taxonID	type	description	language	source
038E592C9F6BFFE68FDF0BBFA693FE66.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Rondonops biscutatus, sp. nov.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F6BFFE68FDF0BBFA693FE66.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Rondon (in homage to Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon) + ops (from the Latin: power, might, strength, ability). The genus-group name is masculine, according to Article 30.1.4.3. The name refers to the accomplishments of Marshal Rondon (May 5, 1865 – January 19, 1958), a Brazilian military officer who dedicated his life to the exploration and integration of remote areas of the Brazilian territory, especially of southwestern Amazonia, and to the peaceful integration of indigenous peoples of Brazil (Conselho Editorial do Senado Federal 2003). In 1910, he was nominated the first director of Brazil's Indian Protection Bureau (SPI / FUNAI) and, in 1914, conducted, with Theodore Roosevelt, a scientific expedition to explore the River of Doubt, now Roosevelt River (Diacon 2004; Roosevelt 1914). The Brazilian state of Rondônia, where we collected the first specimens of Rondonops, was also named after him. Content. Rondonops biscutatus, sp. nov. and R. xanthomystax, sp. nov. Definition and diagnosis. Size moderate, 65 mm maximum SVL; intact tail long, up to about three times SVL. Limbs slender, pentadactyl; first toe reduced, lacking a claw. Ear openings and eyelids distinct. Frontonasal single; prefrontals, frontoparietals, parietals, and interparietal present; parietals longer than wide; three supraoculars. Collar fold absent; three pairs of chinshields, posteriormost reduced. Nuchals very wide, smooth, imbricate, in two longitudinal rows from nape to arm level. Occipitals absent. Dorsal scales posterior to arm level narrower than nuchals, lanceolate, imbricate, strongly keeled, and mucronate. Ventrals identical to nuchals, smooth, imbricate, wider than long, forming two longitudinal rows. Males with a continuous series of pores, with no gap between preanal and femoral pores; females without femoral pores.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F6AFFEE8FDF0BF2A066FDF9.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. CHUNB 18739 (field number GRCOLLI 06106); adult male; from Pimenta Bueno (11 ° 35 ’ S, 61 ° 10 ’ W), RONDÔNIA, BRAZIL; leg. G. R. Colli, F. G. R. França, A. M. Gainsbury, A. A. Garda and H. C. Wiederhecker; 1 August 2000. Paratypes. BRAZIL: MATO GROSSO: Alta Floresta: Parque Estadual do Cristalino (9 ° 34 ' 38.77 " S, 55 ° 55 ' 18.49 " W): CHUNB 47042, leg. J. P. Caldwell, G. R. Colli, F. G. R. França, D. L. P. Leite, D. B. Shepard, M. M. Vasconcellos and L. J. Vitt, 11 November 2005. Pará: Tapajós region, Jacareacanga-Itaituba: MPEG 31102, leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia; Itaituba, APA Tapajós, Mina do Tocantinzinho (6 ° 02 ' 45.41 " S, 56 ° 18 ' 13.38 " W): MPEG 28555, leg. A. Lima, A. Araújo and S. R. dos Anjos, 23 October 2010; (6 ° 4 ' 58.68 " S, 56 ° 15 ' 14.34 " W): MPEG 28556, leg. J. O. Gomes and F. Chagas, 13 August 2010; (6 ° 3 ' 48.00 " S, 56 ° 16 ' 58.68 " W), MPEG 28557, leg. J. O. Gomes and F. Chagas, 9 August 2010; Mina do Palito (6 ° 18 ' 48.9 " S, 55 ° 47 ' 02.7 " W): MPEG 28558, leg. J. Gomes and A. D'Angiolella, 19 November 2010; (05 ° 13 ' 49.18 " S, 56 ° 55 ' 91 " W): MPEG 31095, leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 28 October 2013; (5 ° 17 ' 57.01 " S, 56 ° 58 ' 52.57 " W) MPEG 31096, leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 11 January 2013; (5 ° 22 ' 41.99 " S, 56 ° 54 ' 50.65 " W): MPEG 31098, leg Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 16 August 2013; Jacareacanga (05 ° 45 ' 59.9 ” S, 57 ° 1714.6 ” W): MPEG 31097, 31099, 31100 - 01, all leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 23 January, 21 – 22 August 2013; Novo Progresso (7 ° 08.061 ' S, 55 ° 24.888 ' W): MPEG 24127 – 24130, leg. M. S. Hoogmoed, M. A. Ribeiro Jr., C. O. Araujo and D. G. Nascimento, 22 – 26 November 2005. RONDÔNIA: Alta Floresta d’Oeste, Parque Estadual do Corumbiara (12 ° 54 ' 21.10 " S, 62 ° 4 ' 6.90 " W): CHUNB 52868, leg. R. J. Bosque and G. R. Colli, 9 March 2008; Cerejeiras, Parque Estadual do Corumbiara (13 ° 6 ' 47.87 " S, 61 ° 28 ' 37.65 " W): CHUNB 50539 – 50569, leg. R. J. Bosque and G. R. Colli, August 2007; Guajará-Mirim (10 ° 46 ’ S, 65 ° 20 ’ W): CHUNB 23454 – 23458, leg. G. R. Colli, G. C. Costa, A. M. Gainsbury, A. A. Garda, F. P. Werneck and H. C. Wiederhecker, December 2000 – January 2001; Pimenta Bueno (11 ° 35 ’ S, 61 á 10 ’ W): CHUNB 18738, leg. F. G. R. França, A. M. Gainsbury, A. A. Garda and H. C. Wiederhecker, 31 July 2000.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F6AFFEE8FDF0BF2A066FDF9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective formed from Bi (from the Latin: two) and scutatus (from the Latin: shield-shaped). The name refers to the arrangement of nuchals in two longitudinal rows, characteristic of the genus, but first noted in this species.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F6AFFEE8FDF0BF2A066FDF9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body robust; tail up to 3 times longer than body. Limbs pentadactyl, slender; first finger lacking claw. Ear openings and eyelids distinct. Frontonasal single; prefrontals, frontal, frontoparietals, parietals and interparietal present; parietals longer than wide. Collar fold absent. Three pairs of chinshields; anteriormost two enlarged, posteriormost reduced. Three supraoculars, anteriormost smallest. Dorsals (including nuchals) in 26 – 32 rows; anteriorly smooth, wide, imbricate, with rounded posterior margins, in two longitudinal and 6 – 10 transverse regular rows; posteriorly to arm level becoming progressively narrower, mucronate, with broad and flat keels, and then lanceolate, strongly keeled, imbricate and mucronate. Occipitals absent. Ventrals very wide, smooth, imbricate, in two regular longitudinal and 14 – 20 transverse rows, identical in size and shape to nuchals. Scales around midbody 23 – 30; subdigital lamellae under finger IV and toe IV, respectively 11 – 15 and 16 – 20. Fingers and toes short and robust. Males with a continuous series of 17 – 22 pores, with no gap between preanal and femoral pores; femoral and preanal pores absent in females.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F6AFFEE8FDF0BF2A066FDF9.taxon	description	Description of holotype (Fig. 1). Adult male, in good state of preservation. Snout-vent length 56 mm, intact tail length 170 mm. Rostral broad, wider than high, contacting first supralabials, nasals, and frontonasal. Frontonasal pentagonal, wider than long, contacting rostral, nasals, and prefrontals. Prefrontals wider than long, in contact at midline and contacting frontonasal, nasals, loreals, first supraoculars (and second supraocular on the right side) and frontal. Frontal hexagonal, with parallel lateral margins, longer than wide, anteriorly indenting prefrontals and, posteriorly, frontoparietals. Frontoparietals roughly pentagonal, as wide as prefrontals, in broad contact, strongly indented by interparietal, in contact with second and third supraoculars and parietals. Interparietal longer than wide, longer and narrower than frontal, as long as and narrower than parietals. Parietals heptagonal; bordered laterally by three enlarged, longer than wide, temporals; bordered anteriorly by third supraocular and frontoparietal, medially by interparietal, and posteriorly by first dorsals. Posterior margin of parietals and interparietal contacting first row of nuchals. Three supraoculars; first smallest; second largest, with longest suture with frontal, narrowly contacting frontoparietals and right prefrontal; third about the same size as frontoparietals, rounded posteriorly, in broad contact with frontoparietal, parietal, and temporal. Nasal dorsal to first supralabial, large, slightly longer than high; nostril in the middle of lower part of nasal, indenting suture with first labial. Loreal posterior to nasal, higher than long, diagonally oriented; contacting nasal, prefrontal, first supraocular, first superciliary, preocular, frenocular, and first and second supralabials. Frenocular small, below preocular, followed posteriorly by four suboculars; second and third suboculars elongate; fourth longer, followed by slightly smaller postoculars. Seven supralabials; suture between third and fourth below the center of eye; fifth largest, contacting third and fourth subocular; seventh smallest, contacting granules surrounding anterior margin of ear. Three superciliaries; first largest, higher anteriorly, longer than first supraocular, contacting first and second supraoculars, loreal, preocular, second superciliary and upper eyelid; second superciliary smallest, contacting second supraocular. Enlarged quadrangular scale posterior to third superciliary and contacts postocular. Central part of lower eyelid with semitransparent, undivided disc surrounded by small, slightly pigmented, granular, smooth scales and eleven moderately pigmented palpebrals. Lower eyelid with eleven moderately pigmented palpebrals. Temporals smooth, juxtaposed, irregular in size and shape, largest about the same size of sixth supralabial. Ear opening surrounded by series of very small, juxtaposed, rounded granules; external auditory meatus shallow; tympanum distinct, subovoid. Scales on sides of neck in approximately 12 irregularly transverse series between ear and arm level; those next to ear small, smooth, rhomboid, becoming gradually more elongate, mucronate, striated and imbricate near arm. All head scales smooth and juxtaposed, with many scattered sensorial pits. Mental broad, wider than long. Postmental heptagonal, wider than long, contacting first and second infralabials. Two pairs of enlarged chinshields, in broad contact along midline; first contacting second to fourth infralabials; second largest, contacting fourth and fifth infralabials. Third pair of chinshields reduced, narrow, chevron-like, laterally contacting a scale slightly longer than wide, about the same size as fifth supralabial, separated from sixth infralabial by elongate scale. Six infralabials; third, fifth, and sixth largest, subequal in size. Gulars enlarged, wider than long, smooth, imbricate, most rounded posteriorly and a few with irregular margins, in two longitudinal and seven transverse rows; scales in first row smaller. Interbrachial region distinct, with seven smooth, strongly imbricate scales; central scale subtriangular, contacting larger scales laterally; lateral interbrachials smaller, longer than wide. Collar fold absent. Nuchals large, wider than long, smooth, imbricate, rounded posteriorly, in two longitudinal and nine transverse, regular rows between parietals / interparietal and arm level. Occipitals absent. Dorsals becoming progressively narrower, imbricate, mucronate, lanceolate, and strongly keeled posteriorly of forelimb level; keels appearing gradually, broad and flat anteriorly, becoming thin, high and sharp posteriorly. Twenty-nine transverse rows of dorsals between parietals / interparietal and posterior level of hind limbs. Scales on flanks smaller and more diagonally arranged than dorsals; smooth, wide, imbricate, and posteriorly rounded in the row bordering ventrals, becoming progressively narrow, elongate, keeled, and mucronate dorsally. Distinctive area with small, smooth, and rounded granules around arm insertion. Twenty-four scales around midbody. Ventrals smooth, imbricate, wider than long, rounded posteriorly, in two longitudinal and 17 transverse rows from interbrachials to preanals. Five preanals; central one rhomboidal (posterior part wider), not reaching preanal border, which is formed by two enlarged scales in broad median contact and two smaller external paramedials. Pores 20 (total), opening in centre of scales, continuous; no gap between femoral and preanal pores. Dorsal scales on tail elongate, lanceolate, keeled, strongly imbricated, smaller than midbody dorsals; ventral scales on tail smooth, rounded and enlarged near preanal area, becoming gradually keeled, elongate, lanceolate; dorsals and ventrals undifferentiated near tail tip. Forelimbs with large, smooth, imbricate scales; scales on ventral part of upper arm smaller, rounded, rhomboid, juxtaposed; scales on ventral part of forearm almost granular. Anterior and ventral parts of hind limbs with irregularly large, smooth, imbricate scales, identical to those on corresponding parts of forelimbs, except for some on posterior dorsal part that are keeled. Scales on posterior part of hind limbs granular, juxtaposed, becoming larger, imbricate, and keeled on anterior part of tibia and femur. Carpal and tarsal scales large, imbricate, smooth; supradigital lamellae smooth, imbricate. Palmar and plantar surfaces with smooth, small, tuberculate granules. Fingers and toes relatively short and robust. First finger cylindrical, distally only slightly compressed laterally. First two-thirds to three-quarters of the 14 subdigital lamellae of finger IV single, bulbous, rounded, sometimes separated by a longitudinally divided rounded tubercle from the most distal scales, the latter being mostly single and smooth. Toe IV laterally compressed over its entire length, 19 subdigital lamellae, proximal six or seven bulbous, followed by seven or eight pairs of smaller bulbous scales that are arranged in zigzag pairs, distal scales single, smooth, narrow with a median keel. Toes and fingers with claws, except finger I; relative sizes: 1 <2 = 5 <3 = 4 and 1 <2 <5 <3 <4, respectively. Dorsal surfaces of body and tail and lateral part of tail dark brown with irregularly distributed dark brown dots, generally concentrated on anterior part of some dorsal scales (Fig. 2 C – D). Flanks dark brown due to more intense pigmentation in anterior part of scales, becoming more conspicuous laterally. This darker pattern strongly mottled with scattered, cream yellow spots concentrated on central part of lateral scales, and extending to hind limb level. Lateral parts of head with similar pattern, with irregular dark brown blotches concentrated in central parts of supra- and infralabials, with yellow dominating in sutures. Ventral parts of body cream-yellow, immaculate. Ventral part of tail dark-brown near its tip. Tail dark brown dorsally, lighter ventrally. Limbs dark brown dorsally, irregularly mottled with cream yellow pattern similar to flanks; ventrally cream yellow, immaculate. Description of hemipenis (Fig. 3). We prepared the left hemipenis of two paratypes (CHUNB 50548, 18738). In normal position (retracted), the organ is up to 7 mm long, extending for about six subcaudal rows. Hemipenial body roughly globular, with a slight median constriction and clearly bilobate, ending in two pronounced lobes with approximately one-third of total length of the organ. Lobes noncapitated; apex ornamented with a few small folds. Sulcus spermaticus in midline of sulcate face, extending straight from base of organ to lobes. At distal part of hemipenial body, the sulcus is divided by a small fleshy fold at base of a lobular crotch in two branches, each running on medial surface of lobes and ending in their tip among lobular folds. Two large naked areas parallel to sulcus spermaticus in sulcate face of hemipenial body. Each naked area bordered externally by isolated longitudinal ornamented area composed by single spines or series of spicules, arranged in about 45 transverse rows from base of organ to about second third of each lobe. Basal region of longitudinal ornamented area with about 10 single enlarged spines, the latter gradually giving way to more complex transverse rows with up to 10 small and bicuspidate spicules. Lateral face of hemipenis adorned by about 40 transverse rows of spicules; the more apical bi- or tricuspidate, basal ones longer, unicuspidate, enlarged. Lateral series of spicules separated from those on sulcate face by narrow longitudinal nude area extending from base to lobes of organ. Another bare area, curved and wider medially, separates the 20 more basal rows of lateral spicules of ornamented asulcate face of organ. Asulcate face of hemipenis adorned by two longitudinal ornamented areas, separated from each other by bare sagittal area running from base towards lobular crotch, and then bifurcating along medial area of lobes. This sagittal bare area is slightly wider in CHUNB 50548. Ornamented areas of asulcate face composed by about 30 rows of spines and / or spicules; spines of these rows bordering the bare area enlarged, hook-shaped, gradually decreasing in size towards sulcate face. Spicules of superior third of asulcate side bi- or tricuspidate. Osteological description (Figs. 4 – 5). Premaxillary as long as large, touching but not articulating with the maxillary laterally. Its dorsal lamina triangular posteriorly, long, covering the nasals slightly anteriorly the nasals and deeply indenting their suture, preventing their anterior contact. Thirteen conical premaxillary teeth. Nasals large, slightly longer than wide, wider anteriorly, diagonally arranged, widely separated anteriorly, in midline contact in posterior third, covering the frontal anteriorly. Frontal longer than wide, strongly constricted between orbits, wider posteriorly, covering parietal and articulating laterally with it by a pair of frontoparietal tabs. Parietal longer than wide, wider and concave posteriorly, covering occipital region laterally. Lateral expansion of parietal absent, leaving supratemporal fenestra open. Epipterygoid contacting superficially a descending epipterygoid process of parietal. Maxillary contacting nasal dorsally, parts of frontal and lacrimal laterally, but not overlapping, and extensively covering prefrontal and jugal; 24 maxillary teeth. Prefrontal large, its posterior process long but not reaching level of middle of orbit; in broad contact with frontal. Lacrimal small, rod shaped, very conspicuous, contacting prefrontal and maxillary along the inferoanterior part of orbit. Postfrontal and postorbital single. Postfrontal roughly triangular, contacting jugal, frontal, postorbital and parietal, closing the orbit posteriorly. Posterior part of postfrontal wider, longer, almost straight, preventing contact between frontal / parietal and postorbital and concealed marginally by postorbital. Postorbital long and wide, slightly expanded, contacting posteriorly squamosal but leaving supraorbital fenestra widely open. Squamosal long, posteriorly curved and articulating with dorsal end of quadrate. Supratemporal fenestra widely open. Supratemporal present, small, in close contact with posterior part of parietal and squamosal. Fifteen scleral ossicles. Vomer, palatine, pterygoid and ectopterygoid present. Vomer, palatine, premaxillary and maxillary in contact, restricting fenestra exochoanalis. Infraorbital fenestra large, bordered posteriorly by ectopterygoid and pterygoid. Pterygoid teeth present. Stapes rod-like, wider and rounded at the base. Sutures between supraoccipital, exoocipital, basioocipital and otic area of skull not clearly visible in articulated skeleton, as well as those between basioccipital and basisphenoid. Dentary, articular, splenial, angular, and supraangular distinct; 25 dentary teeth, conical anteriorly, bicuspid or tricuspid posteriorly. Glossohyal long, fused to basihyal. First ceratobranchial curved posteriorly; hypohyal and ceratohyal present. A second short pair ceratobranchials present and positioned parallel to anterior part of trachea. Anterior part of clavicle greatly enlarged, flattened, enclosing a fenestra. Interclavicle long, cruciform, with very long lateral processes reaching sternum but not sternal fenestra. Scapulocoracoid with coracoid, scapular and scapulocoracoid fenestra; suprascapula present. Sternum with large fenestra invaded by long sternal process; three sternal ribs; xiphisternum with two inscriptional ribs. Ilium, ischium and pubis present, the latter with a conspicuous pectinate apophysis. Hypoischium long, larger at the base, almost reaching preanal border; preischium small, elongate; prepubis small, quadrangular and ossified. Twenty-seven procelous presacral vertebrae, neural spines low, higher anteriorly hypapophyses present in first eight vertebrae; zygantrum-zygosphene present. Last presacral vertebra lacking ribs. Two sacral vertebrae. First four caudal vertebrae lacking autotomic processes, with long and wide transverse processes and wide and high neural spines. From fifth vertebra on, intravertebral autotomic septa present, transverse processes narrow and neural spines decreasing in height. Humerus and femur slightly longer than radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula, respectively. Remaining elements of forelimbs and hind limbs as in Fig. 5. Variation and sexual dimorphism. Variation in external morphology is summarized in Table 1. All specimens have three supraoculars and three superciliaries, except CHUNB 52868 where the first and second superciliaries are fused on the right side. Most specimens have 6 or 7 supralabials and infralabials; variation is due to fusions or subdivision of scales and frequently asymmetric. Likewise, most specimens have five suboculars, although the number may vary between three and seven, frequently asymmetrically in the same individual. Gulars also vary between six and eight. Other variations include: the loreal and frenocular are fused on the left side in MPEG 24128; four specimens (CHUNB 50551, 50545, 50553, 50563) have a small azygous scute behind frontal that separates frontoparietals (not in CHUNB 50563); the central scale of the preanal plate is absent in three specimens (CHUNB 50549, 50557, 50565); in CHUNB 50552 the semitransparent disc of the left lower eyelid is divided medially; in CHUNB 23458 prefrontals are not in contact; and CHUNB 50545 has anomalous chinshields. The sexes can be readily separated by the absence of preanal and femoral pores in females. Pores are highly conspicuous, placed in distinctively elevated scales, and aligned on each side without gaps between preanal and femoral. In addition to the presence of pores, there is sexual dimorphism in the number of ventrals, which are significantly more numerous in females (Table 1, t - test p <0.05), and adult males have bright orange bellies. In one male (MPEG 24129), a distinct white ocellus is present above the insertion of the hind limb. Ventral parts in life are pale reddish orange, in one male (MPEG 24129) with vertical, pale reddish orange bands reaching dorsolateral area. Tongue is dark grey.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F6AFFEE8FDF0BF2A066FDF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and natural history. Rondonops biscutatus is known only from forests in southwestern Amazonia in the states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso and Pará (Fig. 6). This region is part of the " arc of deforestation " (Aldrich et al. 2012; Fearnside & Graça 2006; Ferreira et al. 2005). Specimens from Parque Estadual do Corumbiara (Cerejeiras and Alta Floresta d'Oeste) were collected in seasonally flooded forest (Fig. 2 ab); specimens from Guajará-Mirim and Parque Estadual do Cristalino (Alta Floresta) were collected in terra firme forest. Specimens from Pimenta Bueno were collected in Cerrado enclaves within terra firme forest. All these individuals were collected in pitfall traps (Fig. 2 b), consisting of four 30 - liter buckets, arranged in a Y, separated by 6 m drift fences, except CHUNB 52868 that was hand collected at 13: 23 h. This individual was in a flooded forest, on top of a termite nest at the side of a large tree, ca. 60 cm above the water (Fig. 2 a). Specimens from Novo Progresso were collected in logged primary terra firme forest with many Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut) trees. One specimen from Itaituba (Mina do Tocantinzinho) was collected at the margin of a creek in an açaí (Euterpe oleracea) forest. The other specimens from Itaituba (Mina do Tocantinzinho and most material collected by the UFPA / Herpetologia Team) were collected in terra firme forest. MPEG 31101 from Jacareacanga and MPEG 31098 from Itaituba were collected in riparian plots. MPEG 24128 – 9 and 31095 – 31102 were collected in Y-shaped pitfall traps consisting of four 60 - l iter buckets placed 10 m apart and connected by 50 cm high drift fences. MPEG 24127 and 24130 were collected by hand during active searching in leaf litter of terra firme forest at 10: 20 and 11: 25 h. MPEG 28555 – 6, 28558 were all collected by hand in leaf litter, between 9: 00 and 13: 50 h, MPEG 28557 also was collected by hand in leaf litter, but at 22: 15 h. Thus, R. biscutatus is an inhabitant of forest floor leaf litter in terra firme forest, transitional areas between Amazon forest and Cerrado, açaí forest, riparian areas and seasonally flooded forest. Specimens seem to be mostly diurnal (9: 00 – 13: 50 h), but one specimen was caught while actively moving in leaf litter at night (22: 15 h), indicating some nocturnal activity as well. Three females (CHUNB 50544, 50562, 50563) from Cerejeiras, Rondônia, collected in August 2007 (dry season) contained one egg each, whereas none of the adult females collected during the wet season contained eggs. Presumably reproduction takes place during the dry season.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F6AFFEE8FDF0BF2A066FDF9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species was first mentioned by Gainsbury and Colli (2003) as Gymnophthalmidae sp., from Cerrado enclaves on latosols and sandy soils in Pimenta Bueno, Rondônia. Hoogmoed et al. (2007) reported the species as Colobosaura sp. nov., but provided no further details except the locality of collection and its general habitat (terra firme forest). Garda et al. (2013) studied the effects of microhabitat variation on lizard distribution in a terra firme forest in Guajará-Mirim, Rondônia. The species, reported as Gymnophthalmidae sp., is associated with sites distant from large trees, with few fallen logs and burrows, less canopy cover, thicker understory, thinner leaf litter, and numerous termite nests.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F62FFF18FDF0870A7B7FDD3.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MZUSP 98085 (field number MTR 12977); adult female; from left bank of Rio Abacaxis, São Sebastião, Borba (4 ° 18 ' 32 " S, 58 ° 38 ' 11 " W), Amazonas, BRAZIL; leg. M. T. Rodrigues, J. Cassimiro, S. M. Souza and J. M. Ghellere, 12 January 2007. Paratypes. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Nova Olinda do Norte: Igarapé-Açu, right bank of Rio Abacaxis (4 ° 20 ' 39 " S, 583 ° 8 ' 06 " W): MZUSP 99243, 6 January 2007; Borba: São Sebastião, left bank of Rio Abacaxis (4 ° 18 ' 32 " S, 58 ° 38 ' 11 " W): MZUSP 99244 – 99246, 99248, 12 – 25 January 2007; Borba: Palhalzinho, left bank of Rio Abacaxis (4 ° 18 ' 06 " S, 58 ° 38 ' 01 " W): MZUSP 99247, 25 January 2007. All by the same collectors as for the holotype. PAR: Itaituba (5 ° 27 ' 19.22 " S, 57 ° 4 ' 14.09 "): MPEG 31109, leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 31 August 2013; Jacareacanga (6 ° 06 ' 2241 " S 57 ° 36 ' 19.91 " W): MPEG 31103, 31107, 31110, leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 30 September 2012, 27 January and 24 August 2013; (5 ° 27 ' 15.84 " S, 57 ° 4 ' 41.02 " W): MPEG 31104, leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 13 October 2013; (5 ° 48 ' 03.1 " S 57 ° 24 ' 23.4 "); MPEG 31105 – 06, leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 8 October 2013; (5 ° 44 ' 18.7 " S 57 ° 21 ' 18.8 " W): MPEG 31108, leg. Team UFPA / Herpetologia, 11 January 2013.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F62FFF18FDF0870A7B7FDD3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun derived from xanthos (Latin transliteration of the Greek ξανθός: yellow) and mustax (Latin transliteration of the Greek Μύσταξ: upper lip or moustache) (Liddell & Scott 1889). The name refers to the yellow (in life) upper lip of this species, which strongly differs from that of its congener, where it is strongly mottled with dark brown.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F62FFF18FDF0870A7B7FDD3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body robust; tail up to 2.7 times longer than body. Limbs pentadactyl, slender; first finger lacking claw. Ear openings and eyelids distinct. Frontonasal single; prefrontals, frontal, frontoparietals, parietals and interparietal present; parietals longer than wide. Collar fold absent. Three pairs of chin shields; third pair reduced. Three supraoculars, anteriormost smallest. Dorsals (including nuchals) in 26 – 30 rows; nuchals multistriate, wide, imbricate, disposed in two longitudinal and 5 – 8 transverse regular rows; posterior of forearm insertion becoming progressively narrower, mucronate, with broad and flat keels, and then lanceolate, strongly keeled, imbricate, and mucronate. Occipitals absent. Ventrals very wide, smooth, imbricate, in two regular longitudinal and 15 – 18 transverse rows, identical in size and shape to nuchals. Scales around midbody 25 – 28; subdigital lamellae of finger IV and toe IV, respectively 13 – 17 and 20 – 26. Males with a continuous series of 19 – 24 pores, with no gap between preanal and femoral pores; femoral and preanal pores absent in females. Rondonops xanthomystax differs from R. biscutatus by having two longitudinal rows of 5 – 8 multistriate nuchals (6 – 10, smooth); scales on sides of neck keeled (smooth); 13 – 17 and 20 – 26 infradigital lamellae under finger IV and toe IV, respectively (11 – 15 and 16 – 20); relatively longer fingers and toes. In R. xanthomystax, a wide black stripe covers all of the lateral surface of the head above the upper part of supralabials and extends from nasal to the insertion of the forearm, where it merges with the flank colour; below the black stripe, a bright orange-yellow colour covers the larger part of supralabials, infralabials, and ventral parts of head and throat. In R. biscutatus, the lateral dark stripe is absent and supralabials are strongly mottled with dark brown.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F62FFF18FDF0870A7B7FDD3.taxon	description	Description of the holotype (Fig. 7). Adult female, in good state of preservation. Snout-vent-length 67 mm; tail regenerated, total length 68 mm, length of intact portion 62 mm. Rostral broad, wider than high, contacting first supralabials, nasals and frontonasal. Frontonasal heptagonal, wider than long, contacting rostral, nasals, loreal, and prefrontals. Prefrontals slightly wider than long, in broad contact at midline and contacting frontonasal, loreal, first and second supraoculars and frontal. Frontal hexagonal, with posteriorly, slightly convergent lateral margins, longer than wide, slightly wider anteriorly; anteriorly indenting prefrontal and, posteriorly, frontoparietals. Frontoparietals pentagonal, as wide as prefrontals, in broad contact, strongly indented by interparietal, in contact with second and third supraoculars and parietals. Interparietal longer than wide, slightly longer than and as wide as frontal, as long as and narrower than parietals. Parietals heptagonal; bordered laterally by three enlarged temporals (the second being largest), anteriorly by third supraocular and frontoparietal, medially by interparietal, and posteriorly by first row of nuchals. Posterior margin of parietals and interparietal rounded, contacting first row of nuchals. Three supraoculars; first smallest; second largest, forming a large suture with frontal, narrowly contacting frontoparietal and prefrontal; third supraocular larger than frontoparietals, in broad contact with frontoparietal, parietal and temporal. Nasal dorsal to first supralabial, large, slightly longer than high; nostril in middle of lower part of nasal, indenting suture with first labial. Loreal posterior to nasal, narrower and diagonally oriented; contacting nasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, first supraocular, first superciliary, preocular, frenocular, and first supralabial and second supralabials. Frenocular small, ventral to preocular, followed posteriorly by six suboculars, mostly elongate and about the same size; sixth subocular longest, almost square, followed by postocular. Seven supralabials; fourth below center of eye; fifth largest, contacting posterior suboculars; seventh supralabial smallest, contacting granules surrounding anterior margin of ear. Three superciliaries on right, four on left; first longest (right), deeper anteriorly, longer than first supraocular, contacting first and second supraoculars, loreal, preocular, second superciliary and upper eyelid; second superciliary smallest, contacting second supraocular (left) or second and third supraoculars (right). Enlarged quadrangular scale follows third superciliary and contacts postocular. Central part of lower eyelid with semitransparent, undivided disc surrounded by small, slightly pigmented, granular, smooth scales and twelve strongly pigmented palpebrals. Temporals smooth, juxtaposed, irregular in size and shape, largest temporal closer to ear and about the same size of sixth supralabial. Ear opening surrounded by series of very small, juxtaposed, rounded tuberculate granules; external auditory meatus shallow; tympanum distinct, subovoid. Scales on sides of neck in about 13 irregularly transverse series between ear and arm level; those next to ear small, smooth, rhomboid, almost juxtaposed, becoming gradually larger, more elongate, mucronate, keeled and imbricate near arm. Neck scales close to nuchals sharply keeled. All head scales smooth and juxtaposed, with many scattered sensorial pits. Mental broad, wider than long. Postmental heptagonal, wider than long, contacting first and second infralabials. Three pairs of enlarged chinshields, in broad contact along midline; first smaller than second, contacting second and third infralabials on right side; second chinshield largest, contacting third and fourth infralabials on right side; third pair reduced, small, narrow, chevron-like, laterally contacting a scale that is slightly longer than wide; third pair of chinshields slightly smaller than fifth supralabial, separated from fifth infralabial by elongate scale. Six infralabials; first and second fused on left side; on the right, third and fourth infralabials largest, about the same size. Gulars enlarged, wider than long, smooth, imbricate, rounded posteriorly, in two longitudinal and seven transverse rows; scales in first row smaller. Interbrachial region distinct, with seven smooth, strongly imbricate scales; central one subtriangular, laterally contacting larger scales; external interbrachials smaller, longer than wide. Collar fold absent. Nuchals large, wider than long, multistriate, imbricate, rounded posteriorly, in two identical longitudinal and six regular transverse rows between parietal area and just before insertion of the arm. Occipitals absent. Dorsals becoming progressively narrower, imbricate, mucronate, lanceolate, with strong central keel and several lateral striae, variable in position, just anterior to insertion of arm, continuing in this fashion to hind limbs; keels appearing gradually, broad and flat anteriorly, becoming thin, high and sharp posteriorly. Twenty-eight transverse rows of dorsals between parietals / interparietal and posterior level of hind limbs; six anterior rows corresponding to striate, enlarged series. Scales on flanks strongly keeled, mucronate and imbricate, slightly smaller, and more diagonally disposed than dorsals; flank scales from the row bordering ventrals smooth, wider, more imbricate and posteriorly rounded. Axilla with distinctive area with small, smooth and rounded granules. Twenty-five scales around midbody. Ventrals smooth, imbricate, wider than long, rounded posteriorly, in two longitudinal and 16 transverse rows from interbrachials (not included) to preanals. Five preanal scales; central scale rhomboidal (posterior part wider), not reaching preanal border, the latter being formed by two enlarged scales in broad median contact and two smaller external paramedials. Preanal and femoral pores absent. Caudal scales elongate, lanceolate, keeled, strongly imbricate, smaller than midbody dorsals; smaller on regenerated part of tail. Forelimbs with large, smooth, imbricate scales, except on ventral part of forearm where they are much smaller, rounded, slightly imbricate, and on ventral part of upper arm where they are smaller than scales on corresponding dorsal parts. Anterior and ventral parts of hind limbs with irregularly large, smooth, imbricate scales, identical to those on corresponding parts of forelimbs, except for some on posterior dorsal part that are keeled. Scales on posterior part of hind limbs granular, juxtaposed, becoming larger, imbricate and keeled on dorsal part of tibia and femur. Carpal and tarsal scales large, imbricate, smooth; supradigital lamellae smooth, imbricate. Palmar and plantar surfaces with smooth, small, tuberculate granules. Fingers and toes relatively long and slender. Proximal and middle part of finger IV cylindrical, distal part laterally compressed. Proximal two-thirds of the 17 subdigital lamellae of finger IV single, flat to slightly bulbous, broad; distal scales single and smooth; divided lamella rarely present. Toe IV laterally compressed over its entire length; 23 subdigital lamellae single, narrow, with blunt ventral keel, or proximally a pointed tubercle on each lamella; middle part of finger with irregularly divided, paired scales, the distal scales being single. Toes and fingers clawed, except finger I; relative sizes: 1 <2 = 5 <3 = 4 and 1 <2 <5 <3 <4, respectively. Dorsal surfaces of body, flanks and tail dark brown; dorsal part of head paler, olive-brown with scattered dark brown punctuate spots (Fig. 8). Lateral parts of head with a wide black stripe covering the entire lateral surface above the upper part of supralabials and extending from the nasal to arm level, merging there with flank colour. Below it, a bright orange-yellow bright colour covering most parts of supralabials, infralabials and ventral parts of head and neck. Ventral parts of body cream-yellow, strongly mottled, with irregular black pigmentation concentrated in anterior and central part of scales. Ventral parts of tail dark brown near its tip. Tail dark brown dorsally, slightly lighter ventrally. Limbs dark brown dorsally, irregularly mottled with cream-yellow; ventrally, cream-yellow, immaculate. Variation and sexual dimorphism. Variation in morphology is summarized in Table 1. The holotype (67 mm) is the largest specimen in the type series. The sexes can be readily separated by the absence of preanal and femoral pores in females. In addition, females have higher numbers of ventrals than males (Table 1, t = 3.025, df = 11.816, P = 0.011). deviation and range (in parentheses). Tail length statistics refer to intact tails only. Variables Rondonops biscutatus Rondonops xanthomystax Females (24) Males (36) Total (60) Females (10) Males (5) Total (15) Snout-vent length (mm) 50.46 ± 8.06 53.94 ± 8.04 52.55 ± 8.16 54.8 ± 13.23 52.8 ± 16.33 54.13 ± 13.77 (26 – 61) (28 – 66) (26 – 66) (27 – 67) (30 – 66) (27 – 67) Tail length (mm) 101.56 ± 28.67 125.6 ± 41.79 110.14 ± 34.44 127.40 ± 48.67 114.33 ± 53.2 122.5 ± 46.99 (47 – 140) (68 – 170) (47 – 170) (52 – 165) (64 – 170) (52 – 170) Dorsals (incl. nuchals) 30.29 ± 1.27 29.14 ± 1.29 29.60 ±. 39 28.50 ± 0.97 27.40 ± 1.14 28.13 ± 1.13 (27 – 32) (26 – 31) (26 – 32) (27 – 30) (26 – 29) (26 – 30) Nuchals in double row 8.29 ± 0.75 8.06 ± 1.09 8.15 ± 0.97 6.10 ± 0.74 7.00 ± 0.71 6.40 ± 0.83 (7 – 9) (6 – 10) (6 – 10) (5 – 7) (6 – 8) (5 – 8) Fourth finger lamellae 13.00 ± 1.00 12.92 ± 1.05 12.95 ± 1.02 16.33 ± 0.71 15.40 ± 1.52 16.00 ± 1.11 (11 – 15) (11 – 15) (11 – 15) (15 – 17) (13 – 17) (13 – 17) Fourth toe lamellae 18.13 ± 1.01 17.61 ± 0.80 17.81 ± 0.92 22.67 ± 1.50 21.40 ± 1.34 22.21 ± 1.53 (16 – 20) (16 – 19) (16 – 20) (21 – 26) (20 – 23) (20 – 26) Gulars 6.71 ± 0.46 6.72 ± 0.51 6.72 ± 0.49 6.90 ± 0.32 6.80 ± 0.45 6.87 ± 0.35 (6 – 7) (6 – 8) (6 – 8) (6 – 7) (6 – 7) (6 – 7) Infralabials 6.33 ± 0.48 6.5 ± 0.51 6.43 ± 0.50 6.30 ± 1.06 6.80 ± 0.45 6.47 ± 0.92 (6 – 7) (6 – 7) (6 – 7) (4 – 8) (6 – 7) (4 – 8) Pores — 19.81 ± 1.28 — — 22.2 ± 2.05 — — (17 – 22) — — (19 – 24) — Scales around midbody 25.29 ± 0.81 26.14 ± 1.29 25.80 ± 1.19 26.11 ± 1.05 26.00 ± 1.00 26.07 ± 1.00 (24 – 26) (23 – 30) (23 – 30) (25 – 28) (25 – 27) (25 – 28) Suboculars 4.79 ± 0.41 4.86 ± 0.64 4.83 ± 0.56 5.30 ± 0.48 5.00 ± 0.00 5.20 ± 0.41 (4 – 5) (3 – 7) (3 – 7) (5 – 6) (5 – 5) (5 – 6) Superciliaries 3.00 ± 0.00 2.97 ± 0.17 2.98 ± 0.13 3.10 ± 0.32 3.20 ± 0.45 3.13 ± 0.35 (3 – 3) (2 – 3) (2 – 3) (3 – 4) (3 – 4) (3 – 4) Supralabials 6.96 ± 0.46 7.00 ± 0.24 6.98 ± 0.34 6.70 ± 0.48 7.00 ± 1.22 6.80 ± 0.77 (6 – 8) (6 – 8) (6 – 8) (6 – 7) (5 – 8) (5 – 8) Supraoculars 3.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0 3.00 ± 0.00 (3 – 3) (3 – 3) (3 – 3) (3 – 3) (3 – 3) (3 – 3) Ventrals 18.12 ± 1.65 16.28 ± 1.28 17.02 ± 1.69 16.56 ± 0.88 15.40 ± 0.55 16.14 ± 0.95 (15 – 20) (14 – 18) (14 – 20) (15 – 18) (15 – 16) (15 – 18) Distribution, habitat and natural history. Rondonops xanthomystax is known from the forests of the middle Rio Abacaxis, Amazonas, and of the upper Rio Tapajós, in southwestern Pará, Brazil (Fig. 6). Seven specimens were obtained in two adjacent municipalities: Borba and Nova Olinda do Norte, on opposite sides of the Rio Abacaxis, Amazonas. All specimens were collected in primary terra firme forest, characterized by open understory, high abundance of palm trees, dense leaf litter and frequent large trees with more than 80 cm diameter and up to 40 m, like the Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa (Fig. 8). One adult and two juveniles were collected by hand around 11: 00 AM when foraging in sunny spots among the leaf litter. Three were taken from pitfall traps (Fig. 8) consisting of a set of four 30 - liter buckets, arranged in a Y, separated by 4 m long drift fences, for a total effort of 175 traps x day. One specimen was collected on a small glue trap about 1.7 m high on the trunk of a diagonallyoriented fallen tree, approximately 50 cm in diameter. Six specimens from Rio Tapajós were collected in pitfall traps in terra firme forest, but MPEG 31107 and 31110 (both from Jacareacanga) were collected in riparian areas. Of the 10 females collected two were gravid, the holotype (MZUSP 98085) and MPEG 31106, each with one egg.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
038E592C9F7BFFF68FDF0948A777FE3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Bauplan associated with fossorial habits. Body serpentiform, elongate, cylindrical. Four reduced limbs, especially hind limbs, with variable number of digits, some lacking claws. External ear absent; lower eyelid with unsegmented semi-transparent disc. Head scales reduced in number; frontoparietals absent. Ventrals smooth. Distribution: Central America, from Costa Rica into South America east of the Andes, south to Paraguay, and on some Caribbean islands. Content: Bachia Gray, 1845. Rhachisaurinae Pellegrino, Rodrigues, Yonenaga-Yassuda, and Sites Jr., 2001. Content: Rhachisaurus Pellegrino, Rodrigues, Yonenaga-Yassuda, and Sites Jr., 2001. Gymnophthalminae Merrem, 1820 Chirocolini Gray, 1838. Content: Caparaonia Rodrigues, Cassimiro, Pavan, Curcio, Verdade and Pellegrino, 2009; Colobodactylus Amaral, 1933; Heterodactylus Spix, 1825. Iphisini Gray 1851. Content: Acratosaura Rodrigues, Pellegrino, Dixo, Verdade, Pavan, Argolo and Sites Jr., 2007; Alexandresaurus Rodrigues, Pellegrino, Dixo, Verdade, Pavan, Argolo and Sites Jr., 2007; Colobosaura Boulenger, 1887; Iphisa Gray, 1851; Rondonops gen. nov.; Stenolepis Boulenger, 1888. Gymnophthalmini Merrem, 1820. Content: Calyptommatus Rodrigues, 1991; Gymnophthalmus Merrem, 1820; Micrablepharus Dunn, 1932; Nothobachia Rodrigues, 1984; Procellosaurinus Rodrigues, 1991; Psilophthalmus Rodrigues, 1991; Scriptosaura Rodrigues and Santos, 2008; Tretioscincus Cope, 1862; Vanzosaura Rodrigues, 1991. Cercosaurinae Gray, 1838. Content: Anadia Gray, 1845; Cercosaura Wagler, 1830; Echinosaura Boulenger, 1890; Euspondylus Tschudi, 1845; Macropholidus Noble, 1921; Neusticurus Duméril and Bibron, 1839; Petracola Doan and Castoe, 2005; Pholidobolus Peters, 1862; Placosoma Tschudi, 1847; Potamites Doan and Castoe, 2005; Proctoporus Tschudi, 1845; Riama Gray, 1858; Riolama Uzzell, 1973; Teuchocercus Fritts and Smith, 1969.	en	Colli, Guarino R., Hoogmoed, Marinus S., Cannatella, David C., Cassimiro, José, Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira, Ghellere, José Mário, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Pellegrino, Kátia C. M., Salerno, Patricia, Souza, Sergio Marques De, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2015): Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000 (4): 401-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4000.4.1
