taxonID	type	description	language	source
038C87C7CE05FFB9FF0BFC3FFA23FD08.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Goliathopsis despectus (Westwood, 1873), subsequent designation by Arrow (1910)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE05FFB9FF0BFC3FFA23FD08.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body small sized, 11.0 – 13.5 mm. Body usually black, or brown; surfaces clad with sparse U-shaped, or drop shaped setiferous punctures; setae long, acicular, yellow; dorsal surface usually covered with small and large, tomentose, yellow spots; ventral surface covered with light yellow, gray, or khaki tomentum. Antennal scapus simply claviform. Anterior margin of clypeus arc, slightly raised. Frons tomentose. Prementum slightly expanded, more or less thickened or folded in front (Fig. 4). Pronotum elliptical; widest near the middle; disc with a tomentose longitudinal line in median, distinct, continuous, or discontinuous, even absent in some species; setiferous punctures rounded. Elytron usually with yellow maculae on posthumeral area, mediodiscal areas near sutural costa, median portion of lateral declivity, and postdiscal areas near sutural costa; few other small maculae scattered on the rest of disc. Disc of elytron flattened; apicosutural angle not pointed. Sides of abdominal sternites exposed in dorsal view; terminal spiracle convex. Propygidial surface with tomentum in some species. Pygidium conical; with an indistinct longitudinal ridge in median portion, ridge without tomentum in some species; dorsal side densely punctate, with tomentum or not; apical portion and ventral side with dense, setiferous punctures, without tomentum (Figs. 22 – 37). Femora and tibiae usually partly clad with tomentum; two teeth on the outer margin of protibia; tarsi slender, unmodified. Sexual dimorphism. Genae of male with a pair of dendritic horns, outer surface glabrous, inner surface covered with tomentum or glabrous (Figs. 13 – 21). Ventral surface of female covered with tomentum, but abdominal sternites VI – VII without tomentum in male.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE05FFB9FF0BFC3FFA23FD08.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Oriental region. Nomenclature. The genus Goliathopsis was established by Janson (1881) for his new species G. cervus, and type species of the genus was not fixed in the original publication. While one syntype of Pilinurgus despectus Westwood, 1873 was examined by Janson (1881) for comparison of female characters. It is suggested that both names can be treated as originally included species of the genus Goliathopsis (following Article 67.2 of ICZN). Arrow (1910) later designated G. despectus (Westwood, 1873) as type species, and the accusation on subsequent designa- tion is apparently unreasonable (Krajčík 2011). Additionally, regarding the name of the subtribe Goliathopsidina (stem: “ Goliathopsid- ”), Bouchard et al. (2011) indicated that the correct stem should be “ Goliathopse- ” and the incorrect stem formation in prevailing usage was maintained under Article 29.5 (ICZN 1999). Natural history. Adults of the tribe Cremastocheilini were usually believed as predaceous (Westwood 1873; Arrow 1910; Krikken 1984). By dissecting mouthparts of an adult of Goliathopsis duponti, the slightly enlarged mentum, sparse setae on epipharynx and galea, and heavily sclerotized maxillae and mandibles were observed (Figs. 1 – 4). These characters are generally congruous with the typical mouthparts of Cremastocheilini (Westwood 1873; Nel & Scholtz 1990; Li et al. 2013). However, the apical portion of molar, lacinia, and galea are not shaped as that of the predaceous genera, such as Campsiura Hope, 1831, Clinterocera Motschulsky, 1857, and Platysodes Westwood, 1873, but are blunt and somewhat similar to that of phytophagous scarabs (Nel & Scholtz 1990; Li et al. 2013; Qiu et al. 2015; Xu et al. 2018). Adults of G. despectus, G. duponti Antoine, 1991, and G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991 have been reported as flower visitors indeed (Gestro 1891; Sakai & Nagai 1998), especially the latter two species are known from a large series of specimens (Antoine 1991; see material examined in the present work). These facts suggested that adults of Goliathopsis are phytophagous species. Unfortunately, most species of this genus were rarely collected in the past three decades, and all the most recent collected adults (G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913 from Yunnan and G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893 from Guizhou) were caught on leaves of broadleaved trees, no any feeding behavior was observed (personal observation, authors, May 2013; Ji-Hui Liu, June 2014; Ren-Zhi Zhang, July 2015; Lu Qiu, June 2019). Their immature stages are still unknown. Some Goliathopsis species seem to mainly occur in Karst forests at low elevation (Figs. 165 – 166), such as the type specimens of G. capreolus, which were captured near a limestone cave in southern Myanmar (Gestro 1888), and the known distributional localities of G. esquiroli and G. lameyi in China are mostly located in the limestone area of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Hunan (see map, Fig. 164). While specimens data of G. velutinus show that this species lives at elevations of about 1,000 to 2,500 m in Yunnan. Ecological information on other species is unknown.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE03FFBAFF0BF99BFAECFE54.taxon	description	(Figs. 5, 13, 22 – 23, 52 – 57, 89 – 90, 103 – 108, 164)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE03FFBAFF0BF99BFAECFE54.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. As Janson (1881) stated in the original publication, this species was originally described from Thailand based on a pair of specimens. The type specimens now are preserved in RMNH, and the male was designated as lectotype by Krikken (1977). Due to RMNH is still closed for collection integration (Jan Krikken, personal com- munication, 2019), the female paralectotype is unavailable for the present work, and the male lectotype was simply examined by photographs (Figs. 103 – 108): Goliathopsis cervus, Jans., Type, Siam // ♂ TYPE. Other material examined (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀♀). THAILAND: 2 ♂♂ (KSCJ), Khao Bandai It, Petchaburi Prov. C. Thailand, 2012. V. 22, S. Tsuyuki leg. // Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, 1913, det. K. Sakai, 2015 [misidentification]; 1 ♀ (KSCJ), Khao Soi Dao, Chanthaburi, Thailand, 2012. V. 17 – 21, K. Takahashi leg. // Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, 1913, det. K. Sakai, 2015 [misidentification].	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE03FFBAFF0BF99BFAECFE54.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Smallest species of the genus, body length 9.5 – 10.5 mm; width 5.3 – 5.5 mm. Dorsal surface and pygidium clad with brown tomentum (Figs. 54, 56, 103, 106). Midline on pronotum and scutellum yellow, distinct. Elytron usually with two light brown maculae (not distinct): a small one on posthumeral area, sometimes absent; the other small one on the mediodiscal area near sutural costa. Disc of elytron with U-shaped (few drop-shaped), setiferous punctures (Fig. 5); setae short. Pygidium with small, rounded, setiferous punctures (Figs. 22 – 23). Cephalic horns of male small and slender, inner side with tomentum, not constricted at base and not distinctly expanded at apex (Figs. 13, 103). Male genitalia small (Figs. 52 – 53), proximal and distal parts of parameres gradually expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex rounded and inner side slightly curved; parameres slightly curved in lateral view, basal piece broad. This species is closed to G. velutinus, but body size distinctly smaller (Figs. 89 – 90); cephalic horns smaller and not constricted at base (Fig. 13; larger and constricted at base in G. velutinus, Fig. 21); punctures on elytral disc usually U-shaped (Fig. 5; usually drop-shaped in G. velutinus, Fig. 12); parameres smaller and distal parts gradually expanded (Fig. 52; larger and distinctly expanded in G. velutinus, Fig. 42).	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE03FFBAFF0BF99BFAECFE54.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE03FFBAFF0BF99BFAECFE54.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Based on the good illustrations of Goliathopsis cervus in Janson (1881), Gestro (1888) pointed out several differences between G. cervus and his new species G. capreolus, especially in the shape of the cephalic horns. Nevertheless, Arrow (1910) regarded them as the same species and listed both as synonyms of G. despectus. In response to Arrow’s treatment, Janson (1917) insisted on the validity of G. cervus and provided more differences between females based on a re-examination of the female type of G. despectus in OXUM. Unfortunately, this disputation was not mentioned by subsequent authors. In the most recent work, Antoine (1991) also treated G. cervus as valid species mainly by the difference of the tomentose area on cephalic horns and elytra according to the figures in Janson (1881). By examining the fresh specimens collected from southern Thailand and the male lectotype, several distinct differences from G. despectus are observed: cephalic horns of male smaller and inner side with tomentum in G. cervus (Fig. 13; larger and glabrous in G. despectus, Fig. 14); pygidium subtriangular in posterior view in G. cervus (Figs. 22 – 23; oval in G. despectus, Figs. 24 – 25); parameres smaller and apex rounded in G. cervus (Fig. 52; larger and apex sharp in G. despectus, Fig. 48). Consequently, Goliathopsis cervus is an independent species.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE00FFB7FF0BF8E7FEF2F8D0.taxon	description	(Figs. 6, 14, 24 – 25, 48 – 49, 109 – 121, 164)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE00FFB7FF0BF8E7FEF2F8D0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. When Westwood (1873) described Goliathopsis despectus, no cephalic horns were mentioned for the specimens, and these specimens were deposited in three type repositories (i. e. Mus. Britann., Oxoniae et W. W. Saunders). It is implied that at least three syntypes should exist and they are all female. During our visiting in Europe museums, we attempted to confirm all of the three type repositories for this species. Whithin which, BMNH and OXUM each stores one female specimen, both specimens have the type label. Whereas the syntype (s) originally deposited in Saunders Collection are hitherto unknown. In MNHN a female attached with label data “ Sharp collection ” and “ Oberthür collection ” was found; these labels agree with the transfer of Cetoniinae specimens in Saunders Collection according to Horn et al. (1990) and Cambefort (2006). Furthermore, the locality “ Siam ” on the label of this specimen is accordant with the type locality indicated by Westwood (1873). Hence, we considered the third female specimen as part of the type series. Mouthparts of G. despectus were illustrated in the original description, and only the specimen in OXUM was dissected and mouthparts mounted on a card (Fig. 111). As Janson (1917) stated, this is usual for Westwood’s type. Therefore, this female specimen is undoubted a syntype, although the locality on label reads “ Cambodia ” which does not agree with the type locality. Besides, two more females also collected by Henri Mouhot from Cambodia and Siam were found in MNHN bearing label “ Ex. Musaeo Parry ” (Figs. 112 – 114). Many species described in Westwood (1873) were definitely referred to Parry Collection, but this is not the case with G. despectus. It is suggested that the two females came to Parry Collection later than the year 1873. Furthermore, there is no convincing evidence to prove that these two specimens are purchased from Saunders Collection, and thus none can be treated as syntype. To preserve the stability of nomenclature, the female in BMNH is here designated as lectotype: Siam [rounded label] // Pilinurgus despectus Westw. (type) [Waterhouse’s handwriting] // Bowring, 63 · 47 * // Type [rounded label with red border]. Two paralectotypes labeled: 1 ♀ (OXUM, Figs. 109 – 111), Pilinurgus despectus Westw., Mon. pl 9, f. 3, Cambodia, Mouhot, Steven 1861 [Westwood’s handwriting on blue label] // Co-type, Westwood, Thes. Ent. p. 32, T. 9, f. 3, Coll. Hope. Oxon. // Goliathopsis despectus Westw. Type, test O. E. Janson, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1917, p. 110 [Janson’s handwriting] // Goliathopsis despectus Westw. Type, test O. E. Janson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1917, p. 110, ♀ [Janson’s handwriting] // t. 1912 - 1920. O. E. Janson. // Goliathopsis despectus Westw. t. G. J. Arrow. in B. M. 1907 // TYPE COL: 850, Pilinurgus despectus Westwood, HOPE DEPT. OXFORD; 1 ♀ (MHNH), Siam, Mouhot // MU- SEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür // Ex. Musaeo D. Sharp 1890 // Pilinurgus despectus Westw., nov., Pl 9 f 3, (pinguidine obscurata) [handwriting]. All the six specimens (4 males, 2 females) of Goliathopsis capreolus in MSNG bear an identical printed date-locality label and conform to the original description (Gestro 1888): they were all collected from Moulmein, southern Myanmar by Mr. Leonardo Fea (1852 – 1903) in May 1887. Although a printed type label (TYPUS) alongside only one specimen of each sex (Figs. 118, 121), all of them must be regarded as syntypes. Additionally, the specimens in BMNH (1 male), MFNB (2 males), MHNG (1 female), MNHN (1 male and 1 female), IRSNB (1 male and 1 female) all attached the identical date-locality label; another three specimens (1 male in MNHN, 1 male and 1 female in MFNB) with handwritten label reflecting “ collected from Burma by Fea in May 1887 ” are also treated as syntypes, because the labeling indicates that those specimens were part of the type series originally preserved in MSNG and were exchanged after G. capreolus been named (Roberto Poggi, personal communication, March 2018). More potential syntypes perhaps exist in other European museums we have not visited. While, the female specimen bearing a handwritten label of data “ Moulmein ” in MNHN was not regarded as syntype due to the label style is different and no additional information to confirm it belonged to the original type series. To preserve nomenclatural stability, the male (Figs. 115 – 118) in MSNG bearing a handwritten type label of Gestro is here designated as lectotype: Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // F. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // Museo Civ. Genova [orange label] // TYPUS [red ink] // capreolus Gestro, ♂ ♀ [Gestro’s handwriting] // Goli- athopsis capreolus Gestro, typus! ♂ ♀ [Gestro’s handwriting]. Sixteen examined paralectotypes (10 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀) of Goliathopsis capreolus: 1 ♀ (MSNG, Figs. 119 – 121), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // F. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // Museo Civ. Genova [orange label] // TYPUS [red ink]; 1 ♂ (MSNG), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // Farm. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // Museo Civ. Genova [orange label] // Goliathopsis despectus Westw., G. J. Arrow det. [Arrow’s handwriting]; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (MSNG), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // F. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // Museo Civ. Genova [white label]; 1 ♂ (BMNH), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // Deuts. Ent. Mus. 1909 - 157 // Goliathopsis despectus Westw. // G. J. Arrow det.; 2 ♂♂ (MFNB), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MFNB), Burma, Maggio, Fea; 1 ♀ (MHNG), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887; 1 ♂ (MNHN), Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro, typus! Moulmein, Fea [Gestro’s handwriting] // cap- reolus gestro, moulmein [unidentified handwriting] // MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür; 1 ♀ (MNHN, de Lisle coll.), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // F. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // PARATYPE [red label]; 1 ♂ (MNHN), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea. Maggio 1887 // Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro, ex typ. [unidentified handwriting] // MUSEUM PARIS, 1936, DE LISLE [blue label] // Goliathopsis despectus (Westw.) = capreolus Gestro, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label] // SYNTYPE [red label] // SYNTYPE, Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro, 1888 [white label] // MNHN, EC 7184 [white label]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (IRSNB), Coll. R. I. Sc. N. B., Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro, det. Gestro 1888 [handwriting] // Paratype. Except for the printed date-locality label, a handwritten label “ F. caves ” attached to each syntype in MSNG. According to the collecting routes of Mr. Leonardo Fea presented in Gestro (1888), Fea had been Farm caves of Moulmein in May 1887. Gestro probably added the label of precise site by his own handwriting, and the type locality of G. capreolus Gestro is thus considered as Farm Caves. The caves (N 16 ° 32 ’ 00.08 ’’, E 97 ° 42 ’ 52.41 ’’, alt. 80 m) also called Kayon Caves or Kha-Yone Cave, which are situated at Kayon Hill about 13 km northeast of Mawlamyine (formerly Moulmein) in southern Myanmar (Chhibber 1928). Other material examined (3 ♀♀). CAMBODIA: 1 ♀ (MNHN), Pilinurgus despectus Westw., Cambodia [Parry’s handwriting] // Ex. Musaeo Parry // MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür // despectus Westw. Cambodia. THAILAND: 1 ♀ (MNHN), Siam, Mouhot // MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür // Ex. Musaeo Parry. MYANMAR: 1 ♀ (MNHN), Moulmein // Ex. Musaeo H. W. Bates 1892 // MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE00FFB7FF0BF8E7FEF2F8D0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 12.0 – 13.0 mm; width 6.5 – 7.0 mm. Dorsal surface and pygidium clad with brown tomentum (Figs. 115, 117, 119). Midline on pronotum and scutellum yellow, distinct. Elytron usually with four light brown maculae: a small one on posthumeral area (Fig. 117), sometimes absent; a small one on the mediodiscal area near sutural costa; a large one on the median portion of lateral declivity; a large one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa (Fig. 119), sometimes split up (Fig. 115). Disc of elytron with U- or drop shaped, setiferous punctures (Fig. 6); setae long. Pygidium with rounded, setiferous punctures (Figs. 24 – 25). Cephalic horns of male slender, without tomentum, not constricted at base (Fig. 14). Male genitalia small (Figs. 48 – 49), proximal and distal parts of parameres expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex sharp; parameres near flat in lateral view, basal piece slender. This species is close to Goliathopsis ferreroi, but setae on elytra shorter (Fig. 117; longer in G. ferreroi, Fig. 140), punctures on pygidium larger and sparser (Figs. 24 – 25; smaller and denser in G. ferreroi, Figs. 30 – 31), outer line of parameres distal part evenly arcuate (Fig. 48; obtusely angled in G. ferreroi, Fig. 46).	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE00FFB7FF0BF8E7FEF2F8D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia. Nomenclature. Following article 21.5 (ICZN 1999), the date of Goliathopsis despectus should be cited as 1873, because Westwood’s Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis was published in four parts with different date (Krikken 1984).	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE00FFB7FF0BF8E7FEF2F8D0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. When Goliathopsis capreolus was described, Gestro (1888) has not realized that his new species actually is the third named taxon of the genus, and only compared it with G. cervus. Based on the examination of types, Arrow (1910) later regarded G. capreolus as a synonym of G. despectus. Goliathopsis despectus was originally described based on greasy females, and the tomentum on the body surface is indiscernible, while the tomentum of most type specimens of G. capreolus is in good condition. Nevertheless, the shape of setiferous punctures and the length of setae on the dorsal surface of the types indicate that they are conspecific, and the appearance of the types of G. despectus is obviously identical to the two greasy Goliathopsis specimens in MFNB which were collected by Fea from Myanmar. Thus these type specimens of the two species are confirmed conspecific. Apart from the specimens from the historical collections, no further records for Goliathopsis despectus up to now, and the actual distribution of this species is still unclear. According to his exploration route (Mouhot & Hodgkin 1862), the Cambodian specimens collected by Henri Mouhot (1826 – 1861) probably from the northern part, while the collecting site of the specimens from Thailand cannot be presumed due to Mouhot explored several parts of this country.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0DFFB1FF0BF885FCF4FA1C.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 4, 7, 15, 26 – 27, 44 – 45, 58 – 61, 91 – 92, 122 – 127, 164)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0DFFB1FF0BF885FCF4FA1C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The species was described based on a large series of specimens (147 males and 148 females) collect- ed from Sila Phet, Nan; Lampang; Mae Tha, Lamphun; Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai; and Wang Muea. Only five type specimens were examined, others should be preserved in several private collections as stated in the original publication (Antoine 1991). Male holotype (MNHN, Figs. 122 – 125) is labeled: N. Thailand, Sila Phet Nan, 12. VIII. [19] 89, Ferrero leg. [white label] // HOLOTYPE Goliathopsis duponti ♂, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label] // MUSEUM PARIS, COLL. GÉNÉRALE // MNHN, EC 7182 [white label]. The allotype (MNHN, Figs. 126 – 127) is labeled: N. Thailand, Sila Phet Nan, 12. VIII. [19] 89, Ferrero leg. [white label] // ALLOTYPE ♀, Goliathopsis duponti, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]. Other three paratypes in BMNH were examined: 1 ♀, Thailand, Lamphun, 26. VI. [19] 90 [white label] // Paratype, Goliathopsis duponti, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label with red border]; 1 ♂, Thailand, Lamphun, 15. VII. [19] 90 [white label] // Paratype, Goliathopsis duponti, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]; 1 ♂, Burma, Mt. Victoria, Chinhills, 1,000 m, VI. [19] 38, G. Heinrich leg. [yellow label] // Brit. Mus., 1951 - 337. // Goliathopsis // Paratype, Goliathopsis duponti, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]. Other material examined (32 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀). Thailand: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MYNU), 2006. IV, Wiang Pa Pao, Chiang Rai, native leg.; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MYNU), 2009. IX, Chiang Mai, native leg.; 16 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀ (MYNU), 2016. V, Chiang Mai, native leg.; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (BMNH, Krajčík Coll.), 1985. V, Doi Pui, Chiang Mai; 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 2013. V. 7 – 9, Mea Hong Song, Pai, Thailand, T. Chiku leg.; 7 ♂♂ (KSCJ), 1989. VII. 27, Wang Nuea, Lampang Prov., N. Thailand; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (KSCJ), 1993. VI, Meatha, Lampang Prov., N. Thailand; 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1990. VII. 9, Meatha, Lampang Prov., N. Thailand; 1 ♀ (KSCJ), 2008. V. 10 – 12, Phu Chong Na Yoi, Thailand, S. Ohmomo leg.; 2 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 2000. VI, Phu Phra, Bat H. P near Ban Phu, Thailand, N. Nishikawa leg.; 3 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1986. VII, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0DFFB1FF0BF885FCF4FA1C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 11.5 – 13.0 mm; width 6.0 – 6.5 mm. Body black. Pronotum with tomentum on lateral portion (Fig. 58); disc usually without tomentose midline (few individuals with an indistinct, light yellow midline); the middle of posterior margin usually with a small, light yellow, tomentose spot. Elytron usually with four light yellow, tomentose maculae: a small one on posthumeral area; a small one on the mediodiscal area near sutural costa; a large one on the median portion of lateral declivity; a large one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa. Few other small tomentose maculae scattered on disc near scutellum and anteapical umbone. Disc of elytron with U shaped, setiferous punctures (Fig. 7); setae long. Pygidium with rounded, setiferous punctures (Figs. 26 – 27); longitudinal ridge without tomentum in female (Fig. 27). Cephalic horns of male not constricted at base, without tomentum (Fig. 15). Male genitalia large (Figs. 44 – 45), proximal and distal parts of parameres distinctly expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex rounded; parameres slightly curved in lateral view, proximal part of basal piece expanded. This species is similar to Goliathopsis gressitti, but can be distinguished from the latter by punctures on elytral disc glabrous (Fig. 7; with tomentum in G. gressitti, Fig. 10); elytra with less tomentose maculae; cephalic horns shorter, more expanded at apex, and not constricted at base (Fig. 15; slender and constricted at base in G. gressitti, Fig. 19); shape of parameres different.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0DFFB1FF0BF885FCF4FA1C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China: Yunnan?; Myanmar, Thailand.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0DFFB1FF0BF885FCF4FA1C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Almost all records of Goliathopsis duponti are from northern Thailand (Antoine 1991; Sakai & Ikeda 1996; Sakai & Nagai 1998), and only one paratype is from western Myanmar. However, a pair of specimens were presented by Li et al. (2013) from Mount Gaoligongshan of Yunnan where is far from its known distribution. Thus, this record needs to be confirmed in the furture investigation.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0BFFADFF0BF9D3FA9AFD50.taxon	description	(Figs. 8, 16, 28 – 29, 40 – 41, 62 – 72, 93 – 94, 128 – 137, 164)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0BFFADFF0BF9D3FA9AFD50.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Although the original publication of Goliathopsis esquiroli did not indicate the number of type specimens, Pouillaude (1913) explicitly indicated the description based on “ Types ♂ et ♀ et quelques exemplaires ”, and the entire type series was deposited in Oberthür Collection. A male and a female among a large series of con- specific specimens in MNHN were labeled by Pouillaude as types, but these conspecific specimens all bear the same printed label and the label data conforms to the original publication. Actually, in the case of his new species established on several specimens, Pouillaude only attached his handwritten label to a single specimen for each sex with the term “ type ” and a citation of the original publication (see Figs. 132, 136). But the number of the labeled “ type ” specimen is not always accorded with his statement in the publication. Like so many authors of the period, he only chose a typical individual instead of labeling all type specimens. Consequently, all specimens in MNHN bearing the identical label “ Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 ” are treated as syntypes. We also found the same label alongside few specimens of G. esquiroli in RMNH, BMNH, NHMB, IRSNB, and probably in some others. These specimens were believed to belong to the original series and exchanged by Oberthür after the species was named. In order to preserve the stability of zoological nomenclature, the male (Figs. 128 – 132) in MNHN bearing Pouillaude’s label is here designated as lectotype of G. esquiroli: Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // G. Es- quiroli, Pllde. Ins. 1913. p 421, type ♂ [Pouillaude’s handwriting] // Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouill., G. RUTER dét. 19 [white label]. Forty five paralectotypes (23 ♂♂, 22 ♀♀) were examined: 1 ♀ (MNHN, Figs. 133 – 136), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // G. Esquiroli, Pllde. Ins. 1913. p 421, type ♀ [Pouillaude’s handwriting]; 16 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀ (MNHN), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MNHN, de Lisle collection), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (NHMB, Frey Coll.), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (BMNH, Bourgoin Coll.), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // Co-type // Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouill., Cotype; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (BMNH, Oberthür Coll.), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // Co-type; 1 ♀ (IRSNB), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // Le Moult vend.; 1 ♂ (RMNH), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // goliathopsis esquiroli Pouill. // co-Type [in red ink]. The type locality of Goliathopsis esquiroli was given as Guizhou without exact locality (Pouillaude 1913), and we believed that Father Joseph Esquirol (1870 – 1934) perhaps collected them from Wangmo County of southern Guizhou where he worked from 1912 to 1924 (Moussay & Appavou 2004). The holotypes of G. camptotropus (Fig. 72) and G. polystricus (Fig. 137) are presumed lost, and their collecting data are transcribed from the original publication (Yang 1988) as follows: ♂ (holotype of G. camptotropus), Luodian County, Guizhou, alt. 450 m, VI. 1981, Qian-Ying Meng leg.; ♂ (holotype of G. polystricus), Wangmo County, Guizhou, alt. 500 m, V. 1979, Chen-Jing Yang leg. Other material examined (25 ♂♂, 37 ♀♀). CHINA: Hunan: 1 ♂ (SYSM, En- 398696), 1934. VII. 20, S. Hunan Prov. S. China. Tai Kwong Village. Lam Mo District [i. e. Linwu County], F. K. To leg.; 1 ♀ (SYSM, En- 398697), 1934. VII. 21, S. Hunan Prov. S. China. Tai Kwong Village. Lam Mo District, F. K. To leg.; Guizhou: 1 ♂ (BMNH, Bourgoin Coll.), 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (MFNB) CHINE, Kouy-Tchéou, Kouy yang fou [Guiyang]; 1 ♂ (MNHN), Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. R. Chaffanjon, 1903; 1 ♀ (MNHN), MUSEUM PARIS, Kouy-Tchéou, Kouy yang fou [Guiyang], Pere J. Es- quirol, 1911; 1 ♂ (MNHN), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1912; 8 ♂♂, 24 ♀♀ (MNHN), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (BMNH), MUSEUM PARIS, KOUY TCHÉOU, PÈRE J. ESQUIROL, 1914; 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (MNHN), China, Kwei-Tscheou; 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (NHMB, Frey Coll.), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MHNG, Petrovitz Coll.), Koui-Tchéou, Coll. Dr. Itzinger; 1 ♀ (NHMB, Frey Coll.), Koui-Tchéou // Sammlung Schürhoff // esquiroli // Goliathopsis esquiroli Plld. det. Schein München; Guangxi: 1 ♂ (NSCJ), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (BMNH, Krajčík Coll.), 1990. VII, Yangshuo, Guangxi Prov., R. Dunda leg.; Yunnan: 1 ♀ (MNHN), Peyentsin, Yunnan // MUSEUM PARIS, COLL A SICARD 1930.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0BFFADFF0BF9D3FA9AFD50.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 11.3 – 12.0 mm; width 5.4 – 6.0 mm. Body black. Pronotum with four small tomentose spots in disc (Figs. 62, 64), the two on same side connected occasionally (Figs. 69, 128, 133); the tomentose midline usually absent, at most with several discontinuous maculae (Figs. 72, 128). Elytron with many light yellow, tomentose maculae; four maculae usually present on specific positions: a small one on posthumeral area (Fig. 62), sometimes enlarged (Figs. 64, 66, 69); a small one on the mediodiscal area near sutural costa; a large one on the median portion of lateral declivity, usually expanded towards distal area; a small one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa, sometimes enlarged (Fig. 128). Disc of elytron with drop shaped, setiferous punctures (Fig. 8); setae short. Pygidium without tomentum, densely clad with rounded, setiferous punctures (Figs. 28 – 29). Cephalic horns of male slightly constricted at base (Fig. 16), sometimes curved backward (Figs. 67, 70, 72); inner sides with tomentum. Male genitalia large (Figs. 40 – 41), proximal and distal parts of parameres distinctly expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex reversed and sharp; parameres almost flat in lateral view, proximal part of basal piece distinctly expanded. This species resembles Goliathopsis lameyi, but body size smaller, cephalic horns shorter, and elytra with more small tomentose maculae.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0BFFADFF0BF9D3FA9AFD50.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China: Hunan (new record), Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan (new record).	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE0BFFADFF0BF9D3FA9AFD50.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The data of Goliathopsis esquiroli in MNHN revealed that this species was not only caught in 1913, Father Joseph Esquirol also collected few individuals in 1911 and 1912. As a French missionary, he worked in Luodian County since 1908, and transferred to Wangmo County in 1912 (Moussay & Appavou 2004). This fact suggested that the distribution range of G. esquiroli covered southern Guizhou where the types of G. camptotropus and G. polystricus were collected. According to the original descriptions and illustrations (Yang 1988), the latter two species actually extremely resemble G. esquiroli in appearance and parameres although they have been inappropriately compared with G. gressitti and G. velutinus. Indeed, the diagnostic character of G. camptotropus is the cephalic horns curving backward apically (Fig. 72); whereas this is a morphological anomaly that can be observed from a few males in a large series of male specimens of G. esquiroli (Figs. 67, 70). Meanwhile, Yang (1988) claimed that G. polystricus differs from G. esquiroli by the position of the tomentous maculae on the dorsal surface (Fig. 137); but the size and position of these maculae are not reliable (Figs. 62, 64, 66, 69, 128, 133), and the median line on pronotum is sometimes discontinuous (Fig. 128), even absent (Figs. 62, 66; also see Medvedev 1964; Antoine 1991; Sakai & Nagai 1998). Consequently, the diagnosis characters of both two species are considered in the range of variation of G. esquiroli, and we proposed G. camptotropus and G. polystricus as junior synonyms of G. esquiroli.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE17FFAEFF0BFD17FDA5FDE0.taxon	description	(Figs. 9, 17 – 18, 30 – 31, 46 – 47, 73 – 76, 95 – 96, 138 – 143, 164)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE17FFAEFF0BFD17FDA5FDE0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. This species was described based on 27 males and 27 females, and all of them were collected from the type locality, except one male from Laos. Only holotype and six paratypes were examined, the remaining should be preserved in private collections as stated in the original publication (Antoine 1991). Holotype (Figs. 138 – 141) is labeled: Thailand, Lamphun, 12. VI. [19] 90 [white label] // HOLOTYPE ♂, Goliathopsis ferreroi, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]. Six examined paratypes (3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀): 1 ♀ (allotype, MNHN, Figs. 142 – 143), Thailand, Lamphun, 12. VI. [19] 90 [white label] // ALLOTYPE ♀, Goliathopsis ferreroi, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]; 1 ♀ (BMNH), Thailand, Lamphun, 15. VII. [19] 90 [white label] // Paratype, Goliathopsis ferreroi, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]; 1 ♂ (BMNH), Thailand, Lamphun, 12. VI. [19] 90 [white label] // Paratype, Goliathopsis ferreroi Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]; 1 ♂ (BMNH), Laos B. N. Pot, 13 - V- 1920, R. Vitalis de Salvaza // Laos, Ban Nam Pot, 13 - V- 1920 [yellow label] // Bourgoin Coll. B. M. 1938 - 252. // Pilinurgus despectus Westw. // Paratype, Goliathopsis ferreroi, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (KSCJ), 1990. VI. 27, Meatha, Lampang Prov., N. Thailand // Paratype, Goliathopsis ferreroi Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]. Other material examined (27 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀). Thailand: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MNHN), [19] 75. VII. 20, Ngao, Thailand, G. Minet // Goliathopsis ferreroi, S. Rojkoff det. 2010; 1 ♂ (BMNH, Krajčík Coll.), 1997. IV. 16 - V. 1, Pai, [Mae Hong Son], M. Zyka leg.; 2 ♂♂ (MYNU), 1986. VI, Chiang Mai // Goliathopsis ferreroi Antoine, 1991, det. K. Sakai, 2013; 1 ♀ (MYNU), 1984. VIII. 2, Doi Pui, Chiang Mai // Goliathopsis ferreroi Antoine, 1991, det. K. Sakai, 2013; 3 ♂♂ (MYNU), 2016. V, Chiang Mai, native leg; 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1990. VII. 9, Meatha, Lampang Prov., N. Thai- land; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1990. VI. 27, Meatha, Lampang Prov., N. Thailand; 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1985. VIII. 18, Huay Gaew, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (KSCJ), 1984. VII. 5, Doi Pui, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 1984. VI. 27, Doi Pui, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 1984. VII. 23, Doi Pui, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 1984. VII. 15, Doi Pui, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 2000. IV. 23, Huay Gaew, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand, T. Chiku leg.; 3 ♂♂ (KSCJ), 2013. V. 5, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Toshiaki Chiku leg.; 3 ♂♂ (KSCJ), 2013. V. 13, Huay Gaew, Chiang Mai, Thailand, T. Chiku leg.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE17FFAEFF0BFD17FDA5FDE0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 11.5 – 12.5 mm; width 5.8 – 6.7 mm. Dorsal surface and pygidium clad with light yellow and brown tomentum (Figs. 73, 75). Pronotum with four indistinct, small, tomentose maculae (Fig. 75); disc darker, lateral portion light yellow or brown (Figs. 73, 75, 95 – 96, 138, 140, 142); midline on pronotum and scutellum yellow, distinct. Elytron usually with 4 light brown maculae: a small one on posthumeral area; a small one on the mediodiscal area near sutural costa; a small one on the median portion of lateral declivity, sometimes enlarged (Fig. 96); a large one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa. Few other small tomentose maculae scattered on declivity of elytra (Fig. 140). Disc of elytron with U- and drop shaped, setiferous punctures (Fig. 9); setae very long. Pygidium with rounded punctures (Figs. 30 – 31); longitudinal ridge without tomentum in few individuals (Fig. 31). Cephalic horns of male slender, not constricted at base; without tomentum (Fig. 17), sometimes with few tomentum on inner surfaces and proximal portion (Fig. 18). Male genitalia small (Figs. 46 – 47), proximal and distal parts of parameres expanded in apical view, medially constricted, outer line of distal part obtusely angled, apex sharp; parameres almost flat in lateral view, basal piece expanded. This species resembles Goliathopsis despectus, and the differences are already provided in the diagnosis section of G. despectus. Goliathopsis ferreroi is also similar to G. velutinus, but can be differentiated by inner surface of cephalic horns glabrous, at most tomentose in proximal portion (Figs. 17 – 18; totally tomentose in G. velutinus, Fig. 21). Besides, the shape of parameres of these three species is distinctly different as shown in Figs. 42, 46, 48.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE17FFAEFF0BFD17FDA5FDE0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand, Laos.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE14FFAEFF0BFDB5FDA5F80C.taxon	description	(Figs. 10, 19, 32 – 33, 50 – 51, 77 – 80, 97 – 98, 144 – 149, 164)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE14FFAEFF0BFDB5FDA5F80C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The number of type specimens was not mentioned in the original publication (Ruter 1978), and the collecting locality and depository of the paratypes are in contradiction with what we have found. Four paratypes were located: the allotype was actually collected from the type locality (Pakse) and preserved in MNHN, it was not from Khong Sedone and deposited in BPBM as claimed in the original publication; the type specimens found in BPBM are three male paratypes. The male holotype (MNHN, Figs. 144 – 147) is labeled: Paksé (S. Laos), 15. VII. [19] 67 [white label] // Goli- athopsis gressitti m. n. sp., HOLOTYPE ♂, G. RUTER dét. 1976 [white label] // HOLOTYPE [red label] / MNHN, EC 7183 [white label]. The female allotype (MNHN, Figs. 148 – 149) is labeled: Paksé, Laos, 31. VII. [19] 67, [white label] // Goliathopsis gressitti m. n. sp, ALLOTYPE, ♀, G. RUTER det. 1976 [white label] // ALLOTYPE [red la- bel]. Two male paratypes (BPBM) are labeled: Laos: Wapikhamthong Prov., Khong Sedone, 17. VII. 1965 // Native Collector, BISHOP MUS. // Goliathopsis gressitti m. n. sp., PARATYPE ♂, G. RUTER dét. 1976 [handwritten on white label] // PARATYPE [red label]. The third paratype bears the same labels except 16. V. 1965. Other material examined (29 ♂♂, 23 ♀♀). LAOS: 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (MYNU), 1995. VII. 20, Vientiane, Laos // Go- liathopsis gressitti Ruter, 1978, det. K. Sakai, 2016; 6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1995. VII. 8, Vientiane, Laos; 9 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1995. VI. 17, Vientiane, Laos; 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1995. VII. 19, Vientiane, Laos; 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 1995. IX. 20, Vientiane, Laos; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (KSCJ), 2001. VII. 8 - 22, Mt. Saravan, Saravan Prov., S. Laos. THAILAND: 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 1996. VI. 5, Viangpapao, Chiang Rai, Thailand; 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 2008. V. 10 - 12, Phu Chong Na Yoi, Ubon Ratchathani, NE. Thailand, M. Takakuwa leg.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE14FFAEFF0BFDB5FDA5F80C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 12.0 – 12.5 mm; width 6.5 – 7.0 mm; Body dark brown to black (Figs. 77 – 80). Pronotum with a tomentose band along both sides (Figs. 97 – 98); disc with four small, light yellow, tomentose maculae; disc without tomentose midline; the middle of posterior margin usually with a small, light yellow, tomentose spot (Figs. 77, 79, 144). Scutellum usually tomentose. Elytron usually with four light brown, tomentose maculae: a large one on posthumeral area; a small one on the mediodiscal area near sutural costa; a large one on the median portion of lateral declivity; a large one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa. Few other small tomentose maculae scattered on disc near scutellum, sutural costa and anteapical umbone of elytra (Figs. 77, 79). Disc of elytron with U shaped, setiferous punctures; punctures with few tomentum (Fig. 10); setae long. Pygidium with tomentum and sparse, rounded, setiferous punctures (Figs. 32 – 33); longitudinal ridge without tomentum in female (Fig. 33). Cephalic horns of male rather long, constricted at base; inner side of base half with tomentum (Fig. 19). Male genitalia small (Figs. 50 – 51), proximal and distal parts of parameres slightly expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex rounded; parameres distinctly curved in lateral view, basal piece slightly expanded. This species resembles Goliathopsis duponti, and the differences are provided in the diagnosis section of G. duponti.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE14FFAEFF0BFDB5FDA5F80C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand, Laos.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE11FFA4FF0BFF73FDD4F97D.taxon	description	(Figs. 11, 20, 34 – 35, 38 – 39, 81 – 84, 99 – 100, 150 – 159, 164, 165 – 166)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE11FFA4FF0BFF73FDD4F97D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The type series of Goliathopsis lameyi belongs to a batch of beetles collected from Ha-Lang in Haut- Tonkin, but Fairmaire (1893 a) gave priority to describe this new Goliathopsis by a short diagnosis. The remaining beetles were described later the same year in a long report (Fairmaire 1893 b), including a detailed description for G. lameyi. The markings on the pronotum of this species were specified in this detailed description: four maculae on the disc and a short stria in the medium of the basal margin. It is confusing that these markings were not mentioned in the original description. This species was later illustrated by Fairmaire (1904): the four maculae on the pronotal disc were exactly shown in the figure of dorsal habitus, but the short stria absent (Fig. 157); while the accompanied diagnosis and specimen information was the same as the original publication (Fairmaire 1893 a), except a few textual adjustments. Goliathopsis lameyi was originally described based on an uncertain number of specimens, but these inconsistent descriptions of the markings implied that Fairmaire examined more than one specimen, even though only a single measurement of the body length was given in these publications. It is noteworthy that no conspecific specimens of G. lameyi were found in other European museums we visited, apart from the two males preserved in MNHN. One male (Fig. 150) was previously regarded as a type specimen of G. lameyi, but its type status seems to be doubtful. Fairmaire usually attached a handwritten label to his type with species name, but the handwritten identification label of this male does not match his handwriting (Fig. 154). Furthermore, “ A. Lamey 1900 ” can be read on the date-locality label, but G. lameyi was named as early as in the year 1893. The reasonable explanation is that “ A. Lamey 1900 ” is not the collecting data of this specimen, but is concerned with the original possessor of this private collection, Adolphe Lamey (1830 – 1907). As Fairmaire (1893 b) mentioned, the beetles from Ha-Lang were actually collected by Captain L. Lamey (1859 – 1946), nephew of Adolphe Lamey. There is a similar case on Valgus albiventris Fairmaire, 1893. The type series of V. albiventris was collected by Paul Crampel (1864 – 1891) from Africa, while the lectotype designated by Antoine (1999) is a specimen attached a date-locality label with “ A. Lamey 1907 ”. The dates appear to conflict because Crampel’s specimens were originally housed by A. Lamey until 1907 and then been transferred to MNHN (Antoine 1999). Hence, this male Goliathopsis should be a syntype originally housed by A. Lamey, and later integrated into the collection of MNHN in 1900; that is why the letters “ MUSEUM PARIS ” were printed on the same label. Besides, the identifier (probably A. Lamey) wrote down “ typique ” on the identification label presumedly because the appearance of this male matches the original description: pronotum without the four maculae. The other male of G. lameyi in MNHN (Fig. 155) attached an identification label of G. Ruter was collected from Tonkin, and the markings on its pronotum perfectly matched the detailed description in Fairmaire (1893 b). Nevertheless, this male cannot be treated as a syntype due to no more evidence to verify its type status. To preserve further uncertainty of nomenclature, the male (Figa. 150 – 154) in MNHN collected from the type locality is here designated as lectotype: MUSEUM PARIS, Tonkin-Nord., Hâ-Lang, A. Lamey, 1900 // 140 // Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., Bull., VII., 1893 // typique, Goliathopsis lameyi Fairm., nov. sp. (Hâ Lâng) // 338 [white label] // JK 77 PHOTO [Jan Krikken photo in 1977] // HOLOTYPE [red label] // MNHN, EC 7180 [white label]. Type series of Goliathopsis maolanus Yang, 1988 were lost (Fig. 159), and the collecting data are transcribed as follows: ♂ (holotype), ♀ (allotype), Maolan Nature Reserve, Guizhou, alt. 600 m, 26. VI. 1985, Jing-Hua Zhao, Qun Wang & Yan-Xian Liu leg. The date in the English abstract of the original publication is “ 26. V. 1985 ”. Other material examined (21 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀). CHINA: Guizhou: 1 ♂ (MYNU), 2019. VI. 12, Gengzao, Jia’ou, Libo County, 770 m, Lu QIU leg.; 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (GFGY), 1985. V. 22, Maolan, Libo, [Jing-Hua] ZHAO, [Qun] WANG & [Yan-Xian] LIU leg.; 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (GFGY), 1985. V. 26, Maolan, Libo, ZHAO, WANG & LIU leg.; 1 ♂ (GFGY), 1988. V. 26, Maolan, Libo, 540 ~ 700 m, ZHAO, WANG & LIU leg.; 1 ♀ (GFGY), 1986. VIII. 31, Maolan, Libo; 1 ♂ (GFGY), 1988. V. 26, Banzhai to Dongduo, Maolan, Libo, 540 ~ 700 m; 1 ♂ (GFGY), 1990. V. 14, Banzhai to Liming- guan, Maolan, Libo, 560 ~ 570 m; Guangxi: 2 ♂♂ (GXIP), 1985. VII. 30, Nonggang Nature Reserve, Longzhou County, Tao ZENG leg.; 1 ♂ (GXIP), Guangxi, 1986; 1 ♂ (SYAU), Yishan [Yizhou of Hechi], 21. IV. 28 // Goliathop- sis velutinus Pouill., det. Zhi-Liang ZHANG, 22. XII. 1989 [misidentification]. VIETNAM: 1 ♂ (MNHN), Tonkin // Goliathopsis lameyi Fairm., G. RUTER det. 19; 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 1996. VI. 25, Cao Bang, N. Vietnam, M. Ito leg.; 1 ♂ (KSCJ), 2000. IV. 20, Border Yunnan, Ha Giang Prov. N. Vietnam; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (KSCJ), 2001. V, Border Yunnan, N. W. of Ha Giang Prov. N. Vietnam.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE11FFA4FF0BFF73FDD4F97D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 11.0 – 12.0 mm; width 5.5 – 6.3 mm. Body black (Figs. 81 – 84). Pronotum usually with four, small, light yellow, tomentose maculae, absent occasionally (Fig. 150); midline usually absent, sometimes discontinuous (Fig. 81). Elytron usually with two, large, light brown, tomentose maculae: one on the median portion of lateral declivity; the other one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa, sometimes split up (Fig. 150); few individuals with one small tomentose macula on lateral margin near anteapical umbone (Figs. 99 – 100). Disc of elytron with drop shaped, setiferous punctures (Fig. 11); setae long. Pygidium without tomentum, densely clad with rounded, setiferous punctures (Figs. 34 – 35). Cephalic horns of male slightly constricted at base; inner sides with tomentum (Fig. 20). Male genitalia large (Figs. 38 – 39), proximal and distal parts of parameres distinctly expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex reversed and sharp; parameres near flat in lateral view, basal piece distinctly expanded. The species can be readily distinguished from other species by the four large tomentose maculae on the black elytra (Figs. 81, 83).	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE11FFA4FF0BFF73FDD4F97D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China: Guizhou, Guangxi (new record); N. Vietnam.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE11FFA4FF0BFF73FDD4F97D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Comparing with the dissected specimens of G. lameyi, the illustration of parameres of G. maolanus in its original publication (Yang 1988, see Fig. 159) shows no distinct difference, and they seem to be the same species. While, Yang (1988) claimed that G. maolanus can be separate from G. lameyi by brown setae on the pronotum. Goliathopsis maolanus was originally described from Maolan Nature Reserve in Libo County, southern Guizhou, China, but no more specimens have been reported so far. As mentioned in the acknowledgment section of the original publication, the type specimens of G. maolanus were donated by Ms. Chun-Mei Liang who worked at GFGY. Following this clue, several conspecific specimens in GFGY were fortunately found, and some label data conform to the types of G. maolanus. Obviously, they were captured together from the type locality in 1985. By close examination of these specimens and other material of G. lameyi from Guangxi, China and northern Vietnam, all specimens are confirmed conspecific and the setae on dorsal surface are black. Consequently, G. maolanus is treated as a junior synonym of G. lameyi.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE1EFFA0FF0BF93DFB1DF802.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 21, 36 – 37, 42 – 43, 85 – 88, 101 – 102, 160 – 164, 167 – 168)	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE1EFFA0FF0BF93DFB1DF802.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The number of type specimens of G. velutinus was not provided in the original publication, but the collecting data were explicitly given (Pouillaude 1913), which enable us to find out the syntypes in MNHN. The same treatment of Pouillaude’s type is applied to determine the type identity of G. velutinus, although he used “ Type ” in the original publication. To fix the identity of the species, the male (MNHN, Figs. 160 – 163) bearing Pouillaude’s type label is here designated as lectotype: Tsékou, 1902, R. P. J. Dubernard // G. velutinus Pllde., 1913. p 423, type. [Pouillaude’s handwriting] // TYPE [red label] // HOLOTYPE [red label with black border] // HOLOTYPE, Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, 1913 [white label with black border] // MNHN, EC 7181 [white label]. Six paralectotypes (2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀) from MNHN were examined: 1 ♀, Tsekou, 1900, R. P. J. Dubernard; 1 ♂, Tsekou, 1902, R. P. J. Dubernard; 1 ♀, Tsekou, 1903, R. P. J. Dubernard; 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Chine, Oui-sy [Weixi County], R. P. Doublet, 1913. The type locality, Tsékou, e. i., Cigu, is a small village located at the west bank of Langcangjiang River valley in Deqin County at an elevation of approximately 2,000 m. This place is not far from Oui-Sy, e. i., Weixi, a county in northwestern Yunnan where some paralectotypes collected by Father François Doublet in 1913. For more details on these places see the following text. Other material examined (21 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀). CHINA: Yunnan: 1 ♀ (SYSM, En- 398698), 1934. VIII. 19, Yunnan, South China. Dragon Nior (20 mi south of Mengtsz). 5000 feet [1,500 m], Ernest R. Tinkham leg.; 1 ♂ (MYNU), 2013. V. 17, Nujiang valley, Liuku, Lushui County, alt. 980 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg.; 1 ♂ (MYNU), 2015. VII. 16, Mt. Miaofengshan, Dayao County, alt. 2,100 m, Ren-Zhi ZHANG leg.; 1 ♂ (MYNU), 2014. VI, Mt. Tan- huashan, Dayao County, alt. 2,000 m, Ji-Hui LIU leg.; 4 ♀♀ (CCCC), 2016. IV. 30, Manhao rainforest, Gejiu, alt. 548 m, Xiao-Dong YANG leg.; 3 ♂♂ (MFNB), China, Prov. Yunnan, Vallis flumin. Soling-ho. [i. e. river Longchuanjiang in Dayao County of Chuxiong] // Goliathopsis despectus Westwood 1874 det. Waldau, 5.2010; 1 ♀ (IRSNB), Sse-Tsong [Shizong County], alt. 2,000 m, Est. Yunnan // Le Moult vend.; 1 ♂ (IRSNB), Thibet VRIAKATONG // Le Moult vend.; 1 ♂ (IRSNB), Djokoula [i. e. Zhukula village, in Binchuan County, Dali], Yunnan // Le Moult vend.; 1 ♀ (MNHN), Djoukoula, Yun-nan, Coll. de Touz. // MUSEUM PARIS, Coll. de Touzalin // Museum Paris, 1980, Coll. G. RUTER // Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990; 1 ♀ (MNHN), Chine, Yunnan, Recu de Lou-Nan [i. e. Lounan County, currently Shilin County]; 1 ♂ (MNHN), Lou-Lan, Yun-nan // MUSEUM PARIS, Coll. de Touzalin // Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990; 2 ♂♂ (MNHN), Pe yen tsin, Yun- nan, Coll. de Touz. // Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990; 1 ♂ (MNHN), Pe yen tsin (Yun- nan) // MUSEUM PARIS, Peyentsin, H. Donckier, 1917 // Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990; 1 ♂ (MNHN), Pe yen tsin // Gassner, 1936 // Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990; 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (MNHN), Yunnan // Goliathopsis velutinus Pouillaude, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990; 2 ♂♂ (MNHN), N. Yun- nan, Tsekou, 1897; 1 ♂ (MNHN, de Lisle Coll.), N. Yunnan, Tsekou, 1897 // Goliathopsis despectus Westw., M. O. de Lisle det. 1968; 1 ♀ (MNHN), N. Yunnan, Tsekou, 1896; 1 ♀ (KSCJ), 1995. VI. 17 - 19, 80 km north of Lijiang, Daju, Yunnan, B. Šiška leg. // Goliathopsis lameyi Fairmaire, 1893.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE1EFFA0FF0BF93DFB1DF802.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 12.0 – 13.0 mm; width 6.0 – 6.8 mm. Body black; dorsal surface entirely covered with khaki tomentum (Figs. 85, 87). Pronotum with four small tomentose maculae on disc; midline distinct, discontinuous occasionally (Fig. 160). Elytron usually with three, light brown, tomentose maculae on specific positions: a small one on posthumeral area; a large one on the median portion of lateral declivity; a large one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa. Few other small tomentose maculae scattered on disc and declivity of elytra (Fig. 85). Disc of elytron usually with drop shaped, setiferous punctures (Fig. 12); setae long. Pygidium with tomentum, densely clad with rounded, setiferous punctures (Figs. 36 – 37). Cephalic horns of male constricted at base; inner sides with tomentum (Fig. 21). Male genitalia large (Figs. 42 – 43), proximal and distal parts of parameres distinctly expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex rounded; outer margins of distal parts distinctly curved in apical view, inner margins sinuose; parameres slightly curved in lateral view, basal piece expanded. This species resembles Goliathopsis despectus, but can be distinguished from the latter by cephalic horns of male wider and constricted at base (Fig. 21; shorter and not constricted in G. despectus, Fig. 14), inner sides of horns with tomentum (glabrous in G. despectus), parameres larger and distal parts gradually expanded (Fig. 42; smaller and slightly expanded in G. despectus, Fig. 48), and the tomentose area on pygidium different (Figs. 36 – 37 for G. velutinus; Figs. 24 – 25 for G. despectus).	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE1EFFA0FF0BF93DFB1DF802.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China: Yunnan.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
038C87C7CE1EFFA0FF0BF93DFB1DF802.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Antoine (1991) keyed Goliathopsis velutinus and G. cervus merely by the difference in the teeth of maxillae, and he suspected the two species are identical. The unusual maxillae of G. cervus illustrated in the original publication (Janson 1881) perhaps due to the specimen damage, and thus it is inappropriate for diagnostic use. While, the distinct differences in the shape of the horn, the punctures on elytral disc, and the parameres can readily differentiate these two species. This species was listed from Tonkin by Krajčík (2011) without any detail, and no specimens from the same location were examined in the above-mentioned collections to date.	en	Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue (2020): Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 91-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.3
