identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038F1157AC3EFFE83BEF1C87FC7DFE5F.text	038F1157AC3EFFE83BEF1C87FC7DFE5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig 1875	<div><p>Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875</p><p>Figure 2</p><p>Holothuria insignis Ludwig, 1875: 106, p1.7, fig.28.</p><p>Holothuria pardalis var. insignis Sluiter, 1890: 106 .</p><p>Halodeima insignis Heding, 1934: 23 .</p><p>Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Rowe, 1969: 149 (passim); Clark and Rowe, 1971: 176 (distrib.), p. 194 (note); Samyn, 2003: 42 (passim); Samyn et al. 2019 (in remarks and key).</p><p>Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Rowe &amp; Gates, 1995: 292 (partim);? Cherbonnier, 1988:117, fig.47.</p><p>?non Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Thandar 2007:16, text fig. 6 (=? H. lineata Ludwig, 1875).</p><p>Material examined. Sunahri Beach, 24º 52’33.49’’ N, 66º 40’40.20’’ E, Holo. 19, rocky shore, 24 November 2014, 1 spec.; Buleji, 24º 50’20.41’’ N, 66º 49’24.15’’ E, 15 April 2015, 1 spec.</p><p>Habitat. The specimens were found attached to a rock in the intertidal zone. This species inhabits the lower mid-littoral zone on rock and sand substrate, living under boulders or hides in sand in shallow waters.</p><p>Description. Specimen from Sunahri beach was 80 mm long whereas the specimen from Buleji measured 60 mm. Both specimens are cylindrical with the dorso-ventral surfaces well arched. Colouration of live specimens was dark brown dorsally (Figure 2A) with the ventral surface light brown to creamy-white with brown blotches (Figure 2B).The dorsal body wall is only slightly thick but rough to touch. Podia are scattered over the entire body surface with the dorsal ones tipped light creamy-brown. The mouth is ventral and encircled by 18 tentacles (Figure 2C) and the anus terminal, encircled by six papillae. Both the Polian vesicle and stone single are single but the madreporite was not observed. Cuvierian tubules are present.</p><p>Body wall ossicles comprise tables (Figure 2D) and pseudo-buttons, the latter often slightly knobbed (Figure 2E). The tables, 20–86 µm, have a squarish or rounded disc usually perforated by the four central holes, rarely more and with a very spiny margin. The spire is stunted or drastically reduced, terminating in a few teeth, or absent, then teeth appear to be present on disc only; the spire terminates in usually eight teeth surrounding a central hole. Dorsally and ventrally the pseudo-buttons, 20– 13 µm, are both regular (complete) and irregular (incomplete) with the latter predominating. The ventral podia are supported by elongated rods, 88–274 µm, perforated with 1–2 holes at each end (Figure 2H). The end plates of the ventral podia, 34–110 µm, are surrounded by elongated plates with undulating margin and paired series of large holes (Figure 2F); the dorsal podia have similar but slightly shorter rods (2I), 38–234 µm. The tentacle rods, 30–52 µm, may be branched at one end and perforated at the other (2G).</p><p>Remarks. Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 was not reported from the Pakistan coast before and hence it is new to the fauna of Pakistan. The specimens are similar to those described by Ludwig (1875) from Bowen (Australia), Lampert (1896) from East Africa, and recently by Samyn et al. (2006) from the Comores, and Afkhami et al. (2015) from the Persian Gulf (Hormuz Island). Their specimen size-range varied from 20–80 mm with the dorsal life colouration described as darkish grey or brown, striped brown, and ventral life colouration whitish.</p><p>Clark and Rowe (1971) recorded this species from the Red Sea, Eastern Africa and Madagascar, Bay of Bengal, East Indies, north Australia, Philippines, China, south Japan and south Pacific Is. Heding (1934) reported on some holothuroids from Hong Kong which included H. insignis which he was convinced differs significantly from H. pardalis . Ducarme (2016) reported H. insignis among 14 species of sea cucumbers encountered during the survey of nearby atolls in the Maldives.</p><p>Although Clark &amp; Rowe (1971) included both H. pardalis and H. insignis, in their note on p. 194, question the validity of the latter but because of Heding’s (1934) viewpoint, retained it as a valid species. Later, however, Rowe (in Rowe &amp; Gates 1995) accepted H. insignis in the synonymy of H. pardalis, after examining some type material and numerous specimens from various museums and localities. A study of the ossicles of a syntype (ZMH E2573) by AST, received from Dr Samyn, revealed that the table discs of H. insignis usually have four central holes, hardly any marginal holes, a remarkably reduced or absent spire and with most of the buttons (ca. 60%) incomplete, or often developed with a single series of three holes on one side, not showing any sign of reduction, or are sometimes reduced to C-shaped rods, but rarely twisted. Complete buttons have three pairs of slit-like holes and rarely small terminal holes and are deeply constricted in the middle. The rods of the papillae are expanded at ends which may bear perforations or the rods are just thick, curved structures without perforations or spines. Rods of the ventral podia are straight or slightly curved, sometimes spinose, with 3–7 holes at each end. Plates associated with end plates of the ventral podia appear rounded or slightly elongated with undulating, sometimes spinose margin, with large paired series of holes unlike the plates found in H. lineata, which have a convincingly spinose or serrated margin. Hence, we opine that there is enough morphological evidence to resurrect H. insignis from the synonymy of H. pardalis . This evidence is here summarized in Table 2, which compares both species. The ossicles of H. pardalis are illustrated in Figure 3 for the purpose of comparison. The fact that some specimens of H. insignis do show some plates associated with the end plate with also serrated margins as in H. lineata, these may be a result of hybridization, as both species are sympatric over a wide range wherever they occur, or some other factors. In this light Thandar’s (2007) H. insignis, which was later transferred to H. lineat a, needs re-examination on the bases of new materials and the characters here recorded, taking into account the re-description of the syntype of H. lineat a by Samyn et al. (2019), as it might represent a true H. insignis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F1157AC3EFFE83BEF1C87FC7DFE5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ahmed, Quratulan;Thandar, Ahmed S.;Ali, Qadeer Mohammad	Ahmed, Quratulan, Thandar, Ahmed S., Ali, Qadeer Mohammad (2020): Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 (formally resurrected from synonymy of H. pardalis Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 - new additions to the sea cucumber fauna of Pakistan, with a key to the subgenus Lessonothuria Deichmann (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa 4767 (2): 307-318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.6
038F1157AC3BFFE43BEF1F89FE5DFE07.text	038F1157AC3BFFE43BEF1F89FE5DFE07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig 1875	<div><p>Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875</p><p>Figure 4</p><p>Holothuria lineatea Ludwig, 1875: 77–120, pls. 6–7.</p><p>Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Rowe (in Rowe &amp; Gates, 1995): 291;? Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Thandar, 2008: 53, fig. 20; Samyn, Massin &amp; VandenSpiegel, 2019: 81 –91, figs. 1–4.</p><p>? Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insiginis Thandar 2007:16, text-fig. 6) (= H. (L.) lineata).</p><p>Material examined. Buleji, Karachi, Buleji (24º 50’ 20.41’’ N, 66º 49’ 24.15’’E), Holo. 23, 23 May 2017, 1 spec.</p><p>Habitat. The specimen was found under a rock on sand in the intertidal zone, attached to some algae and seaweeds and covered with fine sand.</p><p>Description. Length about 85 mm. Body cylindrical, dorsal surface arched. Colouration of live specimen dark chocolate brown dorsally (Figure 4A) with ventral surface light brown with white blotches and dark streaks (Figure 4B). Tube feet creamy white. Dorsal body wall rough, thin. Mouth and anus terminal; anus encircled by 16 papillae. Tentacles 19, creamy white in colour. Calcareous ring well developed (4C), radial plates larger than interradial plates, almost rhomboidal, interradial plates typical, triangular with a posterior notch. Polian vesicle and stone canal damaged. Cuvierian tubules absent. Ossicles of body wall comprise tables and pseudo-buttons. Dorsal and ventral body wall tables, 33–62 µm, with usually complete, strongly spinose disc with four central and 10–12 marginal holes (4D), some discs smooth. Pseudo-buttons, 30–54 µm, usually complete with 2–5 pairs of holes but often incomplete, especially ventrally, with holes developed only on one side, rarely twisted (4E) but not knobbed. Tube feet with curved, elongated rods, 68–228 µm, with several terminal holes (up to 10) and characteristic, multilocular plates, 110–232 µm, with serrated, jagged or spiny margins and 2–3 series of holes (4G), always accompanying reduced end-plates (4I &amp; F). Tentacle rods, 62–148 µm, slightly curved, perforated or digitated at ends (4H).</p><p>Remarks. Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata (Ludwig, 1875) was not reported from the Pakistan coast before and hence it is new to the holothuroid fauna of Pakistan. The specimen is to some extent similar to those described as H. (L.) insignis by (Thandar, 2007), who later (Thandar 2008), after studying a juvenile of the species, referred all his materials to H. (L.) lineata . This action, as stated above needs to be re-visited. Rowe (in Rowe &amp; Gates 1995) considered H. lineat a a valid species, although it was relegated to the synonymy of H. pardalis by numerous workers. A re-description of the species, based on type material and a specimen taken from Glorioso Islands, Mozambique, was recently published in some detail by Samyn et al. (2019) who also provide an abbreviated key to separate four related species. However, we here present a key to separate all 11 currently recognized species in the Lessonothuria group by WoRMS (accessed 10 October 2019), but all may not necessarily belong to this subgenus as some do not appear to be consubgeners as they are based on a single specimen with a couple having a bizarre combination of characters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F1157AC3BFFE43BEF1F89FE5DFE07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ahmed, Quratulan;Thandar, Ahmed S.;Ali, Qadeer Mohammad	Ahmed, Quratulan, Thandar, Ahmed S., Ali, Qadeer Mohammad (2020): Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 (formally resurrected from synonymy of H. pardalis Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 - new additions to the sea cucumber fauna of Pakistan, with a key to the subgenus Lessonothuria Deichmann (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa 4767 (2): 307-318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.6
038F1157AC35FFE43BEF192FFA02F836.text	038F1157AC35FFE43BEF192FFA02F836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lessonothuria Deichmann 1958	<div><p>Key to the species currently included in the Lessonothuria subgenus</p><p>1. Tentacles 20......................................................................................... 4</p><p>- Tentacles more than 20................................................................................. 2</p><p>2. Tentacles 30; body wall ossicles as in H. pardalis, pseudo-buttons with three pairs of holes, rarely twisted or reduced to a single series holes on one side; single Polian vesicle, multiple stone canals.................... H. (L.) immobilis Semper, 1868 .</p><p>- Tentacles 25–30; body wall ossicles as tables and buttons, Polian vesicle and stone canal usually single, well developed.... 3</p><p>3. Tentacles 25, Polian vesicle and stone canal usually single; buttons huge with large holes; tables with smooth to spiny disc; spire sometimes with several cross-bars......................................... H. (L.) duoturricola Cherbonnier, 1988 .</p><p>- Tentacles 25–30, multiple Polian vesicles and stone canals; tables and buttons well developed, hardly ever reduced................................................................................... H. (L.) verrucosa Selenka, 1867 .</p><p>4. Body wall tables apparently flat, rim smooth; some discs multilocular with more than one series of marginal holes, some tables modified to fenestrated spheres and buttons to fenestrated ellipsoids....................... H. (L.) cumulus Clark, 1921.</p><p>- Body wall tables and buttons never modified into fenestrated bodies, although a few tables may possess a multilocular disc and a spire made up of several cross-bars...................................................................... 5</p><p>5. Buttons mostly complete with two series of holes, not reduced to a single series on one side; tables with multilocular, smooth to spinose, mostly rounded disc; spire often with several cross-bars; plates around end plates serrated............................................................................................... H. (L.) multipilala Liao, 1975.</p><p>- Buttons complete or incomplete, holes sometimes reduced to a single series on one side; table disc with 4–8 holes, rim usually spinose, of variable form; some table spires with 1–2 cross bars, or cross bars absent; plates around ventral end plates smooth, serrated or absent..................................................................................... 6</p><p>6. Tube feet without suckers, end plates small, no plates surrounding end plates; tables mostly complete with buttons as in H. pardalis but large, up to 100 µm, and with more holes; table disc multilocular, often with more than one series of holes, disc sometimes knobbed or spinose........................................... H (L.) cavans Massin &amp; Tomascik, 1996 .</p><p>- Tube feet always with suckers, end plates well developed, nearly always encircled by other often bilaterally symmetrical plates; buttons rarely up to 100 µm and never with more than 3 pairs of holes; table discs never with more than one series of marginal holes............................................................................................... 7</p><p>7. Body wall tables of several forms with smooth, undulating rim and low spire with a single cross-bar or rims spinose without a spire or a spire with one or more cross-bars; buttons often complete but twisted or irregularly formed or of bizarre shape...................................................................... Holothuria glandifera Cherbonnier, 1955 .</p><p>- Body wall tables always with a spinose margin, spire low or absent, rarely a few tables with multiple cross-bars, buttons regular or incomplete with one or two series of holes............................................................... 8</p><p>8. Body covered with distinct tubercles, tables with circular, slightly spinose disc; plates of tube feet irregular, with 1–3 series of holes, never bilaterally symmetrical...................................... Holothuria (L) tuberculata Thandar, 2007.</p><p>- Body smooth or rough to the touch, tubercles absent; table disc distinctly spinose; plates surrounding end-plates of tube feet nearly always bilaterally symmetrical with 2 series of holes.................................................... 9</p><p>9. Table disc circular, spire low or moderate, ending in about eight teeth, spire rarely absent; buttons accumulated into heaps, complete and incomplete ones in a 50:50 ratio and with three pairs of holes, rarely twisted or reduced to a single series holes on one side; plates surrounding end plates of tube feet with a paired series of holes and usually an undulating margin............................................................................. Holothuria (L.) pardalis Selenka, 1867 .</p><p>- Tables with low or reduced spire or spire absent; disc distinctly spinose; ventral buttons mostly reduced, often twisted; dorsal ones complete and incomplete; plates surrounding tube feet end plates either regular with undulating margin or irregular with serrated/spiny/irregular margin.......................................................................... 10</p><p>10. Tables with reduced disc, often with only four central holes; spire low or absent, teeth irregular, never consistently eight; buttons mostly incomplete, often twisted, and frequently developed as a single series of three holes; plates associated with endplates bilaterally symmetrical with a series of paired holes and an undulating, rarely serrated rim............................................................................................ Holothuria (L.) insignis Ludwig, 1875 .</p><p>- Tables small, disc slightly spinose, pierced by only four holes or also a few small marginal holes; dorsal buttons usually complete, ventral often reduced but not twisted; plates associated with end plates always with serrated/spiny/irregular margin......................................................................... Holothuria (L.) lineata Ludwig, 1875 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F1157AC35FFE43BEF192FFA02F836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ahmed, Quratulan;Thandar, Ahmed S.;Ali, Qadeer Mohammad	Ahmed, Quratulan, Thandar, Ahmed S., Ali, Qadeer Mohammad (2020): Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 (formally resurrected from synonymy of H. pardalis Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 - new additions to the sea cucumber fauna of Pakistan, with a key to the subgenus Lessonothuria Deichmann (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa 4767 (2): 307-318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.6
