taxonID	type	description	language	source
038D87B4FFD8E378FF5CFE77FCE37054.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Papagona papoosa Ball, 1935. Amended diagnosis. Vertex (Figs 2 B, E, H, 5 A, 6 B) sub-hexagonal with anterior margin short. Frons (Figs 2 A, D, C, F, G, I, 5 B, C, 6 A, C) with pair of sublateral carinae converging toward fastigium, approximately parallel approaching frontoclypeal suture, enclosing subtriangular median region (central plate of frons), longer than wide at widest portion, with one sensory pit on each side near frontoclypeal suture; in lateral view, not extending anteriorly beyond sublateral carinae; sides of frons (Figs 2 C, F, I, 5 C, 6 C) extremely wide above, with sensory pits in a triangle-like distribution, and not fused above clypeus (Figs 2 A, D, G, 5 B, 6 A). Clypeus without carina. Ocelli absent. Eyes oblong. Antennae short. Pronotum (Figs 2 B, E, H, 5 A, 6 B) subrectangular; longer than half of width; posterior margin almost straight; with median carina; median portion of disc, depressed and without sensory pits; with sensory pits bordering lateral margins of disc and a group of inner ones at posterior half; lateral lobe (Figs 2 C, F, I, 5 C, 6 C) with only one sensory pit and longitudinal carina. Mesonotum (Figs 2 B, E, H, 5 A, 6 B) with lateral carinae; region in between lateral carinae, depressed and without sensory pits; region outerad of each lateral carina with sensory pits. Brachypterous; with reduced venation. Legs simple; with carinae and setose; tibia III with single lateral spine; apex of tibia III with five apical spines; basitarsus III and second tarsomere III with two apical spines. Abdominal tergites (Figs 2 B, 5 A, 6 B) conspicuously elevated medially in males; in lateral view, abdominal tergite III with sensory pits (Figs 2 C, F, 5 C, 6 C, 7); tergites IV to VII (Figs 2 C, F, 5 C, 6 C, 7) with one to three sensory pits followed by isolated ventral pair aligned vertically; tergite VIII (Fig. 7) with one to two sensory pit. Phallus (Figs 3 E – H, 5 G, H, 6 E, F) with endosoma formed by two asymmetrical sides, of which the longer side is apically developed in a comma-like structure and shorter side of endosoma is connected ventrally to longer side by a subtriangular ventral expansion; phallobase shorter than endosoma; aedeagus narrowing apically and with two long and thinner aedeagal hooks.	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFD8E378FF5CFE77FCE37054.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Papagona is easily distinguishable from other New World caliscelid genera because it is the only one with sensory pits on abdominal tergite III (Figs 2 C, F, 5 C, 6 C, 7). Other characters, as the central plate of frons with ventral pair of sensory pits within (Figs 2 A, D, G, 5 B, 6 A) and sides of frons with sensory pits in a triangle-like distribution are also very characteristic of this genus (Figs 2 C, F, I, 5 C, 6 C). In other New World genera, such as Aphelonema, Bruchomorpha, or Fitchiella, the central plate of frons never contains sensory pits within and sensory pits at sides of frons are mainly distributed as two well-defined rows (especially in Bruchomorpha and Fitchiella). Ball (1935) pointed out that Aphelonema was allied to Papagona, however, based on our ongoing studies of New World Caliscelidae, these genera do not share diagnoseable similarities except from the presence of sensory pits on body of adults, which characterize Peltonotellini. A phylogenetic analysis based on combined morphology and DNA sequences (de Freitas et al., in prep.) places Papagona as the sister to all other 11 Peltonotellini genera (including five undescribed genera) sampled. Sexual dimorphism is common in the genus, as in other caliscelids, where the coloration of males is more conspicuous than of females, which are usually brownish yellow and larger than males (Figs 1, 2 A – F). Additionally, abdominal tergites of males are medially elevated (Fig. 2 B, E).	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFD9E37DFF5CFDE5FC6D76BA.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 4, 7)	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFD9E37DFF5CFDE5FC6D76BA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil, Roraima State, ESEC Maracá. Description. Body length. Male (Fig. 1 A), 2.9 mm; Female (Fig. 1 B), 4.4 mm. Color. Males (Figs 1 A, 2 A – C). Body mainly black with some regions yellowish-brown. Vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum yellowish-brown with broad median longitudinal white stripe crossing these structures (Figs 1 A, 2 B). Forewing with corium mostly black with apex light brown and two small circular pale maculae in between corium and clavus, one at base and another near midlength of claval suture; clavus brown (Fig. 2 B, C). Legs mostly yellow; metafemur black (Fig. 2 B, C). Abdominal tergites with dorsal median pair of small and conspicuous yellow maculae (Fig. 2 B); lateral white maculae of abdominal sternites in lateral view smaller and fainter (Fig. 2 C); and thoracic and abdominal sternites mostly white medially (Fig. 2 A, C). Females (Figs 1 B, 2 D – F). Body mainly brown with some regions light brown. Vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum light brown with lighter brown broader median longitudinal stripe crossing these structures (Fig. 2 E). Forewing hyaline brown (Fig. 2 E). Legs brown (Fig. 2 F). Abdomen with tergite III with lateral white macula (Figs 1 B, 2 F); all tergites with median longitudinal broad light brown stripe (Fig. 2 E). Structure. Head and thorax. Vertex (Fig. 2 B, E, H) with anterior margin slightly pointed; anteriorly converging to rounded apex; slightly longer than basal width at midline; longer than pronotum length at midline. Frons (Fig. 2 A, D, G) with median carina which does not reach fastigium, weak in males and conspicuous in females; in lateral view (Fig. 2 C, F, I), each side with row of eight sensory pits bordering sublateral carina, four pits bordering frontogenal carina, and a pair of pits bordering fastigium (linking the other two rows providing a triangle-like arrangement — with three isolated pits within, aligned diagonally). Pronotum (Fig. 2 B, E, H) with six sensory pits bordering lateral margins of disc and a group of fiver inner ones at posterior half. Mesonotum (Fig. 2 B, E, H) with median carina; region outerad of lateral carina with eight to ten sensory pits. Abdomen. Tergite III (Figs 2 C, F, 7), in lateral view, with one to two sensory pits (two in holotype). Tergites IV (Fig. 2 C, F, 7), in lateral view, with one row of two to three sensory pits (three in holotype) followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergites V (Fig. 2 C, F, 7), in lateral view, with one row of three sensory pits (three in holotype) followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergites VI (Fig. 2 C, F, 7), in lateral view, with one row of three sensory pits (three in holotype) followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergites VII (Fig. 2 C, F, 7), in lateral view, with one row of two to three sensory pits (three in holotype) followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite VIII (Fig. 7), in lateral view, with one to two sensory pits (two in holotype). Male terminalia. Pygofer (Fig. 3 A) with anterior margin concave; posterior margin with concavity on ventral half. Connective (Fig. 3 B) with tectiform structure bearing tectiductus; ventral support inverted Y-shaped. Gonostylus (Fig. 3 D) hook-like; anterior portion pointed; caudal portion curved anterodorsally; dorsal margin follows almost straight and with protuberance in between anterior and median third; ventral margin mostly rounded; median third longer than high, setose. Endosoma (Fig. 3 E – H) enclosing almost all phallobase and aedeagus lengths laterally and ventrally; asymmetrical, with two different sides linked ventrally, of which: one side is longer and with apex curved ventrally, comma-like; and other side is shorter and apically truncated, bearing triangular expansion ventrally directed to the longest side of endosoma at aedeagus midlength (Fig. 3 E, F). Phallobase membranous, shorter than endosoma; enclosing aedeagus half-length laterally and ventrally; slightly visible in lateral view, apically and dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 3 E – H) opened dorsally; apically, narrowing and with pair of aedeagal hooks (Fig. 3 F – H), subequal in length, longer and thinner than aedeagus, but curved differently: one aedeagal hook curved anterodorsally and which follow the comma-like and longer apical lobe of endosoma; the other strongly curved laterally, crossing aedeagus ventrally. Suspensorium V-shaped. Anal tube (Fig. 3 I, J), in dorsal view, as long as wide and with posterior margin rounded; setose. Female terminalia. Posterior margin of sternite VII (Fig. 4 B) medially bearing two slightly round projections; setose. Gonoplacs (Fig. 4 C) sclerotized; subrectangular; setose. Anterior connective lamina of gonapophysis VIII (Fig. 4 D) with two apical teeth, curved and subequal; with wide rounded and sclerotized flap laterad of teeth. Posterior connective lamina of gonapophysis IX (Fig. 4 E, F) distal part, in lateral view (Fig. 4 F), with several straight and thin spines, starting on stem and following almost until apex; spines of distal part are larger than spines on stem; middle portion with several pits (Fig. 4 F); apex setose (Fig. 4 F); region in between the distal parts with three plates of setae (Fig. 4 E). Segment X of anal tube (Fig. 4 G, H) as long as wide; posterior margin (Fig. 4 G) pointed; setose. Taxonomic notes. The new species is similar to Papagona papoosa in coloration, but they can be distinguished by some external morphological characters and male terminalia. This species differs from other species of the genus by the following group of characters: (1) male coloration pattern (Figs 1, 2 A – C) is similar to P. papoosa (with slight differences on abdominal sternites coloration), but very different from P. succinea (which is red or reddish-yellow); (2) length and shape of vertex (Fig. 2 B, E, H), longer and more pointed than other species of the genus; (3) central plate of frons with median carina which is absent in P. papoosa; (4) sides of frons with three sensory pits aligned diagonally in the middle of triangle of sensory pits (Fig. 2 C, F, I); (5) posterior margin of pygofer with concavity on ventral half (Fig. 3 A); (6) protuberance of gonostylus more conspicuous than in other species of genus (Fig. 3 D); and (7) phallus with pair of aedeagal hooks, one curved anterodorsally and other curved laterally, crossing sides of phallus (Fig. 3 E – H). Plant associations. Unfortunately, as type specimens were collected using a vacuum sampler, no specific plant record was taken. However, vacuum samples were taken mostly from dense grasses in a dry lake bed.	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFD9E37DFF5CFDE5FC6D76BA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is an honorific for Dr. Christopher H. Dietrich (INHS), who collected specimens of the type series and many other caliscelids from Central and South America and allowed us to study these curious planthoppers. Studied material. Holotype: male, Brazil, Roraima, ESEC Maracá, 3.3605 ° N 61.4322 ° W, 100 m, 24 Mar. 2016, C. Dietrich coll., vacuum sample (DZRJ, DNA voucher ENT 5050). Paratypes: 1 male, Brazil, Roraima, ESEC Maracá, 3.3605 ° N 61.4322 ° W, 100 m, 24 Mar. 2016, D. M. Takiya coll., vacuum sample (INPA); 1 female, same data as preceding (INHS). 1 female, same data as preceding (DZRJ).	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFDDE372FF5CFDE3FE027677.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFDDE372FF5CFDE3FE027677.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Arizona, Santa Cruz River, near Tubac (according to Ball 1935). Amended description. Body length. Male, 2.6 mm (Ball 1935). Color. Males (Fig. 5 A – C). Body mainly black with some regions yellowish-brown. Vertex, pronotum, and mesonotum yellowish-brown with broad median longitudinal white stripe crossing these structures (Fig. 5 A). Forewing with corium mostly black with apex light brown and two small circular pale maculae in between corium and clavus, one at base and another near midlength of claval suture; clavus brown (Fig. 5 A). Legs mostly yellow; metafemur black (Fig. 5 B, C). Abdomen with tergite III with lateral white macula (Fig. 5 A, C); each segment of abdomen with dorsal median pair of small and few conspicuous yellow maculae (Fig. 5 A); in lateral view, sternites with lateral white macula (Fig. 5 A). Structure. Head and thorax. Vertex (Fig. 5 A) with anterior margin rounded; as long as basal width at midline; subequal to pronotum length at midline. Frons (Fig. 5 B) without median carina; in lateral view (Fig. 5 C) each side with row of seven sensory pits bordering sublateral carina, four pits bordering frontogenal carina, and a pair of pits bordering fastigium (linking the other two rows providing a triangle-like arrangement — with two isolated pits within, aligned diagonally). Pronotum (Fig. 5 A) with six sensory pits bordering lateral margins of disc and a group of fiver inner ones at posterior half. Mesonotum (Fig. 5 A) without median carina; region outerad of lateral carina with eight to nine sensory pits. Abdomen. Tergite III (Fig. 5 C), in lateral view, with pair of sensory pits. Tergite IV (Fig. 5 C), in lateral view, with pair of sensory pits followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite V (Fig. 5 C), in lateral view, with one row of three sensory pits followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite VI (Fig. 5 C), in lateral view, with pair of sensory pits followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite VII (Fig. 5 C), in lateral view, with one row of three sensory pits followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite VIII, in lateral view, with pair of sensory pits. Male terminalia. Pygofer (Fig. 5 D) with anterior margin concave; with posterior margin convex. Connective (Fig. 5 E) with tectiform structure bearing tectiductus; ventral support inverted Y-shaped. Gonostylus (Fig. 5 F) hook-like; anterior portion pointed; caudal portion curved anterodorsally; dorsal margin follows almost straight with a rounded protuberance in between anterior and median third; ventral margin mostly rounded; median third longer than high, setose. Endosoma (Fig. 5 G, H) enclosing almost all phallobase and aedeagus lengths laterally and ventrally; asymmetrical, with two different sides linked ventrally: one side is longer and with apex curved ventrally, comma-like; and other side is shorter and apically truncated, bearing sub-triangular expansion ventrally directed to the longest side of endosoma at aedeagus midlength (Fig. 5 G). Phallobase membranous, shorter than endosoma; enclosing aedeagus half-length laterally and ventrally; slightly visible in lateral view, apically and dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 5 G, H) opened dorsally; apically, narrowing and with pair of aedeagal hooks (Fig. 5 H), both with same length, longer and thinner than aedeagus, and curved anterodorsally, reaching the base of phallus. Suspensorium V-shaped (Fig. 5 G). Anal tube as long as wide; posterior margin rounded; setose. Taxonomic notes. Although Ball (1935) states in the generic description that the vertex of Papagona is longer than pronotum length (see Introduction), in the holotype of P. papoosa it appears only slightly longer than pronotum length (Fig. 1 A). However, this could be an intraspecific variation or artefact the specimen position when photographed. See taxonomic notes of P. dietrichi sp. nov. above for comparative notes.	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFDDE372FF5CFDE3FE027677.taxon	distribution	Distribution. United States: Arizona (Ball 1935). Plant associations. Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. ex Beal (muhly grass, Poaceae) (Ball 1935). Studied material. Holotype: male (dissected herein), USA, Arizona, Santa Cruz River, 6 Aug. 1932, E. D. Ball (USNM ENT 01513540).	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFD3E370FF5CFF57FECD737B.taxon	description	(Fig. 6)	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFD3E370FF5CFF57FECD737B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Arizona, Tucson Mountains (according to Ball 1935). Amended description. Body length. Male, 2.5 mm (Ball 1935). Color. Males (Fig. 6 A – C). Body mainly orangish red. Forewing orange with anterior and intern margin yellowish, and two small circular pale maculae (Fig. 6 B, C). Legs yellow with irregular brown maculae (Fig. 6 C). Abdomen with tergite III with lateral white macula (Fig. 6 C); in dorsal view, abdominal tergite medially orangish red and laterally yellow reddish (Fig. 6 B, C); each segment of abdomen with dorsal median pair of small and few conspicuous yellow maculae (Fig. 6 B); in lateral view, sternites with lateral white macula (Fig. 6 C). Structure. Head and thorax. Vertex (Fig. 6 B) with anterior margin rounded; as long as basal width at midline; subequal to pronotum length at midline. Frons (Fig. 6 A) with median carina which does not reach fastigium; in lateral view (Fig. 6 A, C), each side with row of seven sensory pits bordering sublateral carina, five pits bordering frontogenal carina, and three pits bordering fastigium (linking the other two rows providing a triangle-like arrangement — with four isolated pits within, aligned diagonally). Pronotum (Fig. 6 B) with six sensory pits bordering lateral margins of disc and a group of seven inner ones at posterior half. Mesonotum (Fig. 6 B) without median carina; region outerad of lateral carina with eleven sensory pits. Abdomen. Tergite III (Fig. 6 C), in lateral view, with two to three sensory pits. Tergite IV (Fig. 6 C), in lateral view, with one row of two to three (three in holotype) sensory pits followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite V (Fig. 6 C), in lateral view, with one row of two to four (two in holotype) sensory pits followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite VI (Fig. 6 C), in lateral view, with one row of two to three (two in holotype) sensory pits followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite VII (Fig. 6 C), in lateral view, with one row of two to three (three in holotype) sensory pits followed by an isolated ventral pair. Tergite VIII, in lateral view, with three sensory pits. Male terminalia. Pygofer with anterior margin concave; posterior margin convex. Connective with tectiform structure bearing tectiductus; ventral support inverted Y-shaped. Gonostylus (Fig. 6 D) hook-like; anterior portion pointed; caudal portion curved anterodorsally; dorsal margin follows almost straight and with a rounded protuberance in between anterior and median third; ventral margin mostly rounded; median third longer than high, setose. Endosoma (Fig. 6 E, F) enclosing almost all phallobase and aedeagus lengths laterally and ventrally; asymmetrical, with two different sides linked ventrally, of which: one side is longer and with apex curved ventrally, comma-like; and other side is shorter and apically truncated, bearing triangular expansion ventrally directed to the longest side of endosoma at aedeagus midlength (Fig. 6 E). Phallobase membranous, shorter than endosoma; enclosing aedeagus half-length laterally and ventrally; slightly visible in lateral view, apically and dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 6 E, F) opened dorsally; apically, narrowing and with pair of aedeagal hooks (Fig. 6 F), subequal in length, longer and thinner than aedeagus, and curved anterodorsally. Suspensorium V-shaped. Anal tube, in dorsal view, as long as wide and with posterior margin rounded; setose. Taxonomic notes. Differently from the description of Ball (1935), the vertex of this species is not shorter than that of P. papoosa. The rest of the morphology is in accordance to the original description. This species can be easily distinguished from other Papagona based on its striking color pattern. However, the male terminalia of this species and of P. papoosa are very similar without major differences in overall structure of phallus. See taxonomic notes of P. dietrichi sp. nov. above for more comparative notes.	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
038D87B4FFD3E370FF5CFF57FECD737B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. United States: Arizona (Ball 1935). Plant associations. Tridens muticus (Torr.) Nash (Poaceae, as Triodia mutica) (Ball 1935). Studied material. Holotype: male, USA, Arizona, Tucson, 2 Apr. 1933 [original description lists as 4 Apr. 1933], E. D. Ball (USNM ENT 01513569). Paratype: male (dissected herein), USA, Arizona, Tucson, 14 Apr. 1934, E. D. Ball (USNM).	en	De Freitas, Abner S., Zahniser, James N., Takiya, Daniela M. (2021): Review of the genus Papagona Ball, 1935 (Hemiptera: Caliscelidae) including a new Neotropical species. Zootaxa 5023 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.6
