pores; female pores near B in XIV. Septa 5/6–8/9 muscular, other septa membranous; esophageal gizzards in VI, VII; intestinal gizzard in XII, intestinal origin XIII, typhlosole lacking. Sub-esophageal glands paired in IX, ental portion with outer wall composed of fine parallel tubules around central lumen filled with white material; ectal portion with large central lumen filled with white material. Last hearts in XI; longitudinal blood vessel in ventral wall of intestine, separate from ventral vessel. Holandric, tubular prostates with short muscular ducts paired in XVII, lying parallel to nerve cord XVII–XXII. Spermathecae clavate, adiverticulate in IX.</p> <p>Remarks. The closest genus seems to be Nematogenia Eisen, but this holandric material lacks dorsal pores and has an intestinal gizzard, which are respectively present and absent from metandric Nematogenia. South American Xibaro Righi is about as similar. More importantly, the intestinal gizzard is a feature previously unknown in Ocnerodrilidae. This material clearly does not belong to any known taxon in the family.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC9431BFF29F935A79CE5B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFC84318FF29FDD1A771E7F0.text	03807E7AFFC84318FF29FDD1A771E7F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyperiodrilus africanus Beddard 1891	<div><p>Hyperiodrilus africanus Beddard, 1891</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180266, four clitellates, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.99633&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.74746" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.99633/lat -2.74746)">Vembo</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon gardens around lab buildings at 2.74746°S, 9.99633°E, 10 m asl., 18 and 20 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>Description. Dimensions 70–120 mm by 3.2–3.6 mm at segment X, 3.4–4.1 mm at clitellum, 2.8–3.5 mm at XXX; body cylindrical throughout, segments 180–212. Setae AB widely paired, CD closely paired throughout; setal formula AA:AB:BC:CD = 3:1.6:3:1 at X, 4:3:3.5:1 at XXX, DD&gt; 1/2 circumference throughout. Prostomium epilobous with faint paired furrows not quite reaching 1/2, secondary annulation post-setal XI, pre-, post-setal XII, XIII, XIX–XXXV. Dusky gray pigmentation denser dorsally. Nephropores in CD, large. Spermathecal pore midventral, slightly pre-equatorial in XIII. Ovipores paired on trailing edge of XIV in D; male pore mid-ventral in 17/ 18 at angle of V-shaped seminal groove open to anterior. Seminal grooves surrounded by elevated epidermis but greatly thicker at anterior ends of grooves where the elevation forms a papilla; grooves asymmetrical and variable: wide with ends within XVII but one arm longer, or narrower V-shape with one arm longer reaching into XVI, the other only into XVII. Clitellum 1/3 XIII–XVIII, annular XV–XVIII but only dorsally in XIII–XIV.</p> <p>Septa 5/6–11/12 muscular, remaining septa thin; 12/13 extremely so, partly absorbed into ovarian chambers; 13/14 also extremely thin, wrapped closely around posterior side of calciferous glands. Alimentary canal lacking esophageal gizzards; intestinal muscular rings in posterior halves of XIX–XXIII (5); paired calciferous glands in XIII, reniform with internal irregular lamellar structure; blood supply to glands consists of a portal circulation with afferent and efferent connections to the dorsal vessel; esophagus valvular in XV, intestinal origin XVI; intestinal gizzards in XIX–XXIII; typhlosole vestigial originating in XXVII. Paired vesiculate holonephridia in all segments; nephridia of XIII partly enclosed in ovarian chambers, partly on body wall; nephrostome protruding into XII from the ovarian chambers.</p> <p>Vascular system with ventral trunk, single dorsal trunk, these connected by lateral trunks in VI–IX, lateroesophageal hearts in X, XI Supra-esophageal vessel Y-shaped to hearts in X, XI. Dorsal vessel in XIII has short connection to anterior face of each calciferous gland; in XIV a pair of longer valved branches to posterior face of each calciferous gland. Single sub-esophageal glands in IX, X, XI; the latter two with small blood vessel from the free end to an extra-esophageal blood vessel; all three joining ventral esophagus near the posterior of their respective segments. Internal structure of the subesophageal glands consists of many parallel blood vessels running the length of the gland; interspersed regularly within the blood vessels are many small tubes of light yellow appearance, but not containing calcium carbonate.</p> <p>Female reproductive system consists of perispermathecal sinus composed of a single duct to the outside, which bifurcates and rejoins around the esophagus to make a ring, on dorsal edge of which a single tubular extension runs back through several segments; below the esophagus the duct first (ectally) branches laterally to paired ovarian chambers containing partial nephridia; slightly entally branches to ovisacs from which lead oviducts to the ovarian pores in XIV. Within the duct and the left side of the perispermathecal sinus is a muscular tube extending as high as the dorsal side of the esophagus.</p> <p>Male sexual system holandric, testes, funnels in long tubular or banana-shaped sacs on the anterior faces of septa 10/11 and 11/12, from dorsal ends of which a duct passes through to a funnel-like structure in the seminal vesicles of XI, XII respectively. Within the testes sacs a tightly zig-zag folded tubular lumen with dense iridescent material, probably sperm cells. The ventral end of each testes sac passes through its respective septum to form the vas deferens; these remain separate on the body wall until just before reaching the euprostates in XVIII. Seminal vesicles small sacs high on the posterior faces of 10/11, 11/12. Euprostates only slightly muscular, more glandular in appearance with thick glandular wall and narrow undulating lumen; wall thickness diminishes ectally and undergoes a transition to densely muscular as it nears body wall; no penes present in terminal portion of prostatic duct; vasa deferentia joined together near the euprostate travel along the outer surface but embedded in it, to the ental end, at which point they enter the euprostate wall.</p> <p>Remarks. Hyperiodrilus africanus and two species of the related genus Legonea Clausen, 1963 have highly variable seminal groove patterns (Sims 1965; Zicsi &amp; Csuzdi 1986). In light of this and the nearly identical internal anatomy, we are placing all specimens in one species. There were minor differences among specimens in the setal spacing but nothing consistent, and there are only 4 specimens in the collection. Beddard (1891) is inconsistent on the number of gizzards (5 or 6; XVIII–XXII or XXIII) in both text and illustrations, but Clausen (1967) concluded that the species has five gizzards in contrast to the opinion of Sims (1965) that there are 7 (XVI–XXII). Unfortunately the post-1891 records of the species do not give details on the locations of the gizzards. From Beddard’s (1891) figures 47 and 52, it is clear that the first gizzard is in XVIII, but we note that keeping track of segment number in this part of our worms was difficult. Therefore we cannot be certain that Beddard was correct, but we took pains to ensure that we are. Clausen (1967) believed that the gizzard number (and location?) is very stable and reliable within Hyperiodrilus, and had material with four gizzards that she was tempted to describe as new, but did not. The Gamba material has intestinal gizzards in XIX–XXIII and the spermathecal pore in XIII. If this turns out to be distinct from Hyperiodrilus africanus, then there may be justification to designate the Gamba population as representing a new subspecies. For this reason, and to avoid creating another record lacking anatomical data, we have given a full description of the material.</p> <p>Hyperiodrilus africanus appears to be a widely distributed species, probably by the agency of human activity, such as transport of plants for horticultural or agricultural purposes (Zicsi &amp; Csuzdi 1986). Its presence at the Vembo area in Gamba, where we found many introduced species, is probably artificial.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFC84318FF29FDD1A771E7F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFCB4318FF29F952A764E3D0.text	03807E7AFFCB4318FF29F952A764E3D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudrilus eugeniae Kinberg 1867	<div><p>Eudrilus eugeniae Kinberg, 1867</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180264, clitellate head fragment, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.99633&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.74746" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.99633/lat -2.74746)">Vembo</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon gardens around lab buildings at 2.74746° S, 9.99633° E, 10 m asl., 18 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>An African species that has been widely distributed by humans, intentionally and otherwise, it is probably not native to the Gamba complex. Intentional distribution has to do with its use in composting, but in the present case we suspect that its occurrence at the Vembo laboratory buildings area is related to horticulture.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFCB4318FF29F952A764E3D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFCB4318FF29FB90A0B4E203.text	03807E7AFFCB4318FF29FB90A0B4E203.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pontoscolex corethrurus (Muller 1857)	<div><p>Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857)</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180258, clitellates, moister areas within 50 meters of road leading to beach, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.0463&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.8087" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.0463/lat -2.8087)">Gamba Complex</a>, Gabon, 2.8087°S, 10.0463°E, 2 m asl., 17 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls. USNM 1142298, clitellates, banks and riparian area of small stream inland near large antenna, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.23569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.84873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.23569/lat -2.84873)">Gamba Complex</a>, Gabon, 2.84873°S, 10.23569°E, 22 m asl., 16 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls. USNM 1180256, clitellate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.99633&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.74746" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.99633/lat -2.74746)">Vembo</a>, Gamba Complex, Gabon gardens around lab buildings at 2.74746S, 9.99633E, 10 m asl., 18 and 20 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>This pantropical invasive species was generally found in areas subject to more intensive human influence. The Ivinga site is not near any buildings but is near a road and a petroleum pipeline. The specimens collected near the road to the beach may have been introduced with the laterite road bed material that had been trucked in to make a stable road across the nearly pure sand prevailing in the coastal areas.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFCB4318FF29FB90A0B4E203	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFCA4319FF29FF35A1DCE59A.text	03807E7AFFCA4319FF29FF35A1DCE59A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen 1891)	<div><p>Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891)</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180254, clitellates, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.04411&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.80055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.04411/lat -2.80055)">Gamba Complex</a>, Gabon in leaf axils of Pandanus plants in swamp between low forested dune ridges of coastal plain at 2.80055°S, 10.04411°E, 13 m asl., 17, 18 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFCA4319FF29FF35A1DCE59A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
03807E7AFFCA4319FF29FE24A7E5E76E.text	03807E7AFFCA4319FF29FE24A7E5E76E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichogaster saliens (Beddard 1893)	<div><p>Dichogaster saliens (Beddard, 1893)</p> <p>Material. USNM 1180255, clitellate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.04411&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.80055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.04411/lat -2.80055)">Gamba Complex</a>, Gabon in leaf axils of Pandanus plants in swamp between low forested dune ridges of coastal plain at 2.80055°S, 10.04411°E, 13 m asl., 17, 18 May 2008; S. James, G. Divina, G. Moussavou and L. Tchignoumba, colls.</p> <p>These two small species of Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) are widespread invasives in tropical and subtropical climates, as well as in greenhouses and other protected areas in cold climates (see Blakemore 2006 for synonymy and distributions). Their presence in Gamba is potentially natural, because they are both African. They were found in low numbers among the leaf axils of arborescent Pandanus plants growing in standing water. The site was close to the road that was the probable source of P. corethrurus introduction, so it is possible these species were introduced the same way. During the dry season the swamp might not have standing water, enabling these small non-aquatic worms to find their way to the bases of the plants and eventually to the leaf axils.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807E7AFFCA4319FF29FE24A7E5E76E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James, Samuel W.;Divina, Gildas Brice	James, Samuel W., Divina, Gildas Brice (2012): Earthworms (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148
