identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DE830EC800215B529F39DED3730E3CCE.text	DE830EC800215B529F39DED3730E3CCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Huicundomantis)	<div><p>Huicundomantis subgenus nov.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Pristimantis phoxocephalus (Lynch, 1979).</p><p>Definition.</p><p>This clade is strongly supported by genetic evidence (Fig. 3). Morphological synapomorphies are unknown. Members of this clade are characterized by: (i) dorsolateral folds absent (except for P. atratus); (ii) cranial crests absent (except for P. atratus, P. percultus, and P. spinosus); (iii) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent (both absent in P. philipi); (iv) dentigerous processes of vomer present; (v) small to prominent tubercles on heel; (vi) fingers with lateral fringes; (vii) basal webbing between toes (except for P. balionotus, P. hampatusami, and P. philipi which lack webbing); (viii) Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (Figs 7 - 9); (ix) in life, groins and concealed surfaces of thighs with distinctive coloration patterns including flash colors and light or bright colored flecks or spots on a darker background; colors, shapes and sizes of these ornaments are variable among species; (x) SVL females 24.9-46.8 mm; SVL males 16.1-34.5 mm. Species of this clade may bear a fleshy keel or a papilla at the tip of the snout, and lateral, middorsal, or postocular folds.</p><p>Content.</p><p>This clade comprises 23 described species (11 of them described below): P. atillo sp. nov., P. atratus, P. balionotus, P. chomskyi sp. nov., P. cryptomelas, P. gagliardoi, P. gloria sp. nov., P. hampatusami, P. jimenezi sp. nov., P. lutzae sp. nov., P. multicolor sp. nov., P. muscosus, P. nangaritza sp. nov., P. percultus, P. philipi, P. phoxocephalus, P. spinosus, P. teslai sp. nov., P. tinguichaca, P. torresi sp. nov., P. totoroi sp. nov., P. versicolor, P. verrucolatus sp. nov. This clade encompasses the P. phoxocephalus and P. cryptomelas species groups.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Huicundomantis occurs in Eastern and Western Andean slopes and Inter-Andean valleys of southern and central Ecuador, and Eastern Andean slopes of northern Peru. They inhabit the following Natural Regions: Deciduous Costa Forest, Western Foothill Forest, Western Montane Forest, Paramo, Inter-Andean Shrub, Eastern Montane Forest, and Eastern Foothill Forest, between elevations of 230 and 4200 m a.s.l.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>We name this clade Huicundomantis because these frogs are frequently found inside bromeliad plants. Huicundo is a word in Quechua, an indigenous South American language, locally used to referring to bromeliads.</p><p>Pristimantis phoxocephalus species group new taxon</p><p>Definition. The P. phoxocephalus species group is strongly supported in our phylogeny. Members of this group share the following morphological traits: (i) dorsolateral folds absent (except for P. atratus); (ii) snout with a fleshy keel or papilla at the tip; (iii) cranial crests absent (except for P. atratus and P. percultus); (iv) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent; (v) dentigerous processes of vomer present; (vi) males with vocal slits (except for P. versicolor); (vii) fingers and toes with lateral fringes; (viii) basal webbing between toes (except for P. balionotus and P. hampatusami); (ix) Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (Fig. 7); (x) in life, groins and concealed surfaces of thighs with distinctive coloration, including flash colors and light or bright colored flecks or spots on a darker background; colors, shapes, and sizes of ornaments variable among species; (xi) SVL females 24.9-46.8 mm; SVL males 16.8-34.5 mm.</p><p>Content. Currently, the P. phoxocephalus group comprises 17 described species (10 of them are described below): P. atillo sp. nov., P. atratus, P. balionotus, P. chomskyi sp. nov., P. gloria sp. nov., P. hampatusami, P. jimenezi sp. nov., P. lutzae sp. nov., P. multicolor sp. nov., P. percultus, P. phoxocephalus, P. teslai sp. nov., P. tinguichaca, P. torresi sp. nov., P. totoroi sp. nov., P. versicolor, P. verrucolatus sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution. Eastern and Western Andean slopes and Inter-Andean valleys of central and southern Ecuador, in ten provinces: Azuay, Bolívar, Cañar, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Loja, Morona Santiago, Tungurahua, and Zamora Chinchipe. They inhabit Deciduous Costa Forest, Western Foothill Forest, Western Montane Forest, Paramo, Inter-Andean Shrub, and Eastern Montane Forest Natural Regions, between 230 and 4100 m a.s.l.</p><p>Remarks. The P. phoxocephalus species group is sister to the P. cryptomelas species group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DE830EC800215B529F39DED3730E3CCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
23E6843DA14459C5B4E6D2DAD284E7DA.text	23E6843DA14459C5B4E6D2DAD284E7DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis atillo	<div><p>Pristimantis atillo sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Atillo Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Atillo.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 42500, an adult male from Sangay National Park, Ranger Station, Atillo, Morona Santiago Province, Ecuador (2.1867S, 78.4963W, 3400 m), collected by Elicio Tapia on May 19, 2009. Figures 10A, 11A.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(44: 28 males, 5 females, 11 juveniles). All from Sangay National Park, nearby the type locality. Ecuador: Chimborazo Province: QCAZ 2298-302, QCAZ 2304, adult males, QCAZ 2303, QCAZ 2305-306, juveniles (2.1749S, 78.5047W, 3600 m), collected by Giovanni Onore and Luis Coloma in October 1991; QCAZ 3110, adult female, QCAZ 3111-112, adult males (2.1749S, 78.5047W, 3600 m), collected by Luis Coloma in January 1991; QCAZ 40593, QCAZ 40594, adult females (2.2103S, 78.4991W, 3730 m), collected by Diego Almeida, Galo Díaz, Ítalo Tapia, and Martín Bustamante in May 2003. Morona Santiago Province: QCAZ 31946, adult male (2.1989S, 78.4824W, 3185m), collected by Charles M. Kieswetter and Ítalo Tapia in April 2006; QCAZ 40584, adult male (2.2024S, 78.4697W, 3366 m), collected by Diego Almeida, Galo Díaz, Ítalo Tapia and Martín Bustamante in May 2002; QCAZ 42501, adult female, QCAZ 40897, QCAZ 42483-486, QCAZ 42488-492, QCAZ 42499-500, QCAZ 42502-505, adult males, QCAZ 42493, QCAZ 42496, QCAZ 42498, QCAZ 42506, QCAZ 42512, QCAZ 42543, QCAZ 42548, juveniles (2.1867S, 78.4963W, 3400 m), collected by Elicio Tapia on May 18-19, 2009; QCAZ 59274, adult female, QCAZ 59214, QCAZ 59261, adult males (2.1842S, 78.4972W, 3436 m), collected by Francy Mora, David Velalcázar, Javier Pinto, Luis Tipantiza, Keyko Cruz, Daniel Rivadeneira, Freddy Almeida, Pol Pintanel, and Nadia Páez in March 2015. QCAZ 59228, adult male, QCAZ 59276, juvenile (2.1887S, 78.4823W, 3299 m), collected by Francy Mora, David Velalcázar, Javier Pinto, Luis Tipantiza, Keyko Cruz, Daniel Rivadeneira, Freddy Almeida, Pol Pintanel, and Nadia Páez in March 2015.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A member of the Pristimantis phoxocephalus group having the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen with or without scattered small subconical tubercles; middorsal fold ill-defined or absent; head with a middorsal longitudinal row of two or more subconical tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold present or absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margin concealed by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) upper eyelid with one or more small prominent subconical tubercles surrounded by lower tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) males having vocal slits, external vocal sac and white nuptial pads; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits expanded to broadly expanded, rounded to elliptical; (8) fingers with broad lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles low and rounded, sometimes connected by an ill-defined fold; (10) heel bearing one subconical tubercle surrounded or not by smaller rounded tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing low subconical tubercles; inner edge with or without ill-defined tubercles, short inner tarsal fold present; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, five times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles numerous; (12) toes with lateral fringes, less conspicuous than those on fingers; basal webbing on feet (Fig. 7A); Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches or exceeds distal edge of the penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches or exceeds distal edge of the distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs nearly as large as those on fingers; (13) in life, dorsal coloration varies from pale to dark brown; black or brown interorbital stripe, supratympanic stripe, and labial bars present; flanks with black dots and flecks arranged in a diagonal pattern, bordering light reticulations; groins, axils, concealed surfaces of thighs, and shanks orange; venter and throat cream to white; iris copper with a faint medial horizontal darker streak and black reticulations (Fig. 11); (14) average SVL in adult females: 31.3 ± 2.3 mm (29.4-35.3 mm; n = 5); in adult males: 24.7 ± 2.5 mm (17.5-28.1 mm; n = 29).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis atillo is similar to other species with acuminate and protruding snouts of this group such as P. jimenezi sp. nov., P. phoxocephalus, P. teslai sp. nov., P. torresi sp. nov., P. totoroi sp. nov., and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. The bright orange coloration of its groins and posterior surfaces of thighs distinguishes it from them (brown with small light brown to yellow spots in P. jimenezi sp. nov.; yellow with black reticulations in P. phoxocephalus; dark brown with yellow irregular blotches in P. teslai sp. nov.; brown with or without yellow spots in P. torresi sp. nov.; reddish brown with small light brown to yellow spots in P. verrucolatus sp. nov.). Pristimantis atillo can be further distinguished from P. jimenezi sp. nov. and P. phoxocephalus by the presence of its characteristic black dots in the flanks (black dots absent in P. jimenezi sp. nov. and P. phoxocephalus). Pristimantis atillo differs from P. teslai sp. nov. by the dorsal skin texture (shagreen in P. atillo; tuberculate in P. teslai sp. nov.). The copper coloration of the iris differentiates P. atillo from P. torresi sp. nov. and P. totoroi sp. nov., whose iris is golden with a red streak. Furthermore, tubercles and folds of P. totoroi sp. nov. are more prominent than those of P. atillo, and its head, relative to the body, is longer (males Wilcoxon’s Z = 4.50124, p &lt;0.001, HL/SVL = 33.5-38.5% in P. atillo, 34.2-38.7% in P. totoroi sp. nov.; females Z = 2.43599, p = 0.0149, HL/SVL = 33.1-36.6% in P. atillo, 35.2-37.6% in P. totoroi sp. nov.). Pristimantis verrucolatus sp. nov. differs from P. atillo in having large tubercles and warts on its flanks. Pristimantis atillo is similar to P. modipeplus (Lynch 1981) in coloration pattern; P. modipeplus has a subacuminate snout in dorsal view and rounded in profile, lacks basal webbing between toes, and large females bear low cranial crests (Lynch 1981); meanwhile, P. atillo has an acuminate and protruding snout with a keel at the tip, presents basal webbing between toes and has no cranial crests.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Adult male (QCAZ 42500, SC28232). Measurements (in mm): SVL 26.3; TL 12.0; FL 11.9; HL 8.9; HW 9.1; ED 2.6; TD 1.3; IOD 2.8; EW 2.4; IND 2.1; EN 2.7; TED 1.1. Head narrower than body, slightly wider than long; snout moderately long, acuminate with triangular fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; nostrils slightly protuberant, directed laterally with slight dorsal inclination; canthus rostralis concave in dorsal view, rounded in cross section; loreal region slightly concave; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid bearing one small but distinct conical tubercle surrounded by few indistinct smaller tubercles; tympanic membrane and annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margins concealed by supratympanic fold; two enlarged conical postrictal tubercle surrounded by indistinct low tubercles. Choanae median, elliptical, non-concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several indistinct teeth; tongue slightly longer than wide, posteriorly notched, posterior two-thirds free; vocal slits slightly curved, located at posterior half of mouth floor in between tongue and margin of jaw; vocal sac present.</p><p>Skin on dorsum shagreen; head with a row of two middorsal tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; flanks with slightly larger tubercles than those on dorsum; skin on throat, chest, belly and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; discoidal fold absent. Two distinct, low and round ulnar tubercles connected by an ill-defined fold; white nuptial pads present; palmar tubercles prominent, outer palmar tubercle bifid, slightly bigger than ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; distinct, low supernumerary tubercles at base of fingers; fingers with broad lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded and elliptical; ventral pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves (Fig. 7A).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs with scattered low round tubercles; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; heel bearing one low conical tubercle surrounded by some lower rounded tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing low subconical tubercles; inner edge of tarsus with ill-defined tubercles; short inner tarsal fold present; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, five times the size of circular, rounded, outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface with numerous indistinct supernumerary tubercles; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes with broad lateral fringes; small basal webbing between toes; discs nearly as large as those on fingers; discs on toes expanded, elliptical; all toes having ventral pads and circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I&lt;II&lt;III&lt;V&lt;IV; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reach distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 7A). Coloration of the holotype in preservative and life is shown in Figures 10, 11.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>This section is based on 45 preserved specimens of the type series and photographs available for 11 individuals. Variation in living and preserved individuals is shown in Figures 11, 12. Coloration in life is mentioned in parenthesis. Dorsum varies from pale to dark brown with or without lighter irregular marks or white spots scattered on dorsum, few individuals have several thin parallel longitudinal stripes or a middorsal band (i.e., longitudinal pattern); the interorbital band can be thin to broad, paler or darker than background and is absent in individuals with longitudinal pattern; interscapular blotch is often present. Flanks have pale oblique reticulations usually surrounded by dark stripes formed by rows of black flecks. Groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs cream (orange, in most cases surrounded by yellow blotches; an individual has yellow groins (QCAZ 42502)). Dorsal surfaces of thighs with brown to black oblique stripes. Venter and throat coloration varies from cream to white (cream to white with different levels of transparency, with or without ill-defined yellow blotches) with or without black flecks. Iris is reddish to orangey copper with a faint medial horizontal darker streak and thin black reticulations; sclera varies from white to light blue.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsum brown with lighter markings including W-shaped scapular mark, interscapular blotch, and faint irregular reticulations; head with light brown interorbital band; face with faint canthal and labial bars; dark brown supratympanic bar; flanks light brown with pale oblique reticulations surrounded by rows of black flecks; armpits, groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs cream; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs brown with lighter transversal bands; limbs with scattered black flecks; ventral surfaces cream; plantar and palmar surfaces dirty cream (Fig. 10A).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Based on studio photographs (Fig. 11A). Dorsum brown with cream light markings including a W-shaped scapular mark, interscapular blotch, and irregular reticulations; head with light brown interorbital band; face with faint brown canthal and labial bars; dark brown supratympanic bar; flanks light brown with yellow reticulations surrounded by rows of black flecks; armpits, groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs and shanks orange; dorsal surface of hindlimbs with faint yellowish brown transverse bands and scattered black flecks; venter yellowish white; vocal sac, chest, and ventral surfaces of forelimbs surfaces transparent pinkish cream; ventral surface of thighs yellow suffused with orange; plantar and palmar surfaces dirty cream; iris copper with a faint medial horizontal darker streak and thin black reticulations; light blue sclera.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>This species is only known from the type locality, surroundings of Lagunas de Atillo, and nearby locations at Sangay National Park, between 3185 and 3730 m a.s.l (Fig. 1). This corresponds to the Eastern Montane Forest and Paramo biogeographic regions. Most individuals collected at night were found active on low vegetation, from ground level up to 1 m above the ground; an individual was collected from a bromeliad 2.5 m above the ground. During the day, they were found beneath rocks. Most collections were made on roadsides. Calling males have been found in March.</p><p>According to available data, this species has a very restricted distribution (Extent of Occurrence 7 km2, Area of Occupancy 16 km2). However, less accessible adjacent areas in Sangay National Park are unexplored and represent potential distribution areas for this species. Therefore, we consider this species to be Data Deficient (IUCN 2017).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the type locality of this species, the surroundings of Lagunas de Atillo, a lake complex in Sangay National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/23E6843DA14459C5B4E6D2DAD284E7DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
E412B6355C165C5F8F76C11949A51BEA.text	E412B6355C165C5F8F76C11949A51BEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis chomskyi	<div><p>Pristimantis chomskyi sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Chomsky’s Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Chomsky.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 47515, an adult male from Tapichalaca Reserve, Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador (4.4730S, 79.1930W, 3366 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia on September 27, 2009. Figures 10B, 13A.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(11: 2 adult males, 9 juveniles). QCAZ 45670, QCAZ 47733, adult males, QCAZ 45664-669, QCAZ 45677, QCAZ 47730-731, juveniles, collected with the holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A species of Pristimantis having the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen, skin on flanks with large warts, skin on venter areolate to coarsely areolate; discoidal fold absent; dorsolateral folds absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterolateral margin concealed by thick supratympanic fold; (3) snout short, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view, with or without a small papilla at the tip; (4) upper eyelid lacking tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits, vocal sac and nuptial pads present in adult males; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits expanded, rounded to elliptical; (8) fingers with lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles low, diffuse; (10) heel bearing one small low rounded tubercle; inner edge of tarsus with or without a low tubercle or small fold; outer edge of tarsus with or without indistinct tubercles; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, elevated, about 4 times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles low; (12) toes with lateral fringes; basal webbing on feet; Toe V longer to much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches or exceeds distal edge of the penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the middle to distal edge of the distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs smaller than those on fingers (Fig. 7B); (13) in life, dorsum dark brown to orange; head bears brown supratympanic and canthal stripes; groins, axils and concealed surfaces of hindlimbs dark chocolate brown suffused or not with orange, with or without small cream flecks; venter cream to dusty brown with or without dark markings; iris orange with a faint reddish brown medial horizontal streak and thin black reticulations (Fig. 13); (14) average SVL in adult males: 28.0 ± 4.2 mm (24.0-32.4 mm; n = 3); females: unknown.</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis chomskyi is similar to P. balionotus, P. gloria sp. nov., P. lutzae sp. nov., and P. multicolor sp. nov. The most similar is its sister species P. multicolor sp. nov. The region above supratympanic fold is more swollen in P. chomskyi . In addition, P. chomskyi has a smaller tympanum (males Z = 2.38157, p = 0.0172, TD/SVL = 4.5-4.7% in P. chomskyi, 4.9-6% in P. multicolor sp. nov.). Pristimantis balionotus can be distinguished from P. chomskyi because it has a tuberculate dorsal skin, lacks basal webbing between toes, and its iris is bronze with a red medial streak (shagreen dorsal skin, basal webbing between toes, iris orange with a faint reddish-brown streak in P. chomskyi). Pristimantis chomskyi is easy to distinguish from P. gloria sp. nov. by the coloration of the iris (orange with a faint reddish brown streak and thin black reticulations in P. chomskyi; light silver to cream with wide black reticulations and a red streak in P. gloria sp. nov.) and groins (dark chocolate brown with or without small cream flecks in P. chomskyi; pinkish to purplish brown with irregular cream to light brown flecks or spots in P. gloria sp. nov.), and the texture of the dorsal skin (shagreen without a middorsal fold in P. chomskyi; tuberculate to warty with a middorsal fold in P. gloria sp. nov.). Furthermore, P. gloria sp. nov. is smaller (males Z = -2.31490, p = 0.0206, SVL = 24.0-32.4 mm in P. chomskyi, 16.7-24.7 mm in P. gloria sp. nov.), has larger tympanum (males Z = 2.66173, p = 0.0078, TD/SVL = 4.5-4.7% in P. chomskyi, 5.1-6.2% in P. gloria sp. nov.) and smaller eye (males Z = -2.50743, p = 0.0122, ED/SVL = 11.1-12% in P. chomskyi, 11-13.8% in P. gloria sp. nov.), relative to its body length. Pristimantis lutzae sp. nov. differs from P. chomskyi in having a golden to creamy brown iris with a reddish brown streak, a larger tympanum (males Z = 2.45677, p = 0.0140, TD/SVL = 4.5-4.7% in P. chomskyi, 5-5.4% in P. lutzae sp. nov.) and smaller eye (males Z = -2.45677, p = 0.0140, ED/SVL = 11.1-12% in P. chomskyi, 10.3-12.1% in P. lutzae sp. nov.), relative to its body length.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>An adult male (QCAZ 47515, SC29227). Measurements (in mm): SVL 24.0; TL 12.0; FL 11.6; HL 8.8; HW 9.4; ED 2.9; TD 1.1; IOD 3.3; EW 2.6; IND 2.4; EN 2.4; TED 1.1. Head wider than long, narrower than body; snout subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile, with a small papilla at the tip; cranial crests absent; nostrils slightly protuberant, directed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis slightly concave in dorsal view, rounded in cross section; loreal region concave; upper eyelid lacking tubercles; tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterolateral edge concealed by thick, heavy supratympanic fold; tympanic membrane distinct; two prominent postrictal tubercle not surrounded by smaller tubercles. Choanae median, ovoid, non-concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, positioned posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several indistinct teeth; tongue slightly longer than wide, not notched, posterior half free; vocal slits slightly curved, positioned at posterior half of mouth floor in between tongue and margin of jaw; small vocal sac.</p><p>Dorsal surfaces of body shagreen; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on flanks bearing low rounded warts; skin on chest and belly areolate, that on throat shagreen, ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; discoidal fold absent. Diffuse ulnar tubercles; nuptial pads present; outer palmar tubercle bifid, as large as ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; large supernumerary tubercles at base of fingers, distinct; fingers bearing lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded and rounded; pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 7B).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs shagreen; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; heel bearing one low and rounded tubercle; outer and inner edge of tarsus lacking tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, elevated, 4 times the size of oval outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface with small, low and rounded supernumerary tubercles; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes bearing lateral fringes; basal webbing between toes III and IV, and IV and V; discs on toes smaller than those on fingers, expanded and rounded; all toes having pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 7B). Coloration of the holotype in life and preservative is shown in Figures 10A, 13A.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsal surfaces of body and flanks cream covered by minute brown spots evenly distributed; brown supratympanic and canthal stripes; groins, anterior, and posterior surfaces of thighs, shanks and tarsus brown; venter, belly and throat cream suffused with dusty brown irregular spots; belly with dark brown blotches (this pattern does not correspond with coloration in life, probably effect of preservation); ventral surfaces of limbs dusty cream; ventral surfaces of fingers and toes cream (Fig. 10B).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Based on studio photographs. Dorsal surfaces of body and flanks orange-hued brown covered by minute chocolate brown spots evenly distributed; brown supratympanic and canthal stripes; groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, shanks and tarsus chocolate brown; venter yellowish cream covered by chocolate brown spots coinciding with areolation pattern; throat orange suffused with brown; ventral surfaces of thighs, shanks, and tarsus reddish orange suffused with brown; plantar and palmar surfaces orange; iris orange with a faint reddish brown medial horizontal streak and thin black reticulations (Fig. 13A).</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Based on the 12 preserved specimens of the type series and photographs from eight individuals. Variation in life and preservative is shown in Figures 13, 14. Coloration in life is given in parenthesis. Dorsum and flank coloration vary from brown to brownish cream (dark brown to orange). Dorsal markings may be absent or present as longitudinal stripes or dark blotches evenly scattered; one individual has a pale blotch on dorsum. All individuals have brown supratympanic and canthal stripes; some also have dark interorbital stripe and labial bars. Color of groins, armpits, dorsal surfaces of thighs, concealed surfaces of thighs, shanks and tarsus is dark brown (dark chocolate brown, suffused or not with orange, with or without small cream flecks), few individuals with small pale flecks; dorsal surfaces of thighs and groins can have irregular pale spots. Limbs bear scattered small dark spots arranged or not as transversal bands. Venter varies from cream to dusty brown with or without dark markings (orange, cream, or dusty brown, with or without darker flecks or mottling). The iris is orange with a faint red medial streak and thin black reticulations. Sclera varies from white to light blue.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>This species is only known from the type locality, Tapichalaca Reserve, Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador at 3366 m a.s.l (Fig. 1), which corresponds to the Paramo biogeographic region. All individuals were found at night inside bromeliads, mostly of the genus Puya . Tapichalaca Reserve is adjacent to Podocarpus National Park (northward) and Yacuri National Park (southward). Both areas are unexplored and represent potential habitats for this species. Therefore, we assign P. chomskyi to the Data Deficient Red List Category (IUCN 2017).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Noam Chomsky, US born theoretical linguist and one of the most cited modern scholars. Chomsky is the founder of modern linguistics. He developed the concept of "universal grammar," an innate cognitive capacity, shared by all humans, which allows to learn and communicate through complex speech. Chomsky was professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology between 1950 and 2017. He is currently professor at Arizona State University.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E412B6355C165C5F8F76C11949A51BEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
0F786388E489523FB2AA9523676E4325.text	0F786388E489523FB2AA9523676E4325.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis gloria	<div><p>Pristimantis gloria sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Gloria’s Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Gloria.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 57201, a gravid female from Cochapata, Azuay Province, Ecuador (3.4284S, 79.0699W, 3100 m), collected by Edwin Carrillo on May 1, 2014. Figures 15A, 16A.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(59: 14 females, 24 males, 21 juveniles). Ecuador: Azuay Province: QCAZ 3051-052, QCAZ 3054, adult males, QCAZ 3053, juvenile, from 7 km E Sigsig (3.0973S, 78.7970W, 2890 m); QCAZ 3055, juvenile, from 8 km E Sigsig (3.1025S, 78.7929W, 2920 m); QCAZ 3056, juvenile, from 3 km Sigsig, Sigsig-Las Minas road (3.0750S, 78.8000W, 2460 m), collected by Luis Coloma, Oscar Delgado and Luis Eduardo López on July 25, 1989; QCAZ 3452, male, QCAZ 3451, juvenile, from 23 km SE Sigsig (3.1794S, 78.7993W, 3318 m), collected by Stella de la Torre, Luis Coloma, and Felipe Campos on November 27, 1992; QCAZ 16449, adult female, QCAZ 16452, adult male, QCAZ 16447-448, juveniles, collected by Luis Eduardo López on September 2001; QCAZ 45289, adult male, collected by Luis Eduardo López on August 28, 2009; QCAZ 56533, QCAZ 56536, adult females, QCAZ 56534, juvenile, collected by Luis Eduardo López on December 6, 2013; QCAZ 62779, QCAZ 62783, QCAZ 62788, QCAZ 62791, adult females, QCAZ 62778, QCAZ 62782, QCAZ 62787, adult male, QCAZ 62780, QCAZ 62789, juveniles, collected by Luis Eduardo López on December 13, 2015, from Patococha (3.0040S, 78.6658W, 3416 m); QCAZ 29133, juvenile, from Matanga (3.1779S, 78.8000W, 3325 m), collected by Luis Coloma on December 1, 1991; QCAZ 30737, female, from 11.1 km W Azuay-Morona Santiago border (2.9480S, 78.7120W, 3110 m), collected by Luis Coloma and John Wiens on April 20, 1990; QCAZ 30738, adult male, QCAZ 30739, juvenile, from 8.1 km W Azuay-Morona Santiago border (2.9640S, 78.7020W, 3140 m), collected by John Wiens on April 20, 1990; QCAZ 30740-745, juveniles from 10 km S Cutchil (3.1340S, 78.8130W, 2900 m), collected by Luis Coloma and John Wiens on April 29, 1990; QCAZ 56463, adult male from Chiguinda, Páramo de Matanga (3.1885S, 78.7922W, 3327 m), collected by Jorge Brito on October, 2013. Loja Province: QCAZ 31455, QCAZ 31457, adult females, from Fierro Urcu (3.7104S, 79.3049W, 3439 m), collected by Ítalo G. Tapia on March 2006. Morona Santiago Province: QCAZ 17143, juvenile female, from Gualaceo-Macas road (3.0097S, 78.6650W, 3462 m), collected by Omar Torres, Jennifer Pramuk and Lena Echelle on September 14, 2001; QCAZ 23933, adult female, QCAZ 23929-932, adult males, from 52 km N El Ideal (3.1831S, 78.7961W, 3525 m), collected by Santiago Ron and Giovanna Romero on April 10, 2003; QCAZ 26367, QCAZ 26370, adult females, QCAZ 26368-369, QCAZ 26372-373, adult males, QCAZ 26371, QCAZ 26375, juveniles, from Gualaceo-Plan de Milagro road (3.0007S, 78.6616W, 3372 m), collected by Andrés Merino, Ítalo Tapia and Erik Wild on August 10, 2003; QCAZ 27280, adult female, QCAZ 27276-279, QCAZ 27281, adult males, from Gualaceo-Plan de Milagro road (3.0029S, 78.6572W, 3096 m), collected by David A. Kizirian and Juan Carlos on November 2, 2000; QCAZ 40784, juvenile, from Sigsig-Gualaquiza road (3.1850S, 78.7962W, 3322 m), collected by Omar Torres, Ernesto Arbeláez, Amaranta Carvajal and David Salazar on June 17, 2008.</p><p>Referred specimens.</p><p>KU 218035 from 8.1 km W Morona Santiago border, Gualaceo-Limón road (2.9645S, 78.7016W, 3145 m) Azuay Province, Ecuador.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A species of Pristimantis having the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum tuberculate to warty; tubercles and warts are more prominent in posterior dorsum; middorsal fold present; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on flanks bears large warts and more prominent tubercles than those on dorsum; skin on venter coarsely areolate; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterolateral margin concealed by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; with or without a small papilla at the tip; (4) upper eyelid without conspicuous tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocal slits, vocal sac and nuptial pads present in adult males; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits expanded, truncate to elliptical; (8) fingers with broad lateral fringes; (9) indistinct ulnar tubercles; (10) heel bearing a low rounded tubercle, surrounded by several smaller; outer edge of tarsus bearing inconspicuous tubercles; inner edge of tarsus bearing a medium to long fold followed by small tubercles; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, six times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles low, numerous; (12) toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; Toe V longer to much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches or exceeds distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches middle to distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); discs on toes smaller than those on fingers, truncate to elliptical (Fig. 7C); (13) in life, dorsum light to dark brown with or without shades of cream, yellow or orange; groins and concealed surfaces of thighs brown, creamish brown, pinkish brown, or purplish brown with irregular cream to brown flecks or spots; background color looks like thin reticulations when flecking is dense; ventral surfaces of body cream to brownish cream; iris cream to light silver bearing wide black reticulations and a red medial streak (Fig. 16); (14) average SVL in adult females: 30.1 ± 3.0 mm (26.7-35.8 mm; n = 15); in adult males: 21.7 ± 2.3 mm (16.8-24.7 mm; n = 24).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Similar species are P. balionotus, P. chomskyi, P. lutzae sp. nov., P. multicolor sp. nov., P. percultus, and Pristimantis sp. (CCS2). Pristimantis gloria is readily distinguished from them (except P. percultus) by the presence of wide black reticulations in its iris (thin black reticulations in the other species). Pristimantis gloria can be further distinguished from P. balionotus by having basal webbing between toes (absent in P. balionotus) and warty flanks (tuberculate in P. balionotus). Pristimantis chomskyi is different from P. gloria by having shagreen dorsal skin (tuberculate to warty in P. gloria), lacking a middorsal fold (present in P. gloria), having a larger body (males Z = -2.31490, p = 0.0206, SVL = 23.98-32.38 mm in P. chomskyi, 16.7-24.74 mm in P. gloria), a smaller tympanum (males Z = 2.66173, p = 0.0078, TD/SVL = 4.5-4.7% in P. chomskyi, 5.1-6.2% in P. gloria) and larger eye (males Z = -2.50743, p = 0.0122, ED/SVL = 11.1-12% in P. chomskyi, 11-13.8% in P. gloria sp. nov.), relative to body length. The dorsum and flanks of Pristimantis lutzae sp. nov. are predominantly covered with tubercles, while it is mostly covered with warts in P. gloria; the ratio between the length and width of the head is larger in P. gloria than P. lutzae sp. nov. (males Z = -5.00826, p &lt;0.0001, HL/HW = 96.8-114.5% in P. gloria, 90-97% in P. lutzae sp. nov.; females Z = -3.77517, p = 0.0002, HL/HW = 92-105% in P. gloria, 90-96% in P. lutzae sp. nov.). Morphometrically, P. multicolor sp. nov. is larger than P. gloria (males Z = 3.07054, p = 0.0021, SVL 16.7-24.7 mm in P. gloria, 19.7-29.7 mm in P. multicolor sp. nov.; females Z = 2.85671, p = 0.0043, SVL 26.7-35.8 mm in P. gloria, 29.3-40.5 mm in P. multicolor sp. nov.), and has a wider head (males Z = 2.23159, p = 0.0256, HW/SVL = 36.1-40.7% in P. gloria, 36.3-40.9% in P. multicolor sp. nov.; females Z = 4.13252, p &lt;0.0001, HW/SVL = 36.1-39% in P. gloria, 39.6-42.2% in P. multicolor sp. nov.) relative to body length; furthermore, P. multicolor sp. nov. lacks a middorsal fold. Pristimantis percultus, like P. gloria, has wide black reticulations on the iris, and warts and tubercles on flanks. They can be readily recognized because P. percultus has a keel on the snout (absent in P. gloria), cranial crests (absent in P. gloria), and is larger (Table 5). Pristimantis sp. (CCS2) is the closest species to P. gloria (Fig. 3, Table 2). CCS2 has a red dorsum, a golden iris with a red medial streak and thin reticulations, and broadly expanded discs on finger (Fig. 4M); while the dorsum of P. gloria is light to dark brown, its iris is cream to light silver with a red medial streak and wide black reticulations. Though there is only one female available for CCS2, it has a larger body and smaller tympanum than any individual of P. gloria (Table 5). Pristimantis gloria is also similar to the Peruvian species Pristimantis pataikos (Duellman &amp; Pramuk, 1999) from which can be distinguished by the presence of nuptial pads in adult males (absent in P. pataikos), the presence of lateral fringes on fingers and toes (absent in P. pataikos), the presence of vomerine odontophores (absent in P. pataikos), and the presence of pale spots on the groins and concealed surfaces of thighs (uniformly brown in P. pataikos) (Duellman and Pramuk 1999).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>An adult female (QCAZ 57201). Measurements (in mm): SVL 35.8; TL 15.6; FL 16.5; HL 12.4; HW 13.5; ED 3.6; TD 1.8; IOD 3.5; EW 3.0; IND 2.5; EN 3.5; TED 1.7. Head wider than long, slightly narrower than body; snout moderately long, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; cranial crests absent; nostrils slightly protuberant, narrow, directed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis slightly concave in dorsal view, angular in cross section; loreal region slightly concave; upper eyelid with indistinct tubercles, smaller than those on dorsum; tympanic annulus prominent, upper and posterolateral edge concealed by supratympanic fold; tympanic membrane distinct; two large, low and rounded postrictal tubercles surrounded by smaller tubercles. Choanae median, ovoid, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, large, oblique, moderately separated, positioned posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several teeth; tongue slightly longer than wide, posteriorly notched, posterior half free.</p><p>Dorsal surfaces of body tuberculate, dorsum bearing median low rounded tubercles and scattered warts, more prominent posteriorly; skin on head shagreen; middorsal fold present; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on flanks bearing more prominent and larger tubercles and warts than dorsum; skin on chest and belly coarsely areolate, that on throat shagreen; discoidal fold present; ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate. Ulnar tubercles indistinct except for low antebrachial tubercle; outer palmar tubercle bifid, twice the size of ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; median low supernumerary tubercles at base of fingers and palms; fingers bearing broad lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded and truncate; pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 7C).</p><p>Dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs shagreen with scattered tubercles; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; heel bearing a median, low and rounded tubercle surrounded by indistinct ones; outer edge of tarsus bearing indistinct tubercles; inner edge of tarsus bearing a median fold ending in a row of small tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle elevated, ovoid, six times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface with several small, indistinct supernumerary tubercles; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes bearing broad lateral fringes; basal webbing between toes IV and V present; discs on toes smaller than those on fingers, expanded, elliptical; all toes having pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the middle of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 7C). Color of holotype in life and preservative is shown in Figures 15A, 16A, respectively.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>This section is based in 60 individuals of the type series and photographs available from 15 individuals. Variation in life and preservative is shown in Figures 16, 17. In preservative, dorsal coloration varies from light to dark brown with or without shades of gray. Dorsum uniformly colored or bearing a pattern of parallel longitudinal stripes, irregular reticulations or pale blotches. Most individuals have scattered black spots on dorsum, especially on dorsolateral surfaces; three individuals (QCAZ 57201, QCAZ 26369, QCAZ30741) display scattered white spots. Black or brown canthal bars, supratympanic stripes, labial bars, and interorbital bars or stripes can be present in this species. Flanks have the same or slightly lighter hue than dorsum. Groins and posterior surfaces of thighs bear pale irregularly shaped small spots or flecks on a brown background; when flecking is very dense the background color resembles brown reticulations. One individual lacks these flecks and spots (QCAZ62778). Limbs bear or not transversal bars and black spots. Ventral coloration varies from cream to dirty cream. In life, dorsal coloration varies from light to dark brown with or without shades of cream, yellow or orange. When present, reticulations and longitudinal stripes are brighter colored than the rest of dorsum and bordered by thin black stripes. Dorsum usually bears black spots, rarely, white spots. When present, canthal and supratympanic bars or stripes are brown or black, interorbital bars or stripes are black, brown or yellow. Flanks are the same color as dorsum or lighter. Groins and posterior surfaces of thighs are brown, creamish brown, pinkish brown or purplish brown with irregular flecks or spots; when flecking is dense, the background color resembles thin reticulations (QCAZ 62778 is the only individual that do not present these spots). Venter varies from cream to brownish cream. Iris is cream or light silver with wide black reticulations that can cover almost completely the iris; a faint red to reddish brown medial streak is present (Fig. 16D); sclera varies from cream to light blue.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsum dark brown with abundant scattered black medium-sized spots, more concentrated on dorsolateral surfaces and a few scattered white spots; flanks slightly lighter than dorsum; black supratympanic stripes; dorsal surface of limbs with same background coloration as dorsum and scattered black spots; groins and concealed surfaces of thighs brown with cream flecks; ventral surface of body pale cream (Fig. 15A).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Based on studio photographs (Fig. 16A). Dorsal surfaces of body grayish brown with scattered black medium-sized spots, more abundant on dorsolateral surfaces; black supratympanic stripe; few scattered white spots on dorsum and dorsal surfaces of thighs; flanks lighter than dorsum with scattered black spots; groins and concealed surfaces of thighs reddish brown with cream flecks; venter and ventral surfaces of thighs pinkish cream with cream spots coinciding with areolate pattern; throat cream; ventral surfaces of shanks, tarsus, feet and hands pinkish cream; iris silver with wide black reticulations and a reddish brown medial streak.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>Pristimantis gloria is known from Inter-Andean Shrub and Paramo regions in Azuay, Loja, and Morona Santiago Provinces, between 2460 and 3525 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). Most individuals were found underneath rocks in paramos or pastures near the roadside, during day or night. Two couples in amplexus were found underneath rocks at night in April. A calling male was found in low vegetation at 19h00 on October 16, 2013.</p><p>We consider P. gloria as an Endangered species following B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii) IUCN criteria because: (i) it is only known from five localities (sensu IUCN 2017) in non-protected areas, partly affected by human settlements, agriculture and cattle raising; (ii) its Extent of Occurrence is estimated to be less than 5000 km2 (617 km2); and (iii) its Area of Occupancy &lt;500 km2 (44 km2).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a patronym for Gloria Lorena Rosales Narváez and Gloria María Esmeralda Narváez, mother and grandmother of the leading author. This species is named after them in gratitude for all their love and support.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Because of the previous lack of molecular data, this species has been mistakenly identified as P. riveti (e.g., collections at the QCAZ museum). Here, we recognize it as a different species and assign it to the P. phoxocephalus species group. It has the lowest genetic divergence with its closest species, Pristimantis sp. CCS2; the average uncorrected p distance between them is 2%. The differences in morphology between them are so evident that we consider 2.0% as our reference value to delimit candidate species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F786388E489523FB2AA9523676E4325	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
B6C0F4D3E44658619F71535AF5B232CB.text	B6C0F4D3E44658619F71535AF5B232CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis jimenezi	<div><p>Pristimantis jimenezi sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Jiménez de la Espada’s Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Jiménez de la Espada.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 45170, an adult male from San Antonio, Cajas National Park border, Azuay Province, Ecuador (2.8835S, 79.4103W, 2099 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia and Juan Carlos Morocho on August 21, 2009. Figures 15B, 18A.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(24: 11 males, 9 females, 4 juveniles). Ecuador: Azuay Province: QCAZ 45179, QCAZ 45186, adult females, QCAZ 45178, QCAZ 45187-189, adult males, from San Antonio, Cajas National Park border (2.8835S, 79.4103W, 2099 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia and Juan Carlos Morocho on August 21, 2009; QCAZ 45199, adult female, QCAZ 45196, juvenile, from San Antonio, Cajas National Park border (2.8612S, 79.3787W, 2900 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia and Juan Carlos Morocho on August 24, 2009; QCAZ 45202-203, QCAZ 45208-209, QCAZ 45212, adult females, QCAZ 45201, QCAZ 45204, QCAZ 45207, QCAZ 45211, adult males, QCAZ 45205-206, juveniles, from San Antonio, Malacatos river (2.9107S, 79.4146W, 1800 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia and Juan Carlos Morocho on August 24, 2009; QCAZ 46955, adult male, from Chipla river (2.7457S, 79.4089W, 2500 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia on January 16, 2010; QCAZ 46978, adult female, QCAZ 46977, QCAZ 46980, adult males, QCAZ 46979, juvenile, from Molleturo, Zadracay river (2.7353S, 79.4142W, 2674 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia on January 20, 2010.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A member of the Pristimantis phoxocephalus group characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen with or without scattered small subconical tubercles; faint middorsal fold; dorsolateral folds absent; thin lateral folds on anterior half of flanks; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margin concealed by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) upper eyelid with small, distinct tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) males bearing vocal slits and vocal sac, with white nuptial pads; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits expanded to broadly expanded, elliptical to truncate; (8) fingers with broad lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles low or absent; (10) heel bearing one medium subconical tubercle surrounded or not by lower tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing low subconical tubercles; inner edge with or without low tubercles, short inner tarsal fold present; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, three times the size of elliptical, elevated outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles indistinct; (12) toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; Toe V longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches or exceeds the proximal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; disc on Toe V reaches or exceeds the proximal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs slightly smaller than those on fingers, elliptical to truncate (Fig. 7D); (13) in life, dorsal background light to dark brown with a scapular W-shaped marking and an interorbital stripe; groins and posterior surfaces of thighs salmon, pinkish brown, purplish brown or dark brown with small light brown to yellow spots; venter cream; iris reddish copper with black reticulations with a red medial streak to completely red (Fig. 18); (14) average SVL in adult females: 35.0 ± 2.1 mm (30.9-37.4 mm; n = 9); in adult males: 25.5 ± 1.6 mm (21.9-27.1 mm; n = 12).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis jimenezi is similar to P. atillo, P. phoxocephalus, P. teslai sp. nov., P. torresi sp. nov., P. totoroi sp. nov., and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. It differs from P. atillo in the coloration of the groins and posterior surfaces of thighs (orange in P. atillo; pinkish to dark brown with small light brown to yellow spots in P. jimenezi), and flanks (black dots and flecks surrounding light reticulations in P. atillo; lacking black dots in P. jimenezi). Pristimantis jimenezi can be distinguished from P. phoxocephalus by its groin coloration (yellow with black reticulations in P. phoxocephalus) and advertisement call. The call of P. phoxocephalus has shorter inter-note intervals and a lower frequency of the second harmonic and final frequency of the note (Table 6). Pristimantis teslai sp. nov. has tuberculate dorsal skin (shagreen in P. jimenezi) and lacks lateral folds, which are present in P. jimenezi . The most similar species to P. jimenezi is P. torresi sp. nov., which has golden to beige iris with a red medial streak (copper to red in P. jimenezi). P. totoroi sp. nov. has more prominent folds and tubercles than P. jimenezi, and its head length is larger (males Z = 3.05006, p = 0.0023, HL/SVL = 33.4-37.5% in P. jimenezi, 34.2-38.7% in P. totoroi sp. nov.; females Z = 2.85798, p = 0.0043, HL/SVL = 32.8-37.3% in P. jimenezi, 35.2-37.6% in P. totoroi sp. nov.), its tympanum smaller (males Z = -4.24763, p &lt;0.0001, TD/SVL = 4.8-6% in P. jimenezi, 4.4-5.1% in P. totoroi sp. nov.; females Z = -2,96383, p = 0.003, TD/SVL = 5-5.6% in P. jimenezi, 4.8-5.3% in P. totoroi sp. nov.), and its eyes smaller (males Z = -4.06051, p &lt;0.001, ED/SVL = 11.1-13.3% in P. jimenezi, 9.2-11.6% in P. totoroi sp. nov.; females Z = -2.43458, p = 0.0149, ED/SVL = 9.5-11.8% in P. jimenezi, 9.5-10.6% in P. totoroi sp. nov.) than those of P. jimenezi . Furthermore, advertisement calls of P. totoroi sp. nov. have shorter notes and lower dominant, second harmonic, and final frequencies of the notes than those of P. jimenezi (Table 6). Pristimantis verrucolatus sp. nov., which has an adjacent distribution to P. jimenezi at high elevations, can be distinguished by the presence of large tubercles and warts on flanks (absent in P. jimenezi) and by its smaller size (males Z = 3.58643, p = 0.0003, SVL = 21.8-27.0 mm in P. jimenezi, 25.1-34.5 mm in P. verrucolatus sp. nov.; females Z = 2.00347, p = 0.0451, SVL = 31.1-37.4 mm in P. jimenezi, 40.4-46.8 mm in P. verrucolatus sp. nov.). Additionally, they can be distinguished by their advertisement calls: the call of P. verrucolatus sp. nov. consists of a single note, longer than the one or two notes of the call of P. jimenezi; the dominant frequency is higher in advertisement calls of P. jimenezi, and the change in frequency along the note is lower in P. jimenezi (Table 6).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>An adult male (QCAZ 45170, SC29041). Measurements (in mm): SVL 24.1; TL 12.7; FL 11.0; HL 8.2; HW 8.5; ED 2.8; TD 1.4; IOD 2.7; EW 2.5; IND 2.2; EN 2.6; TED 1.0. Body slender; head as wide as body, slightly wider than long; snout moderately long, acuminate with a vertical fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; nostrils slightly protuberant, ovoid, directed laterally with slight dorsal inclination; canthus rostralis concave in dorsal view, angular in cross section; loreal region slightly concave, bearing small tubercles; upper eyelid bearing small distinct tubercles; cranial crests absent; tympanic membrane and annulus prominent with upper and posterior margins concealed by supratympanic fold; two medium-sized, rounded postrictal tubercles surrounded by smaller tubercles outlining supratympanic stripe. Choanae large, circular, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several indistinct teeth; tongue slightly wider than long, posterior border notched, posterior half free; vocal slits slightly curved, located at posterior half of mouth floor in between tongue and margin of jaw; vocal sac present.</p><p>Skin on dorsum and flanks shagreen; faint middorsal fold; row of three small middorsal tubercles on head; dorsolateral folds absent; thin lateral folds on anterior half of the flanks; skin on throat, chest, belly and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; discoidal fold absent. One low round ulnar tubercle; white nuptial pads present; palmar tubercles prominent, outer palmar tubercle bifid, slightly bigger than ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; low supernumerary tubercles at base of fingers; fingers with broad lateral fringes extended to outer edge of the palm; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded and elliptical; ventral pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves (Fig. 7D).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs with scattered low tubercles; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; heel bearing one medium prominent subconical tubercle surrounded by few lower rounded tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing low subconical tubercles; short inner tarsal fold present; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, three times the size of elliptical, rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface with indistinct supernumerary tubercles; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; discs smaller than those on fingers, wider on Toe IV and V; discs on toes expanded, elliptical; all toes having ventral pads and circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III exceeds proximal edge of the distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V exceeds proximal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 7). Coloration of the holotype in life and preservative is shown in Figures 15B, 18A.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsum grayish light brown with cream markings including an irregular W-shaped scapular mark and irregular reticulations; middorsal black stripe; head with interorbital stripe; faint canthal and labial bars; dark brown supratympanic stripe; flanks with the same background color as dorsum; flanks, groins, anterior, and posterior surfaces of thighs with cream medium-sized spots and cream oblique reticulations; background color of groins, anterior, and posterior surfaces of thighs lighter than dorsum; venter cream with scattered minute brown flecks on belly and brown midventral stripe (Fig. 15B).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Based on studio photographs. Dorsum light brown with cream markings including an irregular W-shaped scapular mark and irregular reticulations; head with interorbital stripe; faint gray canthal stripes and thin labial bars; black supratympanic stripe; flanks, groins, anterior, and posterior surfaces of thighs with yellow medium-sized spots and cream oblique reticulations; background color on groins and posterior surfaces of thighs purplish brown; ventral surfaces of limbs and chest pinkish cream; vocal sac yellowish cream; venter pinkish cream suffused with white; iris copper with thin black reticulations; light-blue sclera (Fig. 18A).</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Data of preserved individuals is based on 25 specimens of the type series; information of coloration in life is based on photographs from nine individuals. Variation of preserved and live individuals is shown in Figures 18, 19. Coloration in life is provided in parenthesis. Dorsum is creamy to light and dark brown, with or without lighter irregular marks or chevrons; some individuals show a middorsal band; a pale W-shaped mark on scapula is often present; head bears an interorbital stripe or band paler or darker than dorsum; most individuals bear labial bars, and a few, canthal bars (black to brown). Flanks often bear pale (light-brown to yellow) spots or reticulations all over them or confined to the groins and axils. Groins and posterior surfaces of thighs cream with small pale spots (salmon, pinkish brown, purplish, purplish brown or dark brown with small light-brown to yellow spots). Dorsal surfaces of thighs are darker than dorsum bearing pale (yellow or light brown) reticulations. Ventral surfaces of the body are cream (yellowish to pale cream) with or without dark flecks or reticulations on the belly and throat. Iris varies from copper with a red medial streak of variable size to completely red; it bears thin black reticulations; white to light-blue sclera.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>Based on recordings of QCAZ 45178 (January 20, 2010; 19h10; 12 °C) and QCAZ 46977 (August 23, 2009; 16h30). The advertisement call of P. jimenezi consists of one or two peep-like notes (Fig. 6A). The average duration of a note is 0.18 s (range 0.016-0.21 s), and the interval between them is 0.30 s (range 0.23-0.36 s). The fundamental and dominant frequencies of the notes are on average 2894 Hz (range 2776-3013 Hz). The peak time of the note occurs exactly in the middle of its duration. There is an increase in frequency along the note (2790-2977 Hz on average). Descriptive statistics for bioacoustic parameters are shown in Table 6.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>This species is known from Western Andean slopes of Azuay Province between elevations of 1800 and 2900 m (Fig. 1); this corresponds to the Western Montane Forest region. Individuals of this species inhabit primary and secondary forest. Specimens were found at afternoon and night on low vegetation up to 1.5 m above the ground and inside bromeliads up to 8 m above the ground. Some individuals were collected from banana plants. Gravid females and calling males were collected in January and August; males were found calling at 16 and 19 h.</p><p>Following B1ab(iii) IUCN criteria, we consider P. jimenezi to be Critically Endangered. Available records come from two localities (sensu IUCN 2017) where suitable surrounding habitats are disturbed by human settlements, agriculture, and cattle raising. Its Extent of Occurrence is estimated to be less than 100 km2 (39 km2).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Marcos Jiménez de la Espada, a Spanish naturalist who visited South America between 1862 and 1865. During his trip, he made significant collections of amphibians including new species that he described between 1870 and 1875. Among others, he named the genus Pristimantis and 19 species of Ecuadorian amphibians. His species descriptions are remarkably detailed in comparison with those of his contemporaries. He also made accurate and detailed descriptions of the natural history and the external and internal morphology of Neotropical anurans.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B6C0F4D3E44658619F71535AF5B232CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
F72D2FF25DC85EA194427234C92AAE1F.text	F72D2FF25DC85EA194427234C92AAE1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis lutzae	<div><p>Pristimantis lutzae sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Lutz’s Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Lutz.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 37546, an adult female from Mazán Reserve, Azuay Province, Ecuador (2.8689S, 79.1148W, 3047 m), collected by Luis A. Coloma, Santiago R. Ron, Ítalo G. Tapia, Ernesto Arbeláez, and Robin Moore on September 2007. Figure 20A.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(32: 14 males, 13 females, 5 juveniles). Ecuador: Azuay Province: QCAZ 32785, adult female, QCAZ 32786, QCAZ 32788, QCAZ 32791, adult males, QCAZ 32792, juvenile female, from Yanuncay-Irquis Protected Forest, Páramo de Quimsacocha (3.0398S, 79.2147W, 3758 m), collected by Andrés Merino-Viteri, Lorena E. Falconí, David Salazar-V, Paula Peña, Mónica Páez, Ernesto Arbeláez, and Juan Daniel Jaramillo in December 2006; QCAZ 37509, adult female, from Mazán Reserve (2.8748S, 79.1292W, 3115 m), collected by Luis A. Coloma, Santiago R. Ron, Ítalo G. Tapia, Ernesto Arbeláez and Robin Moore in September 2007; QCAZ 37545, QCAZ 37547, QCAZ 37566, adult females, QCAZ 37561, QCAZ 37564, adult males, QCAZ 37550-551, juvenile females, collected with the holotype; QCAZ 37571, adult female, QCAZ 37570, adult male, from Mazán Reserve (2.8752S, 79.1292W, 3189 m), collected by Luis A. Coloma, Santiago R. Ron, Ítalo G. Tapia, Ernesto Arbeláez and Robin Moore in September 2007; QCAZ 51736, adult female, from San Vicente (2.7953S, 78.6981W, 3044 m), collected by Omar Torres, Vanessa Aguirre, Simón Lobos, Fernando Ayala and Estefanía Boada in March 2011; QCAZ 53728, juvenile, from Cajas National Park, El Capo, Laguna Toreadora (2.7785S, 79.2453W, 4100 m), collected by Santiago R. Ron, Andrés Merino, Fernando Ayala, Teresa Camacho and Martin Cohen on July 19, 2011. Cañar Province: QCAZ 27467, QCAZ 27469, QCAZ 27534, adult females, QCAZ 27470-471, adult males, QCAZ 27472, juvenile female, from Mazar Wildlife Reserve, Rumiloma (2.5746S, 78.7455W, 3400 m), collected by Martín R. Bustamante, Joseph Mendelson and Michelle Cummer in February 2004; QCAZ 27521, adult male, from Mazar Wildlife Reserve, Rumiloma (2,5612S, 78.7336W, 3550 m), collected by Martín R. Bustamante, Joseph Mendelson and Michelle Cummer in February 2004; QCAZ 27596-597, adult females, from La Libertad (2.5466S, 78.6984W, 2895 m), collected by Martín R. Bustamante, Joseph Mendelson and Michelle Cummer in February 2004; QCAZ 47211, adult male, from Guallicanga ravine (2.4321S, 78.9022W, 3960 m), collected by Paola Mafla-Endara, Silvia Aldás-Alarcón and Freddy Velásquez-Alomoto in December 2009; QCAZ 56182, adult female, QCAZ 56183-186, adult males, from Charón Ventanas Community Tourism Center (2.6471S, 78.8905W, 3300 m), collected by Andrea Manzano, Paulina Romero, and Leonardo Negrete in July 2013.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A species of Pristimantis having the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen to tuberculate with scattered low tubercles; thin middorsal fold present or absent; dorsolateral folds absent; flanks tuberculate, tubercles larger than those on dorsum, with or without scattered warts; lateral fold present or absent; skin on venter coarsely areolate; discoidal fold present or absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterolateral margin covered by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, round to subacuminate in dorsal, rounded in lateral view, with or without a small papilla at the tip; (4) upper eyelid bearing a small, rounded tubercle, surrounded by several lower tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits, vocal sac, and nuptial pads present in adult males; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits expanded, elliptical to truncate; (8) fingers with broad lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles small, distinct; (10) heel bearing a low rounded tubercle, surrounded by several smaller tubercles; inner and outer edge of tarsus bearing a row of small tubercles; short inner tarsal fold; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle elevated, ovoid, three times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles indistinct; (12) toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the middle of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV or slightly exceeds its distal edge, disc on Toe V reaches the middle of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV or slightly exceeds its distal edge); toe discs smaller than those on fingers, truncate to elliptical (Fig. 8A); (13) in life, dorsum light, orangey or dark brown; head with black or brown supratympanic, canthal, and interorbital stripes; groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs pinkish, purplish or reddish brown, suffused or not with orange, with cream or light brown spots; ventral surfaces of body white to cream with or without brown reticulations; vocal sac in males yellow; iris golden to creamy brown with a reddish brown medial streak (Fig. 21); (14) average SVL in adult females: 35.3 ± 3.5 mm (29.7-33.9 mm; n = 15); in adult males: 24.6 ± 1.7 mm (21.4-27.0 mm; n = 14).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis lutzae is similar to P. balionotus, P. chomskyi, P. gloria, P. multicolor sp. nov., and P. philipi . The most similar is P. balionotus, which occurs at lower elevations and can be recognized by the absence of basal webbing between toes (present in P. lutzae) and having smaller discs on fingers. Pristimantis lutzae can be distinguished from P. chomskyi by the golden to creamy brown iris with a reddish dark brown streak (orange with a faint reddish brown streak in P. chomskyi), and having a bigger tympanum (males Z = 2.45677, p = 0.0140, TD/SVL = 4.5-4.7% in P. chomskyi, 5-5.4% in P. lutzae). Pristimantis gloria differs from P. lutzae in having a wartier skin, wide black reticulations on iris (thin in P. lutzae), and a larger ratio between the length and width of the head (males Z = -5.00826, p &lt;0.0001, HL/HW = 96.8-114.5% in P. gloria, 90-97% in P. lutzae; females Z = -3.77517, p = 0.0002, HL/HW = 92-105% in P. gloria, 90-96% in P. lutzae). Pristimantis multicolor sp. nov. has a longer head (males Z = 3.67756, p = 0.0002, HL/SVL = 33.4-37% in P. lutzae, 34.1-40.4% in P. multicolor sp. nov.; females Z = 3.9524, p &lt;0.0001, HL/SVL = 35-37.5% in P. lutzae, 36.5-40.6% in P. multicolor sp. nov.), larger tympanum (males Z = 3.57469, p = 0.0004, TD/SVL = 5-5.4% in P. lutzae, 4.9-6% in P. multicolor sp. nov.; females Z = 3.9524, p &lt;0.0001, TD/SVL = 4.9-5.6% in P. lutzae, 5.5-6.7% in P. multicolor sp. nov.) and larger eyes (males Z = 2.75174, p = 0.0059, ED/SVL = 10.3-12.1% in P. lutzae, 10.3-13.2% in P. multicolor sp. nov.; females Z = 3.3083, p = 0.0009, ED/SVL = 9.9-12.1% in P. lutzae, 10.7-12.4% in P. multicolor sp. nov.), relative to the body length, than P. lutzae . Pristimantis lutzae is readily distinguished from P. philipi because it has a visible tympanic membrane and annulus, and its males have vocal slits (absent traits in P. philipi).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>An adult female (QCAZ 37546, SC 21029). Measurements (in mm): SVL 31.7; TL 13.7; FL 14.7; HL 11.2; HW 12.1; ED 3.7; TD 1.7; IOD 3.8; EW 2.8; IND 2.3; EN 3.5; TED 1.3. Head wider than long, slightly narrower than body; snout moderately long, rounded with a small papilla in dorsal and lateral view; cranial crests absent; nostrils slightly protuberant, narrow, directed laterally with slight dorsal inclination; canthus rostralis slightly concave in dorsal view, rounded in cross section; loreal region slightly concave; upper eyelid bearing a small, low and rounded tubercle surrounded by inconspicuous tubercles; tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margins concealed by supratympanic fold; tympanic membrane distinct; two low and rounded postrictal tubercles surrounded by lower tubercles. Choanae large, round, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, positioned posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several teeth; tongue longer than wide, posterior border notched, posterior half free.</p><p>Dorsum shagreen with scattered low tubercles, larger posteriorly; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on flanks bearing low rounded tubercles, larger than those on dorsum; skin on chest and belly coarsely areolate, that on throat shagreen, ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; discoidal fold present. Ulnar tubercles rounded and low; outer palmar tubercle bifid, three times the size of ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; low supernumerary tubercles; fingers bearing broad lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded and truncate; pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 8A).</p><p>Dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs shagreen with scattered small tubercles; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; heel bearing a median, low, rounded tubercle surrounded by smaller ones; outer and inner edge of tarsus bearing a row of small tubercles; small inner tarsal fold present; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, three times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface with small, indistinct supernumerary tubercles; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes bearing broad lateral fringes; basal webbing between Toes IV and V present; discs on toes smaller than those on fingers, slightly expanded, truncate; all toes having pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 8A). Coloration of the holotype in preservative is shown in Figure 20A; coloration in life, unknown.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsum grayish dark brown with lighter irregular reticulations and scattered black spots; dark brown supratympanic stripe, canthal, and interorbital bands; dorsal surfaces of limbs with the same background as dorsum and darker irregular transversal bands and scattered dark brown spots; groins, anterior, and posterior surfaces of thighs reddish brown with cream small spots; ventral surfaces of body cream; soles and palms dusty cream (Fig. 20A).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Unknown.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Variation in preservative is based on 40 individuals of the type series and photographs from eight individuals. Variation in life and preservative is shown in Figures 21, 22. Coloration in life is provided in parenthesis. Dorsal coloration varies from light to dark gray or brown (light, orangey or dark brown); markings on dorsum (light brown, yellow or orange) are present or absent, most individuals have irregular reticulations, some have a series of parallel longitudinal stripes; dorsum and flanks may bear scattered black or white spots. All individuals bear supratympanic and canthal stripes (black, brown); an interorbital stripe or band is present except for individuals with the longitudinal pattern on dorsum. Flanks have the same background color as dorsum. Groins, posterior and anterior surfaces of thighs are cream to brown with small paler spots (pinkish, purplish or reddish brown, suffused or not with orange, with cream or light brown spots). Limbs bear dark transversal bands or scattered small dark spots. Ventral coloration varies from cream to dusty cream (white to cream); venter with or without brown reticulations. The iris is golden to creamy brown with a reddish dark brown medial horizontal streak. White to light-blue sclera.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>Pristimantis lutzae is known from Paramo, Inter-Andean Shrub, Western and Eastern Montane Forest in the Andes of Azuay and Cañar Provinces in Ecuador, between 2895-4100 m a.s.l (Fig. 1). Individuals collected at night were found in bunch grasses, pastures, and low vegetation up to 80 cm above the ground. Individuals collected at day were found in pastures or underneath rocks. Calling males have been found on bunch grasses or low vegetation during February, July, and December at night.</p><p>Despite the relatively small distribution range of this species (Extent of Occurrence = 2338 km2) we assign it to the Least Concern Red List category because its distribution overlaps with four protected areas, Cajas National Park, Mazán Reserve, Mazar Wildlife Reserve, and Yanuncay Irquis Protected Forest, and it is a common species in these places.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Bertha Lutz, who was a Brazilian herpetologist. We name this species after her in recognition of her scientific career and her activism in the fight for gender equality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Specimens of this species were previously referred as Pristimantis riveti (Despax 2011) based on Lynch (1979) characterization of the species (e.g., Almendáriz and Orcés 2006; Heinicke et al. 2007; Padial et al. 2014). Photographs of the holotype of P. riveti (Fig. 23B) as well as the location of its type locality indicate that P. lutzae is a different species. See Taxonomic status of P. riveti section for details. Through morphological and molecular evidence, we recognize P. lutzae as a different species and assign it to the P. phoxocephalus species group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F72D2FF25DC85EA194427234C92AAE1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
B59FBA030F035F5B83BC88BD3351F454.text	B59FBA030F035F5B83BC88BD3351F454.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis multicolor	<div><p>Pristimantis multicolor sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Multicolored Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín multicolor .</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 47213, an adult male from Yacuri National Park, Laguna Negra, Loja Province, Ecuador (4.7081S, 79.4322W, 3400 m), collected by Carlos Antonio Rodríguez on December 10, 2009. Figure 20B.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(59: 35 males, 23 females, 1 juvenile). All individuals from Yacuri National Park, nearby the type locality. Ecuador: Loja Province: QCAZ 47214, adult female, collected with the holotype; QCAZ 47215, adult male, from Laguna Negra (4.7095S, 79.4356W, 3348 m), collected by Carlos Antonio Rodríguez on December 10, 2009; QCAZ 61279, QCAZ 61390-391, QCAZ 61404, adult females, QCAZ 61392, QCAZ 61394, QCAZ 61396, adult males, from Jimbura-San Andrés road (4.7325S, 79.4352W, 3300 m); QCAZ 61283, QCAZ 61287, adult females, QCAZ 61284, QCAZ 61286, QCAZ 61297, adult males, from Laguna Negra (4.7121S, 79.4308W, 3186 m); QCAZ 61293, adult male, from Loja-Zamora border (4.7436S, 79.4234W, 3515 m); QCAZ 61299-300, QCAZ 61302-304, adult females, QCAZ 61301, QCAZ 61306, adult males, from entrance to Lagunas Coloradas, Jimbura-San Andrés road (4.7349S, 79.4283W, 3390 m); QCAZ 61310, adult female, QCAZ 61314, QCAZ 61316-317, adult males, from Laguna de los Patos (4.7204S, 79.4286W, 3247 m); QCAZ 61344, QCAZ 61346, QCAZ 61348, adult females, QCAZ 61343, adult male, from Loja-Zamora border (4.7433S, 79.4244W, 3506 m); QCAZ 61349, QCAZ 61352, QCAZ 61361, adult females, QCAZ 61362, QCAZ 61367-368, adult males, QCAZ 61351, juvenile, from Jimbura-San Andrés road (4.7277S, 79.4333W, 3411 m); QCAZ 61358, adult male, from surroundings of refuge (4.7126S, 79.4399W, 3245 m); QCAZ 61359, QCAZ 61363, QCAZ 61369-370, adult males, from Los Picachus (4.7121S, 79.4308W, 3186 m); QCAZ 61373, adult female, from Laguna Negra (4.7154S, 79.4212W, 3242 m); QCAZ 61377, QCAZ 61379-380, adult females, from Jimbura-Zumba road (4.7252S, 79.4353W, 3333 m); QCAZ 61383-384, adult females, QCAZ 61381, adult male, from Jimbura-San Andrés road (4.7309S, 79.4340W, 3332 m), collected by Francy Mora, Keyko Cruz, David Velalcázar, Andrés Calahorrano, Darwin Núñez, Juan Sánchez, Javier Pinto and Daniel Rivadeneira between April 21 and May 2, 2015. Zamora Chinchipe Province: QCAZ 61407, QCAZ 61424-425, adult females, QCAZ 61399, QCAZ 61410, QCAZ 61413, QCAZ 61427, QCAZ 61432, QCAZ 61435-436, adult males, from Laguna Colorada (4.7379S, 79.3958W, 3318 m), collected by Francy Mora, Keyko Cruz, David Velalcázar, Andrés Calahorrano, Darwin Núñez, Juan Sánchez, Javier Pinto and Daniel Rivadeneira between April 21 and May 2, 2015.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A species of Pristimantis having the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen to warty; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on flanks bearing low warts, bigger than those of dorsum; skin on venter coarsely areolate; discoidal fold absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margin concealed by thick supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile, with or without a papilla at the tip; (4) upper eyelid lacking tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, narrowly to moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits, vocal sac, and nuptial pads present in adult males; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits expanded to broadly expanded, elliptical to truncate; (8) fingers with lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles present; (10) heel bearing one rounded tubercle, surrounded or not by several smaller tubercles; inner and outer edge of tarsus bearing small and low tubercles; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated six times the size of elliptical, elevated outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles numerous; (12) toes with lateral fringes; basal webbing present; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches or exceeds distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches or exceeds distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs smaller than those on fingers, elliptical (Fig. 8B); (13) in life, dorsal surfaces vary from yellow to dark brown with or without olive or orange tones; black or brown canthal and supratympanic stripe usually present; groins and posterior surfaces of thighs cream, orange, brown, or black with or without cream to yellow spots; venter varies from cream to dark brown with a few to many small beige to yellow spots; iris copper to creamy yellow with or without a dark brown to red medial horizontal streak, with black reticulations (Fig. 24); (14) average SVL in adult females: 35.3 ± 3.5 mm (29.4-40.5 mm; n = 27); in adult males: 26.2 ± 3.5 mm (19.7-29.7 mm; n = 32).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>It is most similar to P. balionotus, P. chomskyi, P. gloria, P. lutzae, and P. percultus . Pristimantis multicolor is different from P. balionotus by having basal webbing between toes (absent in P. balionotus), larger discs on fingers and toes, and larger tubercles and warts on flanks. Morphometrically, P. chomskyi has a smaller tympanum (males Z = 2.38157, p = 0.0172, TD/SVL = 4.5-4.7% in P. chomskyi, 4.9-6.0% in P. multicolor). Pristimantis multicolor differs from P. gloria by its larger size (males Z = 3.07054, p = 0.0021, SVL 16.7-24.7 mm in P. gloria, 19.7-29.7 mm in P. multicolor; females Z = 2.85671, p = 0.0043, SVL 26.7-35.8 mm in P. gloria, 29.3-40.5 mm in P. multicolor), by lacking a middorsal longitudinal fold (present in P. gloria), and having thinner black reticulations on the iris; additionally, P. multicolor has a proportionally wider head (males Z = 2.23159, p = 0.0256, HW/SVL = 36.1-40.7% in P. gloria, 36.3-40.9% in P. multicolor; females Z = 4.13252, p &lt;0.0001, HW/SVL = 36.1-39% in P. gloria, 39.6-42.2% in P. multicolor). Compared to P. lutzae, Pristimantis multicolor sp. nov. has a longer head (males Z = 3.67756, p = 0.0002, HL/SVL = 33.4-37% in P. lutzae, 34.1-40.4% in P. multicolor; females Z 3.9524, p &lt;0.0001, HL/SVL = 35-37.5% in P. lutzae, 36.5-40.6% in P. multicolor), larger tympanum (males Z = 3.57469, p = 0.0004, TD/SVL = 5-5.4% in P. lutzae, 4.9-6% in P. multicolor; females Z = 3.9524, p &lt;0.0001, TD/SVL = 4.9-5.6% in P. lutzae, 5.5-6.7% in P. multicolor) and larger eyes (males Z = 2.75174, p = 0.0059, ED/SVL = 10.3-12.1% in P. lutzae, 10.3-13.2% in P. multicolor; females Z = 3.3083, p = 0.0009, ED/SVL = 9.9-12.1% in P. lutzae, 10.7-12.4% in P. multicolor), relative to body size. Pristimantis percultus is easily distinguished from P. multicolor by having low cranial crests (absent in P. multicolor) and a red stripe on the upper lip.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>An adult male (QCAZ 47213, SC29908). Measurements (in mm): SVL 29.3; TL 14.8; FL 14.5; HL 11.0; HW 11.5; ED 3.5; TD 1.8; IOD 3.7; EW 2.8; IND 2.5; EN 3.1; TED 1.9. Head wider than long, wider than body; snout moderately long, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; cranial crests absent; nostrils slightly protuberant, directed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis concave in dorsal view, prominent and rounded in cross section; loreal region concave; upper eyelid with indistinct tubercles; tympanic membrane distinct; tympanic annulus prominent, upper and posterior edge concealed by thick, heavy supratympanic fold; three large rounded postrictal tubercles. Choanae median ovoid, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, positioned posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several teeth; tongue slightly longer than wide, posterior border notched, posterior three fifths not adherent to floor of mouth; vocal slits slightly curved, located at posterior half of mouth floor in between tongue and margin of jaw; vocal sac present.</p><p>Dorsal surfaces of body shagreen with scattered low warts; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on flanks bearing rounded warts, larger than those on dorsum; skin on venter coarsely areolate, ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; discoidal fold absent. Low, round ulnar tubercles, antebrachial tubercle prominent; white nuptial pads present; outer palmar tubercle bifid, almost twice the size of ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; ill-defined supernumerary tubercles; fingers bearing lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers broadly expanded, truncate; pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 8B).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs shagreen; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; heel bearing a medium sized, low, rounded tubercle surrounded by several smaller tubercles; outer and inner edge of tarsus bearing low rounded tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, six times the size of elliptical, elevated outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface bearing numerous ill-defined supernumerary tubercles; subarticular tubercles prominent, subacuminate; toes bearing lateral fringes; basal webbing between toes IV and V present; discs on toes smaller than those on fingers, expanded and elliptical; all toes having pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 8B). Coloration of the holotype in preservative is shown in Figure 20B; coloration in life, unknown.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsum dark brown covered with minute light brown irregular spots; dorsal surfaces of forelimbs light brown with scattered minute dark brown flecking; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs dark brown with light brown spots becoming larger and more abundant posteriorly; groins and concealed surfaces of thighs, shanks and tarsus brown; ventral surfaces of body dusty brown; chest with cream irregular blotches; vocal sac and ventral surfaces of thighs cream; ventral surfaces of fingers and toes pale cream (Fig. 20B).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Unknown.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Based on 60 preserved specimens and photographs from 57 individuals. Variation of live and preserved individuals is shown in Figures 24, 25. Texture of skin varies among individuals. Dorsum varies from shagreen to warty, with very low warts (not tuberculate); flanks vary from tuberculate to warty, warts on flanks are larger than those of dorsum; tubercles on ulna, shanks, and tarsus can be distinct or inconspicuous. Coloration in life is highly variable (Fig. 24). Dorsal surfaces can be yellow, cream, orange, or pale to dark brown with or without olive or orange tones. They can have few to abundant black spots on dorsum, flanks, and dorsal surfaces of limbs. Dorsum occasionally bears pale scapular or sacral blotches, a middorsal stripe, or white spots. Head usually bears black or brown canthal and supratympanic stripes, sometimes an interorbital bar. Groins and posterior surfaces of thighs are cream, orange, reddish brown, orangey brown, brown, dark brown, or black with or without cream to yellow spots. The background color of the venter varies from cream to dark brown with different levels of transparency; small beige to yellow blotches can be present on the belly, chest, and throat, but in some individuals are restricted to the chest. Iris is copper, golden, creamy yellow or creamy brown with or without a dark brown to red medial horizontal streak; black reticulations are present; sclera can be light brown, cream, white, or light blue.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>Pristimantis multicolor is known from Parque Nacional Yacuri, near the border with Peru, at Loja and Zamora Chinchipe Provinces (Fig. 1). It inhabits Paramo and Eastern Montane Forest between 3186 and 3515 m. During the late afternoon and night, individuals were commonly found beneath or over moss, mat-forming plants, tussock grasses and rocks, perched on branches and leaves of shrubs up to 1.75 m above ground, or inside bromeliads, terrestrial or epiphytes, up to 1 m above the ground. During the day they were found inside bromeliads. Calling males and gravid females were found in December, April, and May; males were calling on low branches of shrubs.</p><p>According to available data, P. multicolor has a very restricted distribution (Extent of Occurrence = 10 km2) but is locally abundant. However, we propose assigning it to the Data Deficient Red List Category (IUCN 2017) because extensive areas in Yacuri National Park remain unexplored and represent potential distribution for this species.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet comes from the Latin words multus meaning many, and color meaning color. It refers to the wide range of color variation in this species (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species was collected for the first time in 2015 by personnel from the QCAZ museum during expeditions to Yacuri National Park. It was identified as Pristimantis aff. riveti . Here, we recognize it as a different species and assign it to the P. phoxocephalus species group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B59FBA030F035F5B83BC88BD3351F454	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
2E237460391E5375A410AFD27EC11A21.text	2E237460391E5375A410AFD27EC11A21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis nangaritza	<div><p>Pristimantis nangaritza sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Nangaritza Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Nangaritza.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 41710, an adult female from Alto Nangaritza Protected Forest, Las Orquídeas, Tepuy Forest, Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador (4.2620S, 78.6902W, 1809 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia on April 18, 2009. Figure 38.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(17: 13 males, 3 females, 1 juveniles). All from Alto Nangaritza Protected Forest, Las Orquídeas, Tepuy Forest. Ecuador: Zamora Chinchipe Province: QCAZ 41704-708, QCAZ 41725-726, QCAZ 41728-729, QCAZ 41731-733, adult males, QCAZ 41734-736, adult females, QCAZ 41730, juvenile (4.2632S, 78.6911W, 1843 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia, Jessica Loe Deichmann, Amable Fermín Jiménez and Holger Braun in April 2009; QCAZ 41709, adult male (4.2567S, 78.6780W, 1820 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia and Jessica Loe Deichmann in April 2009.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A species of the Pristimantis cryptomelas group with the following combination of characters: (1) dorsal surfaces finely tuberculate; middorsal fold present or absent; head with a middorsal row of two small tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; thin lateral folds on anterior half of flanks present or absent; skin on venter coarsely areolate; discoidal fold present or absent;) (-shaped postocular folds; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margin concealed by thick supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; (4) upper eyelid with subconical tubercles surrounded by several smaller tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, narrowly to broadly separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits and white nuptial pads present in adult males; vocal sac not externally expanded; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits broadly expanded, rounded to elliptical; (8) fingers with lateral fringes; (9) low ulnar tubercles; (10) heel bearing a subconical tubercle surrounded by smaller tubercles; inner and outer edge of tarsus bearing low tubercles; short inner tarsal fold; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated five times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles numerous; (12) toes with lateral fringes; basal webbing barely evident; Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the middle or exceeds distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the middle or exceeds distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs smaller than those on fingers, elliptical (Fig. 8C); (13) in preservative, dorsum light to dark brown with darker markings including a scapular W, irregular chevrons and interorbital stripe, or a pattern of longitudinal stripes; head with black or dark brown supratympanic, canthal and labial vertical bars; flanks with oblique pale bars that merge with ventral coloration; posterior surfaces of thighs light brown with or without minute pale flecks; groins with the same coloration as posterior surfaces of thighs or venter; venter and throat cream with different levels of brown mottling (Fig. 39); (14) average SVL in adult females: 29.1 ± 2.7 mm (25.9-32.4 mm; n = 4); in adult males: 18.8 ± 1.1 mm (17.4-20.5 mm; n = 13).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>It is most similar to P. cryptomelas, P. gagliardoi, P. muscosus, P. spinosus, and P. versicolor . The postocular folds of P. nangaritza are lower than those of P. cryptomelas, the background color of the posterior surfaces of thighs is light brown instead of black, its body is smaller (Table 5), and males have vocal slits (absent in males of P. cryptomelas). Pristimantis gagliardoi can be distinguished from P. nangaritza by having W-shaped postocular folds (") ("-shaped in P. nangaritza), smaller tympanum (Table 5), and by lacking vocal slits. Pristimantis muscosus has smaller tubercles on the upper eyelid (round in P. muscosus; subconical in P. nangaritza), lacks tubercles on the inner edge of tarsus (present in P. nangaritza), and have dark brown or black groins. Pristimantis spinosus differs from P. nangaritza in having low cranial crests (absent in P. nangaritza) and black posterior surfaces of thighs with white spots. Pristimantis versicolor is readily recognized from P. nangaritza by lacking postocular folds and having a proportionally larger tympanum (females Z = 2.16506, p = 0.0304 TD/SVL = 4.7-5.9% in P. nangaritza, 5.2-7.2% in P. versicolor; males Z = 3.45394, p = 0.0006, TD/SVL = 5.1-5.4% in P. nangaritza, 5.8-6.4% in P. versicolor).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>An adult female (QCAZ 41710, SC28142). Measurements (in mm): SVL 32.4; TL 15.5; FL 13.4; HL 12.2; HW 12.1; ED 3.7; TD 1.7; IOD 3.1; EW 3.5; IND 2.5; EN 3.7; TED 1.2. Head longer than wide, wider than body; snout moderately long, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; cranial crests absent; nostrils slightly protuberant, narrow, directed laterally with slight dorsal inclination; canthus rostralis concave in dorsal view, sharp in cross section; loreal region slightly concave; upper eyelid with subconical tubercles, those on posterior half larger; tympanic membrane distinct; tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior edge concealed by supratympanic fold; two small prominent postrictal tubercles. Choanae large, circular, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, narrowly separated, positioned posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several distinct teeth; tongue as long as wide, posteriorly notched; posterior third not adherent to the floor of mouth.</p><p>Dorsal surfaces of body finely tuberculate; dorsolateral folds absent; bearing) (-shaped postocular folds; skin on venter coarsely areolate, ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; weak discoidal fold. Low median ulnar tubercles; outer palmar tubercle bifid, twice the size of ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; prominent supernumerary tubercles at the base of fingers, slightly smaller than subarticular tubercles; fingers bearing lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers broadly expanded, rounded; pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 8C).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs finely tuberculate; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; heel bearing a medium sized, subconical tubercle surrounded by several smaller tubercles; outer and inner edge of tarsus bearing low tubercles; inner tarsal fold present; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated 5 × the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles prominent at the base of each toe, those on plantar surface distinct, but low; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes bearing lateral fringes; basal webbing barely evident between toes IV and V; discs on toes smaller than those on fingers, expanded and elliptical; all toes having pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III exceeds distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V exceeds the distal of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 8C). Color of the holotype in preservative is shown in Figure 38; coloration in life is unknown.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsum light brown with lighter irregular reticulations and a W-shaped scapular mark bordered by dark brown lines; head with dark brown canthal, supratympanic, and labial bars; flanks with cream oblique cream bars bordered by dark brown spots and lines; groins, and concealed surfaces of thighs dark brown with scattered cream flecks; venter cream and ventral surfaces of thighs cream; throat cream with brown mottling; ventral surfaces of limbs dusty cream (Fig. 38).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Unknown.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>This section is based on 18 specimens of the type series. In preservative, dorsum varies from light to dark brown with darker markings including a scapular W, irregular chevrons, and interorbital stripe. Some individuals have a pattern of longitudinal parallel stripes. Posterior surfaces of thighs are brown with or without minute pale flecks. Groins with the same coloration as posterior surfaces of thighs or venter. Venter cream with varying amount of brown mottling. This variation is shown in Figure 39. Coloration in life is unknown.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>Pristimantis nangaritza is only known from its type locality, Alto Nangaritza Protected Forest, Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador, a low vegetation forest with bromeliads, orchids, moss, and Podocarpus trees that belongs to the Eastern Foothill Forest, between 1809 and 1843 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). Individuals were found active at night on branches, 1-2 m above ground. Calling males were found in April.</p><p>We consider it as a Data Deficient species because adjacent areas in Alto Nangaritza Protected Forest are difficult to access and poorly explored.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the type locality of this species, Alto Nangaritza Protected Forest. This protected area preserves native vegetation of the Cordillera del Cóndor and hosts unique geologic formations in Ecuador, called Tepuyes. This reserve is largely unexplored and is currently threatened by the potential opening of roads for mining activities; 80% of its territory is under mining concessions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E237460391E5375A410AFD27EC11A21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
B9F89C8F7B745416A627F30BCFF4654B.text	B9F89C8F7B745416A627F30BCFF4654B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis phoxocephalus (Lynch 1979) Lynch 1979	<div><p>Pristimantis phoxocephalus (Lynch, 1979)</p><p>Eleutherodactylus phoxocephalus Lynch 1979. Holotype KU 142075. Figure 23A.</p><p>Pristimantis phoxocephalus Heinicke et al. 2007</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Cotopaxi Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín silbador.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This and the following sections are based on specimens of P. phoxocephalus listed in Suppl. material 2. A species of the Pristimantis phoxocephalus group having the following combination of characters: (1) dorsum shagreen with scattered small tubercles; faint middorsal fold; head with a middorsal row of two or more small tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; anterior half of flanks with or without inconspicuous longitudinal lateral folds; skin on venter areolate to coarsely areolate; discoidal fold present or absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterolateral margin covered by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) upper eyelid with small distinct rounded tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits, vocal sac and large nuptial pads present in adult males; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits broadly expanded, rounded to elliptical; (8) fingers with lateral fringes; (9) small distinct ulnar tubercles (Fig. 23A); (10) heel bearing a small, subconical tubercle surrounded by smaller tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing a row of low subconical tubercles; inner edge of tarsus bearing a small inconspicuous fold followed by small subconical tubercles; (11) inner metatarsal ovoid, elevated, 4-6 times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles low, numerous; (12) toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing between toes present; Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the middle to distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the middle to distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs smaller than those on fingers, rounded to elliptical (Fig. 8D); (13) in life, dorsal coloration is cream, yellow, or brown with or without reddish or olive tones; dorsum with or without a longitudinal middorsal band, scapular W-shaped marking, chevrons, white or black flecking or pale botches; head with or without black or brown interorbital band, canthal stripe, supratympanic stripes, and labial bars; flanks with the same color or lighter than dorsum; groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, and concealed surfaces of tarsus and shanks yellow with black reticulations; ventral surfaces of thighs yellow; venter white with brown midline and reticulations; iris copper with or without a faint medial horizontal brown to reddish brown streak, with thin black reticulations (Fig. 26); (14) average SVL in adult females: 36.9 ± 2.2 mm (34.2-39.9 mm; n = 5); in adult males: 23.7 ± 2.9 mm (20.9-27.9 mm; n = 4).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis phoxocephalus is most similar to P. atillo, P. jimenezi, P. teslai sp. nov., P. totoroi sp. nov., and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. However, the coloration of the groins and concealed surfaces of thighs (yellow coloration with dark brown to black reticulations) distinguishes it from the species above (orange in P. atillo; different shades of brown with light brown to yellow flecks, spots or blotches in the other species). It can be further distinguished from P. jimenezi by having an advertisement call with shorter inter-note interval and a lower frequency of the second harmonic and final frequency of the note (Table 6). Pristimantis teslai sp. nov. has a tuberculate dorsum while in P. phoxocephalus is shagreen. Pristimantis torresi sp. nov. differs from P. phoxocephalus in having a golden to beige iris with a red to reddish-brown medial streak (copper with or without a faint red streak in P. phoxocephalus), and a wider head relative to its body (males Z = -2.56285, p = 0.0104, HW/SVL = 33.4-34.4% in P. phoxocephalus, 34.2-37.8% in P. torresi sp. nov.; females Z = -2.08893, p = 0.0367, HW/SVL = 33.1-37.3% in P. phoxocephalus, 36.7-38.5% in P. torresi sp. nov.). Pristimantis totoroi sp. nov. is the most similar and geographically closest species; both species differ by the coloration of the groins and iris (copper with or without a brown streak in P. phoxocephalus; golden with a red streak in P. totoroi sp. nov.) and by the presence of more distinctive tubercles and dermal folds in P. totoroi sp. nov. The advertisement call of P. totoroi sp. nov. has shorter inter-note intervals than P. phoxocephalus (Table 6). Pristimantis verrucolatus sp. nov. differs from P. phoxocephalus by having large tubercles and warts on flanks and by its advertisement call. Calls of P. verrucolatus sp. nov. have one note (3-9 in P. phoxocephalus) that lasts more than the notes of the calls of P. phoxocephalus, and the dominant frequency, second harmonic frequency, and final and initial frequency of the notes are lower (Table 6; Fig. 6).</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Variation in live and preserved individuals is shown in Figures 26, 27. This section is based on 23 individuals of the QCAZ collection collected at the type locality and its surroundings. Photographs are available from 12 individuals. Coloration in life is mentioned in parenthesis. Skin on dorsum is shagreen with scattered prominent tubercles; dorsum bears a faint middorsal fold; a middorsal row of two or more tubercles is present on the head; lateral folds are inconspicuous or absent. Folds and tubercles in juveniles are more prominent and larger than those in adults. In preservative, middorsal fold, lateral folds, and tubercles on dorsum can be lost. Dorsal coloration varies from cream, light gray and light brown to dark brown (cream, pale yellow or light to dark brown with or without reddish or olive tones). Dorsum can have a scapular W-shaped marking, chevrons, longitudinal middorsal band, pale blotches, and black or white flecking. Dorsal markings in juveniles are more evident than those in adults. Groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, and concealed surfaces of tarsus and shanks are uniformly white (yellow) in juveniles. Adults bear dark brown to black reticulations outlining well-defined pale (yellow) spots. Dorsal surfaces of thighs bear dark oblique bars, well defined on juveniles, ill-defined or absent on adults. Ventral surfaces of thighs are white or cream (yellow). Venter is white with a light brown midline (reddish cream) extending to the throat; throat is white (cream, sometimes yellow in males). Iris is copper with black reticulations in adults; sclera varies from cream to light blue. Juveniles have a faint medial horizontal red streak.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>Based on recordings of two non-collected individuals at the type locality of P. phoxocephalus (November 17, 2014; 19h26; &lt;10 °C). Advertisement calls of P. phoxocephalus consist of a series of 3-9 sharp notes (Fig. 6B). Notes last on average 0.154 s (range 0.133-0.175 s), silences between them, 0.135 s (range 0.110-0.159 s). The exact middle of the note presents the highest energy. The dominant and fundamental frequency of the notes is 2578 Hz. The note increases its frequency from beginning to end (2587-2452 Hz on average). Descriptive statistics for bioacoustic parameters are shown in Table 6.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>Pristimantis phoxocephalus is known from its type locality, Pilaló, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador, at 2340-2820 m a.s.l. (Fig. 2), which corresponds to Western Montane Forest. Individuals collected for this study were found by day inside bromeliads at 2-4 m above the ground. These bromeliads were on scattered trees within pastures. Lynch (1979) provides more ecological data for specimens collected at the type locality.</p><p>Currently, P. phoxocephalus is considered to be a Least Concern species ( Rodríguez et al. 2004) under the assumptions: (i) Extent of Occurrence &lt;20000 km2, (ii) common and adaptable species with a presumed large population, (iii) unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for a more threatened category. After assessing the identity of this species, herein we assign it to the Critically Endangered Red List category following the B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) IUCN criteria because: (i) it is known from one locality whose habitat is constantly degrading due to human settlements and cattle raising, (ii) Extent of Occurrence &lt;100 km2, (iii) Area of Occupancy &lt;10 km2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Until now, P. phoxocephalus has been considered a single highly polymorphic species (e.g., Lynch 1979; Lynch and Duellman 1997; Duellman and Lehr 2009). We show that most populations previously ascribed to P. phoxocephalus represent other species (e.g., Pristimantis atillo, P. jimenezi, P. teslai sp. nov., P. torresi sp. nov., P. totoroi sp. nov., P. verrucolatus sp. nov., Pristimantis sp. (CCS2), Pristimantis sp. (UCS2), Pristimantis sp. (UCS3)). To determine the true identity of P. phoxocephalus, we made collections at the type locality ( Pilaló, Cotopaxi Province, see Suppl. material 2 for the list of specimens). Surprisingly, sequences from Pilaló fell in two distinct clades, indicating the presence of two species. One juvenile (QCAZ 58425), collected at 2258 m, is actually P. totoroi sp. nov. All other specimens (e.g., QCAZ 58463) are P. phoxocephalus sensu stricto. Examination of photographs of the holotype KU 142075 (Fig. 23A) showed unequivocally that it is conspecific with the specimens from the highland population. We included in our analysis sequences of " P. phoxocephalus " from two localities of Peru ( Kañaris in Ferrenafe Province, Warmicocha-Cochapamba road in Chachapoyas Province); they do not belong to Huicundomantis (Suppl. material 3) and likely represent an undescribed species. Hence, P. phoxocephalus is endemic to Ecuador and has a restricted distribution.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9F89C8F7B745416A627F30BCFF4654B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
5DB35A0E59D1556DA87A57D10898CF71.text	5DB35A0E59D1556DA87A57D10898CF71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis teslai	<div><p>Pristimantis teslai sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Tesla’s Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Tesla.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 46213, an adult male from Llanganatillo, Llanganates National Park border, Tungurahua Province, Ecuador (1.2658S, 78.4459W, 3600 m), collected by Rodrigo Toscano and Silvia Aldás-Alarcón on November 11, 2009. Figure 28A.</p><p>Paratopotypes</p><p>(4: 3 males, 1 juvenile). QCAZ 46108, QCAZ 46208, QCAZ 46211, adult males, QCAZ 46209, juvenile, collected by Elicio E. Tapia, Silvia Aldás-Alarcón, and Rodrigo Toscano in November 2009.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A species of the Pristimantis phoxocephalus group having the following combination of characters: (1) dorsal surfaces tuberculate, tubercles on anterior dorsum prominent, small and rounded, those on posterior dorsum larger; middorsal, dorsolateral, and lateral folds absent; head with two small middorsal tubercles; skin on flanks as or more tuberculate than dorsum, bearing scattered warts; skin on venter coarsely areolate; discoidal fold present; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margin concealed by thick supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) upper eyelid with distinct rounded tubercles surrounded by smaller tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits, vocal sac, and nuptial pads present in adult males; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits expanded to broadly expanded, elliptical to truncate; (8) fingers with broad lateral fringes; (9) distinct, rounded ulnar tubercles; (10) heel bearing a prominent round tubercle surrounded by smaller tubercles; inner and outer edge of tarsus bearing a row of prominent, rounded tubercles; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, elevated four times the size of round, elevated outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles distinct, as large as outer metatarsal tubercle; (12) toes with lateral fringes; basal webbing present; Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the proximal to distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs smaller than those on fingers, elliptical to truncate (Fig. 9A); (13) in life, dorsum olive to reddish brown with irregular red or cream markings; groins and anterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with yellow blotches irregularly bordered; dorsal surfaces of thighs with irregular oblique yellow stripes, posterior surfaces of thighs brown with yellow flecks; venter dusty white with scattered brown flecks, with or without faint yellow blotches; iris copper with thin black reticulations (Fig. 29); (14) average SVL in adult males: 25.2 ± 1.8 mm (23.4-27.3 mm; n = 4); females: unknown.</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis teslai is most similar to P. atillo, P. jimenezi, P. percultus, P. phoxocephalus, P. torresi sp. nov., P. totoroi sp. nov., and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. They share an acuminate and protruding snout with a keel at the tip. However, (except for P. percultus) P. teslai is unique among them by having the dorsum covered by prominent rounded tubercles. Additionally, lack of lateral folds distinguishes P. teslai from P. jimenezi, P. totoroi sp. nov., P. torresi sp. nov., and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. Groins of P. teslai are dark brown with yellow blotches irregularly bordered, different from those of P. atillo (groins orange surrounded or not by yellow blotches), P. jimenezi (pinkish, purplish or dark brown with small light brown to yellow spots), P. phoxocephalus (yellow with dark brown to black reticulations), and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. (reddish brown with light brown to yellow spots). In males, the tympanum diameter is significantly larger than that of P. totoroi sp. nov. (males Z = -2.63144, p = 0.0085, TD/SVL = 5.0-5.5% in P. teslai, 4.4-5.1% in P. totoroi sp. nov). Pristimantis teslai is smaller than P. verrucolatus sp. nov. (males Z = 2.35, p = 0.0188, SVL = 23.4-27.3 mm in P. teslai, 25.1-34.5 mm in P. verrucolatus sp. nov). It can be distinguished from P. percultus by the absence of cranial crests (low in P. percultus), the coloration of the iris (copper with thin reticulations in P. teslai; golden with wide black reticulations in P. percultus), and lacking the red labial stripe, characteristic of P. percultus .</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Adult male (QCAZ 46213, SC29676). Measurements (in mm): SVL 27.3; TL 12.8; FL 12.9; HL 9.2; HW 9.5; ED 2.9; TD 1.4; IOD 3.1; EW 2.7; IND 2.3; EN 2.7; TED 1.0. Head wider than long, as wide as body; snout moderately long, acuminate in dorsal view, protruding in profile, bearing a fleshy keel; cranial crests absent; nostrils slightly protuberant, ovoid, directed laterally with slight dorsal inclination; canthus rostralis slightly concave in dorsal view, rounded in cross section; loreal region slightly concave; upper eyelid with prominent, rounded, medium sized tubercles surrounded by smaller tubercles; tympanic membrane distinct; tympanic annulus prominent, upper and posterior edge concealed by supratympanic fold; two prominent rounded postrictal tubercles. Choanae large, ovoid, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; dentigerous processes of vomers small, prominent, oblique, narrowly separated, positioned posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several teeth; tongue longer than wide, slightly notched, posterior three fifths not adherent to floor of mouth; vocal slits slightly curved, located at posterior half of mouth floor in between tongue and margin of jaw; vocal sac present.</p><p>Dorsal surfaces of body tuberculate, head and anterior dorsum with small prominent rounded tubercles, posterior dorsum with medium sized tubercles; middorsal, dorsolateral and lateral folds absent; head bears two prominent middorsal tubercles; flanks with the same texture as dorsum, bearing scattered warts; skin on venter coarsely areolate, ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; discoidal fold absent. Low and round ulnar tubercles; white nuptial pads; outer palmar tubercle bifid, almost twice the size of ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; low supernumerary tubercles at the base of fingers; fingers bearing broad lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded, truncate; pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 9A).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs tuberculate; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; heel bearing a medium sized, prominent and rounded tubercle surrounded by several slightly smaller tubercles; outer and inner edge of tarsus bearing distinct, rounded tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, elevated 4 × the size of round, elevated outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles as large as outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes bearing lateral fringes; basal webbing between toes IV and V present; discs on toes smaller than those on fingers, expanded and elliptical; toes having pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 9A). Coloration of the holotype in preservative is shown in Figure 28A.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsum brown with a light brown W-shaped scapular mark and interscapular blotch; head with dark brown supratympanic stripe, canthal and interorbital bands; dorsal surfaces of forelimbs, shanks and tarsus light brown with dark brown transversal bands; armpits, groins, anterior, and posterior surfaces of thighs cream; posterior surfaces of thighs brown with yellow flecks; venter cream with scattered brown flecks; throat, soles, and palms dusty cream (Fig. 28A).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Unknown.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Variation in preservative is shown in Figure 30, where all the type series is included. Coloration in life is known for two individuals; their photographs are shown in Figure 29. Coloration in life is in parenthesis. Background coloration of dorsal surfaces vary from gray to brown (olive to reddish brown); dorsum might bear dark brown W-shaped scapular marking, irregular chevrons, or longitudinal stripes (dorsum with red or cream irregular spots or blotches); head bears or not dark brown supratympanic stripe, canthal stripe, interorbital band and labial bars; flanks with or without black or white spots. Groins and anterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with pale (yellow) blotches irregularly bordered; posterior surfaces of thighs brown with pale (yellow) flecks; dorsal surfaces of thighs with irregular oblique pale (yellow) stripes, venter white to dusty white with scattered brown flecks (dusty white with or without faint yellow blotches). Iris is copper with thin black reticulations; light-blue sclera. Tubercles of the individual with the striped color pattern on dorsum are less prominent than those of the other individuals.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>Pristimantis teslai is known from two Paramo localities in the eastern Andean slopes in Tungurahua Province (Fig. 2). Individuals were found beneath rocks, among moss or bunch grasses at day, or active on low vegetation up to 80 cm above ground at night. Parque Nacional Llanganates is, to a large extent, unexplored. It could have additional populations for this species. Given the scant available information, we assign P. teslai to the Data Deficient Red List Category (IUCN 2017).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Nikola Tesla, a revolutionary inventor of the late 19th and early 20th century. It is named after him in recognition of his contributions to physics and his dedication to the ideal of providing free wireless electric power.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Pristimantis teslai has been mistakenly identified as P. phoxocephalus (e.g., collections at the QCAZ museum). Here, we recognize it as a different species and assign it to the P. phoxocephalus species group. Pristimantis teslai is most similar species to UCS1. They are sister species and have a genetic distance of 2.5%. Pristimantis teslai differs from UCS1 by having more prominent tubercles and smaller and fuzzier yellow blotches on the groins and posterior surfaces of thighs. However, these small differences may represent intraspecific variation. Hence, the status of UCS1 will remain tentative until additional specimens and populations of both species are examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5DB35A0E59D1556DA87A57D10898CF71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
4FFD270148D35548960B3C83B72FEC13.text	4FFD270148D35548960B3C83B72FEC13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis torresi	<div><p>Pristimantis torresi sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Torres’ Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Torres.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 47342, adult female from Guanchanamá, military antennas, Loja Province, Ecuador (4.0511S, 79.8693W, 2729 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia and Margarita Baquero on February 21, 2010. Figure 28B.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(46: 16 males, 6 females, 24 juveniles). Ecuador: Loja Province: QCAZ 47343, QCAZ 47354, adult females, QCAZ 47344, adult male, QCAZ 47340-341, QCAZ 47345-351, juveniles, collected with the holotype; QCAZ 47397, QCAZ 47405, QCAZ 47409, QCAZ 47414, QCAZ 47416-418, QCAZ 47503, adult males, from Celica-Alamor road (4.0990S, 79.9799W, 2101 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia and Freddy Velásquez on February 27, 2010; QCAZ 64524, adult male, QCAZ 64525, QCAZ 64527-529, QCAZ 64555, juveniles, from Guanchanamá, military antennas (4.0511S, 79.8693W, 2729 m), collected by Nadia Páez, Fernando Ayala, Pablo Sandoval and Ricardo Gavilanes in August 2016; QCAZ 64533, QCAZ 64538, juveniles, from Celica-Guachanamá road (4.0907S, 79.9509W, 2348 m), collected by Nadia Páez, Fernando Ayala, Pablo Sandoval and Ricardo Gavilanes in August 2016; QCAZ 64544, juvenile from Guachanamá-La Tolera road (4.0321S, 79.8836W, 2736 m), collected by Nadia Páez, Fernando Ayala, Pablo Sandoval and Ricardo Gavilanes in August 2016; QCAZ 64549, adult male, QCAZ 64551, QCAZ 64556, juveniles, from Celica–Alamor road (4.0974S, 79.9796W, 2117 m), collected by Nadia Páez, Fernando Ayala, Pablo Sandoval and Ricardo Gavilanes in August 2016. Nearby Guachanamá, collected by Diego Almeida, Darwin Núñez, Eloy Nusirquia, Santiago Guamán and Guadalupe Calle in November 2016: QCAZ 65762, adult male, (4.0441S, 79.8814W, 2664 m); QCAZ 65766-767, adult females (4.0410S, 79.8827W, 2770); QCAZ 65769, adult male (4.0408S, 79.8829W, 2787 m); QCAZ 65771, adult male (4.0431S, 79.8817W, 2738 m); QCAZ 65774, QCAZ 65776, adult males (4.0441S, 79.8814W, 2646 m). Nearby La Tolera, collected by Diego Almeida, Darwin Núñez, Eloy Nusirquia, Santiago Guamán and Guadalupe Calle in November 2016: QCAZ 65779, adult female (4.0317S, 79.8824W, 2737 m); QCAZ 65782, adult female, QCAZ 65780, juvenile (4.0326S, 79.8836W, 2752 m); QCAZ 65783-786, juveniles (4.0395S, 79.8848W, 2833 m).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A member of the Pristimantis phoxocephalus group characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen; thin middorsal fold; head with a middorsal small tubercle or row of tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; flanks with longitudinal lateral folds on anterior half; skin on venter areolate to weakly areolate; discoidal fold present or absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margin concealed by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) upper eyelid with a small and rounded tubercle, surrounded by several lower tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately to broadly separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits, vocal sac and nuptial pads present; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits broadly expanded, elliptical to truncate; (8) fingers with lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles ill-defined; (10) heel bearing a small, rounded tubercle surrounded or not by smaller tubercles; outer and inner tarsal tubercles absent or ill-defined; inner tarsal fold present; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, rounded, elevated, six times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles numerous; (12) toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the middle or exceeds distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; disc on Toe V reaches the middle or exceeds distal edge of distal tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs as large or slightly smaller than those on fingers (Fig. 9B); (13) in life, dorsum cream, brown or orangey brown; head bearing a dark supratympanic stripe and interorbital band or stripe; coloration of groins and concealed surfaces of thighs have sexual dimorphism: in females (and juveniles), ground color varies from light purplish brown to medium brown with or without minute cream flecks on; males have the same ground color with yellow, cream or orangey-yellow small to big spots; venter white to dusty cream; iris golden to beige with black reticulations and a red or reddish brown medial streak (Fig. 31); (14) average SVL in adult females: 34.7 ± 3.7 mm (30.1-39.5 mm; n = 5); in adult males: 25.9 ± 2.1 mm (23.3-30.0 mm; n = 18).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis torresi is similar to P. atillo, P. jimenezi, P. phoxocephalus, P. teslai, P. totoroi sp. nov., and P. verrucolatus sp. nov., which also have an acuminate snout with a fleshy keel. Pristimantis atillo usually has orange groins and black dots on the flanks, instead, P. torresi has brown groins with or without yellow spots, and its flanks lack black dots. The most similar species to P. torresi is P. jimenezi, whose iris varies from copper to red (golden to beige with a red medial streak in P. torresi). Pristimantis torresi differs from P. phoxocephalus in having a golden to beige iris (copper in P. phoxocephalus), brown groins with or without light brown to yellow spots (yellow with black reticulations in P. phoxocephalus), and a wider head relative to its body (males Z = -2.56285, p = 0.0104, HW/SVL = 33.4-34.4% in P. phoxocephalus, 34.2-37.8% in P. torresi; females Z = -2.08893, p = 0.0367, HW/SVL = 33.1-37.3% in P. phoxocephalus, 36.7-38.5% in P. torresi). Pristimantis torresi is easy to distinguish from P. teslai by having shagreen dorsal skin, lateral folds, and golden to beige iris with a red to reddish-brown medial streak (tuberculate dorsal skin, lateral folds absent and copper iris in P. teslai). Pristimantis totoroi sp. nov. has more prominent tubercles and folds than those of P. torresi, and its head is longer (males Z = 3.84623, p = 0.0001, HL/HW = 95.1-102.3% in P. torresi, 99.7-104% in P. totoroi sp. nov; females Z = -2.76079, p = 0.0058, HL/HW = 90.6-94.7% in P. torresi, 95.6-103.2% in P. totoroi sp. nov), relative to head width. Pristimantis torresi differs from Pristimantis verrucolatus sp. nov. in lacking large tubercles and warts on the flanks (present in P. verrucolatus) and having a golden to beige iris (coppery brown in P. verrucolatus).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Adult female (QCAZ 47342, SC32171). Measurements (in mm): SVL 35.8; TL 17.5; FL 16.4; HL 12.4; HW 13.2; ED 3.7; TD 1.8; IOD 3.8; EW 3.1; IND 2.8; EN 3.5; TED 0.8. Head wider than long, narrower than body; snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; nostrils slightly protuberant, directed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis distinct, curved in dorsal view, rounded in cross-section; loreal region concave; upper eyelid bearing a small rounded tubercle surrounded by several lower tubercles; tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus distinct, its upper and posterior margin covered by supratympanic fold; one enlarged subconical postrictal tubercle surrounded by several smaller tubercles. Choanae median, semicircular, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several indistinct teeth; tongue as wide as long, posteriorly notched, free on posterior half of its length.</p><p>Skin on dorsum shagreen; faint middorsal fold; head with a middorsal row of two small tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; flanks areolate, with thin lateral folds on anterior half; skin on belly and chest areolate, skin on throat, chest and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth; discoidal fold present. Ulnar tubercles present, indistinct; palmar tubercles prominent, outer palmar tubercle bifid, almost twice size of ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; supernumerary tubercles at base of fingers distinct; fingers with broad lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs broadly expanded and rounded; pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 9B).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs smooth; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; heel bearing a low rounded tubercle surrounded by some smaller tubercles; outer tarsal tubercles absent; inner tarsal fold extend to half of length of tarsus; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, rounded, elevated, six times the size of rounded, ill-defined outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface with supernumerary tubercles, those on the base of toes low but distinct; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; discs nearly as large as those on fingers, elliptical; all toes having pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the middle of the penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V exceeds distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 9B). Coloration of the holotype in preservative is shown in Figure 28B; coloration in life is unknown.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsal surface of body light gray; head with cream interorbital band outlined with black, dark brown supratympanic stripes, and faint gray labial bars; limbs with transversal bands slightly darker than background; dorsolateral surfaces with oblique reticulations extending to the flanks, slightly darker than background; groins and concealed surfaces of thighs gray with small cream spots; ventral surfaces of body white, venter with faint gray flecks and midventral longitudinal line; plants and palms dusty cream (Fig. 28B).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Unknown.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Based on the 47 preserved specimens of the type series and photographs for 24 individuals. Variation in living and preserved individuals is shown in Figures 31, 32. Coloration in life is given in parenthesis. Dorsum coloration varies between cream, light gray and brown (cream, brown or orangey-brown). Some individuals present dark brown reticulations, chevrons, flecks, a middorsal band, an hourglass-shaped band or a thin white middorsal stripe on dorsum. Head always bears brown supratympanic stripes and interorbital stripes or bands; sometimes, it bears brown canthal stripes or labial bars. Limbs present faint or well-defined transversal bands. Flanks may have diagonal bars. Coloration of groins and concealed surfaces of hindlimbs has sexual dimorphism: both sexes have cream, gray or brown backgrounds (light purplish brown to medium brown); females have none or little pale (cream) flecks; males have small or big pale (yellow, cream or orangey yellow) spots, usually more conspicuous in larger males. Venter varies from white to dusty cream, usually with gray or light brown markings and a midline (in males, throat cream, light or bright yellow). Iris is golden to beige with black reticulations and a red or reddish-brown medial streak; sclera varies from cream to light blue. Coloration in life of each individual may change; the ground color of the hidden surfaces of thighs and other markings as the supratympanic stripe can vary from light purplish brown to medium brown in the same individual.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>This species is known from the surroundings of Celica, Guachanamá and La Tolera, towns in the western Andean slopes of Loja Province in Ecuador (Fig. 2). It inhabits Inter-Andean Shrub region between 2101 and 2833 m a.s.l. Most individuals were found at night inside terrestrial or arboreal bromeliads up to 3 m above the ground, inside patches of native vegetation, or on low vegetation up to 60 cm above ground. During the day they were only found inside bromeliads. Calling males have been found on low vegetation, 30 cm above the ground in February.</p><p>We propose assigning P. torresi to the Critically Endangered Red List category following the B1ab(iii) IUCN criteria. Available records come from two localities (sensu IUCN 2017) whose habitat is being degraded by human settlements, cattle raising and agriculture; the Extent of Occurrence of the species &lt;100 km2 (21 km2).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Omar Torres-Carvajal, curator of reptiles of Museo de Zoología at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. The species name is in recognition of his significant contributions to herpetological research in Ecuador and the development of collections at the QCAZ museum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4FFD270148D35548960B3C83B72FEC13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
F22567F5929355799C460E404CB4608F.text	F22567F5929355799C460E404CB4608F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis totoroi	<div><p>Pristimantis totoroi sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Totoras Rain Frog. Spanish: Cutín de Totoras.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 25105, an adult male from Cashca Totoras Protected Forest, Bolívar Province, Ecuador (1.7188S, 78.9749W, 3200 m), collected by Rachel Kosoff and Ítalo G. Tapia on December 14, 2001. Figure 33A.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(41: 22 males, 5 females, 14 juveniles). Ecuador: Bolívar Province: Cashca Totoras Protected Forest: QCAZ 1021, QCAZ 1024, adult females, QCAZ 1020, QCAZ 1022-1023, juveniles, collected by Giovanni Onore in December 1987; QCAZ 14704-705, adult males, collected by Chris Funk in December 2000; QCAZ 16834-836, adult males, collected by Santiago Ron in January 2001; QCAZ 16916-922, adult males (1.7115S, 78.9781W, 3000 m), collected by Luis Coloma and Martín Bustamante in October 2000; QCAZ 12580, adult female (1.7200S, 78.9590W, 3200 m), collected by Felipe Campos and Stella de la Torre in December 1987; QCAZ 16718, QCAZ 16720-721, QCAZ 16731, adult males, QCAZ 16719, QCAZ 16725, QCAZ 16728, juveniles (1.7235S, 78.9802W, 2923 m), collected by Santiago Ron, Martín Bustamante, Ítalo Tapia and Mónica Guerra in August 2001; QCAZ 25122, QCAZ 25128, QCAZ 25135, adult males, QCAZ 25124, QCAZ 25127, QCAZ 25134, juveniles (1.7167S, 78.9667W, 2960 m), collected by Rachel Kosoff and Ítalo Tapia in December 2001; QCAZ 31505, adult female, QCAZ 31502, adult male, QCAZ 31501, QCAZ 31503-504, juveniles (1.7255S, 78.9806W, 2867 m), collected by Martín Bustamante and Galo Díaz in July 2002; QCAZ 32039, adult female, QCAZ 32040, adult male (1.7255S, 78.9806W, 2847 m), collected by Martín Bustamante in November 2002. Cotopaxi Province: QCAZ 58425, juvenile, from Pilaló surroundings (0.9713S, 78.9987W, 2258 m), collected by Santiago Ron, Pablo Venegas, Nadia Páez and Pamela Baldeón in November 2014. Bolívar Province: QCAZ 49511, adult male, QCAZ 49509, juvenile, from San Vicente (1.7120S, 79.0170W, 2408 m), collected by Luis Coloma and Ernesto Martínez in December 1984.</p><p>Referred specimens (1): KU 218025 from 70 km W Riobamba, Riobamba-Pallatanga road (1.9460S, 78.9468W, 2430 m), Chimborazo Province, Ecuador.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A species of the Pristimantis phoxocephalus group having the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen with or without scattered small tubercles; middorsal fold; head with a middorsal row of two or more tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; lateral folds on anterior half of dorsum; skin on venter coarsely areolate; discoidal fold evident; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margin covered by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) upper eyelid with small tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits, vocal sac, and prominent nuptial pads present in adult males; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits broadly expanded, rounded to elliptical; (8) fingers with broad lateral fringes; (9) small distinct ulnar tubercles; (10) heel bearing a subconical tubercle surrounded by smaller tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing subconical tubercles; inner edge of tarsus with a fold, followed or not by a row of small tubercles; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, 5 times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles numerous, elevated; (12) toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the middle of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV or slightly exceeds its distal edge, disc on Toe V reaches the middle of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV or slightly exceeds its distal edge); toe discs smaller than those on fingers, rounded to elliptical (Fig. 9C); (13) in life, dorsal coloration varies from cream to dark brown; flanks with dark diagonal bars; groins and posterior surfaces of thighs cream to brown with or without pale spots; venter white, bearing a midline extended or not to the throat; ventral surfaces of thighs light to dark gray, orange or cream; iris golden with a medial horizontal red streak and fine black reticulations (Fig. 34); (14) average SVL in adult females: 33.0 ± 0.9 mm (31.9-34.3 mm; n = 7); in adult males: 26.8 ± 2.0 mm (23.2-29.4 mm; n = 21).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis totoroi is similar to P. atillo, P. jimenezi, P. phoxocephalus, P. teslai, P. torresi and P. verrucolatus sp. nov., which also have an acuminate snout with a fleshy keel. The texture of its skin is different from the other species. Pristimantis totoroi has a shagreen dorsal skin, which is tuberculate in P. atillo; it lacks the large tubercles and warts on flanks present in P. verrucolatus sp. nov.; its tubercles and lateral folds are more prominent than those of P. atillo, P. jimenezi, P. phoxocephalus, and P. torresi . The coloration of the iris, golden with a red medial streak, helps distinguish P. totoroi from P. atillo (copper), P. jimenezi (copper to red), P. phoxocephalus (copper), P. teslai (copper), and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. (coppery brown). Additionally, the advertisement call of P. totoroi is different from the available calls of other species of the group. Notes of call of P. totoroi are shorter than those of P. jimenezi and P. verrucolatus sp. nov., inter-note intervals are longer than those of P. phoxocephalus, dominant frequency and frequency of the second harmonic are lower than those of P. jimenezi and higher than P. verrucolatus sp. nov. (Table 6).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>An adult male (QCAZ 25105, SC7093). Measurements (in mm): SVL 29.4; TL 13.9; FL 13.8; HL 10.2; HW 9.8; ED 3.6; TD 1.3; IOD 3.0; EW 3.0; IND 2.2; EN 2.9; TED 1.3. Head longer than wide, as wide as body; snout moderately long with a fleshy keel at the tip, acuminate in dorsal view, protruding in profile; cranial crests absent; nostrils slightly protuberant, narrow, directed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis concave in dorsal view, rounded in cross section; loreal region slightly concave; upper eyelid with several rounded tubercles, larger posteriorly; tympanic annulus prominent, upper and posterolateral edge concealed by supratympanic fold; tympanic membrane distinct; two prominent, subconical postrictal tubercles surrounded by smaller ones. Choanae median, ovoid, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; dentigerous processes of vomers small, prominent, oblique, moderately separated, positioned posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several indistinct teeth; tongue longer than wide, posteriorly notched, posterior half free; vocal slits slightly curved, located at posterior half of mouth floor in between tongue and margin of jaw; vocal sac present.</p><p>Dorsal surfaces of body shagreen with scattered small tubercles; thin middorsal fold; one tubercle between nostrils and eyes, one interorbital, two postocular and two scapular tubercles forming an inverted “V”; skin on head and loreal region bearing small rounded tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; evident lateral folds on anterior half of flanks; skin on flanks having more prominent and larger tubercles than on dorsum; skin on chest and belly coarsely areolate, that on throat shagreen, ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; discoidal fold present. Low and rounded ulnar tubercles; outer palmar tubercle bifid, slightly bigger than ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular and supernumerary tubercles at the base of fingers prominent, rounded; fingers bearing broad lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on Fingers broadly expanded, rounded; pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 9C).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs shagreen with scattered tubercles; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; heel bearing a median, prominent, subconical tubercle surrounded by indistinct tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing distinct median subconical tubercles; inner tarsal fold present; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, five times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface with small but distinct supernumerary tubercles; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes bearing broad lateral fringes; basal webbing between toes IV and V present; discs on toes smaller than those on fingers, expanded, rounded; all toes having pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 9C). Coloration of the holotype in preservative is shown in Figure 33A; coloration in life unknown.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsal surfaces of body dark brown, dorsum with faint middorsal longitudinal line slightly darker than background coloration; brown supratympanic stripe; dorsal surfaces of thighs with cream transversal reticulations; groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs brown with cream spots; ventral surfaces of body dusty cream, venter with a faint brown longitudinal midline and faint brown flecking (Fig. 33A).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Unknown.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Based on the 43 specimens of the type series and photographs of five individuals. Variation of live and preserved individuals is shown in Figures 34, 35. Coloration in life is given in parenthesis. Dorsal coloration varies from light to dark brown (tan to dark brown); middorsal fold is dark brown to black. Dorsum may bear irregular chevrons, a broad middorsal band or parallel longitudinal stripes; scattered black flecks or white spots may be present on dorsum; head bears a black or brown supratympanic stripe, sometimes an interorbital band or stripe, and labial bars; flanks usually bear dark diagonal bars. Dorsal surfaces of thighs bear pale transversal bands, sometimes formed by rows of pale spots. Groins and hidden surfaces of thighs are cream to brown (reddish cream to brown) with or without small pale flecks or spots. Venter is cream to dusty cream with a brown midline extending from the belly to the throat; brown or gray flecks on belly, chest, and throat may be present (in males, throat varies from white to yellow). Iris is golden with a medial horizontal red streak and fine black reticulations; sclera varies from white to cream. Skin ornamentation, as middorsal fold, dorsolateral folds, and dorsal tubercles, may fade in preservative.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>Based on recordings of QCAZ 25105 (December 14, 2001; 20h00), and a non-collected individual from the type locality (December 14, 2001; 21h40; 10.2 °C). The advertisement call consists of a series of 2-6 sharp peep-like notes (Fig. 6C); each of these notes lasts about 0.13 s (range 0.10-0.15 s) and is separated of the following note by 0.34 s (range 0.31-0.37 s). The peak time occurs exactly in the middle of the note. Fundamental frequency is the same as dominant frequency, on average 2895 Hz (range 2776-3013 Hz). Frequency increases along the note (2551-2620 Hz on average). Descriptive statistics for bioacoustic parameters are shown in Table 6.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>Pristimantis totoroi is known from Western Montane Forest of Bolívar, Chimborazo and Cotopaxi Provinces, between 2258-3200 m (Fig. 2). This species occurs in primary and secondary forests and pastures. Individuals found at night were on low vegetation up to 1.6 m above the ground or inside bromeliads up to 3 m above the ground. During the day they were found only inside bromeliads. Calling males have been found in October, December, and January on low vegetation during the night.</p><p>Following the B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii) IUCN criteria, we consider P. totoroi to be Endangered because: (i) it is only known from three localities (sensu IUCN 2017); (ii) its habitat is gradually degraded by human settlements, cattle raising, and agriculture; (iii) its Extent of Occurrence &lt;5000 km2 (346 km2); and (iv) its Area of Occupancy &lt;500 km2 (28 km2). Its distribution overlaps with one small protected area, Cashca Totoras Protected Forest. Unfortunately, the protection of the forest is not enforced and, as a result, it is being destroyed by logging.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case that refers to the type locality of this species, the Cashca Totoras Protected Forest. This small reserve contains Western Montane Forest and Paramo natural regions. It is one of few protected areas in the western slopes of the Andes of central Ecuador, which are part of a biodiversity hotspot. Therefore, its effective protection is urgent to preserve unique assemblages of Andean biodiversity.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Pristimantis totoroi has been mistakenly referred to as P. phoxocephalus (e.g., Hedges et al. 2008). Here, we recognize it as a different species and assign it to the P. phoxocephalus species group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F22567F5929355799C460E404CB4608F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
40B938747BBF51959F1831816CD27B11.text	40B938747BBF51959F1831816CD27B11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis verrucolatus	<div><p>Pristimantis verrucolatus sp. nov.</p><p>Common name.</p><p>English: Warty Flank Rain Frog Spanish: Cutín de flancos verrugosos</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 46982, an adult male from Yumate, Shoupshe, Azuay Province, Ecuador (2.7696S, 79.4254W, 3504 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia on January 21, 2010. Figures 33B, 36A.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>(17: 15 males, 1 female, 1 juvenile). Ecuador: Azuay Province: QCAZ 45174, adult female, QCAZ 45175, QCAZ 45195, adult males, from San Antonio, Cajas National Park border (2.8612S, 79.3787W, 2943 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia and Juan Carlos Morocho in August 2009; QCAZ 46981, QCAZ 46984-989, adult males, collected with the holotype; QCAZ 46993-995, adult males, QCAZ 46992, juvenile, from Cochapamba (2.8020S, 79.4139W, 3662 m), collected by Silvia Aldás and Freddy Velásquez in January 2010; QCAZ 46999-7001, adult males, from Cochapamba (2.7971S, 79.4156W, 3548 m), collected by Elicio E. Tapia in January 2010.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A member of the Pristimantis phoxocephalus group characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen with or without scattered tubercles, larger on posterior dorsum; with or without a faint middorsal fold; head with or without a middorsal row of two inconspicuous tubercles; flanks with warts and larger tubercles than those on dorsum; dorsolateral folds absent; thick, continuous or fragmented lateral folds on anterior flanks; skin on venter coarsely areolate; discoidal fold present or absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margin concealed by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) upper eyelid with several low rounded tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) males bearing vocal slits, vocal sac, and white nuptial pads; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits broadly expanded, elliptical to truncate; (8) fingers with lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles low and round sometimes connected by a weak fold; (10) heel bearing one or more small, prominent, subconical tubercles surrounded or not by some lower tubercles; outer and inner edge of tarsus bearing a row of low, rounded tubercles, inner tarsal fold present; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, four times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles numerous; (12) toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the proximal to distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the proximal to distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs smaller than those on fingers, elliptical to truncate (Fig. 9D); (13) in life, dorsum light to dark brown; head with an interorbital stripe or band and a dark supratympanic stripe; venter cream to white with or without brown reticulations; groins and posterior surfaces of the thighs reddish brown with small light brown, orangey brown or yellow spots; iris coppery brown (Fig. 36); (14) average SVL in adult females: 44.0 ± 4.5 mm (40.4-47.5 mm; n = 2); in adult males: 29.4 ± 2.7 mm (25.1-34.5 mm; n = 15).</p><p>Comparison with other species.</p><p>Pristimantis verrucolatus is most similar to P. atillo, P. jimenezi, P. phoxocephalus, P. teslai, P. torresi, and P. totoroi . It differs from all of them by having thick lateral folds. Except for P. teslai, it is the only having large tubercles or warts on flanks; though tubercles on flanks are also present in P. teslai, they are not as large as the ones of P. verrucolatus; furthermore, dorsum of P. teslai is tuberculate, while the dorsum P. verrucolatus is shagreen, with or without scattered tubercles. Pristimantis verrucolatus is further distinguished from P. atillo by the coloration of its groins (orange in P. atillo; reddish brown with light brown to yellow spots in P. verrucolatus), and its larger size (males Z = 2.35, p = 0.0188, SVL = 23.4-27.3 mm in P. teslai, 25.1-34.5 mm in P. verrucolatus). Pristimantis jimenezi, which has an adjacent distribution at lower elevations, is smaller than P. verrucolatus (males Z = 3.58643, p = 0.0003, SVL = 21.8-27.0 mm in P. jimenezi, 25.1-34.5 mm in P. verrucolatus; females Z = 2.00347, p = 0.0451, SVL = 31.1-37.4 mm in P. jimenezi, 40.4-46.8 mm in P. verrucolatus). Additionally, the advertisement call of P. verrucolatus is very distinctive, distinguishing it from all species with available calls: P. jimenezi, P. phoxocephalus, and P. totoroi . The call of P. verrucolatus has a single note, longer than those of the calls of the other species. It also has the lowest dominant frequency and the highest variation in frequency from the beginning to the end of the note (Table 6). Pristimantis sp. (CCS1) is the closest species to P. verrucolatus (average p genetic distance = 3.2%), they are not morphologically alike. CCS1 has a chubbier body, lacks a keel at the tip of the snout (present in P. verrucolatus), has slightly expanded discs on fingers and toes (broadly expanded in P. verrucolatus), and lacks lateral folds (present in P. verrucolatus).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>QCAZ 46982, SC29952 adult male. Measurements in mm: SVL 28.4; TL 13.3; FL 12.9; HL 8.8; HW 9.8; ED 3.3; TD 1.4; IOD 2.7; EW 2.5; IND 2.2; EN 2.6; TED 1.0. Head wider than body, wider than long; snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; nostrils slightly protuberant, ovoid, directed dorsolaterally; canthus rostralis weakly concave in dorsal view, angular in cross section; loreal region concave; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid bearing several low rounded tubercles; tympanic membrane and annulus prominent, its upper and posterior margins concealed by supratympanic fold; two enlarged, prominent and rounded postrictal tubercles surrounded by smaller tubercles. Choanae large, rounded, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing several teeth; tongue slightly longer than wide, posterior border notched; posterior three fifths free; vocal slits slightly curved, located at posterior half of mouth floor in between tongue and margin of jaw; vocal sac present.</p><p>Skin on dorsum shagreen with scattered low tubercles; thin middorsal fold; thick lateral folds; flanks with large warts; skin on venter coarsely areolate. Chest, throat, and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; discoidal fold absent. Low and round ulnar tubercles connected by an ill-defined fold; white nuptial pads present; palmar tubercles prominent, outer palmar tubercle bifid, slightly bigger than ovoid thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; supernumerary tubercles at base of fingers prominent, smaller than subarticular tubercles; fingers with lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers broadly expanded, elliptical; ventral pads on fingers surrounded by circumferential grooves (Fig. 9D).</p><p>Hindlimbs slender; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs with scattered low tubercles; posterior surfaces of thighs smooth, ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; heel bearing a small subconical tubercle surrounded by some lower rounded tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing large low subconical tubercles; inner tarsal fold present followed by small distinct round tubercles on inner edge of tarsus; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, elevated, 4 × the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; distinct, round supernumerary tubercles at the base of toes, indistinct ones on the rest of plantar surface; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded; toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing present; discs on toes expanded, elliptical, smaller than those on fingers; all toes having ventral pads surrounded by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches distal edge of the penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV; Fig. 9D). Coloration in life and preservative is shown in Figures 33B and 36A.</p><p>Coloration of holotype in preservative. Dorsum gray with light gray reticulations bordered by black lines; black interorbital and supratympanic stripes, and black canthal and labial bars; dorsal surfaces of limbs light gray with dark transversal bands bearing scattered black flecks; flanks with oblique light gray reticulations bordered by black spots; groins and posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with cream spots; venter white; ventral surfaces of limbs dusty cream; throat dusty cream with dark brown mottling near the lips (Fig. 33B).</p><p>Coloration of holotype in life. Based on studio photographs. Dorsum brown with light brown reticulations bordered by black lines; black interorbital and supratympanic stripes, and black canthal and labial bars; dorsal surfaces of limbs light brown bearing dark brown transverse bands with scattered black flecks; flanks with oblique light brown reticulations bordered by black spots; groins and posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with small cream spots; venter white; throat yellowish cream, vocal sac and ventral surfaces of limbs dusty pinkish cream; iris coppery brown with thin black reticulations; white sclera (Fig. 36A).</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Data are based on 18 preserved specimens and photographs from six living individuals. Variation in life and preservative is shown in Figures 36, 37. Coloration in life is given in parenthesis. Dorsal coloration varies from light gray to dark gray or brown (light to dark brown). Dorsal pattern can be uniformly colored, with irregular reticulations or with a middorsal band. Light colored individuals bear a pale stripe on lips. Head usually bears a dark canthal stripe that continues along the upper eyelid and above the tympanum, and an interorbital stripe. Most specimens have labial bars. Flanks bear or not pale reticulations or black flecks. Groins and posterior surfaces of thighs are brown with cream dots (reddish brown with small light brown or orangey brown spots). Ventral surfaces of limbs are dusty cream to brown; venter is cream or white with or without brown reticulations; throat is cream to dusty brown with or without dark mottling. Iris is coppery brown with thin black reticulations; white sclera. Flanks have medium sized to large tubercles and warts, arranged or not in rows; lateral folds can be thick and continuous or be present as a row of tubercles.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>Based on recordings of QCAZ 46981 (September 21, 2010; 19h00; 8.8 °C) and QCAZ 46984 (January 20, 2010; 21h10). Advertisement calls consist of a single sharp whistle (Fig. 6D); each lasting on average 0.43 s (range 0.41-0.46 s). The peak time of each note occurs exactly in the middle of its duration. The dominant and fundamental frequencies are the same, on average 2144 Hz (range 1927-2302 Hz). The note increases its frequency from beginning to end (2231-1838 Hz on average). Descriptive statistics for bioacoustic parameters are shown in Table 6.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</p><p>This species is known from Western Andean slopes of Azuay Province, between 2943-3662 m a.s.l (Fig. 2). It inhabits Paramo and Western Montane Forest regions. Individuals collected during the day were found beneath rocks or inside arboreal bromeliads up to 2 m above ground; at night they were found active on branches of low shrubs, up to 80 cm above the ground, or inside bromeliads. Gravid females were found in August and January; calling males in January.</p><p>Pristimantis verrucolatus is known from only two localities (sensu IUCN) and has a very restricted distribution. These places are adjacent to Parque Nacional Cajas, a protected area with unexplored regions that represent potential distribution for the species. Thus, following the IUCN (2017) guidelines, we assign this species to the Data Deficient Red List category.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in apposition with masculine gender. It is derived from the Latin words verruca meaning wart, and latus meaning flanks. The name refers to the large and low tubercles or warts on flanks that characterize this species.</p><p>Pristimantis cryptomelas species group new taxon</p><p>Definition. Monophyly of the P. cryptomelas species group is strongly supported in our phylogeny. Members of this group are characterized by: (i) postocular folds present; (ii) dorsolateral folds absent; (iii) cranial crests absent (except for low crests in P. spinosus); (iv) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent; (v) eyes bearing prominent tubercles; (vi) dentigerous processes of vomer present; (vii) prominent tubercles on heel and tarsus; (viii) fingers and toes with lateral fringes; (ix) broadly expanded discs on fingers and toes; (x) basal webbing between toes present; (xi) in life, groins and concealed surfaces of thighs have distinctive coloration patterns, including flash colors, and light or bright colored flecks or spots on a darker background; colors, shapes, and sizes of these ornaments are variable among species; (xii) SVL females 25.9-46.1 mm; SVL males 16.1-30.3 mm.</p><p>Content. The P. cryptomelas species group comprises four described species, P. cryptomelas, P. gagliardoi, P. muscosus, and P. spinosus, and the newly described P. nangaritza sp. nov. We suspect that the species content of the group will increase with collections and genetic studies of populations from northern Peru.</p><p>Distribution. Members of the P. cryptomelas group occur in the eastern Andean slopes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru. In Ecuador, they inhabit the Eastern Foothill and Montane Forest of Cañar, Loja, Morona Santiago, and Zamora Chinchipe Provinces, between elevations of 1800 and 3500 m a.s.l. In Peru, they live between 1770 and 2820 m a.s.l. Distribution based on QCAZ collection specimens, Duellman and Lehr (2009), and Yánez-Muñoz et al. (2012).</p><p>Remarks. The P. muscosus specimen included in our phylogeny is from the same and only population of P. muscosus reported for Ecuador ( Yánez et al. 2012). The population is 216 km from the type locality in Peru (east slope of Abra Pardo de Miguel). Our results indicate that most species of Huicundomantis have small geographic ranges. The large geographic distance from the type locality of P. muscosus suggests that the Ecuadorian population may represent an undescribed species. The same applies to Peruvian populations of P. cryptomelas, which are widely separated from the type locality in Ecuador.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/40B938747BBF51959F1831816CD27B11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paez, Nadia B.;Ron, Santiago R.	Paez, Nadia B., Ron, Santiago R. (2019): Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species. ZooKeys 868: 1-112, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766
