taxonID	type	description	language	source
038D87BCFFB2FF81D8C6FF26396D3BC5.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — the species epithet ‘ ruiliensis ’ refers to the location Rili where the type collections were found. Holotype: — CHINA, Yunnan Province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Ruili, Longchuan County, on grassland near a reservoir, E 097 ° 48´03.6 ”, N 24 ° 15´48.9 ”, 940 m, 24 September 2011, Tao Ma, Xiao-Fei Ling RLC 005 (IFRD 415241). Diagnosis: ― the new species is characteristic by growing on grassland in the southern subtropical region, basidiomata are somewhat bluish when touched or bruised, having bright reddish orange-brown to yellowish brown and hemisphaeric or subhemisphaeric pileus, the pileus with or without umbo, ellipsoid to subhexagonal basidiospores of medium size 9 – 11 × (5.5 –) 6 – 7.5 × 5.5 – 7 μm, slender to stout and fusiform to clavate cheilocystidia, and the form of pleurocystidia similar to the stout pleurocystidia. Original description: ― Pileus 10 – 20 mm diameter, at first irregularly hemisphaeric, conic to subcampanulate, bright reddish orange-brown (5 B 8), then hemisphaeric, hemisphaeric-conic, hemispheric-convex to almost plane, with or without umbo or small acutely papillate at the disk, yellowish orange-brown (5 B 6) or dirty yellowish brown when moist, and often with reddish tinge, straw yellow or brownish when dry, frequently whitish at edge; surface smooth, hygrophanous and more or less translucently striate when moist; margin often decorated with somewhat fugacious white to bluing veil remnants, and with cortinate white veil and sometimes small scales in young stages; context yellowish (1 A 2), sometimes turning bluish when bruised in matured stages, watery brown when wet. Lamellae adnate to subsinuate or adnexed, 1.7 – 4.2 mm high, subdistant to close, yellowish or beige (4 A 2) when young, then becoming brownish buff, earth yellow, yellowish brown to chocolate brown (6 E 7) with gray-purple or purple tinge; edges serrulate, slightly wavy, and remaining whitish and sometimes slightly blackish. Stipe 27 – 62 mm × 1.5 – 3.5 mm, central, occasionally slightly eccentric, equal to slightly bulbous at the base, straight to flexuous, yellow-white to brownish, somewhat bluish when touched or bruised; surface covered with appressed whitish pruinose-fibrils; base of stipe with white mycelium; context hollow, fibrous or soft, whitish to brownish, bluish when bruised; annulus absent. Odour null or with somewhat fresh grassy smell. Microscopic characteristics: ― Pileipellis an ixocutis, 15 – 60 μm thick, made up of creeping, hyaline and colourless, subregular to interwoven, 2 – 5 μm wide filamentous to slender tubular hyphae, sometimes including dark yellow and occasionally blue intracellular pigments, wall smooth or with finely incrusted pigments; subpileipellis yellowish brown to brown in KOH, composed of colourless to dark yellowish or brownish, tubular to inflated, 5 – 17 μm wide hyphae, and the wall often rough for incrusted pigments. Subhymenium subcellular, hyaline, composed of irregular vesiculose to polygonal or subglobose cells. Hymenophoral trama dark yellowish or brownish yellow, regular, with cylindrical hyphae 3 – 19 μm diameter, hyaline, colourless to yellowish, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled (≤ 1.0 μm), and the wall smooth to with somewhat dark incrusted pigments. Basidia (18.5 –) 21 – 29.5 (– 32) × (7 –) 8.5 – 11 (– 12) μm, hyaline and colourless, nearly cylindric to clavate, often narrowed in lower half and constricted in the middle, 4 - spored, sometimes 2 - spored; sterigmata (2 –) 3 – 5.5 (– 7) μm long. Basidiospores (345 / 10 / 5) (7.5 –) 9 – 11 (– 12.5) × (5.5 –) 6 – 7.5 (– 8) × 5.5 – 7 (– 7.5) μm, ellipsoid, ovoid, subrhomboid to subhexagonal in face view, Q = (1.2 –) 1.3 – 1.6 (– 1.8), Q = 1.49 ± 0.10; ellipsoid or subellipsoid in side view, Q = (1.4 –) 1.5 – 1.9 (– 2), Q = 1.64 ± 0.12, sometimes containing 1 – 2 oil drops, brown with purple tinge in water, dark yellow in KOH, purplish brown in deposit; wall smooth, slightly thick (0.5 – 1 μm), complex, with distinct 1 – 1.5 μm wide apical germ pore. Cheilocystidia (14 –) 16 – 26 (– 30) × 3.5 – 8.5 (– 9.5) μm, slender to stout, hyaline, fusiform, fusiform-lageniform to fusiform-clavate or clavate, sometimes sublageniform or broadly lageniform, and the stout similar to pleurocystidia, but bigger, often with a 1.5 – 9.5 × 1.5 – 2.5 μm rostrum or neck, occasionally forked, the top or apex frequently seems wall thickened or contain some matter. Pleurocystidia scattered, 13.5 – 22 (– 24) × 5.5 – 9 μm, thin-walled, hyaline, fusiform to fusiform-clavate or clavate, sometimes sublageniform or ventricose, apex often protruded or extended into a 0.5 – 4.5 (– 6) × 1.5 – 3.5 μm rostrum or sometimes neck, the top or apex frequently with a thickened wall or containing some matter. Caulocystidia relatively rare, scarce in young individuals, (16 –) 22 – 70 (– 90) × (4.5 –) 5.5 – 15.5 (– 24.5) μm, often clustered at the upper part of the stipe, thin-walled, hyaline, elongated lageniform, fusiform-lageniform, ventricose, clavate, obclavate or nearly cylindric, occasionally ping-pong racket shape, often with an elongated (2 –) 5 – 26.5 (– 44.5) × 1.5 – 3.5 μm neck, the top or apex frequently with a thickened wall or containing some matter. Clamp connections common in all parts of the basidioma. Distribution: — Rili, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Habitat: — Growing solitary to scattered and gregarious on grassland near a reservoir where cattle and horses have grazed in early autumn. Material examined: — CHINA, Yunnan Province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Ruili, Longchuan County, on grassland near a reservoir, E 097 ° 48´03.6 ”, N 24 ° 15´48.9 ”, 940 m, 24 September 2011, Tao Ma, Xiao-Fei Ling RLC 005 (IFRD 415241, holotype), RLC 004 (IFRD 415240, paratype), RLC 006 (IFRD 415242, paratype), RLC 007 (IFRD 415243, paratype) and RLC 008 (IFRD 415244, paratype). Note: — Psilocybe ruiliensis was only found growing on grassland in the southern subtropical region (close to tropical) of western Yunnan at a relatively low altitude. It can be distinguished by its bright reddish orange-brown to yellowish brown and hemisphaeric or subhemisphaeric pileus, ellipsoid to subhexagonal basidiospores with medium size in face view, slender to stout cheilocystidia, and the presence of pleurocystidia. Phylogenetically, P. ruiliensis forms a monophyletic clade with high BS support (100 %) and pp value (1.00) and groups with P. mexicana, P. tampanensis and P. samuiensis (sect. Mexicana) and P. caerulescens (sect. Cordispora) sensu Guzmán (1995). In this group, P. ruiliensis and P. samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala & J. W. Allen cluster together. These taxa are similar in some features of their basidiomata, habitat and basidiospores, but P. samuiensis differs in having a smaller and convex to conic-convex to campanulate pileus and relatively slender stem. Microscopically, the slightly larger hexagonal and subrhomboid basidiospores (9.6 – 12.0 × 6.4 – 8.4 μm), the ventricose-lageniform cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia, and the relatively slender pleurocystidia and basidia can easily separate P. samuiensis from P. ruiliensis (Guzmán et al. 1993, Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2013). Morphologically, P. ruiliensis is related to stirps Mexicana according to Singer (1986) because of the medium sized spores, mycenoid habit and growing in open places on soil. It is also related to Sect. Mexicana sensu Guzmán because of the size of spores, the mycenoid habit and the subtropical habitat, although the shape of its basidiospores is partly subrhomboid. In sect. Mexicana sensu Guzmán, besides P. samuiensis mentioned above, P. ruiliensis bears some superficial resemblance to P. mexicana. Both species grow on subtropical grasslands, but the different shape of fruit body, the absence of pleurocystidia, and the subrhomboid spores of P. mexicana easily distinguish them (Singer and Smith 1958, Guzmán 1983). In many aspects, P. ruiliensis is also similar to P. gallaeciae Guzmán & M. L. Castro and P. galindii Guzmán, but the latter two species have pseudorhiza. In addition, P. gallaeciae has a different coloured pileus, slightly broader and thicker-walled spores, and lageniform pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia. Psilocybe galindii has relatively slender basidiomata, smaller basidia, and slightly larger and subrhomboid thicker-walled basidiospores, as well as grows at 1700 – 1800 m elevation (Guzmán 1983, Guzmán & Castro 2003, Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2013).	en	Ma, Tao, Ling, Xiao-Fei, Hyde, Kevin D. (2016): Species of Psilocybe (Hymenogastraceae) from Yunnan, southwest China. Phytotaxa 284 (3): 181-193, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3
038D87BCFFB7FF8FD8C6FE653FF638E5.taxon	description	Pileipellis an ixocutis, 15 – 80 μm thick, made up of creeping, interwoven, 2 – 6 μm wide filiform to slender tubular hyphae, hyaline and colourless, wall-smoothed and thin; subpileipellis more pigmented to dark yellow in KOH. Subhymenium subcellular, hyaline, composed of irregular vesiculose to polygonal or subglobose cells. Hymenium contained rich granular and extracellular dark blue pigment. Hymenophoral trama regular, with filamentous to cylindrical smooth hyphae 2 – 18 μm diameter, hyaline, colourless to dark yellowish, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled (≤ 1 μm). Basidia 18.5 – 28.5 × 5.5 – 8 μm, hyaline and colourless, long subcylindric to clavate, often constricted in middle and narrowed in lower half, 4 - spored and 2 - spored, rarely 1 - spored; sterigmata (1.5 –) 3 – 5 (– 6) μm. Basidiospores (136 / 6 / 4) 6 – 9 (– 10, – 12) × 5 – 6.5 (– 7.5) × 4 – 6 μm, often subrhomboid or ovoid, sometimes ellipsoid, occasionally inconspicuous subhexagonal in face view, Q = 1.1 – 1.6 (– 1.7, – 1.9), Q = 1.35 ± 0.13, ellipsoid or subovoid, sometimes nearly oblong in side view, Q = (1.2 –) 1.3 – 1.8, Q = 1.55 ± 0.15; yellowish brown with purple tinge in water, dark yellow to yellowish brown in KOH, dark purplish brown in deposit; wall smooth, slightly thick (0.5 – 1 μm), complex, with 0.8 – 1.5 μm wide apical germ pore. Cheilocystidia abundant, 14 – 27 (– 34.5) × 4 – 8 μm, hyaline and colourless, ventricose to sublageniform, sometime fusoid or clavate, occasionally nearly cylindric-clavate or obclavate, irregularly branched or not branched, mostly with a 1.5 – 9.5 (– 13.5) × 1 – 3 μm rostrum or neck, sometimes with an acuminate apex, the top or apex often seems wall thickened or contain some matter. Pleurocystidia relatively rare and scattered, 13 – 22 × 4 – 6.5 μm, hyaline, similar to cheilocystidia, but smaller, often with a 1 – 7.5 × 1 – 2 μm neck or rostrum, not branched, the top or apex often seems wall thickened or contain some matter. Caulocystidia abundant, (14.5 –) 21 – 45.5 (– 49) × 3.5 – 8 (– 11) μm, scattered, gregarious to clustered at the upper part of the stipe, hyaline, similar to cheilocystidia, but more variable in size, and the neck occasionally with a septum, the top or apex often with a thickened wall or containing some matter. Clamp connections common in all parts of the basidioma. Distribution: — India (Thomas et al. 2002) and Southwestern China (Chuxiong, Shangri-La and Zhaotong, Yunnan Province) (new record to China). Habitat: — Growing solitary to scattered on dung or soil of meadows, or grassland in open area of the forest where cattle have grazed in summer, at 2400 – 3400 m altitude. Material examined: — CHINA, Yunnan Province: Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Shangri-La County, Namucuo Ecological Park, on dung in grassland, E 99 ° 50 ′ 32.9, N 27 ° 47 ′ 30.2 ʺ, 3379 m, 8 August 2009, Tao Ma, Hui Yang ZD 040 (IFRD 414213); Chuxiong, Zixi Mountain, on soil of grassland in forest, E 101 ° 24 ′ 06.7 ʺ, N 25 ° 01 ′ 03.7 ʺ, 2465 m, 4 August 2010, Tao Ma, Xiao-Fei Ling CX 063 (IFRD 414040); Zhaotong, Zhaoyang district, Dashanbao, on soil of grassland, E 103 ° 22 ′ 33.4 ʺ, N 27 ° 27 ′ 01.1 ʺ, 2909 m, 3 August 2011, Tao Ma, Xiao-Fei Lin g ZY 039 (IFRD 415173), ZY 040 (IFRD 415174). Note: — Psilocybe keralensis was found on grassland or dung in subtropical to high temperate mountains at an altitude of 2400 – 3400 m in Yunnan Province. It is characterized by bluing of the basidiomata and hymenium, the subrhomboid or ovoid basidiospores in face view, with medium size 6 – 9 (– 10) × 5 – 6.5 (– 7.5) × 4 – 6 μm, and often has pseudorhiza at the stem base.	en	Ma, Tao, Ling, Xiao-Fei, Hyde, Kevin D. (2016): Species of Psilocybe (Hymenogastraceae) from Yunnan, southwest China. Phytotaxa 284 (3): 181-193, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3
038D87BCFFB7FF8FD8C6FE653FF638E5.taxon	description	In Guzmán’s sense, P. antioquiensis Guzmán, Saldarr., Pineda, G. García & L. - F. Velázquez belongs to sect. Mexicana as it has relatively larger subrhomboid thick-walled basidiospores compared with that of sect. Cordispora, while the latter four species including Psilocybe sp. 1 belong to sect. Zaptecorum Guzmán due to their subellipsoid, thin-walled basidiospores. Morphologically, P. antioquensis is quite similar to P. keralensis, but P. antioquiensis differs significantly in having relatively slender basidiomata and larger basidiospores [(6 –) 8 – 10 (– 11) × (5 –) 6 – 6.5 (– 7) × 5 – 6 μm] (Guzmán 1994, Guzmán et al. 2006). Guzmán et al. (2013) considered P. argentipes, P. thaizapoteca as synonyms of P. subcaerulipes, which are closely related to P. keralensis in their similar basidiomata, as well as most microscopic features. The relatively larger basidiomata, smaller 4 - spored basidia (16 – 25 × 5 – 6 μm), smaller subellipsoid spores [(5 –) 6 – 7 (– 8) × (3 –) 4 – 4.5 × (3 –) 3.5 – 4 μm] and gregarious or caespitose habitat can differentiate P. subcaerulipes from P. keralensis. Psilocybe keralensis is obviously different with P. zapotecorum R. Heim and P. zapotecoantillarum in both macro- and microscopic features (Guzmán 1983, Guzmán et al. 2003).	en	Ma, Tao, Ling, Xiao-Fei, Hyde, Kevin D. (2016): Species of Psilocybe (Hymenogastraceae) from Yunnan, southwest China. Phytotaxa 284 (3): 181-193, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3
038D87BCFFB9FF8DD8C6FCD03CD139DD.taxon	description	Pileipellis an ixocutis, 15 – 90 μm thick, made up of creeping, interwoven, 2 – 6 μm wide filamentous to slender tubular hyphae, hyaline and colourless, sometimes with loops; subpileipellis yellowish brown to brown in KOH, composed of tubular to inflated, 4 – 22 μm wide hyphae. Subhymenium subcellular, hyaline, composed of irregular vesiculose to polygonal or subglobose cells. Hymenophoral trama regular, with cylindrical hyphae 3 – 10 μm diameter, hyaline, colourless to dark yellowish, sometimes with dark blue pigmentation in mature specimens. Basidia 20 – 24 × 6.5 – 9 μm, hyaline and colourless, nearly cylindric to clavate, 4 - spored; sterigmata 2 – 4 μm long. Basidiospores (101 / 3 / 1) 9 – 11 (– 14) × 5 – 6.5 (– 7.5) × 5 – 6.5 (– 7) μm, ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, hexagonal-ellipsoid, sometimes subrhomboid / subovoid in face view, Q = 1.6 – 1.9 (– 2.1), Q = 1.78 ± 0.12; ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid in side view, Q = (1.5 –) 1.6 – 1.9 (– 2), Q = 1.77 ± 0.10, yellowish brown with a purple tinge in water, dark yellowish to yellowish brown in KOH, dark purplish brown in deposit; wall-smoothed, slightly thick (0.5 – 1 μm), with 0.8 – 1.5 μm wide apical germ pore. Cheilocystidia 19 – 31.5 × 4.5 – 8 μm, hyaline, sometimes with dark blue pigmentation, lageniform to fusiform, with a 1 – 2 μm wide neck, sometimes forked, occasionally with a septa, apex acute or obtuse and often with a thickened wall or containing some matter. Pleurocystidia absent. Caulocystidia 21 – 30 (– 38) × 6.5 – 9 (– 10) μm, solitary or clustered at the upper part of the stipe, similar to cheilocystidia, but relatively broader, with 1 – 2 μm wide neck, apex often with a thickened wall or containing some matter. Clamp connections common in all parts of the basidioma. Distribution: — Known only from Japan (Hongo, 1957) and China (Guangxi, Hongkong, and Yunnan (Mao 1998, 2000, Bau & Sarentoya 2009). This is a new record for Yunnan. Habitat: — Growing scattered to gregarious on soil in grasslands near dung (at the edge of forest). Material examined: — CHINA, Yunnan Province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Mangshi, Heihelaopo Natural Scenic District, E 98 ° 35´58.1 ”, N 24 ° 13´34.4 ”, 2638 m, 22 September 2011, Tao Ma, Xiao-Fei Ling MS 007 (IFRD 415224). Note: — Psilocybe aff. fasciata from Yunnan is characterized by its yellowish brown to ochre-brown and olive brown pileus, the ellipsoid to subovoid basidiospores of medium size (9 – 11 × 5 – 6.5 μm in face view), the lageniform to fusiform cheilocystidia with a slender neck, and lack of pleurocystidia. Psilocybe fasciata was described from Japan by Hongo (1957) who described it with a ‘ olivaceo-brunneo (“ oliue-brown ” vel “ clove brown ”) ’ pileus, 9.5 – 11 × 5 – 6 μm, ellipsoid to slightly ovoid spores, ventricose cheilocystidia and with a slender neck. The specimen from Yunnan mostly conforms with the characters of P. fasciata, and the sequence clustered together in the phylogenetic tree with significant BS support, but low pp value. The loop structure of hyphae in the pileipellis, the blue pigmentation of cheilocystidia and hymenophoral trama, and the small acute papilla of the pileus in the Yunnan specimen, was not recorded in the original description of P. fasciata. Phylogenetically, P. fasciata is closely related with P. stuntzii, P. semilanceata. and P. hispanica. In appearance, it is somewhat similar to P. stuntzii Guzmán & J. Ott in the colour and form of the basidiocarp, as well as some microscopic features, but the annulus, the form of the spores and the habitat separate these two species (Guzmán 1983, Noordeloos 2011). Psilocybe fasciata is easily differentiated from P. semilanceata and P. hispanica Guzmán by its macro- and microscopic features (Guzmán 1983, 2000, Noordeloos 2011). Hongo (1957) related P. fasciata to Psilocybe caerulipes (Peck) Sacc., but the latter has smaller basidiospores (7 –) 8.2 – 9.9 (– 11) × 3.8 – 5.5 (– 6) × 3.8 – 5 μm, and grows on rotten wood or debris in hardwood forests (Guzmán 1983, Singer and Smith 1958). Psilocybe fasciata is somewhat similar to P. fimetaria (P. D. Orton) Watling and P. subfimetaria Guzmán & A. H. Sm. because of the form of the basidiocarp, but it can easily be distinguished by its smaller basidia and basidiospores, and absent of annulus, as well as the growing on dung habitat of the latter two species (Guzmán 1983, Noordeloos 2011).	en	Ma, Tao, Ling, Xiao-Fei, Hyde, Kevin D. (2016): Species of Psilocybe (Hymenogastraceae) from Yunnan, southwest China. Phytotaxa 284 (3): 181-193, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3
