identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
316C455CB264962236E406BE13D21845.text	316C455CB264962236E406BE13D21845.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Longidorus polyae Lazarova, Elshishka, Radoslavov & Peneva	<div><p>Longidorus polyae Lazarova, Elshishka, Radoslavov &amp; Peneva sp. n.</p><p>Description.</p><p>(for measurements see Table 1, Figs 1-7)</p><p>Female. Body assuming a spiral shape. Lip region narrow, 5-6 μm high, continuous with body profile, anteriorly flattened. Labial papillae, especially second circle, prominent, changing slightly the body contour. Cuticle 4-5 μm thick at postlabial region, 4-5 μm along the body, and 9-10 μm on tail posterior to anus. Guide ring 4-6 μm wide. Body pores conspicuous, 1 lateral pore anterior to or at the level of guide ring, 2 or 3 along odontostyle, 1 or 2 along odontophore, 3-5 in narrow part of the pharynx and 2-4 in bulb region as well as none dorsal and 5-6 ventral in pharyngeal region; numerous lateral pores observed along the rest of body. Amphidial fovea prominent, deeply bilobed, lobes long, slightly asymmetrical, amphidial aperture assumed to be a minute pore, hardly visible under light microscope. Odontostyle very slender, 1.5-2 μm wide at base. Two nerve rings observed, the first at some distance behind the odontophore and at 246.3 ± 11.1 (230-254) μm from anterior end, the second, more prominent, behind the first one at 354.8 ± 48.1 (327-440) μm from anterior end. Pharyngo-intestinal valve broadly rounded. Normal arrangement of pharyngeal glands: nuclei of the dorsal and ventrosublateral glands situated at 22.7-28.5 % and 54.3-58.5 % (n = 5) of the distance from anterior end of the bulb. Dorsal gland nuclei 2-2.5 μm in diameter, subventral gland nuclei 3-4 μm in diameter. In odontophore area of one female a small rudimentary odontostyle tip (vestigium) observed pointing forward. Peculiar crystalloid bodies of various sizes and shapes (mostly rod-like) found in the intestine of all females. Prerectum 465-497.5 μm long and rectum 33-42 μm or 0.6-0.8 of body diameter at anus. Tail bluntly conoid, rounded to hemispherical. Two pairs of lateral caudal pores. Vagina extending to ca. half the corresponding body width. Pars distalis vaginae 20-26 μm long; pars proximalis vaginae 21-27 μm long, thick walled. Uterus bipartite, moderately long, anterior uterus 230-406, posterior uterus 235-394 μm long, respectively; well-developed sphincter between uterus and pars dilatata oviductus, pars dilatata, and uteri containing numerous sperm cells; ovary small.</p><p>Male . Rarer than females. Habitus as in females, posterior part more strongly coiled ventrally. Shape of lip region similar to that in females. Cuticle 4.0-4.5 μm thick at postlabial region, 4 μm along the body and 5 μm on tail posterior to cloaca. One lateral pore anterior to or at the level of guide ring, 2 along odontostyle, 1 or 2 along odontophore, 3 or 4 in narrow part of the pharynx and 2 or 3 in pharyngeal bulb region, no dorsal and 6 ventral pores; numerous lateral pores present along the rest of the body. Two nerve rings observed, the first just behind the odontophore at a distance of 240.7 ± 12.0 (229-253) μm from anterior end, the second, more prominent behind the first one at 324 ± 12.7 (307.5-333) μm from anterior end. A small rudimentary odontostyle tip (vestigium) pointing forward observed in all males; in odontophore area (in 2 specimens) and in the slender part of pharynx (in 2 specimens). Pharyngo-intestinal valve broadly rounded. Tail short, bluntly conoid, dorsally convex, ventrally first straight then slightly concave. Three pairs of lateral pores on tail. One adclocal pair preceded by a row of 10 or 11 ventromedian supplements. Spicules slender, curved ventrally, lateral guiding piece sigmoid, 20-22 μm long. Spermatozoids oval (6-8 μm long).</p><p>Juveniles. Four juvenile stages can be differentiated based on the body, odontostyle, and replacement odontostyle length (Figs 5-7, Table 1). Habitus more or less an open C-shape, tail of the first stage juvenile digitate, with 9-11 μm long ventral peg, whereas in the subsequent developmental stages, bluntly rounded, c’ decreasing.</p><p>Type locality and plant association.</p><p>Balgarene village, Pre-Balkan zone of the Balkan Mountains, north-central Bulgaria (43°2'48.08"N; 24°46'24.53"E), 386 m a.s.l., private orchard, rhizosphere of Pyrus communis L.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>The holotype (PNT 42), 20 paratype females, 2 males, and 92 juveniles (overall PNT 43-101) from all stages are deposited in the nematode collection of the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria; 1 female, 1 male and 6 juveniles in the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland, USA; 1 female, 1 male and 6 juveniles in the Wageningen Nematode Collection (WANECO), Wageningen, the Netherlands; 1 female and 8 juveniles in the Nematode Collection of the Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, Bari, Italy.</p><p>Molecular characterisation.</p><p>The NCBI BLASTn search of D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S rRNA gene sequence showed highest similarity (93-94%) to several Longidorus species ( L. attenuatus Hooper, 1961; L. dunensis Brinkmam, Loof &amp; Barbez, 1987; L. athesinus Lamberti, Coiro &amp; Agostinelli, 1991; L. persicus Esmaeili, Heydari, Archidona-Yuste, Castillo &amp; Palomares-Rius, 2017; L. euonymus Mali &amp; Hooper, 1974; Longidorus sp. 1, and Longidorus sp. 3). The highest identity (93.0-93.1%) was calculated with populations identified as L. attenuatus and L. dunensis (accessions KT755457 and AY593057, respectively). However, in the 28S rDNA phylogenetic analyses L. polyae sp. n. grouped in a clade with four Longidorus spp. ( L. athesinus, Italy; Longidorus sp. 1, Longidorus sp. 2, and Longidorus sp. 6 from USA) with intermediate to high PP support (0.7-1.0) depending of the applied MSA algorithm (Fig. 9). The phylogenetic position of the new species based of 18S rRNA gene remained unresolved (Fig. 10) and was changing when different MSA algorithms and outgroups were tested. The pairwise sequence comparisons revealed highest identity (99.2%) with 18S rDNA sequences of L. attenuatus (AY687994), L. elongatus (de Man, 1876) Micoletzky, 1922 (EU503141), L. piceicola Liskova, Robbins &amp; Brown, 1997 (AY687993), and L. uroshis Krnjaić, Lamberti, Krnjaić, Agostinelli &amp; Radicci, 2000 (EF538760) (or 1564 identical residues of 1577 MSA length).</p><p>Diagnosis and relationships.</p><p>Longodorus polyae sp. n. is a comparatively large bisexual species average 7.98 (6.81-9.12 mm) with the odontostyle over 100 μm (114.0-127.5 μm) long; the lip region narrow (14.0-15.5 μm), almost continuous with body profile, anteriorly flat; amphidial fovea long, pocket-shaped, deeply bilobed, and lobes slightly asymmetrical; normal arrangement of pharyngeal glands; and tail short, bluntly rounded to hemispherical, four juvenile stages present, with the tail of the first-stage juvenile digitate.</p><p>The alpha-numeric codes for L. polyae sp. n. to be applied to the polytomous identification key for Longidorus species by Chen et al. (1997) and partial polytomous key proposed by Peneva et al. (2013) are: A5, B2, C34, D3, E3, F45, G12, H1, I2, J1, K7 (Table 2).</p><p>The group of large Longidorus species (code F34) with a moderately long odontostyle (code A45), pocket-shaped amphidial fovea, bilobed, symmetrical (code E2) or asymmetrical (code E3), normal arrangement of pharyngeal glands nuclei, short rounded tail (code H1) and digitate tail or tail with mucro (code K7) (according to Peneva et al. 2013) consists of a few species, namely: L. arthensis; L. pauli Lamberti, Molinari, De Luca, Agostinelli &amp; Di Vito, 1999; L. kheirii Pedram, Niknam, Robbins, Ye &amp; Karegar, 2008; L. silvae Roca, 1993; and L. uroshis (Table 2). The new species differs from these by the presence of peculiar inclusions in the intestine. Furthermore, it differs from:</p><p>L . pauli by females having differently shaped amphidial pouches (asymmetrically vs symmetrically bilobed); plumper body (a = 95.7-119.5 vs 120.3-143.5); more posterior guide ring position (37-42 vs 27-36 μm); longer spicules (71.0-74.5 vs 61-69 μm); guiding piece in male sigmoid vs straight; different shape of tail in second- and third-stage juveniles (bluntly rounded vs conical) (Lamberti et al. 1999);</p><p>L. uroshis by females having a longer body (6.81-9.12 vs 5.6-7.6 mm); narrower lip region (average 14.6 (14.0-15.5) vs average 17 (15.0-20.5) μm), higher c (184.8-260.0 vs 120.4-162.0) and lower c’ values (0.7-0.8 vs 0.9-1.0) ( Krnjaić et al. 2000);</p><p>L. kheirii by females having a narrower lip region (14.0-15.5 vs 19.5-23.0 μm) and pharyngeal bulb (25-29 vs 39.5-48 μm), higher c values (184.8-260.0 vs 119.0-167.8), amphidial pouches deeply bilobed vs not to slightly bilobed; differently shaped tail of the first- and second-stage juvenile and different ovarium structure (Pedram et al. 2008).</p><p>L. arthensis by females having longer body (6.81-9.12 vs 5.14-6.74 mm) and odontostyle (114.0-127.5 vs 102.0-111.0 μm); asymmetrically vs evenly bilobed amphidial pouches, lower c’ values (0.7-0.8 vs 1.0); males with longer spicules (71.0-74.5 vs 60.0-66.0 μm) (Brown et al. 1994);</p><p>L. silvae by females having two vs one nerve rings, differently shaped tail of the first-stage juvenile (subcylindrical, rarely cylindrical part/mucro with ventral position vs cylindrical mucro with central position), mucro shorter (9-11 vs 20-27 μm), higher c values (average 211.3 (184.8-260.0) vs average 166.7 (132.0-189.0) and posteriorly located vulva (50.9 (49.2-52.6) vs 48.6 (44.9-50.7) (Roca 1993). Males common vs absent (Roca 1993) or rare (Barsi and Lamberti 2004; Barsi et al. 2007).</p><p>Additionally, it can be differentiated from L. athesinus, a phylogenetically related species (Fig. 9), by females having longer body (6.81-9.12 vs 3.7-5.8 mm) and odontostyle (114.0-127.5 vs 83.5-94.0 μm); higher a value (95.7-119.5 vs 56.2-88.1); differently shaped tail in first-stage juvenile (digitate vs bluntly conoid) (Lamberti et al. 1991);</p><p>Morphometrical data of the most similar species are presented in Table 3.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the first author’s sister Mrs Polya Kadiyska, a school teacher of art and iconography at the "Nikola Obretenov" Primary school in Rousse, Bulgaria.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/316C455CB264962236E406BE13D21845	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lazarova, Stela S.;Elshishka, Milka;Radoslavov, Georgi;Lozanova, Lydmila;Hristov, Peter;Mladenov, Alexander;Zheng, Jingwu;Fanelli, Elena;Francesca De Luca,;Peneva, Vlada K.	Lazarova, Stela S., Elshishka, Milka, Radoslavov, Georgi, Lozanova, Lydmila, Hristov, Peter, Mladenov, Alexander, Zheng, Jingwu, Fanelli, Elena, Francesca De Luca,, Peneva, Vlada K. (2019): Molecular and morphological characterisation of Longidoruspolyae sp. n. and L. pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964 (Dorylaimida, Longidoridae) from Bulgaria. ZooKeys 830: 75-98, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32188, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32188
61A5877479C8113EF656B144B1EB0E2D.text	61A5877479C8113EF656B144B1EB0E2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Longidorus pisi Edward, Misra & Singh 1964	<div><p>Longidorus pisi Edward, Misra &amp; Singh, 1964</p><p>= Longidorus latocephalus Lamberti, Choleva &amp; Agostinelli, 1983</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Morphological and morphometric data for females and juvenile stages are presented in Table 4 and in Figure 8. The morphometric data obtained in this study agreed with those of L. latocephalus from its type locality (Lamberti et al. 1983) and several additional populations studied by Lamberti et al. (1997). Furthermore, when compared to the type population of L. pisi (Edward et al. 1964), specimens from our populations revealed longer odontostyle (average 75 (72-79) and average 76 (74-78) vs 58 (56-61) μm) and odontophore (average 50 (45-53) and average 49 (46-53) vs average 42.7 (35-43) μm); longer distances anterior end to guide (average 44 (42-46) vs average 32 (31-35) μm) and nerve ring (average 147 (138-151) and 141 (132-150) vs average 133 μm); wider (average 10.6 vs 7.5 μm) and higher (5-6 vs 3.5 μm) lip region and lower c’ ratio (average 1.9 (1.5-2.0) and average 1.7 (1.5-1.8) vs average 2.5 (2.4-2.6). The morphometrics of our populations were more similar to the Iranian population of L. pisi (Saveh, Markazi province) for which a D2-D3 expansion domain of 28S rRNA gene sequence identical to ours is available (Pedram et al. 2012). Differences in a few characters were observed, e.g. smaller a (average 125.2 (117.2-132.1) and 127.3 (119.8-132.9) vs 139.4 (134.8-144.6) and c’ (average 1.9 (1.5-2.0) and average 1.7 (1.5-1.8) vs average 2.5 (2.3-2.9) values, larger diameter at anus level (average 22.9 (21-24.5) and average 20.5 (20-22) vs average 18.1 (16-19) μm) and slightly shorter tail (average 38.9 (36-43) and average 39.1 (37-42) vs average 45 (43-47) μm) compared to the latter population.</p><p>Sequence and phylogenetic analyses.</p><p>Three ribosomal DNA regions (D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene, 18S rRNA gene, and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions) of L. pisi were amplified and sequenced. The D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences from all populations were identical to that of the Iranian population (JQ240274, Pedram et al. 2012) and differed slightly (1 and 3 bp) from those of other populations (Greece (AY601569) and South Africa (AY601568), respectively) identified as L. latocephalus (He et al. 2005). In the phylogenetic analysis, all aforementioned sequences formed a clade with maximal Bayesian posterior probability (1.0) and showed a close relationship with L. mindanaoensis . The BLASTn search using 18S rRNA gene sequence revealed highest identity (99%) with five accessions (two Longidorus (HQ735099 L. mindanaoensis Coomans, Tandingan De Ley, Angsinco Jimenez &amp; De Ley, 2012 and AY283163 L. ferrisi Robbins, Ye &amp; Pedram, 2009) and three Paralongidorus species (JN032586 P. bikanerensis (Lal &amp; Mathur, 1987) Siddiqi, Baujard &amp; Mounport, 1993; AJ875152 P. maximus ( Bütschli, 1874) Siddiqi, 1964 and KJ427794 P. rex Andrássy, 1986). A pairwise comparison of L. pisi sequence with the closest sequences (AY283163, HQ735099, JN032586, AJ875152 and KJ427794) revealed 14-22 different nucleotides. The 18S rDNA phylogenetic tree is presented in Figure 10.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/61A5877479C8113EF656B144B1EB0E2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lazarova, Stela S.;Elshishka, Milka;Radoslavov, Georgi;Lozanova, Lydmila;Hristov, Peter;Mladenov, Alexander;Zheng, Jingwu;Fanelli, Elena;Francesca De Luca,;Peneva, Vlada K.	Lazarova, Stela S., Elshishka, Milka, Radoslavov, Georgi, Lozanova, Lydmila, Hristov, Peter, Mladenov, Alexander, Zheng, Jingwu, Fanelli, Elena, Francesca De Luca,, Peneva, Vlada K. (2019): Molecular and morphological characterisation of Longidoruspolyae sp. n. and L. pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964 (Dorylaimida, Longidoridae) from Bulgaria. ZooKeys 830: 75-98, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32188, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32188
