taxonID	type	description	language	source
038E87B3965AFFE7ECFEFA5AAB714901.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. LAGON, stn 0129, 22 ° 30.5 ’ S, 166 ° 47.2 ’ E, 45 m, 23. VIII. 1984, 1 damaged colony with 4 stems on barnacle shell, no gonothecae (MNHN). Philippines. MUSORSTOM 3, stn DR 117, 12 ° 31.2 ’ N, 120 ° 39.3 ’ E, 92 - 97 m, 3. VI. 1985, 1 colony with 8 stems without gonothecae (MNHN). Norfolk Ridge. SMIB 4, stn DW 50, 23 ° 42.4 ’ - 23 ° 41.6 ’ S, 168 ° 00.8 ’ - 168 ° 00.6 ’ E, 260 - 295 m, 9. III. 1989, c. 10 - 15 mm high stems on worm-tubes, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 55, 23 ° 21.4 ’ - 23 ° 21.4 ’ S, 168 ° 04.5 ’ - 168 ° 04.8 ’ E, 215 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, 1 colony on Bryozoa with immature gonothecae (MNHN). SMIB 5, stn DW 95, 22 ° 59.7 ’ S, 168 ° 19.8 ’ E, 200 m, 14. IX. 1989, 1 stem with gonothecae on basal part of Monostaechas quadridens (McCrady, 1859) (MNHN). — Stn DW 101, 23 ° 21.2 ’ S, 168 ° 04.9 ’ E, 270 m, 14. IX. 1989, 1 small colony growing on stem of M. quadridens, no gonothecae (MNHN). DISTRIBUTION. — Several authors consider Antennella secundaria a cosmopolitan species (Rees & Thursfield 1965; Millard 1975; Ryland & Gibbons 1991), with a preference for warm and temperate waters (Schuchert 1997). Our specimens were collected from New Caledonia, the Philippines and the Norfolk Ridge. The depth range at those localities was between 45 and 295 m.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39658FFE2ECD5FEC6AEFA495A.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. MUSORSTOM 5, stn DC 388, 20 ° 45.35 ’ S, 160 ° 53.69 ’ E, 500 - 510 m, 22. X. 1986, bunch of unbranched hydrocladia arising from small tuft of fibres, with female and male gonothecae (MNHN).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39658FFE2ECD5FEC6AEFA495A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Antennella varians was collected from various localities in the eastern part of the Malayan Archipelago (Billard 1913), from several Japanese localities (Hirohito 1969), from Zanzibar (Rees & Vervoort 1987) and from Madagascar (Schuchert 1997). The depth range varies between 16 and 165 m. The material examined was collected at a single station near New Caledonia, between 500 and 510 m.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39658FFE2ECD5FEC6AEFA495A.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Colonies with numerous unbranched stems arising from a tubular hydrorhiza attached to substrate. Basal part of stem divided into several ahydrothecate internodes by transverse nodes, with exception of an ultimate, strongly oblique node. Each internode with variable number of nematothecae in two rows. First hydrothecate internode separated by strongly oblique nodes (hinge-joints), remainder of stem undivided although sometimes, after damage and subsequent regeneration, a well-marked oblique node was observed. Hydrotheca cup-shaped in lateral view, abcauline wall straight and slightly thickened, adcauline wall fully adnate, rim smooth, perpendicular to axis or slightly tilted towards adcauline side. Two pairs of lateral nematothecae, one pair placed at end of well-developed apophyses, long and conical. Second pair of lateral nematothecae smaller, inserted on base of apophyses, with slightly scooped rim of apical chamber; both pairs of lateral nematothecae surpassing the hydrothecal rim. Between two consecutive hydrothecae, two to five mesial nematothecae arranged in two frontal rows at first and second hydrothecate internode and in a single row in the remaining internodes; adcauline wall of upper chamber slightly scooped. All nematothecae bithalamic and movable. Gonothecae inserted at hydrothecal base, between the two rows of mesial nematothecae. Gonothecae of both sexes on same stem, female gonotheca distal to male ones. Female gonotheca sack-shaped with distal end truncated and large terminal aperture; two nematothecae near base. Male gonotheca smaller, ovoid, with circular aperture closed by a lid and basal part with two nematothecae; one male gonotheca without nematothecae. Nematothecae on gonothecae of both sexes bithalamic, movable and with rim of apical chamber slightly scooped at sides adjacent to gonotheca.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39658FFE2ECD5FEC6AEFA495A.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39658FFE2ECD5FEC6AEFA495A.taxon	description	The other morphological characters of the New Caledonian material agree with the available descriptions of Antennella varians. Therefore we included the present material in this species.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFE2EED5FE05AB694CA1.taxon	description	(Fig. 2; Table 3)	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFE2EED5FE05AB694CA1.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — New Caledonia. MUSORSTOM 4, stn CP 155, 18 ° 52.8 ’ S, 163 ° 19.5 ’ E, 500 - 570 m, 15. IX. 1985, single detached stem, no gonothecae, holotype (MNHN Hy 1294).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFE2EED5FE05AB694CA1.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name sinuosa refers to the sinuose shape of the abcauline wall of the hydrotheca.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFE2EED5FE05AB694CA1.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — This material comes from a single station near New Caledonia and was collected between 500 and 570 m.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFE2EED5FE05AB694CA1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Stem reaching 16.5 mm in height. Basal part, with signs of damage and posterior regenerations, divided in several internodes by straight nodes; last internode with three nematothecae and ending with a distal oblique node. Rest of stem heteromerously segmented by alternating oblique and transverse nodes, sometimes indistinct. Hydrothecate internodes with a hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial infracalycine and two laterals. Intermediate internodes with a single nematotheca in proximal part. Hydrotheca cylindrical and deep, rim smooth and tilted towards abcauline side. Abcauline wall sinuous, slightly convex in basal half and concave above. Adcauline wall straight and adnate in ¾ of its length; rest of adcauline wall free, straight or slightly concave. All nematothecae two-chambered. Mesial inferior nematotheca immovable, not reaching the hydrothecal base; upper chamber with adaxial wall lowered down to bottom of chamber. Lateral nematothecae placed on distinct apophyses, movable, reaching hydrothecal rim, with adcauline margin of upper chamber scooped. Nematothecae on ahydrothecate internodes similar to mesial inferior ones, but with longer adaxial wall and movable. Gonothecae not observed.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFE2EED5FE05AB694CA1.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species is characterised by the morphology of its hydrothecae, which are cylindrical with the abcauline wall convex in its basal part and concave above, and the adcauline wall straight with the distal ¼ free. In spite of the fact that the New Caledonian material lacks gonothecae, it is described as a new species here because of the morphology of the hydrothecae, with their sinuous abcauline wall, which is unknown in the other species of this genus.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFECED38FB7DACCD4C42.taxon	description	(Fig. 3; Table 4)	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFECED38FB7DACCD4C42.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — New Caledonia. BIOCAL 1, stn DW 38, 22 ° 59.74 ’ S, 167 ° 15.31 ’ E, 360 m, 30. VIII. 1985, 1 colony with 7 stems, no gonothecae, holotype (MNHN Hy 1295). — Stn DW 41, 22 ° 45.133 ’ - 22 ° 45.129 ’ S, 167 ° 11.744 ’ - 167 ° 11.998 ’ E, 380 - 410 m, 30. VIII. 1985, 2 stems, no gonothecae, paratype (RMNH-Coel. 35230, slide 815).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFECED38FB7DACCD4C42.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species name megatheca refers to the big size of the hydrotheca.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFECED38FB7DACCD4C42.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Material collected near New Caledonia between 360 and 410 m.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFECED38FB7DACCD4C42.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (HOLOTYPE) Colony with seven stems arising, alternately directed left or right, from tubular stolon without nematothecae. Basal part of stem composed of two athecate internodes, the first short and separated by transverse nodes; the second long, with two or three frontal nematothecae and distal oblique node. Remainder of stem divided into hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes by well-marked oblique and weak straight nodes. Hydrothecate internodes with basal oblique and distal straight node, one hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and two laterals. Hydrotheca tubular, deep and of big size, walls straight (or nearly straight) and almost parallel; adcauline wall adnate for c. ⅓ its length, abcauline wall straight; hydrothecal rim smooth and lowered laterally. Mesial inferior nematotheca immovable, not reaching hydrothecal base; adcauline wall of upper chamber deeply scooped. Lateral nematothecae movable, placed on well-developed apophyses, one on each side, reaching middle of hydrothecae; rim of upper chamber rolled inwards and with a deep emargination on both sides. Ahydrothecate internodes with one movable basal nematotheca; adcauline wall of upper chamber deeply scooped. All nematothecae are bithalamic. Gonothecae absent. VARIABILITY Some stems show one or two frontal nematothecae (one basal and the other distal) in the first ahydrothecate internode. First hydrotheca of all stems with abcauline wall slightly convex in its basal part and concave below the margin (Fig. 3 B).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3965DFFECED38FB7DACCD4C42.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This material is characterised by big and deep hydrothecae; the lateral nematothecae are inserted on well-developed apophyses with the upper chamber deeply scooped on both sides, and there is a single nematotheca on the ahydrothecate internodes. The trophosome of Antennella megatheca n. sp. shows similarity with A. siliquosa (Hincks, 1877), A. tubulosa (Bale, 1894) and A. kiwiana Schuchert, 1997, but it differs by the great size of its hydro- SMIB 4 stn DW 55 Maximum height of stem (in mm) 14 Length hydrothecate internode 410 - 500 Length ahydrothecate internode 410 - 710 Diameter at node 50 - 90 Hydrotheca: Length abcauline wall 140 - 150 Length free portion adcauline wall 60 - 80 Diameter at rim 190 - 200 Mesial infracalycine nematotheca: Length 120 - 150 Diameter at rim 35 - 50 Lateral nematotheca: Length 75 - 100 Diameter at rim 50 - 60 Axillar nematotheca: Length 60 - 70 Diameter at rim 25 - 30 Nematotheca of ahydrothecate internode: Length 75 - 100 Diameter at rim 30 - 40 thecae (twice that of A. kiwiana and A. tubulosa). In the presence of a single nematotheca on ahydrothecate internodes instead of two, this material also differs from A. siliquosa. The insertion of the lateral nematothecae on well-developed apophyses separates this species from A. tubulosa, where the apophysis is short or lacking.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39651FFEBECCDFC40AC764A18.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. LAGON, stn 0420, 22 ° 44.2 ’ S, 167 ° 08.9 ’ E, 345 m, 24. I. 1985, 25 stems rising from stolon, 3 with a few gonothecae (MNHN). BIOCAL 1, stn DW 77, 22 ° 15.329 ’ - 22 ° 15.659 ’ S, 167 ° 15.405 ’ - 167 ° 15.498 ’ E, 440 m, 5. IX. 1985, 2 colonies on stem of Lytocarpia myriophyllum (Linnaeus, 1758), no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn CP 108, 22 ° 02.522 ’ - 22 ° 02.735 ’ S, 167 ° 05.680 ’ - 167 ° 06.050 ’ E, 335 m, 9. IX. 1985, many stems, 1 with damaged female gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn CP 110, 22 ° 12.383 ’ - 22 ° 13.315 ’ S, 167 ° 06.434 ’ - 167 ° 09.936 ’ E, 275 - 320 m, 9. IX. 1985, colonies on worm tube and stem of hydroid, 1 colony with female gonothecae (MNHN).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39651FFEBECCDFC40AC764A18.taxon	description	MUSORSTOM 4, stn DW 162, 18 ° 35.0 ’ S, 163 ° 10.3 ’ E, 525 m, 16. IX. 1985, several stems on gorgonid axis, some with male and female gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn CP 171, 18 ° 57.8 ’ S, 163 ° 14.0 ’ E, 435 m, 17. IX. 1985, 10 colonies on various objects and other hydroids, some damaged gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn CP 180, 18 ° 56.8 ’ S, 163 ° 17.7 ’ E, 450 m, 18. IX. 1985, many colonies attached to stems of other hydroids, on sponge and also some detached stems, with 6 female gonothecae (MNHN). LAGON, stn 0599, 22 ° 17.0 ’ S, 167 ° 06 ’ E, 50 m, 5. VIII. 1986, single stem with damaged male gonothecae (MNHN). CHALCAL 2, stn DW 76, 23 ° 40.50 ’ S, 167 ° 45.20 ’ E, 470 m, 30. X. 1986, 1 colony with several stems on sponge, with male and female gonothecae (MNHN). CALSUB, stn PL 19, 22 ° 46 ’ S, 167 ° 20 ’ E, 416 - 404 m, 10. III. 1989, 4 stems, no gonothecae (MNHN). Loyalty Islands. MUSORSTOM 6, stn DW 391, 20 ° 47.35 ’ S, 167 ° 05.70 ’ E, 390 m, 13. II. 1989, 2 colonies with several stems, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 461, 21 ° 06.00 ’ S, 167 ° 26.20 ’ E, 240 m, 21. II. 1989, 1 stem without gonothecae (MNHN). Norfolk Ridge. SMIB 4, stn DW 51, 23 ° 41.3 ’ - 23 ° 40.5 ’ S, 168 ° 00.6 ’ - 168 ° 00.7 ’ E, 245 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, 2 mutilated stems on alcyonarian axis, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 53, 23 ° 40.1 ’ - 23 ° 39.5 ’ S, 167 ° 59.9 ’ - 168 ° 00.3 ’ E, 250 - 270 m, 9. III. 1989, 1 colony with female gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 55, 23 ° 21.4 ’ - 23 ° 21.4 ’ S, 168 ° 04.5 ’ - 168 ° 04.8 ’ E, 215 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, several colonies and fragments on sponge and Bryozoa, without gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 56, 23 ° 20.6 ’ - 23 ° 21.1 ’ S, 168 ° 05.2 ’ - 168 ° 04.7 ’ E, 230 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, 1 colony with several stems, with female gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 57, 23 ° 21.5 ’ - 23 ° 21.0 ’ S, 168 ° 04.6 ’ - 168 ° 04.5 ’ E, 210 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, 3 stems without gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 64, 22 ° 55.3 ’ - 22 ° 54.9 ’ S, 167 ° 16.4 ’ - 167 ° 15.5 ’ E, 455 - 460 m, 10. III. 1989, many colonies without gonothecae (MNHN). SMIB 5, stn DW 72, 23 ° 42.0 ’ S, 168 ° 00.8 ’ E, 400 m, 7. IX. 1989, 1 mutilated stem without gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 76, 23 ° 41.2 ’ S, 168 ° 00.5 ’ E, 280 m, 7. IX. 1989, small fragment, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 78, 23 ° 40.8 ’ S, 168 ° 00.2 ’ E, 245 m, 7. IX. 1989, 2 colonies, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 85, 22 ° 20.0 ’ S, 169 ° 42.9 ’ E, 260 m, 13. IX. 1989, small fragment with a male gonotheca (MNHN). — Stn DW 93, 22 ° 20.0 ’ S, 168 ° 42.3 ’ E, 255 m, 13. IX. 1989, 1 colony without gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 95, 22 ° 59.7 ’ S, 168 ° 19.8 ’ E, 200 m, 14. IX. 1989, 2 stems without gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 101, 23 ° 21.2 ’ S, 168 ° 04.9 ’ E, 270 m, 14. IX. 1989, many colonies attached to sponge and some fragments (some damaged), with female gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 102, 23 ° 19.6 ’ S, 168 ° 04.7 ’ E, 305 m, 14. IX. 1989, 2 fragments without gonothecae (MNHN).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39651FFEBECCDFC40AC764A18.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Rees & Vervoort (1987) consider Halopteris campanula to be restricted to tropical and subtropical parts of the Indo-west Pacific. This species has been recorded from Japan (Leloup 1938; Hirohito 1974), New Zealand (Totton 1930 as H. campanula var zelandica; Schuchert 1997; Vervoort & Watson 2003), Australia (Busk 1852; Bale 1884, 1914 as H. zygocladia), Malay Archipelago (Billard 1913), Gulf of Aden (Rees & Vervoort 1987) and Gulf of Suez and Red Sea (Billard 1933). The present material comes from New Caledonia, Norfolk Ridge and Loyalty Islands, and was collected between 50 and 525 m depth.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39651FFEBECCDFC40AC764A18.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (COLONIES FROM SMIB 5, STN DW 101) Colonies formed by plumose cormoids arising from a tubular hydrorhiza. Stem monosiphonic, basal part with some ahydrothecate internodes separated by transverse nodes; the last ahydrothecate internode separated from rest of stem by an oblique node and provided with some frontal nematothecae. Remain- der of stem composed of hydrothecate internodes separated by oblique nodes. Each segment with one hydrotheca and four nematothecae: one mesial inferior, a pair of laterals and one mesial superior. Hydrocladia arise laterally of hydrothecae of stem internodes on short, often indistinct apophyses. Hydrocladial arrangement is opposite basally and alternating right and left in middle and distal parts of stem. First internode of hydrocladium with oblique distal node and one or two nematothecae. Rest of hydrocladium composed of hydrothecate internodes separated by oblique nodes. Each segment with one hydrotheca and four nematothecae with the same distribution as on the stem. Hydrotheca of stem and hydrocladium identical, almost cylindrical, walls slightly narrowing towards hydrothecal base; abcauline wall straight; adcauline wall adnate for half its length, rim circular, sometimes slightly flaring. Mesial inferior nematotheca not reaching hydrothecal base and with adcauline wall of upper chamber missing. Lateral nematothecae short, bithalamic, placed on small apophyses, apical chamber globular and with deeply scooped adcauline wall, basal chamber small. Other nematothecae on stem and hydrocladia smaller and similar to mesial inferior nematothecae. Lateral nematothecae of stem with basal chamber better developed than those of hydrocladia. Male and female gonothecae arising on same cormoid, inserted on internode next to hydrothecal base. Female gonothecae laterally compressed, pear-shaped, with oval terminal operculum; basal part narrowing to a pedicel composed of two short internodes, with two nematothecae of which adcauline wall of upper chamber is deeply scooped. Male gonothecae smaller than female, oblong, with small circular terminal aperture; basal part with one nematotheca placed on short pedicel similar to female gonotheca. VARIABILITY In youngest parts of some hydrocladia the nodes between hydrothecate internodes are only indistinctly visible. In apical parts of the colonies the supracalycine nematotheca is frequently absent in many axial and hydrocladial internodes, but this nematotheca never lacks in the basal parts. Many colonies sometimes have one supracalycine nematotheca in apical part, as the results of damage and posterior regeneration; nevertheless, the material from SMIB 4, stn DW 56 and SMIB 5, stn DW 85 has one supracalycine nematotheca in some internodes, but without signs of damage. The material of SMIB 4, stn DW 57 is composed of three axis, one with supracalycine nematothecae but in the others the presence of this nematotheca is quite rare. The number of supracalycine nematothecae in axial internodes varies between 0 and 2.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39651FFEBECCDFC40AC764A18.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The material studied is characterized by the arrangement of the hydrocladia, opposite in basal parts of the colony and alternate in middle and distal parts. Besides, in the majority of the material the supracalycine nematotheca is absent; nevertheless, the morphology of colony and gonothecae, when present, is identical with material with supracalycine nematothecae. Schuchert (1997) indicated that hydrothecae, nematothecae and female gonothecae of Halopteris campanula (Busk, 1852) are indistinguishable from those of H. zygocladia (Bale, 1914), and the only difference between both species is the arrangement of hydrocladia, alternate in H. campanula and opposite in H. zygocladia. The author considers H. campanula a variable species but keeps both species apart because in his opinion the arrangement of hydrocladia, opposite or alternate, is a reliable character to separate species. Our material shows the characteristic features of H. campanula, but with opposite hydrocladia in basal parts and alternate in middle and distal parts of the colony. The presence of both types of hydrocladial arrangements in the same colonies demonstrates that this character is variable too and therefore unsuitable for specific differentiation. In consequence we propose the inclusion of H. zygocladia in the synonymy of H. campanula. In the absence of supracalycine nematothecae our material approaches H. gemellipara Millard, 1962, but as all morphological characters of trophosome and gonosome agree with those of H. campanula it has been included in that species. Besides, lateral nematothecae of axis and hydrocladium are always two-chambered (Figs 5; 6), despite the fact that their basal chamber can be strongly reduced; in H. gemellipara the lateral nematothecae are one-chambered. Development of the basal chamber of lateral nematothecae in H. campanula is variable (Schuchert 1997), it may almost completely disappear. In our opinion, H. gemellipara is close to H. campanula, but as the gonosome of H. gemellipara is unknown it is necessary to study new material before drawing final conclusions.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39654FFF4ECD5FDC3ABA14EAC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Makassar Strait. CORINDON 2, stn 210, 00 ° 14.9 ’ S, 117 ° 53.5 ’ E, 338 m, 31. X. 1980, 1 colony, no gonothecae (MNHN). Philippines. MUSORSTOM 3, stn DR 117, 12 ° 31.2 ’ N, 120 ° 39.3 ’ E, 92 - 97 m, 3. VI. 1985, 1 colony with 2 gonothecae and a few hydrothecae of Hebella dyssymetra Billard, 1933 (MNHN). DISTRIBUTION. — Known only from type locality, Duroa (Kei Islands) and Bay of Kwandang (01 ° 0.5 ’ N, 122 ° 56 ’ E), between 52 and 80 m deep. The present records extend the geographical distribution to the Philippines and Makassar Strait and the bathymetrical range to 338 m. DESCRIPTION (COLONY FROM MUSORSTOM 3, STN DR 117) Hydrorhiza tubular and adhering to substrate; hydrocauli monosiphonic. Basal part of axis with several internodes separated by transverse nodes and with many renovations; last internode with several nematothecae arranged in two frontal rows, separated from remainder of axis by an oblique node. Rest of hydrocaulus composed of hydrothecate internodes separated by oblique nodes. Each hydrothecate axial internode with one hydrotheca, a lateral apophysis (alternately directed left and right, supporting hydrocladia) and 10 or 11 nematothecae: one mesial inferior, two laterals on short apophyses reaching the hydrothecal margin, one behind hydrotheca and six or seven supracalycine nematothecae in two rows, usually in opposite pairs. Cauline hydrotheca in basal part of internode identical to those of hydrocladium. Hydrocladia alternately directed left and right. First internode ahydrothecate, with basal node slightly oblique, distal node strongly oblique, and with two or three frontal nematothecae. Remain- der of hydrocladium composed of a succession of hydrothecate internodes separated by scarcely visible oblique nodes. Each internode with one hydrotheca and six or seven nematothecae: one mesial inferior, two laterals and three or four supracalycine nematothecae, with the most basal located just behind adcauline wall of hydrotheca. Hydrotheca cup-shaped, adcauline wall adnate for more than half its length, free portion of adcauline wall concave; abcauline wall nearly straight and longer than adcauline wall; hydrothecal aperture circular and rim smooth. Mesial inferior nematotheca immovable, not reaching hydrothecal base, deeply scooped on adcauline side. Lateral nematothecae placed on well-developed apophyses on both sides of hydrotheca, reaching hydrothecal margin; upper chamber deeply emarginated on inner and outer sides. Supracalycine nematothecae movable; upper chamber with adcauline wall scooped. Gonothecae borne on axial, hydrothecate internodes, inserted laterally at hydrothecal base by means of a short pedicel. Gonotheca pyriform with latero-terminal circular aperture closed by a lid; two nematothecae on basal part. VARIABILITY Regeneration of broken hydrocladia leads towards development of ahydrothecate internodes with one to three nematothecae. A new hydrocladium may develop from the inside of a hydrocladial hydrotheca. In a colony from MUSORSTOM 3, stn DR 117 the hydrocladia of three basal internodes are disposed in opposite pairs; rest of the axis with hydrocladia pinnately arranged. MUSORSTOM 3 stn DR 117 Height of colony (in mm) 25 Axial segments: Length 450 - 840 Diameter at node 90 - 160 Cauline hydrotheca: Length 100 - 120 Diameter at rim 100 - 120 Cauline nematothecae: Length 60 - 80 Diameter at rim 30 - 40 Hydrocladial internode: Length 400 - 450 Diameter at node 50 - 60 Hydrotheca: Length abcauline wall 130 - 145 Length free portion adcauline wall 40 - 55 Diameter at rim 100 - 120 Mesial infracalycine nematotheca: Length 48 - 55 Diameter at rim 25 - 30 Lateral nematotheca: Length 55 - 70 Diameter at rim 40 - 45 Mesial supracalycine nematotheca: Length 55 - 60 Diameter at rim 20 - 30 Gonotheca: Length 390 - 400 Maximum diameter 180 - 210 Gonothecal nematotheca: Length 60 - 70 Diameter at rim 30 Two mesial inferior nematothecae have been observed, but the basal one with identical structure as supracalycine nematothecae. Material from MUSORSTOM 3, stn DR 117 shows a weakly developed oblique node separating the ahydrothecate basal part from the distal part of the colony. A strongly oblique node has been observed in the material from CORINDON 2, stn 210 and also in the syntypes of Halopteris concava (MNHN). The material from stn 210 usually has two supracalycine nematothecae and sometimes three. REMARKS The material agrees with the original description given by Billard (1911); it needs no further comments.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39649FFF0EEBEFF47AD29493A.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia. BIOCAL 1, stn DW 36, 23 ° 08.647 ’ - 23 ° 08.900 ’ S, 167 ° 10.994 ’ - 167 ° 11.296 ’ E, 650 - 680 m, 29. VIII. 1985, 1 colony with 2 immature gonothecae (MNHN).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39649FFF0EEBEFF47AD29493A.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — This species is known from the Tasman Sea (42 ° 10 ’ S, 170 ° 10 ’ E) at 610 m depth (Vervoort 1966), and from New Zealand waters south of 43 ° S, depth 512 - 1006 m. Our material comes from a single station in the New Caledonia area, collected between 650 and 680 m depth.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39649FFF0EEBEFF47AD29493A.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Colony with a hydrorhiza composed of perisarcal fibres attached to substratum, from which rises a monosiphonic hydrocaulus. Nevertheless, basal part of colony shows several secondary tubes. Hydrocaulus unbranched, with basal part divided into ahydrothecate internodes by transverse nodes as the result of regeneration processes after damage; last node with 14 frontal nematothecae in two longitudinal rows, separated from remain- der of stem by a hinge-joint. First hydrothecate internode, delimited by hinge-joints, bearing 10 nematothecae: one infracalycine, two pairs of laterals and five supracalycine in two rows; without lateral apophyses. Remainder of stem with hydrothecae, nematothecae and lateral apophyses but not divided into internodes. Cauline hydrothecae not strictly in one line, but slightly displaced towards hydrocladial apophyses, not as deep as hydrocladial hydrothecae and flanked by two pairs of lateral nematothecae; between two consecutive hydrothecae there are two mesial nematothecae. Apophyses short, without nematothecae, placed besides cauline hydrothecae and alternately directed left and right, except in second cauline hydrotheca where they are opposite Hydrocladia inserted on lateral apophyses next to cauline hydrothecae. First hydrocladial internode short, ahydrothecate, without nematothecae, with basal transverse and distal oblique node. Remainder of hydrocladium unsegmented; only a weak trans- BIOCAL 1 stn DW 36 Height of colony (in mm) 30 Axial segments: Length Diameter at node 220 - 380 Cauline hydrotheca: Length 180 - 210 Diameter at rim 220 - 230 Hydrocladial internode: Length 760 - 940 Diameter at node 90 - 150 Hydrotheca: Length abcauline wall 330 - 370 Length adnate part adcauline wall 230 - 270 Length free portion adcauline wall 100 - 130 Diameter at rim 280 - 310 Lateral nematotheca (long pair): Length 200 - 270 Diameter at rim 50 - 55 Lateral nematotheca (short pair): Length 80 - 110 Diameter at rim 50 - 60 Gonotheca *: Length 420 - 450 Maximum diameter 220 - 240 verse node above a hydrotheca can occasionally be found, usually in distal parts of hydrocladia. Each hydrocladial internode, when visible, with one hydrotheca and six nematothecae: two median inferior and two pairs of lateral nematothecae. Hydrothecae almost cylindrical, deep, with ¾ of adcauline wall adnate and abcauline wall almost straight. Mesial inferior nematothecae with apical chamber (slightly) lowered on adcauline side. First pair of lateral nematothecae on well-developed apophyses, long, slightly curved and surpassing the hydrothecal rim; basal chamber much longer than distal one, rim of apical chamber slightly lowered at side close to hydrotheca. Second pair of lateral nematothecae inserted on base of apophyses, small and with the rim of apical chamber deeply scooped. All nematothecae are bithalamic and movable. Two immature gonothecae inserted at hydrothecal base by one-segmented pedicel, cone-shaped, and with one or two nematothecae on basal part; apical chamber of nematothecae lowered at side close to gonotheca. VARIABILITY Once three nematothecae were observed between two successive axial hydrothecae.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B39649FFF0EEBEFF47AD29493A.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Material from New Caledonia shows the first axial internode limited by oblique nodes (hinge-joints), but it agrees with the type material of Halopteris infundibulum in all morphological characters of trophosome, gonosome and also with the measurements.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964FFFF0EE8DFEE6AB69491B.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Coral Sea. CHALCAL 1, stn P 4, 19 ° 07.37 ’ S, 158 ° 33.37 ’ E, 50 m, 18. VII. 1984, 1 damaged colony on sponge, no gonothecae (MNHN).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964FFFF0EE8DFEE6AB69491B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Halopteris polymorpha is mainly known from the Indo-Pacific; in the Atlantic it is only known from the Brazilian coast (Schuchert 1997) and the Cape Verde region (Ansín Agís et al. 2001). The material was obtained from a single locality in the Coral Sea at 50 m depth.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964FFFF0EE8DFEE6AB69491B.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The material examined was much damaged (the colony was dried out), but it was identified as Halopteris polymorpha because in certain parts of the colony it has been possible to observe the characteristics of this species: shape of hydrotheca, number of nematothecae and the presence of two axillar nematotheca behind the hydrotheca.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964FFFF1ECE3FE05AC6C4BA4.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Chesterfield Islands. CHAL- CAL 1, stn CP 12, 20 ° 34.30 ’ S, 158 ° 47.40 ’ E, 67 m, 23. VII. 1984, 1 fragment found between Macrorhynchia phoenica (Busk, 1852), no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DC 39, 20 ° 28.90 ’ S, 158 ° 48.70 ’ E, 40 m, 23. VII. 1984, several small stems, no gonothecae (MNHN). Philippines. MUSORSTOM 3, stn DR 117, 12 ° 31.2 ’ N, 120 ° 39.3 ’ E, 92 - 97 m, 3. VI. 1985, 1 colony and some fragments, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn CP 131, 11 ° 36.6 ’ N, 121 ° 43.10 ’ E, 111 - 113 m, 5. VI. 1985, 2 mutilated stems c. 15 mm high, with male and female gonothecae (MNHN). New Caledonia. BIOCAL 1, stn CP 108, 22 ° 02.522 ’ - 22 ° 02.735 ’ S, 167 ° 05.680 ’ - 167 ° 06.050 ’ E, 335 m, 9. IX. 1985, many colonies some with gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn CP 110, 22 ° 12.383 ’ - 22 ° 13.315 ’ S, 167 ° 06.434 ’ - 167 ° 09.936 ’ E, 275 - 320 m, 9. IX. 1985, 1 colony and 2 fragments, with male gonothecae and also 1 damaged female gonotheca (MNHN). CHALCAL 2, stn DW 76, 23 ° 40.50 ’ S, 167 ° 45.20 ’ E, 470 m, 30. X. 1986, 1 colony with 3 stems on sponge, no gonothecae (MNHN). Norfolk Ridge. SMIB 4, stn DW 44, 24 ° 56.0 ’ - 24 ° 46.5 ’ S, 168 ° 08.2 ’ - 168 ° 08.2 ’ E, 270 - 300 m, 8. III. 1989, bunch of c. 10 stems, some with a few hydrocladia, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 55, 23 ° 21.4 ’ - 23 ° 21.4 ’ S, 168 ° 04.5 ’ - 168 ° 04.8 ’ E, 215 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, many colonies on sponge and many fragments, with male and damaged female gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 56, 23 ° 20.6 ’ - 23 ° 21.1 ’ S, 168 ° 05.2 ’ - 168 ° 04.7 ’ E, 230 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, 20 mm high colonies on worm tube, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 57, 23 ° 21.5 ’ - 23 ° 21.0 ’ S, 168 ° 04.6 ’ - 168 ° 04.5 ’ E, 210 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, 1 colony on Eudendrium sp. and 2 fragments, no gonothecae (MNHN). SMIB 5, stn DW 76, 23 ° 41.2 ’ S, 168 ° 00.5 ’ E, 280 m, 7. IX. 1989, small fragment and 1 hydrocladia, no gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 95, 22 ° 59.7 ’ S, 168 ° 19.8 ’ E, 200 m, 14. IX. 1989, several stems c. 20 mm high, with damaged gonothecae (MNHN). — Stn DW 101, 23 ° 21.2 ’ S, 168 ° 04.9 ’ E, 270 m, 14. IX. 1989, 2 fragments with male gonothecae (MNHN). DISTRIBUTION. — Monostaechas quadridens is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters of the great oceans (Rees & Thursfield 1965; Schuchert 1997). Our material was collected at Chesterfield Islands, Philippines, New Caledonia and Norfolk Ridge, between 40 and 470 m depth. VARIABILITY The material of SMIB 4, stn DW 44, DW 55, DW 56 and BIOCAL 1, stn CP 108 shows the axillar nematothecae displaced laterally towards left or right in the same hydrocladium (Fig. 9 B). Three internodes (one from material collected at CHALCAL 2, stn DW 76 and two at SMIB 4, stn DW 55) have two axillar nematothecae behind the adcauline hydrothecal wall; each of these axillar nematothecae is separately inserted on the internode and placed laterally. REMARKS In spite of the variations observed, the material examined has been included in Monostaechas quadridens because it agrees in morphology with that species: the branching pattern is a helicoid sympodium, the hydrothecae are cup-shaped and there is usually one axillar nematotheca.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964CFFFEED3AFD22AD604DEE.taxon	description	(Fig. 11; Table 11)	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964CFFFEED3AFD22AD604DEE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Norfolk Ridge. SMIB 4, stn DW 55, 23 ° 21.4 ’ - 23 ° 21.4 ’ S, 168 ° 04.5 ’ - 168 ° 04.8 ’ E, 215 - 260 m, 9. III. 1989, 1 colony with 3 damaged gonothecae, holotype (MNHN Hy 1296). SMIB 5, stn DW 101, 23 ° 21.2 ’ S, 168 ° 04.9 ’ E, 270 m, 14. IX. 1989, 1 colony with 4 hydrocladia, no gonothecae, paratype (RMNH-Coel. 31459).	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964CFFFEED3AFD22AD604DEE.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species name is derived from Latin: pauci: poor and armata: armed. It indicates that the species has only three nematothecae around the hydrotheca; in the majority of Corhiza species the number of nematothecae on hydrothecate internodes is higher.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964CFFFEED3AFD22AD604DEE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — The material originates from two stations on the Norfolk Ridge and was collected between 215 and 270 m.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964CFFFEED3AFD22AD604DEE.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (HOLOTYPE) Colonies with a polysiphonic stem, unbranched, which hydrocladia arising at irregular distances on all sides of the stem. Hydrocladia unbranched, inserted on well-developed apophyses. Basal part of hydrocladia with the first internode separated by transverse nodes and without nematothecae, followed by a long internode with two or three nematothecae and distal oblique node. Remainder of stem formed by a succession of hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes, alternately separated by oblique and straight nodes; hydrothecate internodes with basal oblique node and distal straight node; ahydrothecate internodes reverse. Hydrothecate internodes with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and two laterals. Hydrotheca cup-shaped; abcauline wall straight; adcauline wall adnate for nearly half its length; hydrothecal rim circular, smooth and slightly everted. Mesial inferior nematothecae not SMIB 4 stn DW 55 Hydrocladial internode: Length ahydrothecate 450 - 700 Length hydrothecate 370 - 420 Diameter at node 60 - 90 Hydrotheca: Length abcauline wall 310 - 370 Length free portion adcauline wall 240 - 270 Diameter at rim 260 - 310 Mesial infracalycine nematotheca: Length 70 - 80 Diameter at rim 35 - 40 Lateral nematotheca: Length 110 - 130 Diameter at rim 60 - 70 Nematotheca of ahydrothecate internode: Length 60 - 90 Diameter at rim 30 - 35 reaching hydrothecal base and with adcauline wall of upper chamber deeply scooped. Lateral nematothecae placed on well-developed apophyses, one on each side of hydrotheca, not reaching hydrothecal margin; upper chamber with the rim deeply scooped on both sides (spanner-like shape). Ahydrothecate internodes with two frontal nematothecae, one placed in lower third, one in upper third; nematothecae with adcauline wall of upper chamber scooped. All nematothecae bithalamic and movable. The gonosome is damaged; a detailed description cannot be given. Gonothecae elongate, narrowing basally, inserted laterally at the hydrothecal base by means of a two-segmented pedicel. Apex truncate, with circular aperture closed by a lid; two nematothecae on basal third. VARIABILITY In several ahydrothecate internodes there was only one nematotheca on basal part of internode.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964CFFFEED3AFD22AD604DEE.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Schuchert (1997) in his review of the family Halopterididae agrees with the diagnosis of the genus Corhiza given by Millard (1975). Nevertheless he indicated that several species of Antennella and Halopteris can have a Corhiza - like mode of growth as an alternative colony form; therefore in his opinion the scope of the genus must be revised. Our material shows the typical colony form of Corhiza, with an erect, unbranched, polysiphonic stem, giving rise to hydrocladia; in consequence we include it in this genus. The genus Corhiza comprises nine species. The main distinguishing features of eight species, C. bellicosa Millard, 1962, C. complexa (Nutting, 1905), C. fascicularis (Allman, 1883), C. pannosa Millard, 1962, C. scotiae (Ritchie, 1907), C. sociabilis Millard, 1980, C. suensoni (Jäderholm, 1896) and C. valdiviae (Stechow, 1923), were summarised by Schuchert (1997). The ninth species, C. splendens Vervoort & Watson, 2003, was described later. The presence of only one pair of lateral nematothecae and the absence of axillar nematothecae behind the adcauline wall of the hydrotheca distinguishes C. pauciarmata n. sp. from the majority of Corhiza species. Corhiza bellicosa has three pairs of lateral nemathotecae and C. pannosa, C. scotiae, C. sociabilis and C. splendens two pairs; C. complexa and C. valdiviae have only one pair but carry axillar nematothecae. Only C. fascicularis and C. suensoni show the same number and the same disposition of nematothecae around the hydrotheca as is also found in C. pauciarmata n. sp.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
038E87B3964CFFFEED3AFD22AD604DEE.taxon	description	Corhiza fascicularis has not been recorded since its original description, the type material is lost and, in consequence, it is a poorly known species (Schuchert 1997). This species differs from C. pauciarmata n. sp. because its stem is dichotomously branched, all nematothecae are conical and long, the lateral nematothecae surpassing the hydrothecal rim and the upper chamber is not scooped, there are three nematothecae on ahydrothecate internodes and the transverse node between hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes lies at the level of the hydrothecal rim.	en	Agís, José Ansín, Vervoort, Willem, Ramil, Fran (2009): Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33-61, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n1a3
