identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038187C21A56920EFF64F91FFC78F8C0.text	038187C21A56920EFF64F91FFC78F8C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphorhynchus guttatus (M. H. C. Lichtenstein 1820)	<div><p>Xiphorhynchus guttatus (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1820)</p><p>Dendrocolaptes guttatus M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1820: 201</p><p>Type material: A specimen housed at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, registration number ZMB 9207, collected by Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss in “Bahia” is identified on the label and in the registration book as the type of Dendrocolaptes guttatus Lichtenstein, 1820 . In the original description of Dendrocolaptes guttatus, Lichtenstein (1820: 201) cited two prior indications for his nomen: “ Le Pic grimpereau commun Azara 242” and “ Dendr. nigrirostris . Illig.”. Azara’s 242 was also previously used by Vieillot (1818) to describe what is now Lepidocolaptes angustirostris (Vieillot, 1818) (originally described as Dendrocopus angustirostris) whilst D. nigrirostris is a name from an unpublished manuscript of J.K.W. Illiger, and is a nomen nudum according to the Code (ICZN 1999). That Illiger’s name was available only in manuscript form was confirmed by Lichtenstein (1821: 264) in a subsequent publication as follows: “Dendr. nigrirostris Illig in Mscpt.”. Lichtenstein (1820: 201) also described a specimen with a straight blackish-brown bill ( D. rostro rectiusculo cultrato nigrescente). The first mention in the original description is to “ Le Pic-Grimpereau commun Azar. 242”, probably in reference to Cuvier (1809: 472), who described Félix de Azara’s material collected in Paraguay and along the Rio de La Plata, specifically a specimen with a reddish-brown bill (le bec supérieur, brun rougeätre em dessus). Specimen ZMB 9207, collected by Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss in “Bahia”, clearly cannot be equated with Azara’s material. It might be related to the other prior indication cited by Lichtenstein (Dendr. nigrirostris Illiger) in the original description, but our search for confirmation of this remains inconclusive. Lichtenstein (1820) went on to mention that “ Azara’s description perfectly matches 2 specimens on display in the Berlin museum ”, which could indicate that ZMB 9207 is a syntype, given that it was presumably one of the two specimens in Berlin that Lichtenstein (1820) was referring to when he described Dendrocolaptes guttatus . In his catalogue of the Zoological Museum of the Royal University of Berlin, Lichtenstein (1823: 16) corroborated this hypothesis by his mention of three specimens from Bahia identified as Dendrocolaptes guttatus . Based on this, it seems that Xiphorhynchus guttatus (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1820) is based on a mixed type series, the nomenclatural consequences of which will be discussed in greater detail by Raposo et al. (unpubl. data).</p><p>Diagnosis: Xiphorhynchus guttatus is extremely similar in plumage to the allopatric X. polystictus (Salvin &amp; Godman, 1883) but is distinguished by having a more chestnut-washed plumage, different measurements, and a totally different vocalization (Fonseca et al. in prep.), involving a longer and structurally more complex song, with on average 48.75 notes. On a sonogram, the inter-note intervals for X. guttatus are much shorter than for X. polystictus, with a tendency for the terminal notes to be more hook-shaped. The notes throughout the song are strongly asymmetrical in frequency variation which converges in a convex-convex geometric arrangement in the song’s architecture. It is similar to a trill, which progressively slows down, resulting in longer intervals between notes at the end of the song. On the other hand, X. polystictus has shorter and more homogeneous vocalizations in which note shape and inter-note interval do not change as the song progresses, with on average 21.6 less distorted and compressed notes in the song. Its notes are symmetrical in relation to their frequency variation with a concaveconvex geometric arrangement in the song’s architecture. The song of X. polystictus is more melodic and uttered at a regular pace, with intervals between notes more regular and longer than in X. guttatus, providing three major points of divergence between the species in this character. Xiphorhynchus guttatus is also readily separated from X. eytoni (P.L. Slater, 1854), geographically the closest species, in having the throat and breast, particularly the spots, deep ochraceous (123B), whereas X. eytoni has the throat and underparts spotting white. The same is true of the dorsal markings and supercilium, which are ochre in X. guttatus but much whiter in X. eytoni, rendering the supercilium distinctly more obvious in X. eytoni . Compared to those populations of X. guttatoides that are closest geographically to X. guttatus, on the central Brazilian Planalto (Fig. 3), the present species is separable based on its black bill, and better-defined (dark-bordered) spots on both the upper- and underparts, whereas X. guttatoides has a paler bill, ventral spots without any black border or only narrowly so, and upperparts spotting rather reduced and fine on the mantle. Compared to western populations of X. guttatoides (e.g., in Acre, Brazil, and Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia), X. guttatus has a darker bill, and more spotted belly and flanks lacking any hint of cinnamon, unlike X. guttatoides .</p><p>Variation: Juveniles have a smaller and blacker bill, their overall colouration is darker cinnamon, as well as having shorter and more diffuse spots in the shape of small teardrops.</p><p>Morphometrics: Males of X. guttatus have mean values larger than females for culmen, wing and tail lengths. This species has the culmen and wing lengths significantly shorter than in X. eytoni and X. polystictus, respectively. Mean tail length is shorter than in X. vicinalis and X. eytoni but the differences are not statistically significant (see Tables 2 and 3).</p><p>Range: Endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, in humid littoral forests from Paraíba south to Rio de Janeiro, in which latter state its occurrence was first mentioned by Cory &amp; Hellmayr (1925), and where it is apparently restricted to lowland forests in the north of the state (see Figs. 3‒4) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187C21A56920EFF64F91FFC78F8C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Raposo, Marcos A.;Kirwan, Guy M.;Fonseca, Odirlei;Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro;Höfling, Elizabeth;Stopiglia, Renata	Raposo, Marcos A., Kirwan, Guy M., Fonseca, Odirlei, Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro, Höfling, Elizabeth, Stopiglia, Renata (2025): Towards a more coherent taxonomy for the woodcreepers Xiphorhynchus guttatus and X. guttatoides (Aves: Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae). Zootaxa 5683 (4): 492-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2
038187C21A509209FF64FF1AFAAAF9AE.text	038187C21A509209FF64FF1AFAAAF9AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphorhynchus eytoni (P. L. Sclater 1854)	<div><p>Xiphorhynchus eytoni (P.L. Sclater, 1854)</p><p>Dendrocolaptes eytoni P.L. Sclater, 1854: 69</p><p>Xiphorhynchus eytoni gracilirostris Pinto &amp; Camargo, 1957: 60</p><p>Type material: Two syntypes of Dendrocolaptes eytoni P.L. Sclater, 1854, are held at Natural History Museum, Tring, collected by Alfred Russel Wallace: NHMUK 1889.5.20.477, along the Capim River, at “Vizinhanças do Pará”, Pará, Brazil, in June 1849; and NHMUK 1889.5.14.584, along the lower Rio Amazonas, Pará, in May 1849 (Warren &amp; Harrison 1971; M.A. R. and R.S. pers. obs.).</p><p>Diagnosis: Xiphorhynchus eytoni differs from all other forms within the X. guttatus group by its pattern of white rather than buff streaks on the underparts, particularly the throat. The spots on the head, nape, mantle, and underparts, as well as the supercilium, are also white, often noticeably so, or are somewhat stained rusty, but separable from all other taxa when these characters are considered in conjunction with bill colour (see Table 4) and morphometrics. The breast spots have variable chestnut borders, which can be very dark (223 in Smithe 1975) in some but, rarely, the species can possess breast feathering similar to X. guttatus in that the borders are brown (121). Compared to those populations of X. guttatoides in Goiás and Mato Grosso, Brazil (previously named X. g. dorbignyanus (Pucheran &amp; Lafresnaye, 1850)), X. eytoni has a black bill (slightly paler on the maxilla), and abundant buff upperparts spotting, heavily washed white, with dark brown borders, whereas X. guttatoides has a paler bill (horn-coloured to dusky) and much-reduced upperparts spotting. Xiphorhynchus eytoni also tends towards a “blackcapped” appearance on account of the dark margins to the crown feathers contrasting with the pale supercilium and upperparts spotting, which character is less conspicuous in most other forms in the group. The westernmost member of the species group, X. vicinalis Todd, 1948, has a less slender bill, and more rusty plumage. Xiphorhynchus eytoni has pure whitish markings on the underparts, whereas the former is nearer to the colouration found in the parapatric population of X. guttatoides (in Amazonas and Acre).</p><p>Variation: A specimen taken by Helmut Sick (MN 53803) at an ornithologically poorly known locality on the upper Rio Cururu, Pará, Brazil has slightly larger, even whiter, and different-shaped spotting on both surfaces than all of the other specimens examined. Fresh material taken on the banks of the same river during the present study are rather different, having plumage otherwise typical of X. eytoni . As we have only a single specimen from the Cururu River, we prefer to await the collection of additional individuals from the area before proposing an explanatory hypothesis for the case. It is worth noting, however, that this is a region of particular zoogeographic interest, as it harbours at least one remarkable endemic species, Lepidothrix vilasboasi (Sick, 1959) . Furthermore, we draw attention to the fact that populations of X. eytoni from Ceará were described as Xiphorhynchus eytoni gracilirostris Pinto &amp; Camargo, 1957 . Although none of the characters proposed by these authors are diagnostic of taxon separation, increasing the representation of these populations in scientific collections is desirable so that the hypotheses underpinning additional taxa can be more thoroughly evaluated.</p><p>Morphometrics: Males of X. eytoni have mean values larger than females, especially in culmen length. Xiphorhynchus eytoni has significantly the longest culmen of all species in the group, except X. vicinalis . Wing and tail lengths are also significantly larger than X. guttatoides and X. polystictus (see Tables 2 and 3).</p><p>Range: Endemic to Brazil, where it occurs in the humid forests of Ceará and Piauí as well as in the Xingu and Belém areas of endemism, through the Xingu-Tapajós interfluvium, including Ilha de Marajó (see Figs. 3‒4) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187C21A509209FF64FF1AFAAAF9AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Raposo, Marcos A.;Kirwan, Guy M.;Fonseca, Odirlei;Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro;Höfling, Elizabeth;Stopiglia, Renata	Raposo, Marcos A., Kirwan, Guy M., Fonseca, Odirlei, Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro, Höfling, Elizabeth, Stopiglia, Renata (2025): Towards a more coherent taxonomy for the woodcreepers Xiphorhynchus guttatus and X. guttatoides (Aves: Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae). Zootaxa 5683 (4): 492-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2
038187C21A50920BFF64F9F9FDA1FE04.text	038187C21A50920BFF64F9F9FDA1FE04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphorhynchus guttatoides (Lafresnaye 1850)	<div><p>Xiphorhynchus guttatoides (Lafresnaye, 1850)</p><p>Nasica guttatoides Lafresnaye, 1850: 387</p><p>Nasica dorbignyanus Pucheran &amp; Lafresnaye, 1850: 420</p><p>Picolaptes subguttatus Reichenbach, 1853: 187</p><p>Dendrornis rostripallens Des Murs 1855: 45</p><p>Xiphorhynchus guttata rimarum Cherrie, 1916: 391</p><p>Xiphorhynchus guttatus marginatus Griscom, 1927: 7</p><p>Type series: Under article 73.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), all specimens on which an original author bases a new species-group taxon constitute the type material. For Nasica guttatoides Lafresnaye, 1850, there were at least two syntypes, potentially representing a mixed series, which may explain the long-standing disagreement and confusion among subsequent authors (Ménégaux &amp; Hellmayr 1906a: 99; 1906b: 432; Allen 1906: 351; Cory &amp; Hellmayr 1925: 295; Bangs 1930: 256; Peters 1951: 43). One syntype is at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN-ZO-MO-1847-1019), identified as a female, collected at Pebas, Loreto, Peru, during the Castelnau &amp; Deville expedition. The second syntype, MCZ 77146, is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, and is labelled Colombia (Bangs 1930). This aligns with Lafresnaye (1850: 387): “ Cette espèce a été rapportée de Lorette, au Musée, par l’expédition Castelnaud; mais nous la possédions déjà dans notre collection, l’ayant achetée d’un marchand avec quelques oiseaux de Colombie.” Translated this reads: “This species was brought back from Lorette to the Museum by the Castelnaud expedition; but we already had it in our collection, having bought it from a merchant with some birds from Colombia.”. Despite this, by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, curiously most authors agreed that Lafresnaye had based his description on a single specimen but disagreed as to which of the two specimens mentioned above was “the type” (Elliot 1890; Sclater 1890; Ménégaux &amp; Hellmayr 1906 a, 1906b; Allen 1906; Cory &amp; Hellmayr 1925; Bangs 1930; Peters 1951).</p><p>The original description of Nasica guttatoides (Lafresnaye 1850: 387) refers to a bird with a short, straight, black bill (rostro subrecto, brevi, nigro), which trait is emphasized: “ Un peu moins grande que le Guttatus, cette espèce semble tenir le milieu entr’elle et le Flammeus; mais elle diffère de toutes deux par son bec, beaucoup plus court et tout noir. ” The syntype from Colombia (MCZ 77146) has a black bill, consistent with the description. However, this character is not present in populations currently assigned to X. guttatoides (see Table 4), which match the other syntype, from Peru (MNHN-ZO-MO-1847-1019), that has a Drab-Gray (119D) maxilla. Some authors have suggested that one of the syntypes is a juvenile, although there is no consensus as to which. Ménégaux &amp; Hellmayr (1906 a, 1906b) and Cory &amp; Hellmayr (1925) proposed that the Peruvian specimen was immature, whereas Allen (1906), Bangs (1930), and others considered that the Colombian specimen is the juvenile. Our current understanding of populations attributed to X. guttatoides point to the specimen from Peru as more representative of adults of the taxon. The morphology of the Colombian specimen could represent a young of X. guttatoides or that of a congeneric (e.g., X. susurrans rosenbergi Bangs, 1910).</p><p>To avoid further confusion and unnecessary nomenclatural instability, we consider that the Peruvian syntype would be the most appropriate lectotype of Nasica guttatoides Lafresnaye, 1850 . However, a lectotype has already been selected in accordance with the ICZN Code. Under the Code, article 74.5 “In a lectotype designation prior to 2000, either the term “ lectotype ”, or an exact translation or equivalent expression (e.g. “the type”), must have been used or the author must have unambiguously selected a particular syntype to act as the unique name-bearing type of the taxon.” (ICZN 1999). Ménégaux &amp; Hellmayr (1906a: 99) purposely selected MNHN-ZO-MO-1847-1019 as the “ Type de la sous-espèce ” and the “ vrai type ” of Nasica guttatoides Lafresnaye, 1850, thereby providing a valid lectotypification. They reiterated their selection in a second commentary published the same year (Ménégaux &amp; Hellmayr 1906b). No prior author (e.g., Des Murs 1856: 43; Sclater 1862: 164; Salvin 1885: 422; Elliot 1890: 186; Sclater 1890: 128) made a selection between the two specimens. Consequently, MCZ 77146 is the paralectotype of Nasica guttatoides Lafresnaye, 1850, and has “no name-bearing function and does not regain status as a syntype if the lectotype is lost or destroyed” (article 73.2.2, ICZN 1999).</p><p>Diagnosis: Xiphorhynchus guttatoides closely resembles X. polystictus, but can be distinguished by having less marked streaking both above and below, and for having most of the bill silvery gray instead of the blackish bill of X. polystictus . Compared to X. guttatus, X. eytoni and X. vicinalis Todd, 1948 the present species is immediately separable based on its paler bill. Xiphorhynchus eytoni and X. vicinalis also differ in their whitish underparts when compared to X. guttatoides .</p><p>Variation: We have not detected any sexual dimorphism in colouration in this species. However, X. guttatoides presents a spectrum of geographical variation, which has led to the naming of some subspecies in the past. The majority of specimens from central Brazil, and south of the range of X. eytoni (e.g., the Ilha do Bananal, São Domingos, Aragarças, Colinas, Chapada dos Guimarães, and Chavantina) possess less well-marked plumage, with the breast streaking only indistinctly bordered pale brown, less contrasting upperparts streaking, and a pale grey to bluish-grey bill. The same is true of specimens we have examined from Bolivia. Notably, specimens closely resembling those formerly referred to as X. g. dorbignyanus, recently collected in the area of Porto Franco PCH (Small Hydropower Plant), Tocantins (MN 53756 and 53757), less than 200 km from Baião, also in Tocantins, from where typical specimens of X. eytoni (e.g., MN 13253) are available, also suggest the possibility of sympatry (though not necessarily syntopy) between these species.</p><p>Morphometrics: Males of X. guttatoides possess mean values larger than females in culmen, wing and tail lengths. Wing length of X. guttatoides is significantly shorter than other species except X. guttatus, the culmen is significantly smaller than X. eytoni and X. polystictus, and the tail is significantly shorter than X. eytoni (see Tables 2 and 3).</p><p>Range: Occurs in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, where it extends west to the east slope of the East Andes, at Villavicencio and Bogotá, reaching 2,590 m, as well as in Brazil throughout the Negro-Madeira interfluvium, in the Napo (including Jau) and Inambari areas of endemism, and in central Brazil in the Cerrado biome, in southern Mato Grosso and Goiás (see Figs. 3‒4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187C21A50920BFF64F9F9FDA1FE04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Raposo, Marcos A.;Kirwan, Guy M.;Fonseca, Odirlei;Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro;Höfling, Elizabeth;Stopiglia, Renata	Raposo, Marcos A., Kirwan, Guy M., Fonseca, Odirlei, Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro, Höfling, Elizabeth, Stopiglia, Renata (2025): Towards a more coherent taxonomy for the woodcreepers Xiphorhynchus guttatus and X. guttatoides (Aves: Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae). Zootaxa 5683 (4): 492-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2
038187C21A52920BFF64FE57FDE8FA74.text	038187C21A52920BFF64FE57FDE8FA74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphorhynchus polystictus (Salvin & Godman 1883)	<div><p>Xiphorhynchus polystictus (Salvin &amp; Godman, 1883)</p><p>Dendrornis polysticta Salvin &amp; Godman, 1883: 210</p><p>Dendrornis rostripallens sororia Berlepsch &amp; Hartert, 1902: 63</p><p>Xiphorhynchus guttatus connectens Todd, 1948: 8</p><p>Type series: The syntypes of Dendrornis polysticta Salvin &amp; Godman, 1883, are three adult females at the Natural History Museum, Tring: NHMUK 1889.5.14.644, collected on 15 October 1879; NHMUK 1889.5.20.516, collected on 31 May 1880; NHMUK 1889.5.14.645, collected on 31 May 1880, all by Henry Whitely, at Bartica Grove, Guyana (Warren &amp; Harrison 1971; M.A. R. and R.S. pers. obs.) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Closely resembles X. guttatoides, but has more strongly marked streaking both above and below, and for the most part a black bill versus the silvery-gray bill of X. guttatoides . It is distinguished from X. guttatus by having less chestnut plumage, different measurements, and a totally different vocalization. Fonseca et al. (in prep.) found that the number of notes in the song, the total duration of the song, and the interval between notes readily distinguish X. polystictus from X. guttatus (see above in the “Diagnosis” of X. guttatus). Xiphorhynchus polystictus also differs from X. eytoni and X. vicinalis by lacking the whitish throat and whitish underparts streaking, both of which are more suffused olive-brown in this species.</p><p>Variation: Todd (1948) claimed that X. polystictus intergrades with X. guttatoides in the region of the Rio Negro, from where he described X. g. connectens, named in recognition of the fact that his new taxon formed a link between those taxa, and on the basis that the underparts are more buff, and the pale upperparts streaking is heavier and deeper buff. However, the molecular phylogeny of Rocha et al. (2015) clearly established the basis for considering X. polystictus and X. guttatoides as separate lineages; based on our analysis the name X. connectens applies to hybrids between these two taxa.</p><p>Morphometrics: Males of X. polystictus have mean values larger than females in culmen, wing and tail lengths. Wing length in X. polystictus is significantly shorter than that of all other species, culmen length is also significantly shorter than other species except X. guttatus, and tail length is significantly shorter than in X. eytoni and X. vicinalis (see Tables 2 and 3).</p><p>Range: Southern Venezuela (in the valleys of the Ríos Caura and Orinoco as far as Munduapo), Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil, west of the Negro and north of the Amazon in the Guiana and Imeri areas of endemism (see Figs. 3‒4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187C21A52920BFF64FE57FDE8FA74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Raposo, Marcos A.;Kirwan, Guy M.;Fonseca, Odirlei;Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro;Höfling, Elizabeth;Stopiglia, Renata	Raposo, Marcos A., Kirwan, Guy M., Fonseca, Odirlei, Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro, Höfling, Elizabeth, Stopiglia, Renata (2025): Towards a more coherent taxonomy for the woodcreepers Xiphorhynchus guttatus and X. guttatoides (Aves: Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae). Zootaxa 5683 (4): 492-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2
038187C21A52920AFF64F9C7FDD1FD94.text	038187C21A52920AFF64F9C7FDD1FD94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphorhynchus vicinalis Todd 1948	<div><p>Xiphorhynchus vicinalis Todd, 1948</p><p>Type material: The holotype of Xiphorhynchus vicinalis Todd, 1948, is held at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, CM P78061, an adult male, from Apacy, Rio Tapajós, Brazil, collected on 30 April 1920 by Samuel M. Klages (Todd 1948).</p><p>Diagnosis: Like Xiphorhynchus eytoni, X. vicinalis differs from most species in the X. guttatus group by having the throat streaking generally whitish, the bill darker (blackish not silvery gray), and the dark cap more clear-cut. X. vicinalis differs from X. eytoni by morphometrics (see below) and by having overall buffier underparts, tinged clay-coloured ventrally, and, on average, heavier streaking on both surfaces.</p><p>Variation: An ecological division was suggested by the observations of Snethlage (1913) who reported X. vicinalis as being found in lowland usually flooded forests (e.g., the Rios Andirá, Ramos and Limão), and X. guttatoides in higher areas of drier forest, for example the Serra dos Parintins. Two specimens from Faro (on the Pará / Amazonas border) were also attributed, by Todd (1948), to X. vicinalis . Despite this locality being north of the Rio Amazonas, given the lack of precise label data, Zimmer (1934) left open the possibility that these specimens had been taken from the right (i.e., south) bank of the river. Hellmayr (1910) and Cory &amp; Hellmayr (1925) suggested the presence of intermediates between X. guttatoides and X. vicinalis among those specimens collected on the right bank of the upper Rio Madeira (Salto Theotonio, Calama, Aliança) and in northern Mato Grosso (on the Rio Roosevelt), which had the bill colour and shape of X. guttatoides, despite being somewhat darker in plumage.</p><p>Morphometrics: Males of X. vicinalis have mean values larger than females, especially in wing and tail lengths. Culmen, wing and tail lengths of X. vicinalis are significantly longer than X. polystictus, and wing length is also significantly longer than X. guttatoides (see Tables 2 and 3).</p><p>Range: Confined to Brazil, where it occurs in the Rondônia and Tapajós areas of endemism, in the Madeira- Xingu interfluvium (see Figs. 3‒4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187C21A52920AFF64F9C7FDD1FD94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Raposo, Marcos A.;Kirwan, Guy M.;Fonseca, Odirlei;Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro;Höfling, Elizabeth;Stopiglia, Renata	Raposo, Marcos A., Kirwan, Guy M., Fonseca, Odirlei, Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro, Höfling, Elizabeth, Stopiglia, Renata (2025): Towards a more coherent taxonomy for the woodcreepers Xiphorhynchus guttatus and X. guttatoides (Aves: Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae). Zootaxa 5683 (4): 492-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5683.4.2
