identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03819522F11CFFF7C8B4FEFACDF78E1A.text	03819522F11CFFF7C8B4FEFACDF78E1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiscolops Graff 1905	<div><p>Amphiscolops Graff, 1905</p><p>Emended diagnosis</p><p>Coloured through pigment, concrement, symbiotic algae, or combination thereof (absent in A. japonicus); statocyst usually present (absent in A. oni); ocelli may be absent; frontal organ present (undetermined in A. mosaicus and A. zeii); mouth opening ventrally, without pharynx; brain insunk; posterior end rounded, bilobed, or trilobed, without filaments; ovaries and testes usually paired (testis unpaired in A. trifurcatus); female gonopore absent, or, if present, either single or double (two female gonopores are positioned on either side of a single male gonopore in A. bermudensis); single or double male gonopore ventral, subterminal or terminal; two or more curved or corkscrew-shaped sclerotised bursal nozzles; seminal bursa absent, or, if present, either single or double; male copulatory organ conical or tubular, ciliated, glandular, or both; male antrum and seminal vesicle may be absent; prostatoid organ, sagittocyst and caudal penis fold absent.</p><p>Composition</p><p>The following 10 species are certainly affiliated with the genus Amphiscolops as re-defined above and are clearly distinct from the other convolutid genera: A. bermudensis, A. cinereus, A. fuligineus, A. hamus sp. n. (see below), A. japonicus, A. marinelliensis, A. oni, A. potocani, A. trifurcatus, and A. zeii .</p><p>Certain key character states are unknown in the following three species, so they may need to be transferred to one of the other convolutid genera once these features are confirmed in future studies: A. evelinae, A. gemelliporus and A. mosaicus . These species are known only from their original descriptions and have not been thoroughly described; until then, they should be regarded as species inquirendae (Winsor 1990).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The two species A. evelinae and A. gemelliporus were established based on immature specimens (Marcus 1947, 1954). Since the characteristics of the matured reproductive organs are essential for the acoel taxonomy, the generic affiliation of these species should be assessed in future studies based on adult specimens.</p><p>Regarding A. mosaicus, its taxonomic position cannot be determined because the following characteristics described by Kozloff (1998) align with both Amphiscolops and Heterochaerus (cf. Achatz et al. 2010): colouration through zooxanthellae, a statocyst, eyespots, a mouth opening ventrally, a bilobed posterior end, and about 10 nozzles attached with a transversely oval seminal bursa. The primary differences between these genera are the presence of a frontal organ and a caudal penis fold. Concerning the former, Kozloff (1998, p. 16) stated ‘Frontal gland not observed’. Regarding the latter, the ‘small triangular flap’ (Kozloff 1998, p. 16) covering the male gonopore might correspond to this feature, but its identification remains uncertain.</p><p>The genus Amphiscolops is distinguishable from the other convolutid genera based on the emended diagnosis. Besides Amphiscolops, the three genera Convolutriloba Hendelberg and Åkesson, 1988, Thalassoanaperus Hernández, 2018, and Wulguru Winsor, 1988 are the only ones that may possess both a frontal organ and multiple bursal nozzles. Amphiscolops differs from Convolutriloba by the absence of sagittocysts, from Thalassoanaperus by the absence of prostatoid organs, and from Wulguru by the absence of a false female gonopore.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03819522F11CFFF7C8B4FEFACDF78E1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ono, Rintaro;Kajihara, Hiroshi	Ono, Rintaro, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2025): Description of a new species of Amphiscolops (Xenacoelomorpha: Convolutidae). Journal of Natural History 59 (21 - 24): 1611-1624, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2489502, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2489502
03819522F11BFFF8C82EFE86CDF88B05.text	03819522F11BFFF8C82EFE86CDF88B05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiscolops hamus Ono and Kajihara 2025	<div><p>Amphiscolops hamus Ono and Kajihara sp. n.</p><p>(Figures 1–4)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A72A17E6-9E8E-4365-B9B0-D2C3388BC8BB</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Nine serial section series were examined . Holotype: JAPAN, Okinawa <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.8795&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.5066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.8795/lat 26.5066)">Bisezaki</a> (26.7106°N, 127.8795°E) and Seragaki (26.5066°N, 1278626°E) . ICHUM 8933 (10 slides), complete set of serial cross sections . Paratypes: ICHUM 8934 (7 slides) and ICHUM 8935 (5 slides), two complete sets of serial sagittal sections; ICHUM 8936 (6 slides) and ICHUM 8937 (7 slides), two incomplete sets of serial cross sections; ICHUM 8938 (2 slides), incomplete set of sagittal sections; all from the type locality . Other materials: two living specimens in squeezed preparations from Nagahama, collected on 10 (ICHUM 8936) and 11 May 2024; three sets of sections (two sagittal and one cross, each consisting of 3 slides) from Seragaki, collected on 10 May 2024 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Amphiscolops with zooxanthellae, dorsal white spots due to gaps of zooxanthella distribution, and trilobed posterior end. Statocyst and eyes present anteriorly. A mid-ventral pre-oral body (either an amorphous tissue or a cell mass) present. Frontal organ extending from anterior pit to some distance in front of mouth. Ciliated pit on each posterior lateral edge. Female gonopore absent. More than 20 bursal nozzles present. Seminal bursa present, with fibrous wall. Multiple vacuoles containing allosperm distributed within seminal bursa, with some vacuoles fused together. Ovaries and follicular testes paired. Male gonopore terminal, leading to male antrum. Male antrum swollen at entrance of seminal vesicle, connected to ciliated penis. Curved penis invaginated into seminal vesicle.</p><p>Description</p><p>Living mature specimens up to 4.2 mm long. Anterior end indented, forming pit that houses frontal organ (Figure 1 (a–c)). Posterior end trilobed, with two long lateral lobes and single short medial lobe (Figures 1 (a–c), 2(a), 3(a)). In life, specimens slightly curling their lateral sides ventrally (Figure 1 (b)); occasionally swimming into water column by ciliary movement, with lateral sides unrolled (Figure 1 (c)). Body colour light brown due to zooxanthellae (Figure 1 (a–c)). White spots due to gaps of zooxanthella distribution scattered on dorsal side (Figure 1 (a, c)), with single yellowish spot on anterior ventral side (Figure 1 (b)). Statocyst spheroidal in shape, located at anterior end (Figure 1 (d)). Single pair of reddish eyespots present at level of statocyst (Figure 1 (d)).</p><p>Lateral sides of body curled ventrally when fixed (Figure 2); degree of curling becoming stronger posteriorly. When laterally curled, body in dorsal view appearing tapered posteriorly (Figures 2, 3 (a)).</p><p>Epidermis fully ciliated. Zooxanthellae dispersed throughout peripheral parenchyma. Mucous gland cells densely distributed on dorsal and lateral sides (Figure 4 (a)). Frontal organ extending from anterior pit to some distance in front of mouth (Figures 3 (b), (4a)). Nervous arch surrounding statocyst (Figure 3 (a, b)). Nerve cords untraceable in sections. Mouth located on ventral surface, from U30 to U 42 in holotype (Figures 2 (a), 3(a, b), 4(b)). Ciliated pit on each lateral edge, extending from level of anterior end of seminal vesicle to terminal, from U71 to U 97 in holotype (Figures 2 (a, d), 3(a)).</p><p>Tissue of unknown function, herein referred to as pre-oral body, located mid-ventrally in front of mouth; pre-oral body being either amorphous tissue (n = 5) or cell mass (n = 4) (Table 2). Pre-oral amorphous tissue 90–470 µm in length (n = 5), 80–320 µm in width (n = 4), eosinophilic (Figure 4 (d)) or acidophilic (Figure 4 (e, f)), containing multiple nuclei (Figure 4 (d, f)). Pre-oral cell mass 140–530 µm in length (n = 4), 340–510 µm in width (n = 3), expanding from U17 to U 32 in holotype, seemingly completely encompassed by digestive parenchyma, anteriorly abutting posterior extension of frontal glands, ventrally abutting ovaries, and lacking any connection with epidermis (Figures 2 (b), 3(a, b), 4(a, b)); each cell being 6–7 µm in diameter and having neutrophilic cytoplasm, with eosinophilic nucleus of about 4–5 µm diameter and containing cyanophilic granules (Figure 4 (c)). Position of pre-oral cell mass corresponding with external yellowish spot. In one specimen (ICHUM 8934), two fragments of cell masses with same histological appearance found isolated from main pre-oral cell mass, embedded in digestive syncytium partially protruded from mouth (Figure 4 (b)).</p><p>Ovaries paired, joining each other anterior to seminal bursa, and extending ventrally to testes from level of anterior-most pre-oral cell mass to bursa, from U16 to U 59 in holotype (Figures 2 (c), 3(a), 4(i)). Anterior to bursa, where oocytes are considered to be inseminated, mature eggs migrate to dorsal side (Figure 4 (i)). Female gonopore absent. Seminal bursa without definite boundary, extending from digestive parenchyma to seminal vesicle (Figures 3 (a, b), 4(g)). Bursa-like tissue covering anterior part of seminal vesicle (Figure 4 (j)). Bursa with fibrous wall present in ICHUM 8935–8937 and two specimens from Seragaki (field ID 0510–7 and 0510–8), all considered to be immature (Figure 4 (h)). Multiple vacuoles containing allosperm, distributed in seminal bursa (Figures 2 (c), 3(a, b), 4(g)). Vacuoles varying in shape and size, some fused with each other (Figures 2 (c), 3(a, b), 4(g)). Bursal nozzles more than 20 in number, usually attached with vacuoles, sometimes separated from latter (Figures 1 (e), 3(a, b)). Length of nozzles varying from 58 to 154 µm in living specimens.</p><p>Testes paired, follicular, dorsolateral to ovaries, extending from U13 to U 87 in holotype (Figures 2 (b, c, 3(a), 4(i))). Seminal vesicle extending from U77 to U 88 in holotype (Figures 3 (a, b), 4(j)); lacking sperm in ICHUM 8934, 8935 and one Seragaki specimen (field ID 0510–7) (Figure 4 (k); Table 2); muscular wall of seminal vesicle thicker in these specimens (Figure 4 (j, k)). Male gonopore terminal, opening to tubular male antrum extending to U 87 in holotype (Figures 3 (a, b, 4(k))). Longitudinal muscle basal to circular in antrum (Figure 4 (k)). Antrum swollen at entrance of vesicle, connected with ciliated penis (Figures 3 (a, b), 4(k)). Arrangement of musculature switched at swollen part; circular muscle basal to longitudinal in penis (Figure 4 (k)). Penis invaginated into vesicle, curved counterclockwise with tip pointing backwards (Figure 3 (a, b)); orientation of curvature varying individually. Curved penes observed in all examined specimens except ICHUM 8938, which lacked sexual organs. Swollen connections and tubular antra observed in all examined specimens except ICHUM 8936 and 8937, in which applicable sections were lost, and 8938.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The new specific name is a noun in apposition (in the nominative case), derived from the Latin hamus (meaning ‘hook’). The specific name refers to the curved penis, one of the diagnostic features of the new species.</p><p>Type locality and distribution</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.1842&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.624" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.1842/lat 26.624)">Intertidal</a> zone, Nagahama, Okinawa, Japan (26.6240°N, 128.1842°E) . Specimens identifiable as A . hamus sp. n. were also collected from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.8795&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.5066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.8795/lat 26.5066)">Bisezaki</a> (26.7106°N, 127.8795°E) and Seragaki, Okinawa, Japan (26.5066°N, 1278626°E) .</p><p>Genetic distances</p><p>The intraspecific genetic distance of A. hamus sp. n. was 0.687% in uncorrected p-distance and 0.691% in K2P (Table 3). Among the three other species included in this analysis, the genetic distances between A. oni and A. hamus sp. n. were the smallest (23.5–23.7% in uncorrected p-distance, 28.4–28.7% in K2P), followed by those between A. bermudensis and A. hamus sp. n. (25.9% in uncorrected p-distance, 32.0% in K2P). The largest genetic distances were observed between H. blumi and A. hamus sp. n. (26.1% in uncorrected p-distance, 32.3% in K2P).</p><p>section at level of the pre-oral amorphous tissue, stained with HE (ICHUM 8936). (e) Sagittal section through the pre-oral amorphous tissue, stained with Mallory’s trichrome (ICHUM 8935). (f) Magnification of the pre-oral amorphous tissue, stained with Mallory’s trichrome (ICHUM 8935). (g) Cross section at level of the seminal bursa, stained with HE (ICHUM 8933); black arrowheads indicate the boundary of seminal bursa. (h) Cross section at level of the seminal bursa, stained with HE (ICHUM 8936); black arrowheads indicate the boundary of seminal bursa. (i) Sagittal section through the ovary in front of the seminal bursa, stained with HE (ICHUM 8934). (j) Cross section at level of the seminal vesicle, stained with HE (ICHUM 8933); black arrowhead indicates bursa-like tissue. (k) Sagittal section through the male copulatory organ, with the tip slightly inverted, stained with Mallory’s trichrome (ICHUM 8935); black arrows indicate longitudinal muscle fibres and black arrowheads circular muscle fibres, and white arrow the slightly inverted tip of penis. Scale bars: a, b, d–h = 100 µm; c = 10 µm. Abbreviations: at: amorphous tissue; ds: digestive syncytium; fo: frontal organ; m: mouth; ma: male antrum; mg: mucous gland; o: ovary; p: penis; pcm: pre-oral cell mass; sm: sperm mass; sv: seminal vesicle; t: testis.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>One hypothesis is that the pre-oral amorphous tissue is a precursor of the pre-oral cell mass. The latter may represent a cluster of oogonia or primary oocytes, and be equivalent to what has been referred to as Eilager (meaning ‘egg storage’), from which eggs were thought to originate (Graff 1904 –1908; Costello and Costello 1938). However, this hypothesis cannot explain why the cell mass was not found in ICHUM 8935 and 0510–8, which have egg strands extending posteriorly to the mouth (Table 2). Another hypothesis is that the cell mass is involved in digestion. This may explain why isolated fragments of cell masses were found in the digestive parenchyma protruding from the mouth (Figure 4 (b)). On the other hand, these fragments may have resulted from deformation during fixation. A less likely explanation is that the cell mass represents food or parasites (such as orthonectids). Whether or not this pre-oral cell mass is homologous to the sponge cell mass in Waminoa Winsor, 1990 remains an open question. The histological appearance of the individual cells in A. hamus resembles that of the latter, characterised by neutrophilic cytoplasm (Ono, pers. obs.). However, the sponge cell mass in Waminoa is located just behind the brain and is separate from the egg strands (Winsor 1990; Ogunlana et al. 2005; Cooper et al. 2015), suggesting that it is not involved in oogenesis. Future studies with transmission electron microscopy should clarify the function of the pre-oral bodies in A. hamus .</p><p>Among other species in the genus, the new species resembles A. bermudensis and A. trifurcatus in having a trilobed posterior end, zooxanthellae, frontal glands, a statocyst, multiple bursal nozzles, and a single male gonopore. Amphiscolops hamus sp. n. is most similar to A. trifurcatus in having colouration due to zooxanthellae with white spots owing to gaps of zooxanthella distribution, multiple bursal nozzles with vacuoles containing allosperm, a ciliated penis invaginated into the seminal vesicle, and ciliated pits. However, the two species exhibit notable differences: the body length is up to 4.2 mm in A. hamus but 0.6–1 mm in A. trifurcatus, eyes are present in A. hamus but absent in A. trifurcatus; testes are paired in A. hamus but unpaired in A. trifurcatus; and the male copulatory organ consists of (i) a significantly curved penis, (ii) a swollen antrum at the connection to the seminal vesicle, and (iii) a tubular antrum in A. hamus, in contrast to (i) a slightly curved penis and (ii) a relatively short antrum in A. trifurcatus .</p><p>As mentioned above, three named Amphiscolops species have been reported from Asia ( A. japonicus, A. potocani and A. oni), but A. hamus can be distinguished from all of them. Amphiscolops hamus possesses only zooxanthellae, whereas A. japonicus lacks symbionts, and A. potocani and A. oni possess both zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae. Amphiscolops hamus, A. japonicus and A. potocani each possess a statocyst, but adult A. oni lacks one. Amphiscolops hamus and A. japonicus possess eyes, but eyes are absent in A. potocani and adult A. oni . Amphiscolops hamus, A. potocani and A. oni possess a trilobed posterior end, whereas A. japonicus possesses a bilobed one. Amphiscolops hamus lacks a female gonopore, whereas A. japonicus, A. potocani and A. oni possess a single female gonopore. Amphiscolops hamus possesses more than 20 bursal nozzles, whereas A. japonicus possesses four, A. potocani possesses two, and A. oni possesses about nine. Amphiscolops hamus, A. japonicus and A. oni possess a single seminal bursa, whereas A. potocani possesses two. Amphiscolops hamus possesses the male copulatory organ consisting of the three parts, as described above, with the penis invaginated into the seminal vesicle, whereas A. japonicus possesses a ciliated tubular penis leading to the paired spermatic ducts and the relatively short antrum without the seminal vesicle, A. potocani possesses a ciliated, glandular, and tubular penis invaginated into tissue plug, and A. oni possesses a ciliated and tubular penis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03819522F11BFFF8C82EFE86CDF88B05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ono, Rintaro;Kajihara, Hiroshi	Ono, Rintaro, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2025): Description of a new species of Amphiscolops (Xenacoelomorpha: Convolutidae). Journal of Natural History 59 (21 - 24): 1611-1624, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2489502, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2489502
