taxonID	type	description	language	source
038F3041CF74FFAAFF4FFF64E947FC29.taxon	description	(Figures 4 – 6)	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF74FFAAFF4FFF64E947FC29.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. IHB HB 20171202 a (CW 0008), whole-mounted specimen, mature, stored at Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Collected in the bottom sludge of Donghu Lake, Wuhan, Hubei (GPS: 114.352 ˚ E / 30.535 ˚ N). COI barcode: GenBank MT 460105. Paratype. IHB HB 20171202 b, whole-mounted specimen, mature, from type locality. Other material. 1 specimen for SEM (Fig. 4), from type locality; IHB AH 20171211 a – b (CW 0009 – CW 0010), 2 mature specimens from Longganhu Lake, Anhui; IHB AH 20171123 a (CW 0011), 1 mature specimen from Huaihe River, Anhui; IHB JS 20181130 a (CW 0018), 1 mature specimen from Taihu Lake, Jiangsu. For more details see Table 1.	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF74FFAAFF4FFF64E947FC29.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named “ paraclaparedianus ” for the resemblance with “ Limnodrilus claparedianus Ratzel, 1868 ” in terms of the male genitalia.	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF74FFAAFF4FFF64E947FC29.taxon	description	Description. Length 18.00 – 19.25 mm (fixed worms), first XII segments 2.85 – 3.30 mm (Holotype 2.85 mm), width at clitellum 0.42 – 0.54 mm (Holotype 0.42 mm), segments 80 – 95 (Holotype 80). Prostomium conical (Fig. 4 A). Clitellum inconspicuous. All chaetae bifid (Figs. 4 C – F, 5 A – D). Anterior bundles with 4 – 7 chaetae, length 80 – 125 µm, width 2.5 – 3.7 µm, nodulus 1 / 3 from the distal end. 3 – 4 chaetae per bundle in mid-body, 1 – 2 per bundle in posterior segments. Upper tooth slightly longer than lower in anterior chaetae, thereafter progressively equal-to-shorter than lower towards the posterior part of body. No modified spermathecal chaetae. Spermathecal pores (Fig. 4 B) paired ventrally in middle of X; male pores paired ventrally in middle of XI. Chloragogen cells from VI. No coelomocytes. Male genitalia (Fig. 6 B) paired. Sperm funnel (Fig. 6 B, sf) 90 µm long. Vas deferens (Fig. 6 B, vd) long and coiled, 25 – 30 µm wide, entering atrium apically. Atrium (Fig. 6 B, at) long, fusiform, 270 – 300 µm long, 75 – 80 µm wide. Prostate gland (Fig. 6 B, pr) large, with irregular lobes, connected to middle of atrium. Ejaculatory duct (Fig. 6 B, ed) leading to penis. Penis sheath (Figs. 5 E, 6 B, ps) long, cylindrical, slender, narrowing from base to head, tapering abruptly with a constriction near the top; the latter bent with a teardrop-shaped plate placed in oblique position; sheath walls not abruptly reduced in thickness at constriction. Penis sheath 620 – 1030 µm long, 40 – 50 µm wide at base, 15 µm wide at top, 15 – 27 times longer than broad. Spermathecal duct (Fig. 6 A, sd) 50 – 56 µm wide, ampulla (Fig. 6 A, sa) difficult to observe but about 340 µm long, 215 µm wide in one specimen. Spermatozeugmata (Fig. 6 A, sz) about 300 µm long, 35 – 60 µm wide.	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF74FFAAFF4FFF64E947FC29.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: Species here reported from Provinces Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanxi and Heilongjiang in China; also known (as “ L. claparedianus-cervix ”) from Europe (Germany, Romania) and USA (Liu et al. 2017 a). Freshwater.	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF74FFAAFF4FFF64E947FC29.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species has the character combination diagnostic of Limnodrilus (Brinkhurst 1971; Liu et al. 2017 a, b): no coelomocytes, bifid chaetae only, long vasa deferentia, small atria, large prostates connected to the middle of atria, long ejaculatory ducts, conspicuous cuticular penis sheaths, and presence of spermatozeugmata. Elongate penis sheaths similar to the ones in L. paraclaparedianus are also present in L. maumeensis, L. cervix, L. claparedianus, and in a species of L. hoffmeisteri s. l. (species " III " in Liu et al. 2017 a, Fig. 6). Differences of these species to the new one are as follows: In L. maumeensis, the walls of the penis sheaths are conspicuously thickened on one side near the end, causing a bend in the shaft. In L. cervix, the walls of the penis sheaths are conspicuously thickened and abruptly thinner near the end, furthermore, the head has a triangular downward projection. In L. claparedianus, the upper tooth of the anterior chaetae is distinctly longer than the lower. Further subtle differences are the usually larger length / width ratio of the penis sheath (28 and more) and its rounded-triangular (vs. tear-dropshaped) head. In species III of L. hoffmeisteri, the upper tooth of anterior chaetae is much thicker and almost three times longer than the lower; furthermore, the head of the penis sheath is shaped like a plate-top, perpendicular to the long axis of the shaft (comp. Liu et al. 2017 a, Fig. 3). The morphological and molecular characteristics of L. paraclaparedianus are identical with those of " L. claparedianus - cervix " described by Liu et al. (2017 a), and therefore, we consider them as the same species. With the inclusion of the records in Liu et al. (2017 a), it is clear that this new species is Holarctic in distribution.	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF77FFB4FF4FFBD4EECAFF62.taxon	description	(Figures 7, 8)	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF77FFB4FF4FFBD4EECAFF62.taxon	materials_examined	New material from China. IHB SX 20181128 a (CW 0023), 1 mature specimen from Hanjiang River, Shanxi; IHB JS 20191116 a (CW 0223), 1 immature specimen from Yixing, Jiangsu; IHB HLJ 20191001 a – e (CW 0268, CW 0270 – 0271, CW 0276 – 0277), 5 immature specimens from Heilongjiang.	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF77FFB4FF4FFBD4EECAFF62.taxon	description	Description of new material. Length of first 12 segments 2.0 – 4.2 mm, width at clitellum 0.62 – 0.98 mm. Prostomium rounded (Fig. 7 A). Clitellum inconspicuous. All chaetae bifid (Figures 7 B, C; 8 A, B); upper tooth clearly or slightly longer than, but usually about as thick as lower. Anterior bundles with 4 – 7 chaetae, 85 – 110 µm long, 2.5 µm wide, and with nodulus 1 / 3 from distal end. Posterior segments with 1 – 2 chaetae per bundle. No modified spermathecal chaetae. Spermathecal pores paired ventrally in middle of X; male pores paired ventrally in middle of XI. Chloragogen cells from VI. No coelomocytes. Male genitalia paired. Vas deferens long, entering atrium apically. Atrium small, fusiform. Prostate gland large, connected to middle of atrium. Penis sheath (Fig. 8 C, D) elongate, cylindrical, slender, terminal end bent with an angle. Sheath 835 µm long, 35 µm wide at its base, 20 µm wide at the top, 24 times longer than broad in the mature specimen. Spermatheca pear-shaped, with spermatozeugmata.	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF77FFB4FF4FFBD4EECAFF62.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. A more or less cosmopolitan species, but here recorded and genetically confirmed from Provinces Shanxi, Jiangsu and Heilongjiang in China. Freshwater.	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
038F3041CF77FFB4FF4FFBD4EECAFF62.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In L. claparedianus, the upper tooth of the anterior chaetae is longer than the lower tooth, which is consistent with the description by Brinkhurst (1971). The shape of the apical penis sheath is triangular in L. claparedianus (Ratzel 1868). The same is true of our specimen. Different researchers have concluded that the length: width ratio of the penis sheath varies in this species. Bretscher (1896) found a ratio of 8 – 10. Brinkhurst (1965), however, noted that the ratio was 17 – 43. For Chinese specimens, the value was 20 in Nanjing and Nanchang (Chen 1940). This may be due to regional genetic differences or the developmental stage of worms, but it may also be the result of different methods of measuring the sheath by various researchers. Moreover, as indicated above, it may be possible that some of the previous records of alleged L. claparedianus were based on misidentified specimens of L. paraclaparedianus or even some other, still undescribed, species. The following characteristics were not mentioned in the original description of L. claparedianus: First, the prostomium is conical with a pointed tip in L. paraclaparedianus, while the prostomium is rounded in our specimens of L. claparedianus. Second, the upper tooth of the anterior ventral chaetae is slightly longer and thinner than the lower in L. paraclaparedianus, but clearly longer than, and about as thick as or thicker than the lower in L. claparedianus (e. g., Kennedy 1969; Brinkhurst 1971). Third, there is a distinct constriction in the outer end of the penis sheath of the former (Fig. 5 C, D; see also Liu et al. 2017 a, fig. 3), while the sheath tapers off slowly in the latter (Fig. 8 C, D). As discussed in Remarks for L. paraclaparedianus above, and shown also by Liu et al. (2017 a, Table 1), the penis sheaths of L. claparedianus and L. paraclaparedianus are similar, both in size and proportions; the most clearcut difference is the size of the upper teeth in chaetae of anterior segments (comp. Figs. 5 A, B, 8 A, B). Limnodrilus claparedianus has a worldwide distribution, but in China it does not appear to be as common as L. paraclaparedianus. We only collected the species in Shanxi, Jiangsu and Heilongjiang, Liu et al. (2017 a) reported it from the Province Shanxi too (Hanjiang River).	en	Zhou, Tingting, Peng, Yu, Wang, Hongzhu, Erséus, Christer, Cui, Yongde (2021): Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China. Zootaxa 5082 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.4.1
