identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038F87FB7E16FFD489D78F8EFBB138BC.text	038F87FB7E16FFD489D78F8EFBB138BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anchitrematidae Mehra 1935	<div><p>Family Anchitrematidae Mehra, 1935</p><p>Diagnosis: Body elongate-oval to lingulate, tegument usually spinose. Forebody not extending posterior to midlevel of body, represents about one-third of body length or slightly more. Oral sucker subterminal. Ventral sucker smaller than oral sucker. Prepharynx absent; pharynx much smaller than oral sucker; esophagus short to nearly absent; intestinal bifurcation immediately posterior to pharynx; ceca long or short. Testes immediately posterior to ventral sucker, elongate oval, lobed or not, symmetrical, extra-cecal in species with long ceca, laterally situated near body wall. Cirrus sac round, relatively large, immediately anterior to ventral sucker; seminal vesicle long, convoluted, winds extensively throughout cirrus sac. Genital pore medial or nearly so, opens in posterior aspect of region between intestinal bifurcation and ventral sucker. Genital atrium present. Ovary entire, generally spherical to somewhat elongate-oval, medial, post-testicular. Seminal receptacle reportedly canalicular, sperm present in proximal end of uterus in species of Piscianchitrema . Laurer’s canal present. Uterus largely fills post-testicular space, with coiled descending and ascending limbs. Metraterm extensive, situated between cirrus sac and ovary. Eggs usually small, operculate, numerous. Vitelline fields follicular, in narrow band on each side of body, post-testicular, terminate some distance anterior to posterior extremity. Excretory vesicle Y-shaped; excretory arms long; excretory pore terminal to somewhat dorsal. Intestinal in freshwater fish from Egypt, reptiles and mammals (mostly bats) in northern and equatorial Africa, and Asia. Type genus Anchitrema Looss, 1899 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87FB7E16FFD489D78F8EFBB138BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dronen, Norman O.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.	Dronen, Norman O., Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K. (2020): A new genus and species of Anchitrematidae Mehra, 1935 (Digenea: Gorgoderoidea) in a freshwater fish from the River Nile at Qena, Egypt with amendation of the family. Zootaxa 4780 (2): 367-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.9
038F87FB7E16FFD489D78C52FA3B3DF9.text	038F87FB7E16FFD489D78C52FA3B3DF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piscianchitrema Dronen & Karar & Blend 2020	<div><p>Genus Piscianchitrema n. gen.</p><p>Type species: Piscianchitrema nilense n. gen, n. sp.</p><p>Etymology: The generic designation is in recognition of the Anchitrema -like type of species being described from a fish host, “Pisci” (Latin).</p><p>Diagnosis: Body elongate-oval to lingulate, spinose. Forebody about one-third of body length. Thick, shelflike rim continuous around most of ventral aspect of periphery of distome, more laterally extensive in forebody, not joined posteriorly, somewhat reminiscent of incomplete scoop of species of Bianium Stunkard, 1930 (Lepocreadiidae), but rim extends more posteriorly to near posterior extremity of body; rim of lateral aspect of forebody composed of large internal patches of lightly vacuolated, somewhat glandular cells that form pads similar to those described for species of Pelopscreadium Dronen, Blend, Khalifa, Mohamadain &amp; Karar, 2016 . Oral sucker spherical to elongate-oval, subterminal. Ventral sucker spherical, pre-equatorial. Prepharynx absent; pharynx spherical to slightly oval; esophagus short; ceca long, extend close to posterior extremity; ani absent.</p><p>Testes two, irregular, side by side, largely extra-cecal, situated near midbody in space from ventral sucker to short distance posterior to midlevel of body. Cirrus apparatus of typical anchitrematid type (see Fig. 2); cirrus sac large, delicate, nearly round, medial, situated immediately anterior to ventral sucker; seminal vesicle tubular and convoluted, winds extensively throughout cirrus sac. Genital pore near midline of body, located about halfway between anterior and posterior margins of cirrus sac; distinct genital atrium present.</p><p>Ovary entire, post-testicular, situated near midlevel of body. Laurer’s canal present. Canalicular seminal receptacle not known, uterine seminal receptacle present. Uterus extensively folded, uterine loops largely fill post-ovarian space with descending and ascending uterine limbs; metraterm distinct, extensive, extends posteriorly from cirrus sac to near level of anterior margin of ovary. Vitellarium post-testicular in lateral fields, terminates short distance anterior to posterior extremity on both sides, largely extra-cecal. Eggs oval, operculate.</p><p>Excretory vesicle Y-shaped. Excretory pore terminal or slightly subterminal. In insectivorous-prone freshwater fish.</p><p>Remarks: The presence of the thick, continuous rim around the periphery of the distome along most of its extent, the lateral aspect of the forebody being composed of large internal patches of vacuolated, somewhat glandular cells that form pad-like structures that are strikingly similar to the “pelops” of species of Pelopscreadium, and the presence of a uterine seminal receptacle are characteristics that have not been found previously in species in the family, and along with having a freshwater fish host, we feel these differences warrant the erection of Piscianchitrema n. gen. This unusual morphology was obvious in all specimens both pre- and post-restaining and remounting.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87FB7E16FFD489D78C52FA3B3DF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dronen, Norman O.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.	Dronen, Norman O., Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K. (2020): A new genus and species of Anchitrematidae Mehra, 1935 (Digenea: Gorgoderoidea) in a freshwater fish from the River Nile at Qena, Egypt with amendation of the family. Zootaxa 4780 (2): 367-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.9
038F87FB7E17FFD289D78F8EFCDA3974.text	038F87FB7E17FFD289D78F8EFCDA3974.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piscianchitrema nilense Dronen & Karar & Blend 2020	<div><p>Piscianchitrema nilense n. gen., n. sp.</p><p>(Figs. 1–3)</p><p>Type host: Unidentified species of freshwater fish.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.726665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.164165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.726665/lat 26.164165)">River Nile</a>, Qena, Egypt (26º9’51” N, 32º43’36” E) .</p><p>Site of infection: Intestine.</p><p>Type material: Holotype NHMUK 2020.4.24. 1, paratypes (2) NHMUK 2020.4.24.2-3, voucher (1) NHMUK 2020.4.24. 4.</p><p>Etymology: The species designation “ nilense ” refers to the River Nile where this new digenean was collected in Egypt.</p><p>Description: Based on 4 fully mature specimens. Body elongate-oval, holotype 3,744 (mean 3,448; range 3,268 –3,744) × 1,521 (1,128; 920–1,521); tegument armed with numerous small, thorn-like spines, concentrated in forebody, spines 9–10 long. Anterior end gradually tapers, forms moderately small, rounded anterior extremity; posterior end more broadly rounded; maximum width in middle one-third of body. Forebody 1,066 (915; 850–1,066), 28% (28%; 25–30%) of body length. Thick, continuous rim around the periphery of ventral aspect of distome most pronounced along forebody; lateral aspects of forebody composed of large internal patches of vacuolated, somewhat glandular cells that form pad-like structures similar to those of species of Pelopscreadium . Pre-oral lobe absent. Oral sucker spherical to slightly elongate-oval, moderately muscular, subterminal, 370 (340; 320–370) × 390 (378; 330–410). Ventral sucker spherical, sessile, smaller than oral sucker, 390 (321; 224–390) × 330 (313; 300–330), located approximately 30% of length of body from anterior end. Oral sucker/ventral sucker width ratio 1:0.9 (1:0.8; 1:0.7–1: 0.9). Prepharynx absent; pharynx spherical to slightly oval, indistinctly muscular, 133 (141; 132–150) × 165 (147; 132–165), anterior end extends into posterior aspect of oral sucker; esophagus short, 28 (23; 7–31) long; intestinal bifurcation situated about 50% of forebody length from anterior end; ceca simple, long, largely inter-testicular, extends close to posterior extremity; ani absent.</p><p>Testes longitudinally elongate, moderately to deeply lobed, side by side, largely extra-cecal, approximately 34% of body length from anterior end, close to lateral margins of body, widely separated by inter-testicular space, 400 (298; 130–400) long, 11% (9%, 4–12%) of body length; right testis, 790 (715; 550–830) × 470 (408; 380–470); left testis, 750 (718; 570–860) × 460 (363; 300–460). Cirrus sac large, delicate, nearly round, 240 (315; 240–390) × 370 (325; 260–370), 6% (8%; 6–10%) of body length, medially situated immediately anterior to ventral sucker, occupies approximately posterior 60% of distance between intestinal bifurcation and ventral sucker; cirrus sac contains relatively large, spined cirrus, short ejaculatory duct surrounded posteriorly by prostatic cells, short pars prostatica with few prostatic cells around anterior extent, extensive tubular seminal vesicle winds throughout bulk of cirrus sac. Vas efferens unite immediately posterior to cirrus sac; vas deferens embedded in layer of cells at entrance into posterior margin of cirrus sac, entrance located some distance dextral to body midline. Genital pore submedian, slightly dextral, located approximately 60% distance between anterior and posterior margins of cirrus sac, opens into distinct genital atrium through flower-like rosette of glands.</p><p>Ovary entire, round, 250 (207; 118–250) × 330 (257; 138–330), medial, immediately post-testicular, situated immediately posterior to midlevel of body approximately 54% of body length from anterior end. Post-ovarian space long, 1,405 (1,582; 1,405–1,752) long, 38% (46%; 37–53%) of body length. Laurer’s canal present, full extent not observed; canalicular seminal receptacle not observed. Vitellarium follicular, follicles 30–60 (51; 25–85) × 12–45 (41; 12–75), largely extra-cecal in lateral fields of posterior one-half of body, occupies approximately 78% of postovarian space length, terminate short of cecal ends, do not approach midline of body. Uterus extensively folded, uterine loops largely filling post-ovarian space with descending and ascending uterine limbs; metraterm long, 2,380 (2,139; 1,923–2,380) long, distinctly thick-walled, extensively convoluted, extends posteriorly from cirrus sac to level of anterior margin of ovary. Eggs oval, operculate, 21–26 (23; 18–26) × 15–17 (14; 13–18), numerous, often masking details of anterior aspect of post-ovarian space, typically not present in metraterm.</p><p>Excretory vesicle Y-shaped; excretory pore slightly subterminal, somewhat dorsal. Intestinal parasite in insectivorous-prone freshwater fish of northern Africa (currently known only from Egypt); species of fish unknown.</p><p>Remarks: The new species superficially resembles species of Anchitrema by having a spinose tegument; a short esophagus; long ceca; largely extra-cecal testes located laterally just posterior to the ventral sucker; an entire, nearly medial, post-testicular ovary; and the round anchitrematid type cirrus apparatus (see Fig. 3) located medially, immediately anterior to the ventral sucker and that contains the characteristically tubular and convoluted seminal vesicle. Additionally, the new species has suckers in the anterior one-third of the body; an oral sucker that is slightly larger than the ventral sucker; a spherical to slightly oval pharynx; a nearly medial genital pore that opens a short distance anterior to the ventral sucker between the intestinal bifurcation and ventral sucker; a Laurer’s canal; a strongly coiled uterus with ascending and descending limbs that fills the post-testicular space; a largely extra-cecal vitellarium in the posterior one-half of body that does not surpass the cecal ends; and our specimens lack a prepharynx and ani. Generally, the measurements of structures herein overlap with those of previously proposed species of Anchitrema . The only study that specifically mentions the presence of a metraterm (no measurements given) in a species of Anchitrema is that of Pande (1935) in a re-description of A. sanguineum; however, our specimens and those examined from the Smithsonian Parasite Collection demonstrate the presence of a coiled metraterm that extends from the cirrus sac to about the anterior margin of the ovary. Piscianchitrema nilense n. gen., n. sp. has a much smaller body than A. sanguineum (3,268 –3,744 vs 6,000) and a distinctively thicker-walled metraterm that comprises 56–65% of body length vs 40% in previously described species of Anchitrema . The presence of the thick, continuous rim around the periphery of the distome along most of its extent; the lateral aspects of the forebody being composed of large internal patches of vacuolated, somewhat glandular cells that form pad-like structures that are strikingly similar to the “pelops” of species of Pelopscreadium; the presence of a uterine seminal receptacle, and having a freshwater fish host distinguish this species from all other species in the family.</p><p>Due to the erection of the new genus and the fact that it has been over a decade since the last review/revision of this family of digeneans (Pojmańska 2008), we have created keys to the 3 genera we recognize within the Anchit- rematidae as well as the six species we currently consider valid in Anchitrema; Mujibia and Piscianchitrema n. gen. are monotypic. The key to genera is based on Pojmańska (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87FB7E17FFD289D78F8EFCDA3974	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dronen, Norman O.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.	Dronen, Norman O., Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K. (2020): A new genus and species of Anchitrematidae Mehra, 1935 (Digenea: Gorgoderoidea) in a freshwater fish from the River Nile at Qena, Egypt with amendation of the family. Zootaxa 4780 (2): 367-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.9
038F87FB7E10FFD289D78A32FA2B3DA8.text	038F87FB7E10FFD289D78A32FA2B3DA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anchitrema Looss 1899	<div><p>Key to the species of Anchitrema Looss, 1899</p><p>1a. Body relatively large, some 6,000 long; oral sucker/pharynx width ratio ≥1:3.0.............................................................................................. Anchitrema sanguineum (Sonsino, 1894) Looss, 1899</p><p>1b. Body relatively small, less than 4,500 long (1,300 –4,335); oral sucker/pharynx width ratio ≤ 1:2.9 (i.e., 1: 1.4–1: 2.9)..... 2</p><p>2a. Testes located less than one-third of body length from anterior end (27–30% of body length); uterine loops commonly overlap vitelline fields and may reach outer margins of testes laterally.................................................. 3</p><p>2b. Testes located more than one-third of body length from anterior end (35–40% of body length); few to no uterine loops overlap vitelline fields and do not reach outer margin of testes laterally................................................. 4</p><p>3a. Testes smooth; ovary median, immediately posterior to testes; eggs small, 20–24 × 11–16............... Anchitrema latum Gedoelst, 1919; syns. Anchitrema congolense (Sandground, 1937) Yamaguti, 1958, Platynosomum philippinorum congolensis Sandground, 1937, Anchitrema philippinorum congolensis (Sandground, 1937) Skarbilovich, 1948</p><p>3b. Testes distinctly lobed; ovary submedian, inter-testicular at level of posterior one-third of testes; eggs large, 32 × 19............................... Anchitrema sokolowi (Skrjabin, 1916) Dollfus, 1929; syn. Mesocoelium sokolowi Skrjabin, 1916</p><p>4a. Body notably elongate, narrow (width &lt;15% of body length; i.e., 12–14%); ovary contiguous with posterior end of testes; testes contiguous..................................................... Anchitrema longiformis Saoud &amp; Ramadan, 1977</p><p>4b. Body elongate-oval to lingulate, broad (width&gt;20% of body length; i.e., 24–42%); ovary post-testicular; inter-testicular space distinct............................................................................................. 5</p><p>5a. Forebody relatively short (23–30% of body length); oral sucker/pharynx width ratio relatively small (1:1.4–1:1.5); inter-testicular space relatively large (10–12% of body length)...... Anchitrema indicum (Thapar, 1958) Pande, 1935; syns. Anchitrema lucknowensis Agrawal, 19661, Exorchocoelium indicum Thapar, 1958</p><p>5b. Forebody relatively long (approx. 40% of body length); oral sucker/pharynx width ratio relatively large (1:2.2–1:2.5); intertesticular space relatively small (approx. 6% of body length).......................................................... Anchitrema philippinorum (Tubangui, 1928) Skarbilovich, 19482; syn. Platynosomum philippinorum Tubangui, 1928</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87FB7E10FFD289D78A32FA2B3DA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dronen, Norman O.;Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.	Dronen, Norman O., Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K. (2020): A new genus and species of Anchitrematidae Mehra, 1935 (Digenea: Gorgoderoidea) in a freshwater fish from the River Nile at Qena, Egypt with amendation of the family. Zootaxa 4780 (2): 367-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.9
