identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038F878BC916FF9CF9EBFC30FF79F77C.text	038F878BC916FF9CF9EBFC30FF79F77C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antipathes Pallas 1766	<div><p>Genus Antipathes Pallas, 1766</p><p>Type-species. Antipathes dichotoma Pallas, 1766 (by subsequent designation: Brook, 1889).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum sparsely to densely branched; bushy or flabellate, rarely monopodial. Branches variable in length, irregularly disposed or bilaterally, but never pinnulated. Spines usually triangular to conical in side view, smooth or papillose; frequently laterally compressed; apex multilobate or bifurcated. Polyps 1 to 3 mm in diameter, sometimes elongate in saggital axis in relation to the transverse axis (adapted from Opresko, 2005 and Brugler et al., 2013).</p><p>Distribution. Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Opresko, 2003; Opresko, 2005; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC916FF9CF9EBFC30FF79F77C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC916FF9CF9EBFD2CFE92F185.text	038F878BC916FF9CF9EBFD2CFE92F185.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antipathidae Ehrenberg 1834	<div><p>Family Antipathidae Ehrenberg, 1834</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum unbranched, irregularly branched or flabellate, but never pinnulated. Spines triangular or conical; smooth or covered by papillae or tubercles; apex sometimes bifurcated or multilobate (adapted from Brugler et al., 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC916FF9CF9EBFD2CFE92F185	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC916FF9EF9EBFA76FEFCF37D.text	038F878BC916FF9EF9EBFA76FEFCF37D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antipathes atlantica Gray 1857	<div><p>Antipathes atlantica Gray, 1857</p><p>Fig. 1, 2</p><p>Antipathes atlantica Gray, 1857: 291; Brook, 1889: 112–113, pl. XII, fig. 5; Warner, 1981: 152–155, figs. 10, 12, 15; Loiola &amp; Castro, 2001: 5–6, figs. 5–7; Opresko, 2003: 487, fig. 3a; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005: 497–498, fig. 5; Cordeiro et al., 2012: 826–828, fig. 3.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1843.2.8.27 (probable syntype, see Opresko, 2003), West Indies, depth unknown .</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, California reef, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-38.590553&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.101944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -38.590553/lat -18.101944)">Abrolhos</a>, off Bahia. 18º6’6.998”S, 38º35’26.002”W; Depth unknown (date: 23/02/2000). Cols.: C. B. Castro, B. Segal and C. E. Ferreira (MNRJ 4590, 2 colonies and 2 fragments) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum flabellate, densely branched. Colonies branched to 8th or 9th order; branching sometimes anastomosed. Smaller branchlets straight or slightly curved, usually less than 1 cm long; bilaterally arranged on both sides of the branches. Spines short, triangular, smooth, mostly between 0.04 and 0.07 mm high; arranged in six to eight longitudinal rows, with 33 to 50 spines per centimeter in each row. Polyps 0.6–1.0 mm in diameter, in a single series on branchlets, and occurring on only one side of the colony. Living colonies pale-gray to greenish (adapted from Gray, 1857; Loiola &amp; Castro, 2001; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Corallum not pinnulated, irregularly branched up to 9th order, with branching in one plane occurring bilaterally throughout the colony (Fig. 1a). Largest colony 18.2 cm in height and 31 cm in width; smallest colony 21.8 cm in height and 16.8 cm wide. Terminal branchlets up to 14 mm long (Fig. 1b). Thickness of branches of 1st, 2nd and 3rd order between 2.5 and 0.9 mm. Thickness of terminal branchlets between 0.3 and 0.1 mm. Distances between terminal branchlets between 1.5 and 5.0 mm. Branching angles between 40° and 99°. Spines triangular, pointed and smooth, organized in around six rows (Fig. 1 c–d). Spines between 0.03 and 0.06 mm in height, rarely more than 0.07 mm. Base of spines between 0.06 and 0.1 mm in diameter, most frequently around 0.08 mm; distance between spines around 0.27 mm, with 30 to 45 spines per centimeter. Polyps small, 0.4 to 0.9 mm in transverse diameter, and occurrying in a density of seven per centimeter.</p><p>Remarks. Antipathes atlantica Gray, 1857 resembles Antipathes gracilis Gray, 1860, and differs from the latter by having a more delicate and less bushy appearance (Warner, 1981). In addition, A. atlantica differs from A. gracilis by having a more greenish coenenchyme in living colonies, whereas A. gracilis is more reddish to orange (Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005). The specimens examined here are 0.06–0.1 mm in spine width at the base, a range slightly different from measurements given by Loiola &amp; Castro (2001) (0.04–0.07 mm in width) and Opresko &amp; Sanchez (2005) (0.05–0.07 mm in width). Antipathes atlantica has been widely recorded along the Brazilian coast from Maranhão to Rio de Janeiro (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2001; Castro et al., 2006; Loiola, 2007; Cordeiro et al., 2012).</p><p>Distribution. Caribbean (Brook, 1889; Warner, 1981; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005; Opresko, 2009) and Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, from Maranhão to Pernambuco (Cordeiro et al., 2012), and from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2001; Castro et al., 2006; Loiola, 2007); from 20 m (Opresko, 2009) to 300 m depths (Castro et al., 2006) (Fig. 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC916FF9EF9EBFA76FEFCF37D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC914FF9EF9EBFB73FDEDF4ED.text	038F878BC914FF9EF9EBFB73FDEDF4ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antipathes furcata Gray 1857	<div><p>Antipathes furcata Gray, 1857</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Antipathes furcata Gray, 1857: 291; Schultze, 1903:92; Opresko, 1974: 60–67, fig. 2; Loiola &amp; Castro, 2001: 2–4, figs 2, 3, 4; Opresko, 2003: 487, fig. 3d; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005: 497, fig. 4; Molodtsova, 2006: 148.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1843.2.6 or 8 (holotype, see Opresko, 2003), Madeira, depth unknown .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Small colonies (less than ~ 20 cm in height) fan-shaped, branched mostly in one plane; with very long, straight, ascending branches. Larger colonies (20–40 cm in height) densely branched, in a thick plane with numerous overlapping branches. Branches directed upward and away from the centre, with most reaching to the top of the corallum; branch angles very narrow, 30° or less. Spines short, triangular, smooth, 0.05–0.1 mm tall and 0.07– 0.1 mm wide at their base; arranged in 6–8 rows with 30–40 spines per centimeter in each row. Spines occasionally bifid or forked. Polyps 0.7–1.0 mm in transverse diameter; arranged in a single series on one side of branches; 6–8 polyps per centimeter. Colonies white in color when alive.” (Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005).</p><p>Distribution. Madeira Island (Gray, 1857), Caribbean Sea (Opresko, 1974; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005), and Brazil (fig. 35) (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2001); from 15 m, in Caribbean Sea (Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005) to 2480 m, in Northeastern Atlantic (Molodtsova, 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC914FF9EF9EBFB73FDEDF4ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC914FF91F9EBF891FF79F3B5.text	038F878BC914FF91F9EBF891FF79F3B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cirrhipathes de Blainville 1830	<div><p>Genus Cirrhipathes de Blainville, 1830</p><p>Type-species. Gorgonia spiralis Linnaeus, 1758 (by subsequent designation: Brook, 1889).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Antipathids having an elongate unbranched corallum, around which the polyps are distributed subspirally in several irregular rows, never in a single linear series. The zooids are usually rounded in outline, and are provided with six tentacles arranged in a radiate manner. The mouth is situated on a more or less prominent conical projection of the peristome, which may show a constriction at its base. There are five pairs of mesenteries in the oral cone and three below. The coenenchyme consists of the tissue uniting neighbouring zooids; it contains a system of canals which takes a direction chiefly at right angles to the axis of the stem, and communicates with the bases of the individual zooids” (Brook, 1889).</p><p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Dana, 1846; Brook, 1889; Van Pesch, 1914; Zou &amp; Zhou, 1982; Echeverría, 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC914FF91F9EBF891FF79F3B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91BFF91F9EBFDD9FAF6F6AD.text	038F878BC91BFF91F9EBFDD9FAF6F6AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cirrhipathes secchini Echverria 2002	<div><p>Cirrhipathes secchini Echverría, 2002</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Cirrhipathes sp. Castro, 1994: 91–93.</p><p>Cirripathes secchini Echeverría, 2002: 1068–1072, figs. 1–3.</p><p>Cirrhipathes secchini, Loiola, 2007: 254 .</p><p>Type and type locality. MNRJ 2757 (Holotype): Abrolhos, Bahia, Brazil; 10–25 m depth .</p><p>Diagnosis. Colonies unbranched, 1.55–2.92 m in height, showing a basal plate. Axis straight for 25 to 81% of the total length, then curving in regular, steep, well-defined spirals or sinuously. Distance covered by spirals (when defined) 9–57 cm, spiral diameter 5–22 cm; number of spirals 1 to 5.5. Axis diameter just above basal plate 3.7–9 mm; at tip of colony 0.7–2 mm. Polypar spines conical, laterally compressed, rounded at tip, forming a 90º angle with axis; showing small tubercles or protuberances. Size of spines 100 to 330 μm (individual colonies average 140–320 μm, n = 19 colonies). Distance between consecutive spines 310–930 μm. Small spines distributed irregularly between large spines, with no apparent pattern. Small spines conical, sharp, forming a 90º with axis, size 30–82 μm, with no tubercles or protuberances. Polyps white, transverse diameter about 2–3 mm; sagittal diameter 1–2 mm, arranged in multiple irregular rows, except in apical part of axis (apparently in a single row); one side of entire stem usually free of polyps. Sagittal tentacles about 1.3–2.15 mm; lateral tentacles 1.05–1.45 mm. Oral cone about 0.5– 0.07 mm. (adapted from Echeverría, 2002).</p><p>Distribution. Abrolhos, Bahia, Brazil (fig. 35) (Echeverría, 2002); from 10 m to 25 m (Echeverría, 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91BFF91F9EBFDD9FAF6F6AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91BFF91F9EBFAD1FC4EF4BE.text	038F878BC91BFF91F9EBFAD1FC4EF4BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stichopathes Brook 1889	<div><p>Genus Stichopathes Brook, 1889</p><p>Type-species. Stichopathes pourtalesi Brook, 1889 (by original designation based on indirect evidence, see Bo &amp; Opresko, 2015).</p><p>Diagnosis. “ Monopodial unbranched corallum (rarely secondarily branched following regeneration of the broken stem), stem straight, wavy, curved, or partially (upper part of stem) or entirely spiral. Polyps confined to a regular, single row on one side of axis. Spines triangular to conical, smooth or papillose, and simple, bifurcated, or with multiple knobs or lobes at apex” (Bo &amp; Opresko, 2015).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Stichopathes comprises 34 described species, most of which were based on incomplete descriptions, and lacking collection information (e.g., S. bournei Cooper, 1909, with no locality of collection).</p><p>Distribution. Atlantic, Indian Ocean and Pacific (Molodtsova, 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91BFF91F9EBFAD1FC4EF4BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91BFF93F9EBF92CFB2AF6F1.text	038F878BC91BFF93F9EBF92CFB2AF6F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stichopathes paucispina (Brook 1889)	<div><p>Stichopathes paucispina (Brook, 1889)</p><p>Fig. 3, 4</p><p>Cirrhipathes? paucispina Brook, 1889: 86–87, pl. 12, fig. 6.</p><p>Stichopathes paucispina: Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990: 307–310, figs 4–5; Bo &amp; Opresko, 2015: 15.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1873.4.26.1 (holotype): locality unknown .</p><p>Material examined. Rio Grande Rise, 30º12’49.68”S, 36º50’9.6”W; Initial depth: 750 m; final depth: 800 m. PROERG/ CPRM. EST.: ERG 165. Date: 11/02/2012.Sampling: Dredge (MNRJ 8586, 1 fragment). Rio Grande Rise, 30º44’4.2”S, 36º44’51”W; Initial depth: 650 m; final depth: 585 m. PROERG/ CPRM. EST.: ERG 185. Date: 09/02/2012. Amostr.: Dredge (CPRM). Alcohol (MNRJ 8578; MNRJ 8591, 2 fragments).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum unbranched, in ascending irregular spirals. Spines conical, slightly compressed, apex moderately sharp, and covered with small tubercles from the tip down the sides to about 2/5 the distance to base. Polypar spines up to 0.34 mm in height, abpolypar spines up to 0.24 mm (from center of base to apex). Distal edge of spines straight and slightly angled distally or perpendicular to the axial surface. Spines in seven to nine longitudinal rows, with five to six rows (rarely four) in side view; distance between spines in a same row between 0.7 and 1.14 mm. Largest polyps usually 2.3–3.4 mm in transverse diameter; and in a density of 2.5 to 3 per centimeter (adapted from Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Corallum monopodial, unpinnulated, whip-like, axis twisted, forming a spiral (Fig. 3 a–b). Total length of specimens 35–44 cm. Thickness near base 1.3–2.4 mm. Diameter of the first spiral 66.01 mm. Spines on distal end of the stem conical, with tubercles mostly on the upper fourth to third of the spine surface; arranged in three to six rows in side view (Fig. 3 c–d), most common four to five rows. Height of spines 0.1–0.27 mm. Proximal-distal diameter of spines at the base 0.15–0.3 mm, and distance between spines in a same row around 1 mm. Width of tubercles on spines 0.009–0.02 mm. Polyps not traced (tissue lost).</p><p>Remarks. Despite the lack of soft tissue, specimens of S. paucispina examined herein have spines identical to the holotype: sharp, tapered, with large tubercles, compared with Stichopathes spiessi Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990, the species most morphologically related to S. paucispina (Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990; Brook, 1889; Bo &amp; Opresko, 2015). The specimens examined differ from the holotype [described by Brook (1889) and redescribed by Opresko &amp; Genin (1990)] in spine height, relatively smaller in our specimen (0.11–0.27 mm and 0.18–0.34 mm in the holotype, respectively). A distinct difference in the size of the abpolypar spines is not always evident in the Brazilian specimens.</p><p>Stichopathes paucispina occurs on northeastern Pacific seamounts (Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990). Despite the fact that there are no previous records of the species in the Atlantic, Bo &amp; Opresko (2015) recorded specimens similar to S. paucispina collected in Caribbean, but did not confirm the identification, highlighting the need of a revision of the genus Stichopathes . This genus is represented on northeastern Atlantic seamounts by: Stichopathes abyssicola Roule, 1902; Stichopathes gravieri Molodtsova, 2006; Stichopathes gracilis Gray, 1857 (species with smooth surface or with tiny ornamentation); Stichopathes flagellum Roule, 1902, with spines smaller than those described herein (0.05–0.06 mm in S. flagellum, and 0.1–0.27 mm herein); and Stichopathes dissimilis Roule, 1902, with completely smooth spines (according to drawings of Roule, 1905, p. 132–133) and height between 0.25 and 0.4 mm, bigger than the specimens of S. paucispina .</p><p>Distribution. Northeast Pacific Seamounts (Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990) and Southwestern Atlantic, Rio Grande Rise (this work) (Fig. 4); from 585 m (this work) to 1350 m depths (Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91BFF93F9EBF92CFB2AF6F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC918FF92F9EBFA7DFAB6F5D0.text	038F878BC918FF92F9EBFA7DFAB6F5D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stichopathes occidentalis (Gray 1860)	<div><p>Stichopathes occidentalis (Gray, 1860)</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Cirrhipathes setacea var. occidentalis Gray, 1860: 311 .</p><p>Stichopathes occidentalis: Brook, 1889: 92–93, figs. 7,8; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005: 500–501, figs. 9,10; Opresko, 2009: 362; Cordeiro et al., 2012: 826–828, figs 1,2; Opresko, 2014: 1–2, fig 1a.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH, Turks Island (Gray, 1860), depth unknown .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Gray’s type of this form is 2.74 m long, very slender and tapering; the base is 2 mm in diameter, and the apex 0.2 mm. The whole stem is like a slender whip lash, and shows no signs of spiral curvature. The spines are short and conical, but somewhat compressed. In more slender portions of the specimen they are arranged in dextrorse spirals which are about twice the length of a spine apart. Nearer the base the spiral arrangement is lost, and the spines are thicker and stand out horizontally” (Brook, 1889).</p><p>Distribution. Turks Island (Gray, 1860), off West Africa, Islas das Rolas (Broch, 1920 apud Opresko, 2014), Caribbean Sea (Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005; Opresko, 2009), off Pernambuco, Brazil (Cordeiro et al., 2012); and Ascension Island (fig. 35) (Opresko, 2014); from 30 m (Opresko, 2014) to 70 m depths (Opresko, 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC918FF92F9EBFA7DFAB6F5D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC918FF92F9EBFF40FBC7F748.text	038F878BC918FF92F9EBFF40FBC7F748.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stichopathes spiessi Opresko & Genin 1990	<div><p>Stichopathes spiessi Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990</p><p>Fig. 5, 6</p><p>Stichopathes spiessi Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990: 301–310, figs. 1, 2, 3.</p><p>Types and type locality. USNM 82983 (holotype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.416666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.75/lat 30.416666)">North Pacific</a>, Jasper seamount, 30°25’N, 122°45’W, 900 m ; USNM 82984 (paratype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.72667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.443333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.72667/lat 30.443333)">Jasper</a> seamount 30°26.6’N, 122°43.6’W, 900– 750 m ; USNM 82985 (paratype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.72833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.426666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.72833/lat 30.426666)">Jasper</a> seamount, 30°25.6’N, 122°43.7’W, 950– 840 m. USNM 82986 (paratype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.416666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.75/lat 30.416666)">Jasper</a> seamount, 30°25’N, 122°45’W ; USNM 82987 (paratype): 32°25.78’N, 127°47.4’W, 440– 488 m.</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, off Santa Catarina. 28º52’0.001”S, 46º58’59.999”W. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.983334/lat -28.866667)">Date</a>: 17/09/2002. Depth: 540 m (MNRJ 6757, 1 specimen) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum monopodial, in irregular spirals. Spines conical, laterally compressed, round, with small tubercles on the apex, usually covering around 1/3 of the distal surface of the spines. Spines 0.14–0.24 mm in height (mostly smaller than 0.2 mm) from the center of the base to the apex. Spines in seven to 10 longitudinal rows, with around five to six complete rows in side view. Polyps 1.2–1.8 mm in transverse diameter, with three to five polyps per centimeter along the axis (adapted from Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Corallum monopodial, unpinnulated and unbranched, whip-like; axis spiral, around 29 cm in height (Fig. 5 a–b). Thickness of the stem at the base is 2.14 mm. First spiral occurring about 11 cm from the base. Diameter of spirals around 8 cm. Spines conical, with apex covered by tubercles, arranged in six to eight rows (Fig. 5 c–d). Height of polypar spines between 0.13 and 0.22 mm; abpolypar spines 0.10 to 0.13 mm in height. Base of spines 0.18–0.27 mm in proximal-distal direction. Distance between spines varying from 0.582 mm to 1.100 mm in each row; density of around two spines per millimeter.</p><p>Remarks. Maximum height of spines examined herein did not exceed those described for the holotype (up to 0.24 mm). Opresko &amp; Genin (1990) described remarkable variation in size, density and surface of the spines within a same specimen and between different specimens. The surface of spines of our specimen resembles that described for the holotype, with tubercles only on the distal third of the spines. Our specimen differs from the latter in the morphology of the corallum, due to its regular spirals in contrast with the irregular pattern of the type specimens. Stichopathes spiessi differs from S. paucispina (Brook, 1889) mainly by having spines shorter and more rounded (up to 0.24 mm, in contrast with 0.34 mm, respectively). Opresko &amp; Genin (1990) provided a detailed comparison, pointing out several other differences among these species, like the polyp size. Among the specimens examined herein, S. spiessi has more rounded spines and with tubercles less pronounced than S. paucispina (Fig. 5 c–d).</p><p>Distribution. Dominant megafaunal component on rocky bottoms between 450 and 900 m deep. Northeastern Pacific Seamounts (Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990), and Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, off Santa Catarina (this work) (Fig. 6); from 440 m (Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990) to 1100 m depths (Opresko &amp; Genin, 1990).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC918FF92F9EBFF40FBC7F748	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91EFF94F9EBFA6DFB06F4DF.text	038F878BC91EFF94F9EBFA6DFB06F4DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthopathes Opresko 2004	<div><p>Genus Acanthopathes Opresko, 2004</p><p>Type-species. Antipathes humilis Pourtalès, 1867 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum flabellate or tending to be planar; branchlets short, straight or curved distally; arranged uniserially or bilaterally; polypar spines acute, smooth or slightly tuberculate; circumpolypar spines distinctly larger than interpolypar spines; hypostomal spines very reduced or absent” (Opresko, 2004).</p><p>Distribution. Indian Ocean, western Atlantic, IndoPacific and Hawaii (Opresko, 2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91EFF94F9EBFA6DFB06F4DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91EFF94F9EBFBF1FA0BF778.text	038F878BC91EFF94F9EBFBF1FA0BF778.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthopathinae Opresko 2004	<div><p>SubFamily Acanthopathinae Opresko, 2004</p><p>Diagnosis. “Polyps small, usually 0.5–1.0 mm in transverse diameter; subequal in transverse and sagittal axes or slightly longer along either axis; interpolypar space often relatively wide, as much as 0.4 mm in preserved material. Tentacles of polyps in preserved material short and blunt. Spines tall (0.4 mm or more), acicular to cylindrical, and anisomorphic; maximum height usually more than three times the width near the base; acute or blunt, smooth or slightly tuberculate on parts of surface, especially near the apex. Polypar spines considerably taller than abpolypar spines; circumpolypar spines larger than interpolypar spines; hypostomal spines usually reduced or absent. Corallum flabellate or bushy. Stem and branches simple or pinnulate. When present, pinnules simple” (Opresko, 2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91EFF94F9EBFBF1FA0BF778	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91EFF97F9EBF8CFFD75F3C9.text	038F878BC91EFF97F9EBF8CFFD75F3C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthopathes humilis (Pourtales 1867)	<div><p>Acanthopathes humilis (Pourtalès, 1867)</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Antipathes humilis Pourtalès, 1867: 112; 1880: 118, pl. 3, figs. 18, 19, e 32.</p><p>Aphanipathes humilis: Brook, 1889: 131; Opresko, 1972: 994–999, fig. 10.</p><p>Acanthopathes humilis: Opresko, 2004: 230–232, fig. 12; Loiola, 2007: 257–260, fig. 5; Opresko, 2009: 362.</p><p>Type and type locality. MCZ 3 (lectotype), MCZ 57348, MCZ 57350 (paralectotype): off Cuba, 493 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. “Colonies small, flabellate, branched in one or more parallel plans; branching unilateral or irregularly bilateral; main stem and primary branches slightly thicker than terminal branchlets; branches small, 1–3 cm long, straight or slightly curved. Spines acicular, smooth and conspicuously anisomorphic; 0.5–0.7 mm long at the circumference of the polyps, 0.05 mm under the peristome, and 0.3–0.4 mm on other parts of the axis; arranged in 15–20 longitudinal rows, with 40–50 spines per centimeter in each row. Polyps 1.0 mm long, uniserially arranged on only one side of the corallum (six or seven per centimeter)” (Opresko, 1972).</p><p>Distribution. Caribbean Sea (Opresko, 2004; Loiola, 2007; Opresko, 2009) and off Brazil (fig. 35) (Loiola, 2007); from 129 m to 494 m depths (Opresko, 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91EFF97F9EBF8CFFD75F3C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91DFF97F9EBFC69FECFF6FF.text	038F878BC91DFF97F9EBFC69FECFF6FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladopathes Brook 1889	<div><p>Genus Cladopathes Brook, 1889</p><p>Type-species. Cladopathes plumosa Brook, 1889 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Primary pinnules arranged irregularly in rows; sometimes appearing in clusters of three (rarely two or four). Subpinnules occurring mostly on anterior primary pinnules (sometimes also on lateral/posterolateral ones) and not regularly arranged. Tertiary pinnules present” (Opresko, 2003).</p><p>Distribution. Only reported from the southern hemisphere (Indian Ocean, South Atlantic and Australia) (Opresko, 2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91DFF97F9EBFC69FECFF6FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91DFF97F9EBFDB5FB62F145.text	038F878BC91DFF97F9EBFDB5FB62F145.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladopathinae Kinoshita 1910	<div><p>SubFamily Cladopathinae Kinoshita, 1910</p><p>Diagnosis. “Polyps generally 2–4 mm (but up to 6 mm) in transverse diameter. Corallum bushy or flabellate; pinnulate, and subpinnulate. Primary pinnules arranged in two to six rows and usually also in bilateral groupings. Pinnules in the anteriormost rows (anterior referring to that side of the stem and branches on which the polyps occur) bearing subpinnules; lateral (or posterolateral) and posterior pinnules simple or subpinnulate. Tertiary pinnules present in some species. Spines simple, smooth, deltoid to conical to acicular in lateral view” (Opresko, 2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91DFF97F9EBFDB5FB62F145	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91DFF96F9EBFAEEFECFF3ED.text	038F878BC91DFF96F9EBFAEEFECFF3ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladopathes plumosa Brook 1889	<div><p>Cladopathes plumosa Brook, 1889</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Cladopathes plumosa Brook, 1889: 157–158, pl.2, figs. 1–4; Opresko, 2003: 498–502, figs. 1,2.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 90.4.9.26 (holotype): 46°41’S, 38°10’E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.166668/lat -46.683334)">Prince Edwards Island</a>, Indian Ocean, 558 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum branched to the 7th order or more, shrub-like or planar. Stem and branches pinnulate and subpinnulate. Arrangement and spacing of pinnules and subpinnules very variable, especially on larger branches. On smallest branchlets primary pinnules often in clusters of three (rarely two or four), consisting of two anterolateral pinnules and one lateral (or posterolateral or posterior) pinnule. Anterior-most primary pinnules usually with one or two secondary pinnules (range zero to four). Secondary pinnules often subopposite when two occur on same primary. Lateral (posterolateral or posterior) primary pinnules usually simple, but sometimes with one or more secondary pinnules, especially on larger branches. Secondary pinnules may be present on primary pinnules even at tips of smallest branchlets. Tertiary pinnules occasionally present on some secondary pinnules on anterior primary pinnules and very rarely on secondary pinnules on posterior (or posterolateral) primary pinnules. Tertiary pinnules often directed basally relative to branch direction. Longest primary pinnules (usually lateral or posterior ones) mostly 0.5 to 1.0 cm long, but some up to 2.5 cm long, and 0.2–0.25 mm (up to 0.3 mm) in diameter near the base. Primary pinnules mostly 2–3 mm apart in each anterior row, with up to 16 pinnules per centimeter in all rows. Primary pinnules generally directed distally (straight and/or curved distally) relative to the branch on which they occur; distal angle of posterior primaries about 60º; distal angle of anterior primary pinnules 60–80º. Secondary pinnules inclined distally relative to the primary pinnule on which they occur. Spines on pinnules simple, smooth, acute, usually 0.06–0.08 mm from center of base to apex; arranged in rows, with three or four rows visible (not including spines only partially visible); mostly 0.2 to 0.3 mm apart in each row, with three to less than five spines per millimeter in each row. Central axial canal variable in size; as small as 0.1 mm in diameter at tips of pinnules and up to 0.3 mm in diameter on some branches. Polyps mostly 3–4 mm in transverse diameter with three polyps per centimeter, but sometimes as much as 5–6 mm in diameter, with only two polyps per centimeter” (Opresko, 2003).</p><p>Distribution. Indian Ocean, Prince Edwards Island (Brook, 1889), South Atlantic, Ascension Island (fig. 35) (Opresko, 2003) and Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Opresko, 2003); from 558 m (Brook, 1889) to 1080 m depths (Opresko, 2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91DFF96F9EBFAEEFECFF3ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91CFF96F9EBFC16FD8AF491.text	038F878BC91CFF96F9EBFC16FD8AF491.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopathes oligocrada Opresko & Loiola 2008	<div><p>Chrysopathes oligocrada Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Chrysopathes sp. Opresko, 2005; Loiola, 2007 (in part).</p><p>Chysopathes oligocrada Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008: 51–54, figs. 1,2.</p><p>Type and type locality. USNM 1104648 (holotype), USNM 1104649, UMML 7.1157 (paratype): Gulf of México, 411–457 m ; MNRJ 4627 (paratype): off Salvador, Brazil, 761 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum branched primarily in single plane; usually only one or two orders of branching (three orders in some colonies). Arrangement of primary pinnules as described for genus; density 18–21 per cm. Lateral pinnules mostly 7–8 mm long (to 2 cm); slightly to distinctly longer than anterior and posterior pinnules. Anteriormost primary pinnules usually with one secondary pinnule arising near base, and only on outer side. Posterior primary pinnules occasionally with single secondary pinnule. Lateral primary pinnules usually simple, very rarely with single subpinnule. Tertiary pinnules absent. Spines simple, smooth, &lt;0.07 mm. Spines on middle and lower parts of pinnules conical and slightly inclined distally in side view; those on distal part of pinnules appearing more strongly inclined distally and with abaxial side extending basally down axis. Abaxial side of distal spines generally 2–4 times longer than adaxial side. Polyps 1.6 to 2.4 mm in transverse diameter; in single row with about three polyps per centimeter” (Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008).</p><p>Distribution. Gulf of México and off Bahia, Brazil (fig. 35) (Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008); from 411 m to 761 m depths (Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91CFF96F9EBFC16FD8AF491	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91CFF96F9EBFD90FB70F164.text	038F878BC91CFF96F9EBFD90FB70F164.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopathes Opresko 2003	<div><p>Genus Chrysopathes Opresko, 2003</p><p>Type-species. Chrysopathes formosa Opresko, 2003 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Primary pinnules arranged in six rows and also in alternating biserial groups of three pinnules each. In each group of three, lateral pinnule more distal than anterior or posterior pinnule. Subpinnules confined to anterior primary pinnules or present on lateral and posterior primaries as well. Subpinnules arranged irregularly, alternately, or in subopposite pairs. Secondary pinnules usually shorter than primary pinnules” (Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008).</p><p>Distribution. Pacific Ocean (Opresko, 2003), and western Atlantic (Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91CFF96F9EBFD90FB70F164	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC91CFF89F9EBF904FD7CF09D.text	038F878BC91CFF89F9EBF904FD7CF09D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopathes micracantha Opresko & Loiola 2008	<div><p>Chrysopathes micracantha Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Chrysopathes sp. Opresko, 2005; Loiola, 2007 (in part).</p><p>Chysopathes micracantha Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008: 54–58, figs. 3, 4, 5.</p><p>Type and type locality. USNM 1097219 (holotype): 29°50.9726’N, 79°37.5976’W, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.626625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.849543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.626625/lat 29.849543)">Flórida</a>, United States, 746–871 m ; USNM 77111 (paratype): 30°52’ N, 79°34’W, off Georgia, United States, 658 m; USNM 1086635 (paratype): 30°16.56’N 79°20.38’W, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.33967&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.33967/lat 30.276)">Florida</a>, 836 m ; MNRJ 5150 (paratype): 22°24.655’S 39°55.413’W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.92355&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.410917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.92355/lat -22.410917)">Bacia de Campos</a>, Brazil, 1130 m .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum planar to somewhat bushy with overlapping branches; branched to fifth order. Stem and branches pinnulate and subpinnulate. Arrangement of primary pinnules as described for genus; 24–33 primary pinnules per cm. Anterior and posterior primary pinnules on smallest branches with one or two (subopposite) secondary pinnules; lateral primary pinnules usually simple or rarely with single subpinnule. Subpinnules more abundant on primary pinnules on thickest branches and stem; one subopposite pair per primary in some cases. Tertiary pinnules present on some secondaries but not common. Spines on pinnules simple, smooth, often very distinctly inclined distally; usually not more than 0.06 mm tall (from middle of base to apex) but to 0.10 mm at tips of pinnules. Abaxial side of spines three to seven times longer than adaxial side. Spines on middle and lower parts of pinnules becoming more triangular and less distally inclined. Polyps 2.2–2.8 mm in transverse diameter; arranged in a single row on upper or lateral side of pinnules” (Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008).</p><p>Distribution. Western Atlantic, from USA to Brazil (fig. 35) (Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008); occurs at depths between 658 m and 1130 m (Opresko &amp; Loiola, 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC91CFF89F9EBF904FD7CF09D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC903FF89F9EBFD00FA8FF6FC.text	038F878BC903FF89F9EBFD00FA8FF6FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trissopathes Opresko 2003	<div><p>Genus Trissopathes Opresko, 2003</p><p>Type-species. Trissopathes pseudotristicha Opresko, 2003 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Primary pinnules arranged in four regular rows; subequal in size or with lateral/posterolateral primary pinnules longer than anterior ones. Lateral/posterolateral primary pinnules usually without subpinnules; anterior primaries simple or with up to six or more subpinnules. Subpinnules commonly arranged in subopposite pairs (rarely alternating)” (Opresko, 2003).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Trissopathes Opresko, 2003 comprises three species [ T. tetracrada Opresko, 2003, T. pseudotristicha Opresko, 2003 and T. tristicha (Van Pesch, 1914)], distributed in the Indian Ocean and on Pacific seamounts (Opresko, 2003; Molodtsova, 2005). As yet, there is a single Atlantic record of T. tetracrada, off Cabo Verde Islands, between 1450 and 2220 m (Opresko, 2003). To distinguish between groups of pinnules/subpinnules and the formation of new branches, it is necessary to check the size and arrangement of the pinnules on the branches. Thus, large pinnule-like processes, with subpinnules, grouped in four rows are considered herein as new branches.</p><p>Distribution. North Pacific, IndoPacific, the Great Australian Bight and Atlantic (Opresko, 2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC903FF89F9EBFD00FA8FF6FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC903FF8BF9EBFAEEFD8FF0D5.text	038F878BC903FF8BF9EBFAEEFD8FF0D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trissopathes Opresko 2003	<div><p>Trissopathes sp.</p><p>Fig. 7, 9</p><p>Material examined. ERG –078, SA–MAR ECO / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.419502&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.2748" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.419502/lat -30.2748)">Marion Dufresni Cruise</a>, circular dredge, Rio Grande Rise, 30º16’29.28”S, 36º25’10.2”W; 1200–1300 m, date: 22/06/2011 (MNRJ 8596, six fragments) .</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Six fragments, branched to the 3rd order, with pinnulation damaged (Fig. 7a). Larger fragment 21.20 cm long, with stem 3.67 mm thick. Pinnules in four rows, two posterior/laterals and two anterior, in a density of 15 per centimeter. Anterior rows very close to each other, appearing to form a single row. Length of lateral pinnules mostly 7–11 mm, but up to 22 mm, inclined towards the distal end (50°–80°) (Fig. 7b). Length of anterior primary pinnules mostly between 5 and 9 mm, sometimes reaching 15 mm. Basal diameter of lateral pinnules 0.1–0.3 mm. Distance between cycles of lateral pinnules 1.5–2 mm. Subpinnules occurring in number of two to five per primary anterior pinnule, arranged in subopposition, rarely alternate. Tertiary pinnules absent in all fragments. Insertion of secondary pinnules on anterior primary pinnules in angles between 80° and 120°. Secondary pinnules up to 23 mm, especially the most proximal pair. Spines conical, inclined upwards the tips of the pinnule, arranged in three to four longitudinal rows, visible in lateral view (Fig. 7 c–d). No distinction between polypar and abpolypar spines, sometimes very small (&lt;0.017 mm) or absent, and adjacent spines in the same row can be of different sizes. Size of spines on anterior pinnules 0.019–0.05 mm; size of spines on secondary pinnules 0.019 –0.038 mm; size of spines on lateral pinnules 0.017 –0.048 mm. Distance between spines in a same row usually 1 mm on secondary pinnules; 0.6–0.7 mm on anterior pinnules; and 0.60–1.14 mm on lateral pinnules. Base of spines 0.09–0.20 mm thick. Polyps not visualized (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. Trissopathes sp. differs from Trisopathes tetracrada Opresko, 2003 and Trissopathes pseudotristicha Opresko, 2003 mainly in subpinnulation pattern. Trissopathes tetracrada has sparse subpinnules (usually one subpinnule per anterior primary pinnule, varying between 0 and 2), in contrast with 2–6 subpinnules in Trissopathes sp.. Similarly, T. pseudotristicha shows a single pair of subpinnules per anterior primary. Trissopathes tristicha has the most dense subpinnulation pattern within the genus, with more than six secondary pinnules per anterior primary (Opresko, 2003). Both T. tristicha and Trissopathes sp. have the rows of anterior pinnules aligned very close to each other, appearing to form a single row. However, the latter shows longer anterior pinnules (15 mm) on the median portion of older branches, occasionally longer than the lateral pinnules. Longer anterior pinnules were also described by Opresko (2003) in specimens of T. tristicha from the Philippines. But the specimen described here also differs from T. tristicha by having smaller spines (0.20–0.28 mm in T. tristicha, and 0.017–0.05 mm herein). The shape of the spines in Trissopathes sp. is also less acicular than those in T. tristicha, and more similar to those of T. tetracrada . However, the state of the specimen studied here, with damaged pinnules, fractured stem and absence of polyps prevents the description of a new species for this material. Additional studies and more specimens collected from the region are needed to clarify whether the observed characteristics correspond to differences with taxonomic significance or whether they represents intraspecific variation. This is the first record of the genus Trissopathes in the southwestern Atlantic (Fig. 9).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC903FF8BF9EBFAEEFD8FF0D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC901FF8DF9EBFCF8FB28F3CE.text	038F878BC901FF8DF9EBFCF8FB28F3CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trissopathes tristicha (Van Pesch 1914)	<div><p>Trissopathes cf. tristicha (Van Pesch, 1914)</p><p>Fig. 8, 9</p><p>Parantipathes (?) tristicha van Pesch, 1914: 99-101 .</p><p>Trissopathes tristicha: Opresko, 2003: 511–515, figs. 9,10.</p><p>Types and type locality. ZMA Coel. 3005 (holotype): 3º27’S, 131º0.5’E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.00833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.00833/lat -3.45)">western Pacific</a>, Ceram Sea, 567 m.</p><p>Material examined. ERG –024–22, Rio Grande Rise, 30º46’35.4”S, 35º3’35.64”W; 1600 m, dredge (MNRJ 8601, two fragments). ERG –225, Rio Grande Rise, dredge, 31º0’42.12”S, 35º48’11.16”W; 1100–1500 m, date: 07/02/2012 (MNNRJ 8581, one fragment). ERG -005, SA-MAR ECO /Marion Dufresni, Rio Grande Rise, dredge, 30º0’33.84”S, 36º8’37.32”W; 1280–1380 m, date: 24/06/2011 (MNRJ 8590, one fragment).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum sparsely branched; pinnulate and subpinnulate. Primary pinnules in four rows; two rows on the anterior side of the axis and two posterolateral rows. Pinnules in anterior rows oftem aligned such that they appear as a single row when branch is viewed in cross section. Secondary pinnules present only on anterior primary pinnules, and arranged bilaterally; usually suboppositely, but sometimes offset to varying degrees. Two or more pairs of secondary pinnules on each anterior pinnule. Tertiary pinnules absent. Posterolateral primary pinnules mostly 1–1.5 cm long and inclined distally relative to the branch. Anterior primary pinnules mostly 0.5 cm in length, but sometimes as long as posterolaterals. Secondary pinnules lying in the same plane as the anterior primary pinnules on which they occur and of varying length, with basal ones (relative to the direction of the anterior pinnule) longest, and sometimes nearly as long as posterolateral primary pinnules. Pinnular spines simple, smooth, conical to acicular, inclined distally; up to 0.28 mm tall from center of base to apex (largest ones usually on secondary pinnules); arranged in irregular axial rows, three to five of which can be seen in lateral view; with two to three spines per millimetre in each row. Spines reduced in size on branches and stem. Polyps unknown (Opresko, 2003).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Four fragments branched up to fifth order, and pinnulated, with branches occurring mainly in one plane (Fig. 8a). Angle of insertion of the branches of approximately 50 ° toward the distal end of the coral. Pinnules arranged in four rows, two posterior/lateral rows and two anterior rows. Anterior rows of primary pinnules aligned, appearing to form a single row. Length of posterolateral primary pinnules up to 20 mm, usually between 7 and 10 mm, inclined toward the distal end, with distal angle between 50° and 80° (Fig. 8b). Length of anterior primary pinnules usually between 3 and 7 mm, up to 10 mm. Diameter close to the base of the posterolateral pinnules between 0.17 and 0.4 mm, usually between 0.2 and 0.3 mm. Distance between cycles of posterolateral pinnules mainly of 1.5 to 2.5 mm, reaching 4 mm. Number of primary pinnules per centimetre between 10 and 15, but up to 18 per centimetre in MNRJ 8581. Subpinnules occurring on the anterior primaries, number of 2 to 6 per anterior primary pinnule, appearing in sub-opposition, rarely alternately. Length of secondary pinnules up to 12 mm in specimen MNRJ 8590. Basal diameter of secondary pinnules up to 0.5 mm in specimen MNRJ 8601. Tertiary pinnules were absent in all analyzed samples. Angle of insertion of the secondary pinnules on the anterior primary of 80° to 120°. Conical spines, inclined towards the distal end of the pinnule, arranged in three to four rows visible in lateral view (Fig. 8 c–d). Size of spines usually varying between 0.05 and 0.07 mm, but up to 0.15 mm. Width of the base of the spines varying between 0.06 and 0.2 mm. Distance between spines of the same row variable, usually near to 0.6 mm. Polyps not visualized (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens described here as Trissopathes cf. tristicha differ from Trissopathes sp. (MNRJ 8596) especially in the size of the spines. In MNRJ 8596 the spines reach up to 0.05 mm in height, whereas in the specimens described here as Trissopathes cf. tristicha spines were observed reaching up to 0.15 mm on anterior and secondary pinnules. As described for Trissopathes tristicha (see Opresko, 2003), the material from the Rio Grande Rise presents anterior pinnules with up to 6 subpinnules. However, the spines of our specimens are smaller than those in the type of T. tristicha (up to 0.15 mm in T. cf. tristicha, and up to 0.225 mm in the holotype). These differences may indicate the existence of a wide range of variation in the size of spines for species of the genus Trissopathes . Lastly, Trissopathes cf. tristicha differs from Trisopathes tetracrada and Trissopathes pseudotristicha mainly in subpinnulation pattern, a characteristic that is diagnostic for species of the genus (see Table 1).</p><p>Distribution. Philippines and South Australia (Van Pesch, 1914; Opresko, 2003) and southwestern Atlantic, Rio Grande Rise (herein) (Fig. 9); from 430 m (Opresko, 2003) to 1600 m depths (this work).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC901FF8DF9EBFCF8FB28F3CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC906FF8CF9EBFDD8FC4EF6D8.text	038F878BC906FF8CF9EBFDD8FC4EF6D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leiopathes Haime 1849	<div><p>Genus Leiopathes Haime, 1849</p><p>Type-species. Antipathes glaberrima Esper, 1792 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum irregularly sympodially branched but not pinnulate; branching multidirectional or flabellate. Branchlets arranged irregularly, loosely bilateral or uniserial, usually bent to some degree. Spines small, simple with smooth surface; triangular, conical or blister-shaped, often poorly developed or absent on older parts of the corallum. Polyps with 12 mesenteries; round with well-developed tentacles, arranged in a single row at terminal branchelets. Adjacent polyps often unequal” (Molodtsova, 2011).</p><p>Remarks. Phylogenetic studies (using mtIGRs, CO3-CO1, and nuclear sequences 18S and 28S), match with well-defined diagnostic features, pointing to the monophyly of the monogeneric Family Leiopathidae, which may require the establishment of a higher taxonomic status (Brugler et al., 2013; Wagner &amp; Opresko, 2015). The genus Leiopathes is composed of nine species which have been widely recorded around the globe, at depths ranging from 37 to 2400 m, but no records for the South Atlantic hitherto. Within the genus Leiopathes, there are two easily distinguishable forms in terms of branching patterns: sparsely branched forms with long terminal branches [ L. glaberrima (Esper, 1792); L. valdiviae (Pax, 1915); L. acanthophora Opresko, 1998; L. bullosa Opresko,1998; L. montana Molodtsova, 2011; and L. annosa Wagner &amp; Opresko, 2015] and forms with short fan-shaped branches ( L. expansa Johnson, 1899; L. grimaldii Roule, 1902; and L. secunda Opresko, 1998). In the latter group, the terminal branches usually occur on the convex side of larger, fan-shaped branches (Molodtsova, 2011; Opresko, 1998).</p><p>Distribution. Indian Ocean, Atlantic and Hawaii (Molodtsova, 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC906FF8CF9EBFDD8FC4EF6D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC906FF8CF9EBFF40FB35F3B5.text	038F878BC906FF8CF9EBFF40FB35F3B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leiopathidae Haeckel 1896	<div><p>Family Leiopathidae Haeckel, 1896</p><p>Diagnosis. “Polyps with six primary and six secondary mesenteries. Primary (pm) and secondary mesenteries (sm) complete, attached to both inner wall of oral cone and actinopharynx. Secondary mesenteries located between transverse primary mesenteries (tpm) and sagittal primary mesenteries (spm); two on one side and four on opposite side of transverse axis, with one-half of each complement occurring on each side of sagittal axis; clockwise pattern described by sequence tpm-sm-spm-spm-sm-tpm-sm-sm-spm-spm-sm-sm. New polyps developing from coenenchymal surface between older polyps, as well as at distal end of branchlets” (Opresko, 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC906FF8CF9EBFF40FB35F3B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC906FF81F9EBFACDFEBAF006.text	038F878BC906FF81F9EBFACDFEBAF006.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leiopathes glaberrima (Esper 1792)	<div><p>Leiopathes glaberrima (Esper, 1792)</p><p>Figs. 10, 11, 12</p><p>? Antipathes clathrata Pallas, 1766: 212; Esper, 1788: pl. 2; Esper, 1792: 141; Lamarck 1815: 475; Lamarck, 1816: 309; Lamouroux, 1816: 382.</p><p>? Arachnopathes clathrata Milne–Edwards, Haime, 1857: 320; Brook, 1889:164;</p><p>Antipathes glaberrima Esper, 1792: 160, pl. 9 (1–5); Lamarck, 1815: 471; Lamarck, 1816: 306; Dana, 1846: 585; Pourtalès, 1880: 118, pl. 3(2, 28); Koch, 1889:194; Pesch, 1914: 86; Pax, Müller, 1955:107; 1964:104; Tyler, Zibrowius, 1992: 217.</p><p>Leiopathes glaberrima Haime, 1849: 284 –287; Gray, 1857: 290; Milne–Edwards, Haime, 1857: 322; Brook, 1889: 95, pl.4 (8–9), pl.12 (21–22), pl.15 (3–5); Silberfeld, 1909: 4; van Pesch, 1914: 76–77; Gravier, 1918a: 343;1918b: 225;, 1921: 14; Opresko, 1974: 116; Grasshoff, 1989: 215; Grasshoff, 1990: 361; Van der Land &amp; Opresko, 2001:109; Opresko, 1998: 99, 100, 101, 107, 110; Molodtsova, 2011: 52–64; fig 3, 5, 6; Wagner e Opresko, 2015: 277–289; fig 5; Molodtsova, 2014: 4–5; Grasshoff, 1985a: 73.</p><p>? Antipathes boscii Lamouroux, 1816: 375, pl. 14 (5); Dana, 1846: 584; Milne–Edwards, Haime, 1857: 318.</p><p>? Leiopathes boscii Gray, 1857: 290 .</p><p>? Antipathes dichotoma (non Pallas, 1766) Gray, 1832: 41.</p><p>? Antipathes dissecta Duchassaing, Michelotti, 1864: 142; Pourtalès, 1871: 53.</p><p>non Leiopathes glaberrima Johnson, 1899: 817; Opresko &amp; Baron–Szabo, 2001: 16–17 (complete list of synonyms).</p><p>Type and type locality. SMF 5887 (holotype), Sea of Naples, depth unknown .</p><p>Material examined. ERG–165, Rio Grande Rise, 30º12’49.68”S, 36º50’9.6”W; 750–800 m, date: 11/02/2012 (MNRJ 8599, 10 frozen specimens). PROA, off Santa Catarina, Brazil, 28º15’0”S, 47º7’0.001”W; 360 m, date: 23/09/2002 (MNRJ 6585, 1 fragment). Rio Grande Rise, 30º44’4.2”S, 36º44’51”W; Initial depth: 650 m; final depth: 585 m. PROERG/ CPRM. ERG–185. Dredge 03/12/2012 (MNRJ 8579, 1 fragment). Rio Grande Rise, 30º12’49.68”S, 36º50’9.6”W; Initial depth: 750 m; final depth: 800 m. PROERG/ CPRM. EST.: ERG–165. Date 11/02/2012. Amostr.: Dredge (MNRJ 8593, 35 fragments).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum with long, crooked and irregular branches. Terminal branchlets usually 1–2 cm long, but up to 4 cm; 0.2–0.7 mm in basal diameter; 1–2 cm apart from each other, and usually arising at right angles from the branchlets from which they depart. Spines small, conical, simple and smooth; 0.02–0.06 mm high; absent on larger branches and stem. Polyps variable in size, 0.7–2.0 mm in diameter; equally wide in both sagittal and transverse axes; or slightly longer along sagittal axis; occurring in a density of 4–7 per centimeter (adapted from Opresko &amp; Baron–Szabo, 2001 and Molodtsova, 2011).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Corallum sympodial irregularly branched, without pinnules, with branches in more than one plane (Fig. 10a). Corallum usually branched up to the 8th order (Fig. 11a). Terminal branchlets arising irregularly on lower order branches (Fig. 10b). Terminal branchlets measuring between 3 and 40 mm in length, more common 7–30 mm (Fig. 11b). Diameter of terminal branchlets near the base between 0.19 and 0.5 mm, usually close to 0.3 mm. Diameter of tips of terminal branchlets approximately 0.1 mm, ranging between 0.05 and 0.19 mm. Corallum brownish. Angle of insertion of branches between 30° and 70°, being more common between 40° and 60°. Distance between adjacent branchlets 2–5 mm, ranging from 3 to 8 mm, with 3–5 branchlets per centimeter. Spines arranged in up to 6 rows (in lateral view), but usually 3–4, absent on larger branches and stem, with tips round and smooth (Fig. 10 c–d; Fig. 11 c–d). Spines 0.02–0.07 mm high, being more common 0.02–0.05 mm. Width of base of spines varying between 0.036 and 0.100 mm. Spines in a same row 0.09–0.95 mm apart, in densities of 2–5 spines per millimeter. Polyps 0.9–2.3 mm in diameter, with density of 4–6 polyps per centimeter.</p><p>Remarks. Leiopathes glaberrima (Esper, 1792) is the oldest name within the family Leiopathidae, and has been mistakenly reported for several localities (Molodtsova, 2011; Wagner &amp; Opresko, 2015). The species was redescribed by Opresko &amp; Baron-Szabo (2001), based on the specimens collected by Brook (1889), since the type is incomplete. The specimen described here presents terminal branchlets with a slightly thicker basal diameter than that described by Molodtsova (2011) (up to 0.50 mm in our specimens, and about 0.22 mm in Molodtsova, 2011), but within the range provided by Opresko &amp; Baron-Szabo (2001) (0.5–0.7 mm). The present record of Leiopathes glaberrima (off Santa Catarina), reinforces the tropical/temperate distribution indicated for this species (Wagner &amp; Opresko, 2015).</p><p>Distribution. Wide geographic distribution, with type locality in the Mediterranean Sea, Naples Sea (Opresko &amp; Baron–Szabo, 2001); north Atlantic, including Caribbean Sea (Wagner &amp; Opresko, 2015); southwestern Atlantic, Rio Grande Rise (herein), and Brazil, off Santa Catarina (herein) (Fig. 12); from 37 m (Opresko, 2009) to 2400 m depths (Smithsonian, USNM 1112700, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/ search/iz/&gt;).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC906FF81F9EBFACDFEBAF006	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC90BFF81F9EBFABCFAE4F4BA.text	038F878BC90BFF81F9EBFABCFAE4F4BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myriopathidae Opresko 2001	<div><p>Family Myriopathidae Opresko, 2001 a</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial or branched; branching irregular or pseudodichotomous. Stem and branches usually pinnulate to varying degrees of regularity. Primary pinnules simple or subpinnulate. Pinnular spines relatively large (maximum height of polypar spines at least two times width along the base), acute, conical, or slightly compressed and blade-like; smooth or finely papillose. Polypar spines generally larger than abpolypar spines. Spines increasing in density on larger branches and stem; becoming acicular and often bifid, trifid, or dendritic. Polyps 0.5–1.0 mm (usually 0.6–0.8 mm) in transverse diameter, with distinct interpolypar space 0.2–0.4 mm in width (in preserved material). Tentacles of fully expanded polyps relatively short and rounded at apex” (Opresko, 2001 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC90BFF81F9EBFABCFAE4F4BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC90BFF80F9EBF928FCCAF396.text	038F878BC90BFF80F9EBF928FCCAF396.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanacetipathes Opresko 2001	<div><p>Genus Tanacetipathes Opresko 2001 b</p><p>Type-species. Antipathes tanacetum Pourtalès, 1880 (by original designation: Opresko, 2001 b).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial or branched. Stem and branches columnar (bottlebrush); pinnulate and subpinnulate to the third or fourth order. Primary pinnules arranged in four to six regular rows and in alternating biserial groups of two or three pinnules each. Secondary pinnules primarily on lateral sides of primaries and usually developed more extensively on abpolypar side of primaries. One or more uniserial tertiary pinnules present on the abpolypar side of the lowermost secondary pinnules. Quartenary pinnules present in some species” (Opresko, 2001 a).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Tanacetipathes Opresko, 2001 b includes 11 species of corals that resemble “bottle-brushes” found only in the Atlantic Ocean. The genus is one of the largest taxa of the family, presenting well-defined diagnostic characteristics, which refer to the probable monophyly of the group (Opresko, 2001; Brugler et al., 2013).</p><p>Distribution. Restricted to the Atlantic (Opresko, 2001 b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC90BFF80F9EBF928FCCAF396	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC90AFF82F9EBFE04FBCDF305.text	038F878BC90AFF82F9EBFE04FBCDF305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanacetipathes tanacetum (Pourtales 1880)	<div><p>Tanacetipathes tanacetum (Pourtalès, 1880)</p><p>Figs. 13, 14</p><p>Antipathes tanacetum Pourtalès, 1880: 116, pl. 3, fig. 13; Brook, 1889: 162; Opresko, 1972: 984–986, tab. 2, fig. 7; Echeverría &amp; Castro, 1995: 1–7, figs. 2–5 (part);</p><p>Tanacetipathes tanacetum: Opresko, 2001 a: 358 –361, figs 11a, 12d; Opresko, 2001 b: 349, figs. 7–10; Pérez et al., 2005: 3–8, figs 1–4; Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005: 12–19, figs 7–10; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005: 502, fig 12; Loiola, 2007: 256–257.</p><p>Type and type locality. MCZ 57361 (lectotype): Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 13º12’9.972”N 61º17’17.988”W, 173 m.</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, off Rio Grande do Norte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7333302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.433334/lat -4.7333302)">Potiguar</a> basin, 4º43’59.988”S, 36º25’59.999”W; depth 101–108 m. Programa de Caracterização da Bacia Potiguar, PETROBRAS, Date: 05/2011 (MOUFPE–CNI 351, 48 specimens) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum monopodial or rarely with branches up to the 2nd order, arising near to the colony base, pinnulated; the primary pinnules are arranged biserially mainly in four rows; however in places a few pinnules corresponding to a 5th and 6th row also occur. The posterior primary pinnules are the longest and the anterior primaries (corresponding to the 5th and 6th rows) are the shortest. The posterior primary pinnules are up to 1.2 cm long in holotype, and about 0.25 mm in diameter near the base (excluding spines). Maximum length of anterior primary pinnules 3–19 mm. There are one to three secondary pinnules on the posterior primary pinnules, usually arranged uniserially on the abpolypar side of the axis. The secondaries closest to the base of the posterior primaries are up to 6 mm long. The small anterior pinnules lack subpinnules. Tertiary pinnules, mostly one or two, but sometimes three, are present on many of the secondaries, usually on the abpolypar side, about 3 mm in length or less. The polypar spines on the primary pinnules are 0.08–0.12 mm tall, as measured from the middle of the base to the apex. The abpolypar spines are 0.07–0.09 mm. Some of the spines possess small, flattened, oval to elongated papillae on the middle of their surface. The polyps are 0.6 to 0.8 mm in transverse diameter; 10–13 per centimeter (adapted from Perez et al., 2005).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Corallum monopodial, rarely with branches up to the 2nd order, in bottlebrush form, whose primary pinnules are usually arranged in 4 rows (Fig. 13a). Posterior primary pinnules longer than the anterior primaries, with length between 6 and 20 mm, varying according to size of the studied colony. Anterior primary pinnules usually with a length between 5 and 7 mm. Distance between one cycle of primary pinnules and another of approximately 1 mm. Angle between posterior primary pinnule and anterior primary pinnule (polypar and abpolypar sides, respectively) of about 45°. Angle between two anterior primary pinnules or two posterior primary pinnules (polypar/polypar sides or abpolypar/abpolypar, respectively) of approximately 160°. A few secondary pinnules usually located near the proximal end of posterior primary pinnules. Number of secondary pinnules per posterior primary between 3 and 7, but more commonly between 4 and 5 (Fig. 13 b–c). Tertiary pinnnules rarely present, usually 1 or 2 per secondary pinnule when present. Spines conical and with a few papillae. Polypar spines varying between 0.048 mm and 0.11 mm in height (Fig. 13d), and 0.12–0.18 mm apart within each row. Size of abpolypar spines between 0.036 mm and 0.06 mm. Polyps not present (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. The lectotype of T. tanacetum was designated by Pérez et al. (2005). The material studied here shows posterior primary pinnules slightly longer than those described for the type (up to 2 cm in the Potiguar Basin material, compared to 1.2 cm in the lectotype). The specimens of Tanacetipathes tanacetum described herein have spines slightly smaller than those reported in the literature [0.07–0.12 mm in lectotype (Pérez et al., 2005); 0.13–0.3 mm in Opresko &amp; Sanchez (2005); 0.04–0.27 mm in Loiola &amp; Castro (2005) for Brazilian specimens; 0.048–0.11 mm in the present work]. The secondary pinnules of the Potiguar Basin specimens are larger than those described for the lectotype [up to 13 mm in the present work; 6 mm in the lectotype (Pérez et al., 2005)], but are within the size range quoted in Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005 for specimens of T. tanacetum on the coast of the state of Bahia, Brazil (up to 22 mm in length). Furthermore, the size of the spines is similar to that found in the lectotype [0.07–0.12 mm (Pérez et al., 2005)], and the shape and density of the spines and the pinnulation pattern justify identifying our specimens as this taxon. The typical morphotype of T. tanacetum also differs from specimens from the Potiguar Basin, as the first usually have uniserial secondary pinnules, shorter anterior primary pinnules and shorter proximal secondary pinnules in comparison to the later. However, information on variability boundaries within this species is still wanting.</p><p>This is the first record of the species for the Potiguar RN Basin. Pourtalès (1880), in the original description of the species, emphasizes the presence of a “parasitic worm”, similar to that which produces the tube in Stylopathes columnaris . The association between T. tanacetum and polychaetes of the species Parahololepidella greeffi is also recorded here. Pettibone (1991) points out the symbiosis between Tanacetipathes tanacetum and polychaetes of the species Antipathipolyeunoa nuttingi Pettibone, 1991, presenting an identification key for this group of Annelida based mainly on the black coral species to which it is associated.</p><p>Distribution. Atlantic Ocean: off Bermuda (Cairns et al., 1986), Gulf of México (Opresko, 2009) and Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, Parcel Manuel Luís (Opresko, 1972), Atol das Rocas (Opresko, 1972), Bacia Potiguar (this work), off Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005), and Cadeia Vitória—Trindade (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005) (Fig. 14); from 26 m (Smithsonian, USNM 53472, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/&gt;) to 1362 m depths (Castro et al., 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC90AFF82F9EBFE04FBCDF305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC908FF84F9EBFBBDFF79F199.text	038F878BC908FF84F9EBFBBDFF79F199.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanacetipathes barbadensis (Brook 1889)	<div><p>Tanacetipathes barbadensis (Brook, 1889)</p><p>Figs. 15, 16</p><p>Aphanipathes barbadensis Brook, 1889: 128, Pl. II, fig. 10; Pl. XI, fig. 4; Warner, 1981: 151–152, figs. 8–9;</p><p>Tanacetipathes barbadensis: Opresko 2001 a: 358 –361, figs. 11b e 12a; 2001b: 349; Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005: 5–10, figs 4–5; Opresko &amp; Sanchez 2005: 502–503, fig 13; Loiola, 2007: 256–257;</p><p>Antipathes hirta: Echeverría, 2002: 1072–1075, figs. 5–7, tabs. 2–3 [non Tanacetipathes hirta (Gray, 1857)].</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1886.6.14.4.5 (holotype), Barbados, depth unknown .</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, off Rio Grande do Norte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7333302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.433334/lat -4.7333302)">Bacia Potiguar</a>, 4º43’59.988”S, 36º25’59.999”W; depth 101–108 m. Programa de Caracterização da Bacia Potiguar, PETROBRAS, Date: 05/2011 (MOUFPE–CNI 349, 15 specimens) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum unbranched, sparsely branched, or branched to the 5th order or more; stem and branches pinnulate in a bottlebrush pattern, with up to three orders of pinnules. Primary pinnules in 4–5 (rarely 6) rows. The lower pinnules bear one or two short, simple or forked, secondary processes which are turned downwards, and situated near the base of each pinnule. The stem is 30 cm long, and the pinnules vary from 1.3 to 2.5 cm, with an average length of about 2 cm. The spines are strong, elongate, much compressed, and arranged in irregular, steep, dextrorse spirals as well as in longitudinal rows. Polypar spines mostly 0.20–0.25 mm tall, but up 0.30 mm from midpoint of base to apex, 0.03–0.08 mm wide at the base; abpolypar spines smaller, slenderer, and more distally inclined than polypar spines, 0.03–0.15 mm tall, 0.01–0.06 mm wide at the base. Six rows may be counted from one aspect of a pinnule, the members of a row being about one length apart. Polyps 0.5–0.8 mm in transverse diameter, 9–14 per centimeter, in 1 or 2 rows, with small spaces between adjacent ones (adapted from Brook, 1889 and Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Corallum monopodial unbranched or branched to the 1st order, with branches arising near the base (Fig. 15a). Stem and branches in a bottlebrush pattern, with pinnules in up to 6 rows. Secondary pinnules inclined towards the distal end of the primary posterior pinnules, anterior primary pinnules rarely exhibiting subpinnulation. One to four secondary pinnules per posterior primary pinnule; but usually with only 2 or 3 long secondary pinnules at the proximal end of the posterior primary pinnule (Fig. 15 b–c). Tertiary pinnules, if present, no more than three, close to the proximal end of the secondary pinnule. Length of posterior primary pinnules variable, but generally measuring between 10 mm and 26 mm. Length of anterior primary pinnules between 3 and 12 mm. Secondary pinnules between 2 and 12 mm in length, most often close to 6 mm. Spines smooth and conical, arranged in 5 to 6 rows as viewed with an Optical Microscope (M.O.) (Fig. 15d). Polypar spines usually near 0.144 mm, but up to 0.216 mm; abpolypar spines with ranging from 0.048 mm to 0.084 mm. Distance between spines in a row 0.12–0.18 mm, with approximately 4 spines per millimeter in each row. Polyps not present (tissue lost).</p><p>Remarks. Tanacetipathes barbadensis (Brook, 1889) resembles Tanacetipathes tanacetum (Pourtalès, 1880) in the pattern of pinnulation and morphometry of the spines. Both species can be distinguished mainly by the number of secondary pinnules per posterior primary. Tanacetipathes tanacetum presents from 3 to 7, while T. barbadensis usually presents 3 or less than 3 secondary ones per posterior primary (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005). The specimens of T. barbadensis studied here have primary pinnules on the lower portion of the stem shorter than those reported for the species by other investigators (up to 30 mm long in the Potiguar Basin material, compared to 60 mm reported in Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005). However, the samples described in Loiola &amp; Castro (2005), also coming from the Brazilian continental shelf, presented posterior primary pinnules up to 45 mm in length. Thus, the smaller size of the pinnules may be indicative of an intraspecific variation of the Brazilian specimens. In the western Atlantic, Tanacetipathes barbadensis has the shallowest depth distribution among species of the genus, with a bathymetric interval between 8 and 100 m. The present work is the first record of the species for the Potiguar Basin, Rio Grande do Norte. The samples studied here hosted a species of polychaete, Parahololepidella greeffi (Augener, 1918) . This species, belonging to the family Polynoidae, was also observed in association with all the specimens of the Genus Tanacetipathes described in the present work. Previously, P. greeffi had been recorded only in association with Tanacetipathes spinescens (Gray, 1857) (Britayev et al., 2014) . The worms were found mainly on the main axis of the coral, and had a coloration very close to that of the antipatharians. However, no changes were seen in the skeletal morphology of the corals that could be interpreted as being induced by the polychaetes.</p><p>Distribution. Atlantic Ocean: off Barbados (Brook, 1889); Boca de Navios, NW Trinidad (Warner, 1981); Gulf of Mexico (Opresko, 2009) and Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, off Rio Grande do Norte, Bacia Potiguar (this work) and Abrolhos Bank (Loiola &amp; Castro 2005) (Fig. 16); from 8 m (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005) to 346 m depths (Opresko, 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC908FF84F9EBFBBDFF79F199	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC90EFFB9F9EBF93AFEE6F0CA.text	038F878BC90EFFB9F9EBF93AFEE6F0CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanacetipathes thamnea (Warner 1981)	<div><p>Tanacetipathes thamnea (Warner, 1981)</p><p>Fig. 17, 18</p><p>Antipathes thamnea Warner, 1981: 148–151, figs. 2–4;</p><p>Tanacetipathes thamnea: Opresko, 2001 a: 358 –361, fig. 12c; 2001b: 349. fig. 11; Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005: 19–23, fig. 11; Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005: 503–504, fig. 14; Loiola, 2007: 256–257.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1979.6.1.1–6 (syntypes): Boca de Navios, Trinidade, 30 m.</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, off Rio Grande do Norte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7333302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.433334/lat -4.7333302)">Bacia Potiguar</a>, 4º43’59.988”S, 36º25’59.999”W; depth 101–108 m. Programa de Caracterização da Bacia Potiguar, PETROBRAS, Date: 05/2011 (MOUFPE–CNI 350, 48 specimens) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Colonies mostly 20–40 cm high, but sometimes more than 50 cm, arising from holdfast of several cm 2. Branching irregular, usually in one plane and up to five orders. Branches pinnate, primary pinnules inclined distally through about 30º and arranged in four longitudinal rows. Pairs of primary pinnules arise alternately from sides of branches with about 2 mm between pairs on the same side. Members of pairs set at about 70º to each other, one member extends on polypar side of colony, the other extends on abpolypar side. Abpolypar pinnules 8–25 mm long, polypar pinnules 4–23 mm long. Angle between abpolypar rows about 115º and between polypar rows about 100º. Secondary pinnules usually numerous, 5–10 per 10 mm of primary pinnule, mostly arising from abpolypar side of primaries. Tertiary pinnules usually borne on inner edges of longer secondaries. Occasional specimens show reduced subpinnation with only one or two secondaries at base of abpolypar primaries. Spines smooth, sub-cylindrical, inclined distally through about 37º and arranged 1–2 spine lengths apart in alternating longitudinal rows: 6–8 rows at tips of pinnules. Spines 0.05–0.09 mm long (mean = 0.11, n = 50) on abpolypar side of pinnules and 0.09–0.21 mm (mean = 0.17, n = 50) on polypar side. Difference in length between polypar and abpolypar spines diminishes towards tips of pinnules. Spines on major branches oftem longer and more closely set than on pinnules. Polyps 0.52–0.64 mm long, arranged in rows 10–17 per cm along one side of pinnules. Tentacles 0.3–0.7 mm in live material and a third to half shorter in relaxed fixed material (Warner, 1981).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Colonies with pinnules in bottlebrush pattern, monopodial, unbranched or branched up to 2th order (Fig. 17a). Specimens 8 and 25 cm tall; primary pinnules usually arranged in four rows. Posterior primary pinnules longer than the anterior ones, length of posterior primary pinnules between 10 and 18 mm, but usually 14 to 16 mm; Length of anterior primary pinnules between 3 and 12 mm, but usually 9 to 11 mm. Secondary pinnules inclined toward the distal end of the primary pinnule. Number of secondary pinnules per posterior primary usually 10–15, but ranging between 7 and 20. (Fig. 17 b–c). Length of secondary pinnules mainly between 2 and 12 mm. Tertiary pinnules scarce, usually more abundant on the abpolypar side of the posterior primary pinnule, ranging from 1 to 4 tertiaries per posterior secondary pinnule. Angle between posterior primary pinnule and anterior primary pinnule (polypar and abpolypar sides, respectively) between 55° and 70°. Angle between two anterior primary pinnules or two posterior primary pinnules (polypar/polypar sides or abpolypar/abpolypar sides, respectively) between 115° and 130°. The abpolypar side of the posterior primary pinnule have more secondary pinnules compared to the polypar side. Spines smooth or with few papillae and slightly inclined toward the distal end of the pinnule or branch (Fig. 17d). Distance between spines mainly between 0.12 mm and 0.18 mm. Size of the polypar spines between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm; Abpolypar spines with size between 0.036 mm and 0.084 mm. Polyps not present (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. The material described here is very similar to the type series, differing only in some characteristics.</p><p>The samples from the Potiguar Basin are slightly smaller in terms of the total length of the stem (8 and 25 cm) compared to the syntypes described in Warner (1981), which have mean stem lengths between 20 and 40 cm. Warner (1981) also notes that the number of secondary pinnules per posterior primary is between 5 to 10 per 10 mm of primary pinnule, whereas it is also mentioned that a pinnule can reach up to 25 mm, and the number of secondaries per posterior primary can reach up to 25. We found colonies with more than 18 secondary pinnules per primary, the maximum number reported by Loiola &amp; Castro (2005). In regard to the number of tertiary pinnules, Loiola &amp; Castro (2005) reported the presence of one or two posterior tertiary pinnules per posterior secondary. In the work of Warner (1981) only the presence of a few tertiary pinnules inclined distally is described. The material studied in the present work presents from 1 to 4 tertiary pinnules per secondary, but four secondary pinnules is a rare feature in the samples, and one or two are more common, as described in Loiola &amp; Castro (2005). The density of the primary pinnules is higher mainly in the more distal regions of the colonies, as well as in larger colonies. This is the first record of the species for the Potiguar Basin RN, Brazil. The association between T. thamnea and polychaetes of the species Parahololepidella greeffi is also recorded here.</p><p>Distribution. Atlantic Ocean: Boca de Navios, NW Trinidad (Warner, 1981), Gulf of México (Opresko, 2009) and Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, off Rio Grande do Norte, Bacia Potiguar (this work), Bahia (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005) and Cadeia Vitória Trindade (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005) (Fig. 18); from 30 m (Warner, 1981) to 558 m depths (Castro et al., 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC90EFFB9F9EBF93AFEE6F0CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC933FFB9F9EBFCF8FF79F4DE.text	038F878BC933FFB9F9EBFCF8FF79F4DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanacetipathes hirta (Gray 1857)	<div><p>Tanacetipathes hirta (Gray, 1857)</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Antipathes hirta Gray, 1857: 293; Opresko, 1972: 979–984, tab 2, fig. 6; Warner, 1981: 151–152, figs. 5,6, 7; Edwards &amp; Lubbock, 1983: 68.</p><p>Antipathes picea Pourtalès, 1880: 115, pl. 3, figs. 9, 29; Brook 1889: 161.</p><p>Parantipathes hirta: Brook, 1889: 144, pl. 2, fig 11, pl. 11, fig. 1; Van Pesch, 1914: 20.</p><p>Tanacetipathes hirta: Opresko, 2001 a: 358 –361; 2001b: 349; Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005: 10–12, fig. 6; Castro et al., 2006: 163; Loiola, 2007: 257; Opresko, 2009: 362.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH (specimen not traced), Caribbean Sea, depth unknown .</p><p>Diagnosis. Colony sparsely branched up to the 5th order. The smaller branches are given off almost at right angles to the axis, but after a time arch upwards and take a subvertical direction. The branches are clothed with spirally arranged, short, slender pinnules, with 4–6 longitudinal rows of primary pinnules. Maximum length of primary anterior pinnules 14–24 mm (average 19.30 ± 3.56 mm), maximum length of posterior primary pinnules 19–30 mm (average 23.10 ± 3.28 mm). As in other forms, a pinnule, by increase in importance and the development of a secondary series of pinnules on all sides, becomes one of the smaller branchlets. Secondary pinnules up to 20 mm long (average maximum length 13.00 ± 3.91 mm). One to three tertiary pinnules, only on the abpolypar side of the proximal secondaries. The spines are of medium length, subcylindrical, and hooked upwards 6–10 longitudinal rows around the axis; polypar spines 0.07–0.18 mm tall, abpolypar, 0.03–0.11 mm; Polyps 0.7–0.8 mm in transverse diameter, in a single series along the pinnules; 10–12 per centimeter; tentacles 0.2 mm long (adapted from Brook, 1889 and Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005).</p><p>Distribution. Off Florida and Venezuela (Opresko, 1972), Caribbean Sea (Gray, 1857; Brook, 1889; Opresko, 1972; Warner, 1981; Opresko, 2009), São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (Edwards &amp; Lubbock, 1983), and off Brazil (fig. 35), near to 19° S (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005; Castro et al., 2006); from 13 m (Smithsonian, USNM 5858, identified by D. M. Opresko; available &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/&gt;) to 417 m depths (Castro et al., 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC933FFB9F9EBFCF8FF79F4DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC933FFB8F9EBF8CCFDD9F3B5.text	038F878BC933FFB8F9EBF8CCFDD9F3B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanacetipathes longipinnula Loiola & Castro 2005	<div><p>Tanacetipathes longipinnula Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Antipathes tanacetum: Echeverría &amp; Castro, 1995: 1–7, figs. 2–5 (part) [non Tanacetipathes tanacetum (Pourtalès, 1880)] Tanacetipathes longipinnula Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005: 24–26, fig. 14; Loiola, 2007: 257.</p><p>Type and type locality. MNRJ 5595 (holotype): 20º28’58.8”S, 36º4’59.88”W, off Vitória, Brazil, 50 m; MNRJ 5146 (paratype): 22º21’59.76”S, 37º34’59.988”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.58333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.3666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.58333/lat -22.3666)">Almirante Saldanha Bank</a>, Brazil, 240 m ; MNRJ 2367 (paratype): 22º25’59.88”S, 40º34’59.988”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.58333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.4333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.58333/lat -22.4333)">Cape of São Tomé</a>, Brazil, 106 m ; 23º0’59.976”S, 40º57’0”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.01666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.95/lat -23.01666)">Cabo Frio</a>, Brazil, 110 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial, with long posterior primary pinnules (maximum length 23–40 mm), long secondary pinnules (maximum length 47 mm), long tertiary pinnules (maximum length 28 mm), and short spines (0.15 mm or less) with small ornamentations; polyps not known” (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005).</p><p>Distribution. Off Rio de Janeiro and off Espírito Santo, Brazil (fig. 35) (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005). From 50 m to 240 m depth (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC933FFB8F9EBF8CCFDD9F3B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC932FFB8F9EBFDD9FE59F76F.text	038F878BC932FFB8F9EBFDD9FE59F76F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanacetipathes paula Perez & Costa 2005	<div><p>Tanacetipathes paula Pérez &amp; Costa, 2005</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Tanacetipathes paula Pérez &amp; Costa, 2005 in Pérez, Costa &amp; Opresko, 2005: 8–12, figs. 5–8; Nuttall, 2013.</p><p>Type and type locality. MNRJ 6031 (holotype): Archipelago Saint Peter Saint Paul, 53 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum branched to 6th order; stem and branches pinnulate in bottlebrush pattern with up to three orders of pinnules. Primary pinnules arranged in four regular rows and in alternating biserial groups. Secondary pinnules present on both groups. Secondary pinnules occurring on both polypar and abpolypar sides of primary pinnules; often arranged in subopposite pairs, especially nearer the base of primaries. First secondary pinnule on abpolypar side of lateral primary pinnule always longer that others. Secondary pinnules are also more common on the posterior primary pinnules, than they are on the anterior primary pinnules. Anterior primary pinnules always with two secondary pinnules arranged in subopposite pair nearer the base of primary. Tertiary pinnules present on secondary pinnules of posterior primary pinnules. Primary pinnules usually not more than 1.9 cm long; secondary pinnules usually less than 0.75 cm long; tertiary pinnules usually less than 0.3 mm in length. Spines on pinnules simple, elongate, conical, acute, slightly papillose, and inclined distally; polypar spines mostly 0.20 mm but up to 0.25 mm tall; abpolypar spines smaller, mostly 0.16 mm but up to 0.18 mm tall. Spines arranged in 6-8 rows as seen in one lateral view of a pinnule; five spines per millimetre in each row” (Pérez et. al., 2005).</p><p>Remarks. Loiola &amp; Castro (2005) suggest the synonymy of T. paula with T. thamnea (Warner, 1981) . However, the holotype of T. paula differs from the holotype T. thamnea by presenting a more extensive branching pattern, and lower density of subpinnules on the primary pinnules (Pérez et. al., 2005). In addition, T. thammea has more extensive biserial subpinnulation and is typically monopodial or only sparsely branched somewhat in a plane (Opresko, 2001).</p><p>Distribution. Off Archipelago Saint Peter Saint Paul (fig. 35), 53 m (Pérez et. al., 2005) and Northwestern Gulf of Mexico (Nuttall, 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC932FFB8F9EBFDD9FE59F76F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC932FFB8F9EBFA1EFEAEF5AA.text	038F878BC932FFB8F9EBFA1EFEAEF5AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanacetipathes thalassoros Loiola & Castro 2005	<div><p>Tanacetipathes thalassoros Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Tanacetipathes thalassoros Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005: 27–29, fig. 15; Loiola, 2007: 257.</p><p>Type and type locality. MNRJ 3414 (holotype): 20º0’0”S, 30º0’0”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-30.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -30.0/lat -20.0)">Trindade Island</a>, Brazil, 100 m ; MNRJ 5148 (paratype): 20º36’0”S, 35º51’0”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.85/lat -20.6)">Jaseur</a> bank, Brazil, 50 m ; MNRJ 3401 (paratype): 20º56’60”S, 34º57’57.6”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.966&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.949999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.966/lat -20.949999)">Doga Ressa</a> bank, Brazil, 100 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum with branches arising far from the colony base, resulting in a fan shape; posterior primary pinnules with up to 42 (more frequently 11–15) secondaries. Two to five tertiary pinnules, irregularly distributed on both proximal and distal secondary pinnules. Spines short (less than 0.14 mm), smooth or with small ornamentations. Polyps not known. (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005).</p><p>Distribution. Trindade Island, Brazil (fig. 35) (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005); from 50 m to 100 m depths (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC932FFB8F9EBFA1EFEAEF5AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC931FFBBF9EBFF40FCF0F3D4.text	038F878BC931FFBBF9EBFF40FCF0F3D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antipathella Brook 1889	<div><p>Genus Antipathella Brook, 1889</p><p>Type-species. Antipathes subpinnata Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786 (by subsequent designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum sparsely to densely branched, with simple elongate branchlets or pinnules. Branchlets/pinnules of varying length, and arranged in one to four rows of varying regularity. Branches of corallum usually long and ascending. Branchlets/pinnules generally thin and flexible. (Opresko, 2001 a).</p><p>Distribution. Mediterranean Sea (Opresko, 2001 a), North Atlantic (Opresko, 2001 a), South Atlantic, Ascension Island (Opresko, 2014), and New Zeland (Opresko, 2001 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC931FFBBF9EBFF40FCF0F3D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC931FFBBF9EBFDF9FE8FF466.text	038F878BC931FFBBF9EBFDF9FE8FF466.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antipathella wollastoni (Gray 1857)	<div><p>Antipathella wollastoni (Gray, 1857)</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Antipathes subpinnata Gray, 1857: 293 (non Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786)</p><p>Antipathes wollastoni Gray, 1857: 293 (the name is given following the description of the specimen Gray assigned to Antipathes subpinnata).</p><p>Aphanipathes? wollastoni: Brook, 1889: 126–128, pl XI, fig. 6.</p><p>Antipathella wollastoni: Opresko, 2001 a: 367 –368; Ocaña et al., 2006: 125–138, figs. 1–7; Opresko, 2014: 2, fig. 1B.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH (specimen not traced), Madeira Island, depth unknown .</p><p>Diagnosis. “The whole specimen, which is without base, is about 56 cm. high, and broken into several pieces. The diameter of the stem is a little over 6 mm. The mode of branching is irregular. The main branches bear smaller, straight, or slightly arched, branchlets, varying from 7 to 13 cm. in length, which have a series of simple pinnules 0.6 to 4 cm. long coming off from all sides of the axis and directed obliquely. A number of branchlets clothed with pinnules arise at intervals directly from the stem as well as from the main branches. In the upper portions of the colony the terminal parts of the main branches appear like immensely developed branchlets, bearing pinnules for a length of 20 to 25 cm, some of which become elongate, thickened, and bear a secondary series of smaller pinnules. Here, evidently, we have the earlier condition of those pinnules which, in the older portion of the colony, have become much more elongate and thickened, and there form well-marked branchlets. In one instance the terminal 14 cm of a main branch bears ten branchlets in all, seven of which are lateral, the others anterior or posterior. They vary in length from 5 to 16 cm, and all form an acute angle with the branch. The shorter ones are very slender, and are evidently elongated pinnules which have become pinnate. The longer ones have a diameter of about 1 mm. at the base, and may bear one to three smaller branchlets. The pinnules are very irregular in length and arranged spirally; there are from three to five to a centimetre, the average length being about 2 cm. The spines are long and slender, having a sharp bend near the base, so that the apical portion of the spines takes a subvertical direction. The spines are arranged in regular longitudinal rows, six or seven of which may be counted from one aspect of a pinnule. They are also arranged in irregular spirals, which may be dextrorse, but a spiral in the opposite direction is almost ecpially well marked. The members of a row are about one length apart. Each spine is about equal in length to the diameter of a pinnule; the base is broad and thick, the apical portion usually slender, with a sharp point” (Brook, 1889).</p><p>Distribution. Known from Macronesia (Gray, 1857; Brook, 1889; Opresko, 2001 a), Mediterranean Sea (Ocaña et al., 2006) and Ascension Island (fig 35) (Opresko, 2014); from 6 m (Opresko, 2014) to 1425 m depths (Molodtsova, 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC931FFBBF9EBFDF9FE8FF466	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC931FFBBF9EBF914FC65F5C4.text	038F878BC931FFBBF9EBF914FC65F5C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumapathes Opresko 2001	<div><p>Genus Plumapathes Opresko, 2001 a</p><p>Type-species. Antipathes pennacea Pallas, 1766 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum sparsely to densely branched and tending to be planar. Stem and branches pinnulate. Primary pinnules simple, relatively uniform in size, and not subpinnulate; arranged in two, very regular bilateral rows; pinnules in each row alternating with those in opposite row” (Opresko, 2001 a).</p><p>Distribution. IndoPacific, eastern Pacific and Atlantic (Opresko, 2001 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC931FFBBF9EBF914FC65F5C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC930FFBAF9EBFB39FBFFF553.text	038F878BC930FFBAF9EBFB39FBFFF553.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumapathes fernandezi (Pourtales 1874)	<div><p>Plumapathes fernandezi (Pourtalès, 1874)</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Antipathes fernandezii Pourtalès, 1874: 47; Pourtalès, 1880: pl. 3, fig. 20.</p><p>Parantipathes? fernandezi: Brook, 1889: 144; Looser, 1926: 272, fig. 38.</p><p>Antipathes fernandezi: Opresko, 1972: 972–975, fig. 4; Opresko, 2001: 362; Echeverría, 2002: 1075–1076.</p><p>Plumapathes fernandezi: Opresko, 2001 a: 362 –363; Loiola, 2007: 257.</p><p>Type and type locality: MCZ ANTI–25 (lectotype) and MCZ 139943 (paralectotype): Juan Fernández Archipelago, off Chile, between 118 and 402 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. Branched colony, usually in a plane; main axis and branches pinnulate; single and bilateral pinnules, arranged alternately along the length of the axis; interpinnular distance of 2–4 mm. Spines smooth, compressed and ensiform on the pinnules; long, conical and acute on the branches and main axis; slightly larger on the side of the axis that carries the polyps; arranged in eight longitudinal rows; 55–60 per centimeter in each row. Small polyps, 1.0 mm in length and 0.2–0.5 mm apart from each other; in a single row and restricted to one side of the corallum (Opresko, 1972).</p><p>Distribution. Juan Fernandez Archipelago, off Chile (Pourtalès, 1874; Opresko, 1972) and off Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (fig. 35) (Echeverría, 2002); from 118 m to 402 m depths (Pourtalès, 1874).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC930FFBAF9EBFB39FBFFF553	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC930FFBAF9EBFF40FBEAF694.text	038F878BC930FFBAF9EBFF40FBEAF694.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumapathes pennacea (Pallas 1766)	<div><p>Plumapathes pennacea (Pallas, 1766)</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Antipathes pennacea Pallas, 1766: 209 .</p><p>? Antipathes pluma Gray, 1857: 291 .</p><p>Aphanipathes? pennacea: Brook, 1889: 129, pl XI, fig. 23.</p><p>Plumapathes pennacea: Opresko, 2001 a: 361 –363, figs 13, 14; Opresko, 2009: 362.</p><p>Type and type locality. RMNH Coel. 6801 (Neotype): Indian Ocean, off Madagascar, depth unknown .</p><p>Diagnosis. “The neotype is 12.5 cm high and about 11 cm in width.A basal plate is not present and the specimen may be only a branch from a larger colony. The diameter of the large, stem-like branch is about 2.4 mm at its lower end. The corallum is branched to the third order; mostly in one plane. The stem and branches bear simple filiform pinnules. The largest pinnules are mostly 3–4 cm in length (maximum about 5 cm) and about 0.2 mm in diameter (excluding spines) near the point of insertion on the branch or stem. The pinnules are arranged in two lateral rows with members of each row spaced 1.6–2.0 mm apart. There are six to nine pinnules per centimeter in each row and 13–17 per centimeter for both rows. The spines are conical, with an acute to rounded apex. Over most of the length of the pinnules the polypar spines are 0.1–0.18 mm tall, and the abpolypar spines are slightly smaller. Near the tip of the pinnules the spines decrease in size to 0.03–0.05 mm, and near the base they are up to 0.24 mm tall. The pinnular spines are arranged in five to six longitudinal rows (lateral view, excluding rows only partially visible), usually with about six spines per millimeter in each row (mutual distance mostly 0.18–0.22 mm). On the branches and stem the spines become more needle-like, but are similar in size to the largest pinnular spines, about 0.24 mm. With increasing diameter of the axis, the spines become more densely and more irregularly arranged. On the stem there are 24 or more very irregular rows visible in lateral view. The polyps are arranged in a single series on the lateral or upper side of pinnules, and on one side of the branches and stem. Consequently, there is a distinct polypar and abpolypar side to the corallum. The polyps measure 0.7–0.8 mm in transverse diameter with a small interpolypar space such that there are 10–14 polyps per centimeter on the pinnules. In the preserved state the tentacles measure up to 0.2 mm long, and have a rounded blunt tip” (Opresko, 2001 a).</p><p>Distribution. IndoPacific (Pallas, 1766, Opresko, 2001 a), St. Helena Island, South Atlantic (fig. 35) (Brook, 1889) and Gulf of México (Opresko, 2009); from 29 m to 67 m depths (Opresko, 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC930FFBAF9EBFF40FBEAF694	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC930FFBDF9EBF842FAB1F2E1.text	038F878BC930FFBDF9EBF842FAB1F2E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizopathidae Brook 1889	<div><p>Family Schizopathidae Brook, 1889</p><p>Diagnosis. Polyps elongated transversely; 2 mm or more in transverse diameter, with six primary and four secondary mesenteries. Corallum monopodial or branched; stem and branches pinnulate. Pinnules simple or complexly subpinnulate. Spines triangular to conical, often laterally compressed; smooth, simple or rarely with multiple bifurcations at the apex, subequal in size around circumference of axis or larger on one side. (Opresko, 2005)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC930FFBDF9EBF842FAB1F2E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC937FFBDF9EBFE95FD6BF0F7.text	038F878BC937FFBDF9EBFE95FD6BF0F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizopathes Brook 1889	<div><p>Genus Schizopathes Brook, 1889</p><p>Type-species. Schizopathes crassa Brook, 1889 (original designation by inference, see Opresko, 1997:158).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum monopodial and pinnulate, unattached, with hook-like holdfast for support in soft sediments. Pinnules simple, bilateral and alternate. Spines simple, triangular, compressed. Polyps 3–6 mm in transverse diameter (Opresko, 2002).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Schizopathes Brook, 1889 is the only one, within the order, to harbor species that do not depend on hard substrates for fixation, presenting a modified hook for support in soft bottoms (Wagner, 2015; Opresko, 1997). Some species of the genus Alternatipathes, and in particular, A. alternata (Brook) are almost identical to species of Schizopathes with the exception that they have a basal holdfast for attaching to hard substrates.</p><p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Molodtsova, 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC937FFBDF9EBFE95FD6BF0F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC937FFBDF9EBFCE6FB54F403.text	038F878BC937FFBDF9EBFCE6FB54F403.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizopathes crassa Brook 1889	<div><p>Schizopathes crassa Brook, 1889</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Schizopathes crassa Brook, 1889: 147–148, pl. VIII, figs. 1–5; Opresko, 1997: 159–161, fig. 1; Opresko, 2002: 414, fig. 1. Bathypathes (Schizopathes) affinis: Van Pesch, 1914: 27–29 (em parte).</p><p>? Schizopathes crassa: Hickson, 1907: 6 .</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1890.4.9.10, 36º38’60”S, 50º46’58.8”W, off Montevideo, Uruguay, 3474 m .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Colony monopodial, unbranched, but pinnulate. Pinnules simple, arranged alternately in two lateral rows along the stem, and decreasing in length from base to apex. Maximum length of pinnules about 20 cm on colonies 30 cm tall (total length of stem) and about 30 cm on colonies 55 cm tall. Pinnules in each row usually 10–12 mm apart on lower parts of stem; becoming more closely spaced towards apex of corallum. Interior angle formed by lateral rows of pinnules 180° over most of corallum; &lt;180° for lowermost pair, and greater or less than 180° for several pairs at top of corallum. Distal angle of pinnules 55–60° on lower parts of corallum but &lt;45° near apex. Spines small, triangular and compressed; typically 0.06–0.08 mm tall (from midpoint of base to apex; range, 0.04–0.1 mm); arranged in rows with varying degrees of regularity; 3–5 spines per millimeter. Largest spines usually on polyp side of pinnules; abpolypar spines slightly smaller than polypar spines. Polyps 4–6 mm in transverse diameter on pinnules; &lt;4 mm at basal end of pinnules and on stem. Polyps arranged uniserially, with two per centimeter” (Opresko, 1997).</p><p>Distribution. South Atlantic, off Uruguay (fig. 35) (Brook, 1889), Indian Ocean, off Tasmânia (Opresko, 1997) and Antarctica (Opresko, 1997); from 2836 m (Opresko, 1997) to 3474 m depths (Brook, 1889).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC937FFBDF9EBFCE6FB54F403	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC937FFBCF9EBF9B2FD6BF305.text	038F878BC937FFBCF9EBF9B2FD6BF305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathypathes Brook 1889	<div><p>Genus Bathypathes Brook, 1889</p><p>Type-species. Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889 (by original designation)</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial and pinnulate; attached to hard substrates by an adhesive basal plate. Pinnules simple, bilateral and either subopposite or alternating. Spines usually simple, triangular, compressed; rarely with knob-like bifurcations at the apex. Polyps 3–9 mm in transverse diameter” (Opresko, 2002).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Bathypathes Brook, 1889 currently contains eight species of monopodial corals with simple pinnules arranged bilaterally in two rows [ B. patula Brook, 1889; B. bifida Thomson, 1905; B. conferta (Brook, 1889); B. platycaulus Totton, 1923; B. galatheae Pasternak, 1977; B. erotema Schultze, 1903; B. bayeri Opresko, 2001; and B. robusta (Gravier, 1918)]. (Note: the species previously known as B. alternata Broook, was recently transferred to the genus Alternatipathes —see Molodtsova and Opresko, 2017) The genus can be distinguished from Schizopathes mainly due to the presence of the basal disk and longer pinnules in the medial portion of the corallum.</p><p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Molodtsova, 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC937FFBCF9EBF9B2FD6BF305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC936FFBEF9EBFEA8FC3CF391.text	038F878BC936FFBEF9EBFEA8FC3CF391.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathypathes galatheae Pasternak 1977	<div><p>Bathypathes galatheae Pasternak, 1977</p><p>Figs 19, 20</p><p>Bathypathes galatheae Pasternak, 1977: 159–160; fig: 2;</p><p>Bathypathes galatheae: Opresko, 2002: 416 .</p><p>Type and type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.333/lat 5.733)">Institute of Oceanology</a> (specimen not traced), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Rússia; Panamá, 5º43’58.8”N, 79º19’58.8”W, 2950–3190 m .</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, Bacia de Campos; Zona 24 K . Depth.: 755 m. Alcohol 95%, on Enallopsammia rostrata and with associated ophiuroid. Date: 18/03/2006; Col.: T. Conqueror. Projet: Cap. B.C. Barracuda (MNRJ 7934, 1 specimen) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum monopodial and robust. Pinnules straight and arranged bilaterally and suboppositely on the stem. Distance between the pairs of pinnules increases towards the top of the corallum. Spines triangular, slightly compressed laterally, sharp and smooth. Longest spines situated on the polyp-bearing surface and up to 0.26 mm tall. Abpolypar spines 0.08–0.15 mm tall. Mutual distance between spines of one row extremely variable, from 0.4–1.1 mm. Polyps large, elongated in the direction of the axis of stem and branches (4.5–7 mm in transverse diameter), with a prominent oral cone (adapted from Pasternak, 1977).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimen. Corallum monopodial, unbranched and pinnulate, with two rows of pinnules arising on the stem in subopposition (Fig. 19 a–b). Colony 17.13 cm high, 21.69 cm wide, with pinnules appearing at 2.75 cm from the base. Stem thickness of 1.68 mm. Length of pinnules up to 130 mm. Distance between pinnules of the same row 5.5–8.5 mm, but more common about 6 mm, along the entire length of the corallum. Basal diameter of the pinnules between 0.65 and 0.9 mm. Angle between pinnules of opposite rows between 70° and 110°. Spines on the pinnules in approximately 6 rows (Fig. 19c). Spines triangular, acute, smooth (Fig. 19d), occasionally with bifurcated apex. Polypar spines on the pinnules 0.090 –0.180 mm high, but more common about 0.12–0.16 mm; abpolypar spines 0.067 –0.100 mm. Width at the base of the spines between 0.077 and 0.200 mm, most common being close to 0.097 mm. Distance between spines in the same row from 0.3 to 0.8 mm, with a density of 2 to 4 spines per millimeter in each row. Polyps 5–6.5 mm in transverse diameter.</p><p>Remarks. According to Pasternak (1977), B. galatheae differs from all species contained in the genus mainly due to its large spines, reaching up to 0.26 mm. Although the spines of the specimen studied here reach up to 0.18 mm, this value is already considered high for the other species of Bathypathes (Brook, 1889; Opresko, 2002; Opresko, 2005). Besides having larger spines, the specimen described here differs from B. platycaulus Totton, 1923 by having subopposite pinnules., and it differs from B. patula Brook, 1889 by having longer pinnules [up to 13 cm vs. 7.5 cm in the type of B. patula), and larger spines (up to 0.18 mm vs. ≤ 0.07 mm). Our specimen of B. galatheae also differs from B. bayeri Opresko, 2001 in the shape of spines. In present study, the samples show triangular and simple spines, whereas in B. bayeri they are multiply knobbed at the apex (Opresko, 2005). Pasternak (1977) describes abpolypar spines in the type of B. galatheae with sizes between 0.08 and 0.15 mm, similar to that observed here (0.067 to 0.1 mm). The type material, according to Pasternak (1977), was quite damaged, with no apical portion and no basal disc, and with broken pinnules, except for one 130 mm long and another 142 mm long. In relation to the abnormally large polypar spines in the type described by Pasternak (1977) (up to 0.26 mm), the holotype is a colony with fractured pinnules followed by regenerations. According to Molodtsova (2016), regeneration may cause spines on the remaining axis to grow abnormally large as new layers of sclerenchyme are added. Thus, it is possible to infer that the smaller spines of the material studied here fall within the intraspecific variation of the taxon. Here is the first record of the species Bathypathes galatheae for the South Atlantic, and the first record of the genus for the continental slope of Brazil.</p><p>Distribution. Gulf of Panamá (Pasternak, 1997) and Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, Bacia de Campos (this work) (Fig. 20); from 755 m (this work) to 3190 m (Pasternak, 1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC936FFBEF9EBFEA8FC3CF391	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC934FFBEF9EBFADBFDDDF4FC.text	038F878BC934FFBEF9EBFADBFDDDF4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathypathes bifida Thomson 1906	<div><p>Bathypathes bifida Thomson, 1906</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Bathypathes bifida Thomson, 1906: 79; Van Pesch, 1914: 5, 36, 37; Pax, 1932: 275; Opresko, 1974: 24, 51; Opresko, 2002: 415; Opresko, 2005: 130.</p><p>Type and type locality. Unknown. Lat.: 71º 22’S, Long.: 16º 34’W, March 18, 1904, Scottish Antarctic Expedition, depth not reported.</p><p>Diagnosis. Colony monopodial and pinnulate; pinnulation consisting solely of two long “pinnules” extending out almost horizontally from the top of the corallum and then curing upward (Opresko, pers. comm.).</p><p>Distribution. Subantarctic (Thomson, 1906), South Georgia Island, South Atlantic (fig. 35) (Smithsonian, USNM 100082, 79388, and 1202943, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/ search/iz/&gt;) from 2672 to 3210 m, and New Zealand (at NIWA—National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Re-search—D. M. Opresko pers. comm.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC934FFBEF9EBFADBFDDDF4FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC934FFBEF9EBFE04FB83F6AB.text	038F878BC934FFBEF9EBFE04FB83F6AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathypathes patula Brook 1889	<div><p>Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889: 151–152; Roule, 1902: 237; Roule, 1905: 76; Cooper, 1909: 310–311, 320; Gravier, 1921: 16; Parternak, 1985: 34; Opresko, 1997: 159; Van der Land &amp; Opresko, 2001: 109; Opresko, 2001: 205–206, 209; Opresko, 2002: 415–417, fig. 2; Opresko, 2005: 130, 132–133; Molodtsova, 2006: 141–142, fig. 1, 5.</p><p>Bathypathes patula var. plenispina Brook, 1889: 152; Thomson, 1905: 25.</p><p>p.p. Eubathypathes patula Van Pesch, 1914: 29;</p><p>p.p. Bathypathes patula Pasternak, 1958: 181 –187, 190–191; Pasternak, 1964: 183, 201; Opresko, 1974: 127–130; Pasternak, 1976: 46–47,54; Pasternak, 1977: 157–159, 162–164; Mirnov &amp; Pasternak, 1981: 15; Grasshoff, 1981 a: 741–742, 755, 760; Grasshoff, 1981 b: 961, 978; Pasternak, 1993: 86–87.</p><p>Bathypathes erotema Schultze, 1902: 98 .</p><p>? Schizopathes crassa: Hickson, 1907: 11 .</p><p>? Bathypathes patula: Keller et al., 1975: 157 .</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1890.4.9.19 (holotype): 32º21’57.6”N, 169º52’58.8”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-169.883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.365997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -169.883/lat 32.365997)">North Pacific</a>, 5303 m .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial and pinnulate, attached to hard substrates by a holdfast. Pinnules simple, bilateral and subopposite, about 9 mm apart in each row. Longest ones occur near the middle of the corallum. Spines simple triangular, compressed, 0.04–0.07 mm tall. Polyps up to 9 mm in transverse diameter, arranged in a single row” (Molodtsova, 2006).</p><p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan; from 100 m to 5500 m depths (Molodtsova, 2006); off Falkland island, 54º25’0.12”S, 57º31’59.88”W (fig. 35) (record available in &lt;mapper.obis.org&gt;).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC934FFBEF9EBFE04FB83F6AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC934FFB1F9EBF8EEFCC7F3ED.text	038F878BC934FFB1F9EBF8EEFCC7F3ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stauropathes Opresko 2002	<div><p>Genus Stauropathes Opresko, 2002</p><p>Type-species. Stauropathes staurocrada Opresko, 2002 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum sparsely to densely branched. Stem and branches pinnulate. Pinnules simple, bilateral in two rows, and subopposite. Spines triangular and compressed. Polyps usually 3–6 mm in transverse diameter” (Opresko, 2002).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Stauropathes Opresko, 2002 groups three species: S. staurocrada Opresko, 2002, S. arctica (Lütken, 1872) and S. punctata (Roule, 1905) . As the specific epithet itself already suggests, S. arctica occurs only in the Arctic Ocean, with its southern latitudinal limit of 58 ° N, with a bathymetric range of 461 to 1700 m. S. staurocrada has an extensive distribution in the Pacific Ocean, occurring on the coast of New Zealand, Hawaii, and other points to the north (Mid Pacific Mountains), at depths of 54 to 1700 m. Stauropathes punctata occurs in the North Atlantic, Azores and Cape Verde, in a bathymetric range of 1300 to 2000 m (Opresko, 2002; Molodtsova, 2006).</p><p>Distribution. Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific (Opresko, 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC934FFB1F9EBF8EEFCC7F3ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC93BFFB0F9EBFD91FD62F5F2.text	038F878BC93BFFB0F9EBFD91FD62F5F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stauropathes punctata (Roule 1905)	<div><p>Stauropathes punctata (Roule, 1905)</p><p>Fig. 21, 22</p><p>(?) Tylopathes hirta— Roule 1902: 81–82; pl.4: 1.</p><p>Tylopathes? punctata Roule, 1905: 26, 28, 35, 81, 93, 95. fig. 1; Opresko, 2002: 417, 420.</p><p>Antipathes punctata Silberfeld 1909: 8; Land &amp; Opresko, 2001: 109; Grasshoff, 1985b: 303, 306; Tyler &amp; Zibrowius, 1992: 217.</p><p>Stauropathes punctata Opresko, 2002: 417, 420; Molodtsova, 2006: 148; Molodtsova, 2014: 6.</p><p>Type and type locality. Prince of Monaco Collection (specimen not traced), Azores, 1300 m (Roule, 1905) .</p><p>Material examined. Rio Grande Rise, 30º53’31.92”S, 35º3’9”W; Initial depth: 1600 m; final depth: 1500 m. PROERG/ CPRM. ERG 065—Dredge— 15/06/2011 (MNRJ 8592, 3 fragments).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum branched and pinnulate, with branches arising in dichotomous form, mainly in single plane, and with some anastomosis. Branches with great regularity. Pinnules arranged in two bilateral rows and in subopposite pairs. Pinnules in the same row 7–8 mm apart on the larger branches, and 6–7 mm apart on the smaller branches. Spines triangular and smooth, with a height generally between 0.02–0.04 mm, and distance between spines of the same row 0.1–0.4 mm (adapted from Roule, 1905 and Opresko, 2002).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Three fragments (MNRJ 8592) branched up to 2th or 4th order, pinnulated, mainly in a single plane (Fig. 21a). Larger fragment with total length of approximately 20 cm, and width of approximately 10 cm. Smallest fragment with total length of approximately 10 cm, and width of 7 cm. Thickness of the stem reaching 1.4 mm in the largest fragment. Pinnules in two lateral rows, arranged in oppositepairs, and inclined towards the distal end of the colony (Fig. 21b). Distal angle between pinules and stem of 40° to 65°. Internal angle between pair of pinnules in subopposition varying from 100° to 130°. Some pinnules fusing with pinnules of nearby branches. Length of the pinnules between 2 and 10 mm. Pinnules spaced 5.5–9 mm apart in each row (7 to 8 pinnules occurring on each side along five centimeters of axis), with spacing decreasing towards the apex of the colony. Pinnular diameter between 0.2 and 0.4 mm, with decreasing diameter in the base-apex direction of the pinnules. Spines small, triangular and smooth, arranged in 6 regular rows visible with the Optical Microscope (M.O.) (Fig. 21 c-d). Spine size mainly 0.02–0.038 mm. Width of spine base between 0.06 and 0.09 mm. Distance between spines of the same row very variable, from 0.1 to 0.4 mm, with an average of 6 spines per millimeter. Distance between rows of spines approximately 0.1 mm. Polyps degraded.</p><p>Remarks. The specimen from the Rio Grande Rise differs from S. arctica because the latter is shrubby, forming branches in more than one plane (Opresko, 2002; Molodtsova, 2006). The specimens described here are similar to S. staurocrada, however, the spacing between the pairs of pinnules in the specimens examined (5.5–9 mm) is less than that reported by Opresko (2002) for the species (8–12 mm). This smaller spacing between the pinnules is reported by Opresko (2002) as a characteristic that distinguishes S. staurocrada from S. punctata . Roule (1905) does not provide morphometric features of S. punctata spines, as mentioned by Opresko (2002). However, Roule states that the spines of the species S. punctata attract attention because of their smallness and excessive abundance, which also describe the spines of the specimens analyzed. In addition, the geographical proximity between the records of the species and the Rio Grande Rise, as well as the illustrations presented in the original description, support the conclusion that the Brazilian specimens belong to this species.</p><p>Distribution. Santa Cruz das Flores Island, Azores, Portugal (Roule, 1905; Molodtsova, 2006); Cabo Verde Archipelago (Roule, 1905) and Southwestern Atlantic, Rio Grande Rise (this work) (Fig. 22); from 1300 m (Roule, 1905; Molodtsova, 2006) to 1600 m depth (this work).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC93BFFB0F9EBFD91FD62F5F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC939FFB3F9EBFBE2FC17F7C1.text	038F878BC939FFB3F9EBFBE2FC17F7C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Telopathes MacIsaac & Best 2013	<div><p>Genus Telopathes MacIsaac &amp; Best, 2013</p><p>Type-species. Telopathes magna MacIsaac &amp; Best, in MacIsaac et al., 2013 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum sparsely branched to the second order, branching not restricted to one plane, with branches directed distally. Stem and branches pinnulate. All pinnules simple, directed distally at an angle from the axis of the branch, in two anterolateral rows, arranged in either subopposite or alternate order. Pinnules long, maximum size estimated at up to 30 cm, the longest found on the stem and primary branches, with pinnules decreasing notably in length at branch tips. Spines are simple, conical, smooth, and compressed laterally. Polyps are elongate and arranged uniserially on branches and pinnules, and are comprised of three distinct sections separated by deep involutions. Preserved polyps range from 4.0– 7.1 mm in transverse diameter” (MacIsaac &amp; Best, 2013).</p><p>Distribution. western North Atlantic (MacIsaac &amp; Best, 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC939FFB3F9EBFBE2FC17F7C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC939FFB4F9EBF9F4FC93F324.text	038F878BC939FFB4F9EBF9F4FC93F324.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Telopathes magna MacIsaac & Best 2013	<div><p>Telopathes cf. magna MacIsaac &amp; Best, 2013</p><p>Fig. 23, 24</p><p>Telopathes magna MacIsaac et al., 2013: 237–258; figs: 2–7.</p><p>Type and type locality. NSMC 17671 (holotype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=57.17333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.4281" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 57.17333/lat 44.4281)">New Scotia</a>, Canadá, 44º25’41.153”N, 57º10’23.981”E, 1073 m ; YPM–35975 (paratype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=67.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.88333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 67.46666/lat 39.88333)">New England Seamounts</a>, 39º52’59.999”N, 67º27’59.976”E, 1195–1402 m ; University of Lousiana at Lafayette: BAL10–1 (paratype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=65.35958&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.35608" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 65.35958/lat 39.35608)">New England Seamounts</a>, 39º21’21.888”N, 65º21’34.488”E, 1865 m ; YPM–35498 (paratype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=66.249214&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.80965" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 66.249214/lat 39.80965)">New England Seamounts</a>, 39º48’34.74”N, 66º14’57.192”E, 1983 m ; MIL 112–1 (paratype): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.5038&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.812298" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.5038/lat 34.812298)">Corner Rise Seamounts</a>, 34º48’44.28”N, 50º30’13.68”E, 1310 m ; REH 103–1: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=59.951332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.46066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 59.951332/lat 37.46066)">New England Seamounts</a>, 37º27’38.376”N, 59º57’4.788”E, 1909 m .</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, off São Paulo; 26º25’0.001”S, 45º43’59.988”W; depth: 887 m. Date: 07/2002. Collection: Mar Salada; Obs: PROA donation (P.R.Pezzuto). Alcohol 70% (MNRJ 6582, 1 fragment) .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Stem largely pinnulate, colony sparsely branched to the second order, primary branches not restricted to one plane, branches directed distally and curving outward. Pinnules arranged in two anterolateral rows, in alternate or subopposite arrangement, but occasionally with two pinnules in a row on one side. Internal angle of approximately 70º between opposite pairs of pinnules on the primary branch collected. Pinnules directed distally at an angle from the axis of the branch. Pinnules long, up to approximately 30 cm on the stem, 18 cm on primary branches, and 9 cm on secondary branches, decreasing notably in length near branch tips. Primary branch has an average 2.8 pinnules per cm, spaced 0.8–1.0 cm apart in each row. Secondary branches have 2–3 pinnules per cm, spaced 0.7–0.8 cm apart in each row. Proximal sections on both secondary branches without pinnules, or very sparsely pinnulated. Primary branch sparsely populated with polyps, with some spaces between pinnules devoid of polyps. In contrast, secondary branches have 1–2 polyps between pinnules. Polyps arranged uniserially, with densities of 0–1 polyps per cm on the primary branches, and 1–2 polyps per cm on the secondary branches and pinnules. Polyps are 4.0– 7.1 mm in transverse diameter on the fragment. Skeletal spines simple, smooth, compressed laterally, conical or sometimes curved, in which case they are generally directed proximally. Spines are 0.019 –0.068 mm tall; 0.012 –0.041 mm in transverse diameter at their base. Spines on the polypar sides of the pinnules are slightly larger than on the abpolypar side: 0.029 –0.068 mm and 0.019 –0.061 mm, respectively. This characteristic is difficult to observe with a dissecting scope, though the discrepancy is more pronounced in the juvenile specimen. Number of spines in each row 2–6 per mm.” (MacIsaac et al., 2013).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimen. Fragment (MNRJ 6582) monopodial and pinnulate, with pinnules arranged in two rows, without basal portion (Fig. 23a). Damaged and broken pinnules on one side of the coral (Fig. 23b). Fragment height of approximately 32 cm, and stem thickness of 4.62 mm. Pinnules organized bilaterally in subopposite pairs, but sometimes alternately. Pinnules with a length between 30 and 93 mm. Approximate distance between cycle of pinnules 3–6 mm. Internal angle between pinnules of opposite rows varying from 100° to 130°. Pinnulated branch arising approximately 23 cm from the most basal end of the fragment 3.2 cm in length. Thickness of the branch at the proximal end 1.3 mm. Spines arranged in 5 to 8 regular rows in lateral view (Fig. 23c). Spines on pinnules triangular, smooth, with rounded apex, occasionally with bifurcated apex (Fig. 23d). Size of spines 0.029 to 0.100 mm. Width at the base of the spines between 0.03–0.15 mm. Distance between spines of the same row from 0.11–0.33 mm. Density of spines in the same row usually around 6 per millimeter (range 3–7 per millimeter).</p><p>Remarks. The material described here is severely damaged, with pinnulation on one side of the coral completely absent, and pinnules broken at the base. The basal disc is absent, and the pinnules on the branches also have a broken top. The tissue, although still present, did not present preserved polyps. The material studied here resembles Telopathes magna MacIsaac &amp; Best, 2013 in the organization of the pinnules, in two bilateral rows, in subopposition or occasionally alternate, with branches following the same pattern of pinnulation. The spines described here also resemble in shape and number of rows the material of the type series of T. magna (see figure 7 of MacIsaac et al., 2013). However, the studied sample has slightly larger spines and with a larger base than that reported for Telopathes magna (0.019 –0.068 mm high and 0.012 –0.048 mm wide at the base in T. magna, against 0.029 –0.100 mm high and 0.03 to 0.15 mm wide at the base described herein).</p><p>Distribution. Northwest Atlantic Seamounts (New England Seamounts and Corner Rise Seamounts) New Scotia, Canadá (MacIsaac et al., 2013), and Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, off São Paulo (this work) (Fig. 24); from 887 m (this work) to 1402 m depths (MacIsaac et al., 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC939FFB4F9EBF9F4FC93F324	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC93EFFB4F9EBFCA8FDD5F436.text	038F878BC93EFFB4F9EBFCA8FDD5F436.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrobathypathes grandis Opresko 2002	<div><p>Dendrobathypathes grandis Opresko, 2002</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Dendrobathypathes grandis Opresko, 2002: 427–431, figs. 9, 10, 11; Opresko, 2005: 141; Lauretta &amp; Penchaszadeh, 2017: 109–114.</p><p>Type and type locality. USNM 100114 (holotype): 54º28’58.8”S, 39º21’57.6”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.365997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-54.483" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.365997/lat -54.483)">South Atlantic</a>, South Georgia Island, 659–686 m ; USNM 100131 (paratype): 53º19’58.8”S, 42º42’0”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-53.333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.7/lat -53.333)">South Atlantic</a>, South Georgia Island, 417–514 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum sparsely branched; densely pinnulate; stem, branches, and primary pinnules generally in one plane; secondary pinnules on each primary pinnule extending out laterally on one side of the plane containing the primary pinnules and stem. Primary pinnules arranged alternately along the stem and branches in two anterolateral rows. Secondary pinnules arranged mostly uniserially on front side of primary pinnules; biserial arrangement occurring distally on the largest primaries. Tertiary and quaternary pinnules, when present, arranged uniserially on front side of the lower order pinnules. Spines simple (rarely forked), conical, acute, slightly compressed; larger on one side of the axis (usually but not always corresponding to the polyp side). Polypar spines up to 0.15 mm tall; abpolypar spines 0.08 mm or less (sometimes absent). Polyps 3–5 mm in transverse diameter; arranged in one series with two to three polyps per centimeter. (Opresko, 2002).</p><p>Distribution. South Georgia Island, South Atlantic (fig. 35) (Opresko, 2002); New Zealand (Opresko, 2014); from 417 m to 686 m (Opresko, 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC93EFFB4F9EBFCA8FDD5F436	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC93EFFB4F9EBFE54FECFF138.text	038F878BC93EFFB4F9EBFE54FECFF138.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrobathypathes Opresko 2002	<div><p>Genus Dendrobathypathes Opresko, 2002</p><p>Type-species. Dendrobathypathes grandis Opresko, 2002 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum monopodial to sparsely branched, and complexly pinnulate. Stem, branches, and primary pinnules generally in one plane. Primary pinnules arranged alternately in two bilateral rows. Secondary pinnules occurring on anterolateral sides of primaries; arranged uniserially to biserially. Tertiary and quaternary subpinnules arranged similarly on front side of lower order pinnules. Spines triangular, laterally compressed, smooth, acute, simple or rarely bifurcate at apex; up to 0.2 mm tall; polypar spines usually larger than abpolypar spines. Polyps 2.5–5 mm in transverse diameter. (Opresko, 2002; emended, Opresko, 2005).</p><p>Distribution. Southern oceans (Opresko, 2002), North Pacific (Opresko, 2005). South Pacific, New Zealand (Opresko, 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC93EFFB4F9EBFE54FECFF138	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC93EFFB7F9EBF9A7FCE4F305.text	038F878BC93EFFB7F9EBF9A7FCE4F305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alternatipathes Molodtsova & Opresko 2017	<div><p>Genus Alternatipathes Molodtsova &amp; Opresko, 2017</p><p>Type-species. Umbellapathes bipinnata Opresko, 2005 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum attached to substrate; monopodial, unbranched or branched, and pinnulate. When present, pinnate branches of the first, second, and rarely third order arise from lowermost pinnules of stem. Pinnules simple, arranged alternately (including lowermost pair) in two lateral rows. Length of pinnules decreasing regularly from lower pinnulated section of stem to apex, forming a somewhat triangular outline. Striatum absent. Spines conical, smooth, simple (or rarely forked), with acute to slightly rounded apex and flared base. Spines larger on polypar side of pinnule. Size of spines apparently increases in older colonies. Polyps 2–4 mm in transverse diameter; arranged in one row with up to three polyps per centimeter. (Molodtsova &amp; Opresko, 2017).</p><p>Distribution. Pacific and Indian Ocean (Opresko, 2005; Molodtsova &amp; Opresko, 2017), South Atlantic, South Georgia Island (Smithsonian, USNM 99488, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh. si.edu/search/iz/&gt;) and Antarctica (Smithsonian, USNM 78800, 78802, 78804, 78806, 78811, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/&gt;).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC93EFFB7F9EBF9A7FCE4F305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC93DFFB7F9EBFEA9FF79F6BD.text	038F878BC93DFFB7F9EBFEA9FF79F6BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alternatipathes alternata (Brook 1889)	<div><p>Alternatipathes alternata (Brook, 1889)</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Bathypathes alternata Brook, 1889: 153, 180, 186, pl. 9; Cairns et al., 2009: 94;</p><p>Non Bathypathes alternata, Opresko, 1974: 127; Wagner et al., 2011: 215, 218–219, fig. 1; Wagner et al., 2012: 84; Brugler et al., 2013: 343.</p><p>p.p. Bathypathes patula, Pasternak, 1958: 181 –187; Pasternak 1964: 201; Pasternak, 1976: 47; Pasternak, 197: 157–159; Vinogradova, 1977: 362.</p><p>Non Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889: 151–152, pl. 5.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1890.4.9.21 (holotype): 36º9’57.6”N, 178º0’0”E, Pacific, 3749 m .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial, unbranched, pinnulate; pinnules bilateral and alternately arranged, and decreasing in length from the lower part of pinnulated stalk to upper part. Lower unpinnulated part of stem relatively short, 6–9 cm long. Maximum size of corallum usually less than 30 cm. Stem curved in abpolypar direction such that the pinnulated section is directed almost horizontally relative to substrate. Pinnules recurved downward, toward abpolypar side of colony, so that the pinnulated part of fully developed colonies forms a characteristic “wind sock” with distal ends of pinnules touching the seafloor. Longest pinnules about 10–12 cm in length in colonies 20–30 cm tall. Ten to eleven pinnules (total) per 3 cm; density increasing on distal part of colony. Polypar spines up to 0.06 mm, abpolypar spines 0.03 mm. Polyps 3–4 mm in transverse diameter” (Molodtsova &amp; Opresko, 2017).</p><p>Distribution. Pacific and Indian Ocean (Molodtsova &amp; Opresko, 2017), South Atlantic, South Georgia Island (fig. 35) (Smithsonian, USNM 99488, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/ search/iz/&gt;) and Antarctica (Smithsonian, USNM 78800, 78802, 78804, 78806, 78811, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/&gt;); from 2670 m to 5089 m depths (Molodtsova &amp; Opresko, 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC93DFFB7F9EBFEA9FF79F6BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC93DFFB7F9EBFB21FEE1F51F.text	038F878BC93DFFB7F9EBFB21FEE1F51F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parantipathes Brook 1889	<div><p>Genus Parantipathes Brook, 1889</p><p>Type-species. Antipathes larix Esper, 1790 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial to very sparsely branched, stem and branches pinnulate. Pinnules simple, arranged in six or more rows, and in alternating groups of three or more on either side of the axis. Spines simple, triangular, compressed. Polyps 1.6–2.5 mm in transverse diameter (rarely larger)” (Opresko, 2002).</p><p>Remarks. Brook (1889) described the genus Parantipathes based primarily on polyp features of P. larix, such as the transverse length four times that of the sagittal axis, in addition to long, slender tentacles. In relation to the morphology of the colony, the author highlights only the presence of rare branches. There are now nine nominal species of Parantipathes (see Molodtsova 2006, Opresko, 2015), and all but one of them has a corallum that is monopodial or only sparsely branched. The only species with a dense ramification pattern is Parantipathes wolffi Pasternak, 1997, with ramifications up to the fifth order (Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005).</p><p>Distribution. Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic, southwest Pacific (Opresko, 2002) and north Pacific (Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC93DFFB7F9EBFB21FEE1F51F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC93DFFA8F9EBF88EFC35F0CA.text	038F878BC93DFFA8F9EBF88EFC35F0CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parantipathes laricides Van Pesch 1914	<div><p>Parantipathes laricides Van Pesch, 1914</p><p>Fig. 25, 26</p><p>Parantipathes laricides Van Pesch, 1914: 104–105, figs 102-104; Opresko, 2002: 437; Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005: 169– 179; Molodtsova, 2006: 146–147.</p><p>Type and type locality. Specimen not traced, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6283302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.44/lat -3.6283302)">Arafura Sea</a>, between Australia and Papua New Guinea, 3º37’41.988”S, 131º26’24”E ; 924 m.</p><p>Material examined. Rio Grande Rise, SA–MAR ECO /Marion Dufresni cruise ERG–Amostr.: ERG 017–22 Est: Dredge Date: 8–2011, (MNRJ 8589, 2 fragments). Rio Grande Rise, 33º26’16.8”S, 31º19’21.36”W; initial depth: 1876 m; final depth 1586 m. SA–MAR ECO /Marion Dufresni cruise L2 ERG—Est.: ERG 059L2 Am.: Dredge—Date 14/2011, (MNRJ 8598, 1 fragment).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum pinnulated, with pinnules grouped in semi verticils of up to 3 pinnules (sometimes one pinnule in a group missing) and a maximum of six rows. Pinnules usually between 1.25–1.75 cm long. Distance between groups of pinnules approximately 3.5 mm. Spines triangular and smooth, arranged in 3 rows on the pinnules and 4 rows on the stem in side view. Spine height up to 0.055 mm (polypar) and up to 0.01 (abpolypar) on opposite sides. Distance between adjacent spines in the same row of approximately 0.25 mm. Polyps about 1 mm between the sagittal and lateral tentacles, with approximately 2 mm in transverse extent, and 1.75 mm apart (adapted from Van Pesch, 1914 and Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Corallum monopodial or sparsely branched and pinnate. Skeleton with dark brown coloring. Stem thickness from 1.6 to 3 mm. Pinnulation in bottlebrush pattern (Fig. 25a). Pinnules simple, arranged in 6 to 7 rows, and in groups of 2 to 3 pinnules, rarely occurring in groups of 4. Length of the pinnules mainly between 1.0 to 2.5 cm, varying from 0.8 to 3.5 cm. Some pinnules, on one side of the coral, appearing to be the formation of new branches (Fig. 25b). Basal diameter of the pinnules between 0.30 and 0.80 mm, with thicker pinnules in the median region of the coral. Decreasing diameter in the base-apex direction of the pinnule. Distance between groups of pinnules on the same side from 1.00 to 2.25 mm. Distance between pinnules of the same group of approximately 0.5 mm. Number of pinnules per centimeter from 16 to 19. Spines small, smooth and triangular, with rounded apex, arranged in 4 to 5 rows in lateral view (Fig. 25 c–d). Size of the spines varying from 0.025 to 0.065 mm, being more common between 0.03 and 0.04 mm. Width of base of spines between 0.05 and 0.08 mm. Distance between spines of the same row of approximately 0.3 mm, varying between 0.3 and 0.4 mm, with 3 to 4 spines per millimeter. Polyps not visualized (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. The only specimen known of P. laricides is the type described by Van Pesch (1914), which represents a colony 7 cm long without a base (Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005). The specimens described here differ from the type mainly by have longer pinnules (up to 1.75 cm in Van Pesch, 1914 against up to 3.5 cm in Rio Grande Rise specimens), and shows a lower density of pinnules than the type [up to 3 pinnules per group in the holotype (Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005) against 2–3 pinnules per group in Rio Grande Rise specimens, rarely 4]. These differences may be due to the colonies studied here being larger and possibly more mature than the type. The MAR ECO specimens had pinnules with a higher basal diameter (up to 0.8 mm) than that reported for other species of the genus [larger basal diameter of 0.5 mm in P. tetrasticha (Pourtalès, 1869)]. This character was not described for the type of P. laricides, and analysis of the type material was not possible. MNRJ 8589 and MNRJ 8598 had spines in more rows than reported for the species in Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak (2005) (3 to 4 rows in lateral view in P. laricides, against 4 to 5 in the samples studied), and slightly larger than the type (up to 0.05 mm in Van Pesch, 1914; up to 0.065 described here). No significant differences were observed between the size of the polypar and abpolypar spines in the material coming from the Rio Grande Rise. The taxonomic characteristics discussed here for species of the genus Parantipathes Brook, 1889 are summarized in Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak (2005) and Molodtsova (2006). Pasternak (1977) in establishing the species Parantipathes wolffi comments that P. wolffi could be synonymous with P. laricides Van Pesch, 1914, since the type of the latter corresponded to a damaged fragment and not to a complete colony. Pasternak (1977) also notes that the types of both species were collected in the same biogeographic region ( P. laricides in the Arafura Sea, between Australia and Papua New Guinea, and P. wolffi in the Malacca Strait, off the Malay Peninsula), and differ only by the number of pinnules per semi-verticils (mainly 3 in P. laricides, versus 2 in P. wolffi). The possible synonymy was also pointed out in Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak (2005).</p><p>Distribution. IndoPacific, Arafura Sea (Van Pesch, 1914) and Southwestern Atlantic, Rio Grande Rise (this work) (Fig. 26); from 924 m (Van Pesch, 1914) to 1876 m (this work).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC93DFFA8F9EBF88EFC35F0CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC922FFAAF9EBFCF8FC0DF622.text	038F878BC922FFAAF9EBFCF8FC0DF622.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parantipathes helicosticha Opresko 1999	<div><p>Parantipathes helicosticha Opresko, 1999</p><p>Fig. 27, 28</p><p>Parantipathes helicosticha Opresko, 1999: 147–150, fig 4–6; 2002: 437; Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005: 169, 173, 174, 175, 177 and 178; Molodtsova, 2006: 146–147.</p><p>Type and type locality. SAM H–903 (holotype): Australia, 33º2’60”S, 125º20’60”E, 1011–1020 m . SAM H–904 (paratype): Australia, 33º45’0”S, 129º16’58.8”E, 999–1110 m . SAM H–901 (paratype): Tasmania, 44º14’45.6”S, 144º27’28.8”E, 1080–1130 m . SAM H–752 (paratype): Australia, 34º6’0”S, 131º19’58.8”E, 1124–1311 m .</p><p>Material examined. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.6565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.166698" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.6565/lat -31.166698)">Rio Grande Rise</a>, 30º33’17.28”S, 36º19’7.32”W; initial depth: 950 m; final depth: 1250 m. PROERG/ CPRM—EST: ERG 205 —Date: 08/02/2012 Amostr.: Dredge (MNRJ 8595, 1 specimen) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.6565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.166698" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.6565/lat -31.166698)">Rio Grande Rise</a>, 31º10’0.12”S, 35º39’23.4”W; initial depth: 895 m; final depth: 855 m. PROERG/ CPRM—ERG 068— 17/06/2011 Dredge (MNRJ 8600, 1 specimen) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.6565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.166698" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.6565/lat -31.166698)">Rio Grande Rise</a>, 31º9’0.36”S, 35º44’14.28”W; depth: 1087 m. PROERG/ CPRM—EST.: ERG 235 —Date 06/02/2012 Amostr.: Dredge (MNRJ 8642, 1 specimen, frozen) .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum sparsely branched and pinnulate. Pinnules simple, arranged biserially in 6-8 (rarely 9 or 10) rows, and in semi-spiral groups of 3–4 (rarely 5) pinnules each. Pinnules extending at nearly right angles to the direction of stem or branch on which they occur. Spines simple, smooth, acute, inclined distally; 0.10–0.20 mm from center of base to apex. Spines arranged in axial rows, three or four of which are visible in lateral view; spaced 0.3–0.8 mm apart in each row; with 2–3.5 spines per millimeter. Polyps transversely elongated, 1.6–1.8 mm in diameter from proximal edge of proximal tentacles to distal edge of distal tentacles. Polyps arranged uniserially on upper side of pinnules, facing towards the distal end of the stem or branches. Interpolypar space about 0.6 mm, resulting in four polyps per centimeter” (Opresko, 1999).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimens. Corallum monopodial, unbranched, pinnulated. Soft tissue not preserved; skeleton dark brown (Fig. 27a). Specimens with total lengths of approximately 34 cm (MNRJ 8600), 58 cm (MNRJ 8595) and 38 cm (MNRJ 8642), only the specimen MNRJ 8600 has a basal disc. Stem thickness ranging from 1.25 mm to 2.5 mm. Pinnules in bottlebrush pattern, with simple pinnules arranged in five to eight rows, reaching up to 10 rows at the distal end in specimen MNRJ 8642. Pinnules grouped into 3 (in the proximal portion of the coral) to 5 pinnules (in distal portion) per semiespiral group, being more common the occurrence of groups of 4 pinnules in the median portion of the coral (Fig. 27b). Length of pinnules between 0.5 and 2.6 cm, most common between 1.2 and 2 cm, reaching greater length in the medial portion of the corallum. Pinnulation damaged in the most basal portions of the coral, in the three specimens analyzed. Basal diameter of the pinnules approximately 0.25 mm, but up to 0.40 mm in MNRJ 8600. Distal angle of the pinnules with respect to the stem approximately 80°. Distance between groups of pinnules 0.8 to 2.5 mm. Pinnules Spacing of pinnules within the same group usually around 0.30 mm, varying from 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm. Number of pinnules per centimeter between 24 and 33. Spines conical, smooth, inclined towards the distal end of the pinnule (Fig. 27 c–d). Occasionally spines with a thin, curved apex toward the distal end of the pinnule. Spines on the pinnule arranged in 3 to 4 rows in lateral view, with a height between 0.06 and 0.13 mm, being more common near 0.1 mm on the polypar side of the medial and distal portion of the pinnule. Width of the base of spines varying from 0.08 mm to 0.2 mm. Distance between spines in the same row of approximately 0.6 mm, varying between 0.5 and 0.7 mm, with approximately 2 spines per millimeter in each row. Distance between rows of spines approximately 0.1 mm in the medial to distal portion of the pinnule. Polyps not visualized (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. The P. helicosticha specimens from the Rio Grande Rise present slightly larger pinnules than the holotype (up to 2.6 cm in the Rio Grande Rise, compared to 2 cm in those described in Opresko, 1999). However, the organization and density of the pinnules (up to 33 pinnules per cm in the present work, against 24–36 pinnules per cm in the holotype), and with a basal diameter of approximately 0.2 mm (Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005), as well as the general pattern of pinnulation, confirm the identification of the specimens for this taxon. The spines of the P. helicosticha samples described herein have a shape and density similar to the holotype spines, the size of the polypar spines being slightly smaller than that reported in Opresko, 1999 (0.08–0.13 mm in the present samples, against 0.1 to 0.2 mm in holotype). However, Opresko (1999) mentions that one of the paratypes (SAM H-752) has slightly smaller spines than the holotype. The spines of the P. helicosticha specimens detailed here, as expected for the species, are larger than the spines of species of Parantipathes already recorded for the Atlantic (0.06–0.09 mm for P. larix Brook, 1889; 0.03–0.09 in P. tetrasticha (Pourtalès, 1868); 0.03–0.05 in P. hirondelle Molodtsova, 2006). In addition, the studied material differs from P. larix and P. tetrasticha because it has smaller pinnules (0.5–2.6 cm compared to 6–12 cm in P. larix and 4 cm in P. tetrasticha). The Rio Grande Rise samples are morphologically close to Parantipathes dodecasticha Opresko, 2015, described for New Zealand. Said specimens differ primarily in number of pinnules per centimeter (24–33 in the present work, versus 35-40 in P. dodecasticha), number of pinnules per semispiral group (3–5 in the present work, against 5–7 in P. dodecasticha) and density of spines (2 spines per mm in the present work, against 4–5 spines per mm in P. dodecasticha) (Opresko, 2015).</p><p>Distribution. South Australia and South Tasmania (Opresko, 1999), Valdivia Seamount, Walvis Ridge, Southeast Atlantic (Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005), and Southwestern Atlantic, Rio Grande Rise (this work) (Fig. 28); from 575 m (Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005) to 1250 m (this work).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC922FFAAF9EBFCF8FC0DF622	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC920FFADF9EBF8B8FA91F33A.text	038F878BC920FFADF9EBF8B8FA91F33A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taxipathes Brook 1889	<div><p>Genus Taxipathes Brook, 1889</p><p>Type-species. Taxipathes recta Brook, 1889 (by monotypy).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum branched, stem and branches pinnulate. Pinnules simple, arranged bilaterally in four to eight rows (usually six), and also in alternating semispiral groupings. Spines simple, conical, hooked upwards. Polyps about 2.5 mm in transverse diameter. (Brook, 1889; Opresko, 2002).</p><p>Distribution. South Atlantic, Ascension Island (Brook, 1889), and Caribbean Sea, off Colômbia (Smithsonian, USNM 86892, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/&gt;).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC920FFADF9EBF8B8FA91F33A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC927FFADF9EBFB7EFE2DF4A0.text	038F878BC927FFADF9EBFB7EFE2DF4A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stylopathidae Opresko 2006	<div><p>Family Stylopathidae Opresko, 2006</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial, branched irregularly, or flabellate. Pinnules or branchlets tending to occur, to varying degrees, in subopposite pairs and/or in verticils. Overlapping branchlets and pinnules sometimes adhering and/or anastomosing. Pinnules and branchlets sometimes forming reticulated, cylindrical worm-runs. Central canal of branchlets/pinnules usually very narrow. Spines smooth, conical, simple, with acute or rounded apex; height generally not much more than about twice the width at the base; subequal in size around the circumference of the axis or slightly longer on the polypar side; inclined distally or extending out at right angles; sometimes directed proximally. Spines on branches and stem, when present, usually appearing narrower and more terete than those on pinnules and branchlets, but often worn away on lower section of stem and on basal plate. Arrangement of spines in rows becoming more irregular on larger branches and stem. Polyps on smallest branchlets/pinnules appearing slightly elongated in axial direction; 0.5 to 1.5 mm in transverse diameter; arranged in a single, although not strictly regular, series and usually separated by a distinct interpolypar space. Tentacles (in preserved material), relatively short, cylindrical, with rounded apex; subequal in size, and generally not longer than the transverse diameter of the polyps” (Opresko, 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC927FFADF9EBFB7EFE2DF4A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC927FFADF9EBFEA8FD08F64F.text	038F878BC927FFADF9EBFEA8FD08F64F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taxipathes recta Brook 1889	<div><p>Taxipathes recta Brook, 1889</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Taxipathes recta Brook, 1889: 156–157, pl. VII; Opresko, 2002: 437–439, fig. 16; Opresko, 2014: 3, fig. 4A.</p><p>Type and type locality. BMNH 1890.4.9.25 (holotype): 7º54’18”S, 14º28’19.2”W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-14.471999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -14.471999/lat -7.905)">South Atlantic</a>, Ascension Island, 768 m.</p><p>Diagnosis. “The holotype is approximately 26 cm tall, and is broken off at both the top and bottom. It is branched irregularly to the second order. The branches vary in length, the longest first order branch being more than 14 cm in length and the largest second order branch being about 9 cm. Brook (1889) reported that the stem and branches bear six rows of short, slender, rigid pinnules. Re-examination of the type specimen (Opresko, 2002) revealed that on parts of the corallum there are only four rows and on other parts seven and rarely eight rows. As Brook described, the pinnules are arranged bilaterally in alternating groups, with one pinnule from each row in each group. The members of each group are slightly offset from each other such that each group forms a semi-spiral pattern around part of the circumference of the axis. The semi-spirals cover a distance of 2–2.5 mm along the axis, and there are 11–12 pinnules per centimeter on each side. The pinnules are up to 2.2 cm in length. The pinnular spines are simple, smooth, acute, and conical and hooked upward. The pinnular spines are about 0.14 mm tall, and the polyps are estimated to be about 2.5 mm in transverse diameter” (Opresko, 2002).</p><p>Distribution. South Atlantic, Ascension Island (fig. 35) (Brook, 1889), and Caribbean Sea, off Colombia (Smithsonian, USNM 86892, identified by D. M. Opresko; available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/&gt;); from 768 m (Brook, 1889) to 1235 m depths.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC927FFADF9EBFEA8FD08F64F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC927FFACF9EBF8D2FC74F3CE.text	038F878BC927FFACF9EBF8D2FC74F3CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stylopathes Opresko 2006	<div><p>Genus Stylopathes Opresko, 2006</p><p>Type-species. Arachnopathes columnaris Duchassaing, 1870 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial or very rarely branched. Stem (and branches when present) pinnulate. Primary pinnules simple or subpinnulate; arranged, in varying degrees of regularity, in three, occasionally four rows, and sometimes in quase-verticillate groupings of three or four. Subpinnules, when present, arranged singly, suboppositely, or in verticils of three or four (rarely five). Spines short, usually not more than 0.1 mm in height on the pinnules and subpinnules; smooth, conical, and inclined distally to varying degrees, especially near the tips of the subpinnules. Polyps 0.6 to 1.3 mm in transverse diameter; arranged uniserially and appearing transversally elongated on the pinnules and subpinnules” (Opresko, 2006).</p><p>Remarks. Opresko (2006) established the genus Stylopathes based on the species Stylopathes columnaris and included in it four other species; S. americana (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1860), S. tenuispina (Silberfeld, 1909), S. adinocrada Opresko, 2006, and S. litocrada Opresko, 2006 . The species are differentiated mainly by the presence of subpinnules covering the “worm run”, length of the pinnules and degree of subpinnulation.</p><p>Distribution. Western Atlantic, Japan and IndoPacific (Opresko, 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC927FFACF9EBF8D2FC74F3CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC926FFAEF9EBFDC3FE22F305.text	038F878BC926FFAEF9EBFDC3FE22F305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stylopathes columnaris (Duchassaing 1870)	<div><p>Stylopathes columnaris (Duchassaing, 1870)</p><p>Fig. 29, 30</p><p>Arachnopathes columnaris Duchassaing, 1870: 23 .</p><p>Antipathes (Arachnopathes) columnaris: Pourtales, 1874: 46, pl. 9, fig. 8; 1878: 209.</p><p>Antipathes columnaris: Pourtales, 1880: 117, pl. 3, fig. 3; Opresko, 1974: 101–115 (em parte, ver fig. 12).</p><p>Parantipathes columnaris: Brook, 1889: 141 (listed as “ Parantipathes ?”); Silberfeld, 1909: 28.</p><p>Stylopathes columnaris: Opresko, 2006: 112–118, figs 1–3.</p><p>Type and type locality. USNM 77114 (neotype): Caribbean Sea, 16º34’58.8”N, 80º54’57.6”W, 183 m.</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, off Rio Grande do Norte, Bacia Potiguar. 4º46’59.999”S, 36º10’59.999”W; depth: 423–461 m. Programa de Caracterização da Bacia Potiguar, PETROBRAS, Date: 05/2011 (MOUFPE—CNI 829, 1 specimen) .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial and pinnulated, mostly to the third and fourth order. Primary pinnules on stem arranged primarily in three (rarely four) rows; two lateral and one or two on the anterior side of the stem, and also in verticillate groupings of three or four—one from each row. Lateral primary pinnules longer and more extensively subpinnulated than anterior primaries. Secondary pinnules arranged primarily in verticils of three (rarely four), and sometimes singly or in subopposite pairs. Tertiary and higher order pinnules, when present, occurring singly, in pairs or in verticils. Cylindrical, reticulated worm run present along posterior side of stem. Subpinnulation of lateral pinnules generally not covering worm run. Tertiary and higher order pinnules usually more extensively developed on outer lateral margins of corallum, especially in older colonies. Spines small, conical, inclined distally, especially near distal end of the pinnules and subpinnules and becoming less distally inclined towards the proximal end. Spines up to about 0.1 mm tall near the distal end of the pinnules and decreasing to 0.05 mm or less at the proximal end; arranged in irregular rows, with members of each row spaced 0.10–0.25 mm apart. Spines on the side of the axis containing the polyps slightly longer than those on the opposite side. Polyps 0.6–0.9 mm in transverse diameter; and arranged in a single series (8–10 per centimeter) primarily on the distal or lateral sides of the pinnules” (Opresko, 2006).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimen. Colony (MOUFPE—CNI 829) 11.3 cm tall, and 3.5 cm wide. The lowest two centimeters of the stem without pinnulation (Fig. 29a). Corallum sparsely branched to the 1st order. Pinnules organized in 3 rows; two lateral and one anterior row. Number of primary pinnules per centimeter between 9 and 10, spacing between primary pinnules 3 mm in each row. Length of primary lateral pinnules between 12 and 18 mm, Primary anterior pinnules poorly developed and hardly visible, usually without or with few secondary pinnules in whorls of 2 or 3. Length of anterior pinnules between 5 and 11 mm. Secondary pinnules on primary lateral pinnules occurring in verticils of 3 or 4 subpinnules Secondary pinnules may be confused with primaries mainly in the region proximal to the main axis of the coral, where the “worm run” is present (Fig. 29b). Length of secondary pinnules between 5 and 10 mm; number of secondary pinnules per lateral primary between 5 and 8. Tertiary pinnules present. Spines conical and inclined toward the distal end of the pinnule (Fig. 29 c-d). Spines near the distal portion of the pinnule reaching up to 0.096 mm, most common being 0.048 –0.072 mm. Distance between the spines, mainly 0.1– 0.03 mm on a pinnule 0.12 mm in diameter. Polyps not visualized (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. The spines of the Brazilian specimen are relatively smaller than those reported in Opresko (2006), where the length of the spines varies between 0.05–0.1 mm at the proximal end of the primary pinnules, compared to 0.03–0.06 mm in the material described herein. Species of the genus usually tend to form a tube along the main axis of the colony through the anastomosis of the central pinnules, which may house a polychaete. This structure may be termed a “worm run” or path for polychaetes (Opresko, 2006). In spite of having the typical formation of the tunnel, this colony did not keep the polychaete among its pinnules. Wagner (2011) and Pettibone (1991) cite Bayerpolynoe floridensis Pettibone, 1991 as a compulsory commensal for S. columnaris . The species, as Antipathes . columnaris, has previously been recorded for Brazil, for the state of Pará (Opresko, 1974).</p><p>Distribution. Caribbean Sea (Opresko, 2006), Gulf of Mexico (Opresko, 2009); IndoPacific, off New Zeland (Van Pesch, 1914; Cairns et al., 2009), Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, off Pará, mouth of Amazon River (Opresko, 1974) and off Rio Grande do Norte, Bacia Potiguar (this work) (Fig. 30); from 62 m (Opresko, 2009) to 984 m depths (Van Pesch, 1914).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC926FFAEF9EBFDC3FE22F305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC924FFA0F9EBFB87FAC4F0CA.text	038F878BC924FFA0F9EBFB87FAC4F0CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stylopathes adinocrada Opresko 2006	<div><p>Stylopathes adinocrada Opresko, 2006</p><p>Fig. 31, 32</p><p>Antipathes columnaris: Opresko, 1974:101–115 (em parte, fig. 15)</p><p>Stylopathes adinocrada Opresko, 2006: 123–126, figs 6–7.</p><p>Type and type locality. USNM 1092612 (holotype): Lesser Antilles, off Aves Island, 360 m ; UMML 7.678 (paratype): off Suriname, 7º27’57.6”N, 55º10’58.8”W, 134 m.</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, off Rio Grande do Norte, Bacia Potiguar. 4º46’59.988”S, 36º10’59.999”W; depth: 423–461 m. Programa de Caracterização da Bacia Potiguar, PETROBRAS, Date: 05/2011 (MOUFPE—CNI 113, 1 specimen) .</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum monopodial and densely pinnulated mostly to the third and fourth order. Subpinnules forming a complex mass of anastomosing ramifications on both the anterior and posterior side of corallum. Primary pinnules arranged in three rows and loose verticils of three, consisting of two laterals and one anterior pinnule. Secondary pinnules in verticils of three, in pairs, or occurring singly. Highest order subpinnules predominantly in pairs or singly. Primary pinnules not easily discernable due to the dense subpinnulation. Cylindrical reticulated worm run extending along the posterior side of the stem. Spines small, conical, with rounded apex, and slightly inclined distally; mostly 0.03–0.04 mm tall (up to 0.06 mm); arranged in four to five longitudinal rows (in lateral view) with members of each row spaced 0.1–0.2 mm apart. Polyps 1–1.3 mm in transverse diameter; and arranged in a single series mostly on one side of the pinnules” (Opresko, 2006).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimen. Corallum (MOUFPE—CNI 113) monopodial and highly pinnulated, with a total length of 19.5 cm, and with a “worm run” with a polychaete present in the tube (Fig. 31 a–b). Subpinnulation occurring throughout the primary pinnules. Primary pinnules arranged in three rows not easily distinguishable because of dense corallum pinnulation. Primary pinnules with a length between 10 and 20 mm. Number of secondary pinnules per posterior primary of approximately 11; Corallum pinnulated to the fourth order. Secondary pinnules slightly more abundant on the abpolypar side of the posterior primary pinnule, with denser pinnulation pattern at the proximal end of the primary pinnules. Spines small, arranged in approximately 5 rows in lateral view (Fig. 31 c–d), with a size between 0.024 mm and 0.06 mm; distance between spines in the same row approximately 0.28 mm. Polyps not visualized (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. The material studied here is very similar to the holotype described by Opresko (2006). Slightly larger, the specimen collected in Brazil presents a total colony length of approximately 20 cm, whereas the holotype measures approximately 17 cm. The pinnulation pattern follows that described for the holotype. The spines, however, are more spaced out, 0.28 mm apart in the same row, whereas in the holotype they are 0.1–0.2 mm apart in a row. Stylopathes adinocrada differs from S. columnaris mainly due to the less dense pinnulation pattern in the latter. In S. columnaris, subpinnules occur mainly in the distal portion of the primary pinnule, rarely covering the worm run, as occurs in S. adinocrada (Opresko, 2006) . The worm run of MOUFPE—CNI 113 contained a specimen of the Benhamipolynoe antipaticola (Benham, 1927) . This polychaete has already been recorded in association with other species of the genus Stylopathes, such as Stylopathes tenuispina (Siberfield, 1909) and Stylopathes columnaris (Duchassaing, 1870) (Pettibone et al., 1970; Britayev et al., 2014). This is the first record of B. antipaticola in association with S. adinocrada .</p><p>Distribution. Caribbean Sea, from Bahamas to Suriname (Opresko, 2006), and Southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, off Rio Grande do Norte, Bacia Potiguar (this work) (Fig. 32); from 134 m to 708 m depths (Opresko, 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC924FFA0F9EBFB87FAC4F0CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC92AFFA3F9EBF9D6FA01F396.text	038F878BC92AFFA3F9EBF9D6FA01F396.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triadopathes Opresko 2006	<div><p>Genus Triadopathes Opresko, 2006</p><p>Type-species. Parantipathes triadocrada Opresko, 1999 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. “Corallum branched, larger branches arising mostly from near the base and ascending. Branches pinnulate. Pinnules arranged primarily, but not exclusively, in three axial rows, as well as in subverticillate groupings containing one pinnule from each row. Secondary and high order subpinnules arranged in similar pattern. Multiple orders of subpinnules arising on the lateral primary pinnules, but not uniformly developed from branch to branch. Branches, pinnules and subpinnules adhering and fusing. Spines simple, conical, smooth, with acute to rounded apex; usually 0.06–0.08 mm tall. Spines 0.16–0.30 mm apart in each row, with five to six spines per millimeter. Polyps not more than 1.2 mm in transverse diameter; with seven to eight polyps per centimeter.” (Opresko, 2006).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Triadopathes Opresko, 2006, up to this time monospecific, differs from the other genera belonging to the family Stylopathidae ( Stylopathes Opresko, 2006; Tylopathes Brook, 1889) by being extensively branched and having pinnules grouped, to varying degrees, in verticils of three and four, and to a lesser degree singly and in pairs. In contrast, in Stylopathes the pinnulation pattern can be similar to that in Triadopathes, but the corallum is monpodial or only very sparsely branched, and in Tylopathes the corallum is extensively branched, and the highest order branchlets are not uniform in size, number, or arrangement, and only rarely do they occur in groups of two or more, therefore, they are not very pinnular-like (Opresko, 2006). Triadopathes also differs from the branched forms of the genus Antipathes Pallas, 1766 because it is has pinnules, a characteristic that does not occur within Antipathes (Brugler et al., 2013) .</p><p>Distribution. Off the coast of Tasmania, Australia (Opresko, 2006) and southwest Atlantic Ocean (this work).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC92AFFA3F9EBF9D6FA01F396	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC929FFA2F9EBFE04FCC0F2CD.text	038F878BC929FFA2F9EBFE04FCC0F2CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triadopathes triadocrada (Opresko 1999)	<div><p>Triadopathes cf. triadocrada (Opresko, 1999)</p><p>Fig. 33, 34</p><p>Parantipathes triadocrada Opresko, 1999: 1550–1545, figs 7–9;</p><p>Triadopathes triadocrada: Opresko, 2006: 131–134, figs 11–12.</p><p>Type and type locality. SAM H–908 (holotype), USNM 99410 (schizoholotype), SAM H–986 (paratype): off the coast of Tasmania, 44º22’40.8”S, 147º7’15.6”E, 1060–1170 m . SAM H–759 (paratype): Australia, 34º10’58.8”S, 132º37’58.8”E, 160 m. SAM H–760 (paratype): Australia, 38º3’57.6”S, 133º58’58.8”E, 625– 890 m.</p><p>Material examined. Rio Grande Rise, 30º12’49.68”S, 36º50’9.6”W; initial depth: 750 m. Final depth: 800 m. PROERG/ CPRM. ERG–165. 11/02/12. Dredge (MNRJ 8646, 1 fragment).</p><p>Diagnosis. Corallum sparsely branched, but densely pinnulate. Larger branches arising mostly from near the base and subvertical in orientation. Primary pinnules arranged primarily, but not exclusively, in three axial rows, two lateral and one posterior. Lateral primary pinnules more complexly subpinnulate than posterior primary pinnules. Pinnules and subpinnules (six or more orders) also grouped together in clusters (pseudo-verticils) containing one pinnule from each row. Pinnules and subpinnules adhering. Spines simple, conical, smooth, with acute to rounded apex; usually 0.06–0.08 mm from center of base to apex. Spines on pinnules and subpinnules arranged in axial rows; up to 6–7 rows in lateral view. Spines 0.16–0.30 mm apart in each row, with 5–6 spines per millimeter, on average. Polyps not more than 1.2 mm in transverse diameter from proximal side of proximal lateral tentacles to distal side of distal lateral tentacles. Polyps arranged uniserially on upper or anterolateral sides of pinnules and subpinnules; with 7–8 polyps per centimeter (Opresko, 1999, 2006).</p><p>Description of Brazilian specimen. Fragment (MNRJ 8646) damaged, branched up to the 4th or 5th order, and pinnulated (Fig. 33a). Stem thickness of 1.9 mm. Irregular pattern of branching and pinnulation. Pinnules arising single, in pairs or in verticils of 3 to 4 pinnules, inclined towards the distal end of the branch (Fig. 33b). Secondary pinnules present, following the pattern of the primary pinnules. Length of primary pinnules varying between 5 and 21 mm (larger ones supporting secondary pinnules), but usually between 10 and 15 mm. Basal diameter of primary pinnules close to 0.25 mm. Length of secondary pinnules between 2 and 10 mm. Basal diameter of secondary pinnules mainly between 0.09 and 0.15 mm. Distance between secondary pinnules in the same row 1.8–3.5 mm. Spines conical, smooth, with rounded apex, inclined towards the distal end of the pinnules (Fig. 33 c–d). Height of spines between 0.045 and 0.100 mm, most common being approximately 0.07 mm. Width of base of spines 0.06 to 0.09 mm. Distance between spines in the same row 0.1–0.4 mm, with five to six spines per millimeter. Polyps not visualized (lost tissue).</p><p>Remarks. The analyzed specimen (MNRJ 8646) differs from the type of T. triadocrada in having a more spreadout, somewhat flabellate branching pattern and being much less regularly pinnulate. In the type, the pinnules most frequently occur in subverticils of three with the two lateral pinnules being more extensively subpinnulated than the single posterior primary pinnule. In comparison, in MNRJ 8646 the pinnules frequently occur singly, in pairs, and in groups of four, as well as in the groups of three. Where they do occur in groups of three, the lateral pinnules are not more extensively subpinnulated. Furthermore, the occurrence of subverticils of four pinnules appears to be much more common than in the type. In other skeletal features, such as the shape, size and spacing of the spines and the size and basal diameter of the pinnules, MNRJ 8646 is similar to the type.</p><p>The genus, until now, was known only from the coast of Tasmania and Australia (type locality of T. triadocrada) with two records of Triadopathes sp. from the New Zealand Coast in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM) (available in &lt;http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/&gt;), this being the first record of the genus for the Atlantic Ocean.</p><p>Distribution. Off Tasmania and Australia (Opresko, 2006); and Southwestern Atlantic, Rio Grande Rise (this work) (Fig. 34); from 160 m to 1170 m depth (Opresko, 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC929FFA2F9EBFE04FCC0F2CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
038F878BC92EFFA7F9EBFF40FA13F4C2.text	038F878BC92EFFA7F9EBFF40FA13F4C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antipatharia Milne-Edwards & Haime 1857	<div><p>Artifical key to South Atlantic Antipatharians</p><p>1A: Colony unbranched (filiform)............................................................................ 2</p><p>1B: Colony monopodial and pinnulate or branched, with or without pinnules......................................... 5</p><p>2A: Polyps in more than one row............................................................ Cirrhipathes secchini</p><p>2B: Polyps in one single row................................................................................ 3</p><p>3A: Polypar spines up to 0.18 mm in height................................................. Stichopathes occidentalis</p><p>3B: Polypar spines more than 0.18 mm in height................................................................ 4</p><p>4A: Spines up to 0.24 mm in height........................................................... Stichopathes spiessi</p><p>4B: Spines up to 0.34 mm in height........................................................ Stichopathes paucispina</p><p>5A: Corallum not pinnulated................................................................................ 6</p><p>5B: Corallum pinnulated................................................................................... 9</p><p>6A: Spines anisomorphic.................................................................. Acanthopathes humilis</p><p>6B: Spines isomorphic.................................................................................... 7</p><p>7A: Spines on the entire corallum............................................................................ 8</p><p>7B: Spines only on terminal branchlets....................................................... Leiopathes glaberrima</p><p>8A: Corallum branching in one plane, usually fan-shaped.......................................... Antipathes atlantica</p><p>8B: Corallum branching in more than one plane; broom like, with long ascending branches................ Antipathes furcata</p><p>9A: Polyps 2 mm or more in transverse diameter............................................................... 10</p><p>9B: Polyps usually less than 2 mm in transverse diameter........................................................ 23</p><p>10A: Spines simple, smooth, deltoid, conical and acicular in lateral view; polyps without secondary mesenteries............. 11</p><p>10B: Spines simple or with multiple bifurcations, triangular, laterally compressed; polyps with six primary and four secondary mesenteries........................................................................................... 14</p><p>11A: Primary pinnules irregularly arranged, sometimes in clusters of three............................ Cladopathes plumosa</p><p>11B: Primary pinnules in four or more regular rows............................................................. 12</p><p>12A: Primary pinnules in four rows........................................................ Trissopathes cf. tristicha</p><p>12B: Primary pinnules in six rows........................................................................... 13</p><p>13A: Around two secondary pinnules per posterior primary; 22 to 33 primary pinnules per centimeter...................................................................................................... Chrysopathes micracantha</p><p>13B: One secondary pinnule per posterior primary; 18 to 21 primary pinnules per centimeter........... Chrysopathes oligocrada</p><p>14A: Polyps reaching 2–3 mm in diameter..................................................................... 15</p><p>14B: Polyps 3 mm or more in diameter....................................................................... 17</p><p>15A: Corallum branched to the third or fourth order.................................................. Taxipathes recta</p><p>15B: Corallum monopodial or sparsely branched................................................................ 16</p><p>16A: Spines up to 0.07 mm in height........................................................ Parantipathes laricides</p><p>16B: Spines up to 0.20 mm in height...................................................... Parantipathes helicosticha</p><p>17A: Pinnules in two rows, subpinnulated................................................. Dendrobathypathes grandis</p><p>17B: Pinnules in two rows, simple........................................................................... 18</p><p>18A: Corallum branched................................................................................... 19</p><p>18B: Corallum unbranched................................................................................. 20</p><p>19A: Pinnules short, up to 1 cm in length...................................................... Stauropathes punctata</p><p>19B: Pinnules long, more than 3 cm long.......................................................... Telopathes magna</p><p>20A: Corallum not attached................................................................... Schizopathes crassa</p><p>20B: Corallum attached.................................................................................... 21</p><p>21A: Pinnules decreasing in size distally toward the corallum apex............................... Alternatipathes alternata</p><p>21B: Pinnules longest in the middle of the corallum............................................................. 22</p><p>22A: Spines up to 0.26 mm in height......................................................... Bathypathes galatheae</p><p>22B: Spines usually less than 0.1 mm in height.................................................... Bathypathes patula</p><p>23A: Pinnules and subpinnules in rows or pairs................................................................. 24</p><p>23B: Pinnules and subpinnules in verticils..................................................................... 32</p><p>24A: Pinnules subpinnulated................................................................................ 25</p><p>24B: Pinnules simple...................................................................................... 30</p><p>25A: Colony densely branched................................................................ Tanacetipathes hirta</p><p>25B: Colony monopodial or sparsely ramified.................................................................. 26</p><p>26A: Secondary pinnules up to 47 mm long............................................... Tanacetipathes longipinnula</p><p>26B: Secondary pinnules usually up to 22 mm long.............................................................. 27</p><p>27A: Posterior primary pinnules bearing up to 42 secondary pinnules............................ Tanacetipathes thalassoros</p><p>27B: Posterior primary pinnules bearing up to 18 secondary pinnules................................................ 28</p><p>28A: Posterior primary pinnules bearing 8 to 10 secondary pinnules................................ Tanacetipathes thamnea</p><p>28B: Posterior primary pinnules bearing less than 7 secondary pinnules.............................................. 29</p><p>29A: Posterior primary pinnules bearing 3 to 7 secondary...................................... Tanacetipathes tanacetum</p><p>29B: Posterior primary pinnules bearing less than 3 secondary................................. Tanacetipathes barbadensis</p><p>30A: Pinnules/branchlets in one to four irregular rows........................................... Antipathella wollastoni</p><p>30B: Pinnules in two regular rows........................................................................... 31</p><p>31A: Distance between pinnules in a same row 1.6–2.0 mm....................................... Plumapathes pennacea 31B: Distance between pinnules in a same row 2–4 mm ......................................... Plumapathes fernandezi 32A: Corallum branched, mainly from near the base........................................ Triadopathes cf. triadocrada 32B: Corallum monopodial, rarely branched................................................................... 33 33A: Subpinnules rarely covering the “worm run”.............................................. Stylopathes columnaris 33B: Subpinnules always covering the “worm run”............................................. Stylopathes adinocrada</p><p>Distribution of the Antipatharia order in the South Atlantic</p><p>There are currently 97 antipatharian species recorded from the Atlantic Ocean (Supplementary file), with representatives of all seven families. Of this total, approximately 59% (~ 57 spp.) of the species occur in the western North Atlantic, this being the region that holds the largest number of records (Supplementary file). About 58 species of the order are endemic to the Atlantic. Five genera are unique to this region: Distichopathes Opresko, 2004, and Elatopathes Opresko, 2004, in the family Aphanipathidae; Tanacetipathes Opresko, 2001, in the family Myriopathidae; and Taxipathes Brook, 1889 and Telopathes MacIsaac &amp; Best 2013; in the family Schizopathidae .</p><p>Of the 97 black coral species recorded for the entire Atlantic, three species (about 3%) are endemic to the southwestern region and none are endemic to the southeastern region so far. The southeastern Atlantic has only one black coral record, Parantipathes helicosticha Opresko, 1999, from Valdivia seamount, which forms part of the Walvis Ridge (Molodtsova &amp; Pasternak, 2005).</p><p>As of 2009 approximately 40 black coral species (16% of the diversity of antipatharians species currently known worldwide) were recorded from the Gulf of Mexico (data compiled in this paper; Opresko, 2009). The Caribbean Sea, being one of the regions with the best documented antipatharian faunas of the world (Opresko, 2009; Wagner et al., 2015), has 57 recorded species.</p><p>The major biogeographic barriers which were thought to separate the shallow-water fauna of the Caribbean Sea and the northeastern part of South America from the rest of the Atlantic coast of South America are the mouth of the Amazon River and the mouth of the Orinoco River. However, Cordeiro et al. (2015) recently verified the existence of a mesophotic reef between 18 and 125 m deep at 15 km off the mouth of the Amazon River, and recorded 38 coral species for this region, including a species in the antipatharian genus Cirrhipathes . Thus, corals occurring below 30 m do not suffer from the direct influence of the Amazon plume (Cordeiro et al., 2015), thereby enabling faunal connectivity between the Caribbean Sea and the South Atlantic.</p><p>Approximately 25 black coral species occur in Brazil (including records documented in the present work). Of these, 15 are shared with the Caribbean Sea. The best documented region in the western South Atlantic corresponds to the region between 13° and 22° S (Loiola &amp; Castro, 2001; Loiola &amp; Castro, 2005; Loiola, 2007; Cordeiro et al., 2012). Although there is a record of the species Tanacetipathes tanacetum (Pourtalès, 1880) for the Parcel of Manuel Luís, the northern region of Brazil still represents a great gap in knowledge.</p><p>This study contains the first description of the black coral fauna of the Rio Grande Rise, and identifies nine species for the region. However, only Leiopathes glaberrima (Esper, 1788) is shared with the Brazilian continental margin. Other two species [ Leiopathes glaberrima (Esper, 1788); Stauropathes punctata (Roule, 1905)] occur in the northeastern Atlantic, while three species [ Parantipathes helicosticha Opresko, 1999; Parantipathes laricides Van Pesch, 1914; and Stichopathes paucispina Brook, 1889] occur in IndoPacific. Parantipathes helicosticha, orginally described from Australia and Tasmania, also has a record for the Walvis Range in the Southeast Atlantic.</p><p>In the future, more specimens collected in the Rio Grande Rise may also allow confirmation of the identification of Trissopathes tristicha (Van Pesch, 1914) and Triadopathes triadocrada (Opresko, 1999) for the South Atlantic. Both species were also originally described for the western Pacific, in waters adjacent to coast of Australia.</p><p>Although the invertebrate fauna of the Rio Grande Rise has just begun to be studied in this decade, the icthyofauna already recorded has a high similarity with that found in the Walvis and Madagascar Cordillera, the latter in the Indian Ocean (Pérez et al., 2012). However, any biogeographic inference for antipatharians is still premature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F878BC92EFFA7F9EBFF40FA13F4C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lima, Manuela M.;Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.;Perez, Carlos D.	Lima, Manuela M., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Perez, Carlos D. (2019): Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4692 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4692.1.1
