identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038DE860DA2A2A26A0C6FF73FE442DCE.text	038DE860DA2A2A26A0C6FF73FE442DCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actinellopsis murphyi J. C. Taylor, B. Karthick & Kociolek 2014	<div><p>Actinellopsis murphyi J.C. Taylor, B. Karthick &amp; Kociolek spec. nov. (Figs 1 –45)</p> <p>Type:— ZAMBIA, Luapula Province, Ntumbachushi Falls on Ngona River near the town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.944683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.853736" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.944683/lat -9.853736)">Kawambwa</a>, (09.853736°S, 28.944683°E). Sample collected by J.C. Taylor from detrital material on rocks wetted by seeping water from spray zone of main falls. Slide BR 4375, Botanic Garden Meise, holotype designated here (the valve representing the holotype is here illustrated as Figure 12); D- NWU 12-349, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.944683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.853736" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.944683/lat -9.853736)">South African National Diatom Collection</a>, isotype designated here.</p> <p>Cells clavate in girdle view 15.5–23.0 μm long. Plastid structure unknown. Valves weakly clavate and dorsiventral with ventral margin straight to slightly convex and dorsal margin convex, 2.2–3.1 μm wide at widest point of valve. Head pole subcapitate, foot pole not tumescent. Striae rather difficult to resolve in LM, 28–30 in 10 μm, parallel in the centre of the valve becoming radiate towards the apices. Areolae round, occluded by vela. No marginal spines. One valve possessing a short and arched raphe, the other valve possessing a longer, straight raphe. Distal and proximal ends slightly rounded but otherwise unmodified and situated at the junction of valve face and mantle. Helictoglossae indistinct. Rimoportula on headpole and footpole, orientated parallel to apical axis. Cingulum composed of 4 open, porous copulae.</p> <p>Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the project co-coordinator of the SAFRASS project, Dr. Kevin Murphy of the University of Glasgow and is named after him to honour his contributions to the extension of the knowledge of the Zambian fauna and flora.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology:— Actinellopsis murphyi has been found only from the type locality. It is found rarely in a sample that was collected from detrital material in seeping water flowing over the stones comprising the steps of a foot path next to the main cataract of Ntumbachushi Falls. The path was heavily shaded and covered in leaf litter. The seep water had its origin in the spray from the main falls, the permanency of this seep is uncertain. The main stream of the falls had the following characteristics pH 6.56, 18.13°C, 4 μS cm-1 electrical conductivity and oxygen concentration of 9.70 mg l-1.</p> <p>Observations:— Actinellopsis murphyi is a small taxon distinguished from other similar species by its distinct valve shape and size, the shape of the head pole and the striae density. It is comparable to the fossil species Actinella giraffensis Siver, A.P. Wolfe &amp; Edlund (Siver et al. 2010: 343), being similar in valve symmetry (dorsiventral and heteropolar with an almost straight ventral valve margin). It also has epi and hypovalves with longer and shorter raphe slits. It appears that the epivalve of Actinellopsis murphyi bears the longer raphe (Fig. 24) and the hypovalve the shorter more strongly curved raphe (a characteristic somewhat similar to Peronia). Actinellopsis murphyi differs from Actinella giraffensis in regard to striae density and the shape of the headpole. These two species are very similar in girdle view and the positioning of the raphe slits at the valve margin is almost identical. It is also comparable to Actinella indistincta Vyverman &amp; E.A. Bergey (in Sabbe et al. 2001: 328), the striae density is similar but the outline of the cell (arcuate) and structure of the apices is very different. In addition the raphe is almost entirely situated in the mantle and the cells are isovalvar.</p> <p>Actinella disjuncta Metzeltin &amp; Lange-Bertalot (2007: 28) is another species with a similar valve outline was described from a fossil samples of Brazilian Amazon (Lago Calado) and from a cataract in Sarawako Bako (Borneo, Malaysia). Actinella disjuncta, however, shows conspicuous spines, a raphe canal located on the valve mantle and coarser interstriae with the areolae placed deeply in the valve face (see Metzeltin &amp; Lange-Bertalot 2007, pl. 41: figs 1–24 and pl. 42 figs 1–7).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DE860DA2A2A26A0C6FF73FE442DCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, Jonathan C.;Karthick, Balasubramanian;Kociolek, J. Patrick;Wetzel, Carlos E.;Cocquyt, Christine	Taylor, Jonathan C., Karthick, Balasubramanian, Kociolek, J. Patrick, Wetzel, Carlos E., Cocquyt, Christine (2014): Actinellopsis murphyi gen. et spec. nov.: A new small celled freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyta, Eunotiales) from Zambia. Phytotaxa 178 (2): 128-137, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.178.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.178.2.4
038DE860DA282A27A0C6F931FB112664.text	038DE860DA282A27A0C6F931FB112664.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actinellopsis giraffensis (Siver, A. P. Wolfe & Edlund) J. C. Taylor, B. Karthick & Kociolek	<div><p>Actinellopsis giraffensis (Siver, A.P. Wolfe &amp; Edlund) J.C. Taylor, B. Karthick &amp; Kociolek, comb. nov.</p> <p>Basionym: Actinella giraffensis Siver et al. (2010: 343, figs 1A–I, figs 2A–F, figs 3A–F).</p> <p>Actinellopsis superficially resembles Actinella, which is also cuneate and asymmetrical about the transapical axis. The two differ in the type of raphe system and that Actinella is also asymmetrical about the apical and transapical axes. The superficial similarities in symmetry are due to independent acquisition of asymmetry about both the transapical and apical axes. Valve symmetry and other frustule organization (amphoroid organization) appear to have evolved independently many times (e.g. Cox 1979, Medlin 1991, Medlin &amp; Round 1986, for Eunophora Vyverman, Sabbe &amp;</p> <p>D.G. Mann in Vyverman et al. 1998: 96; Stepanek &amp; Kociolek 2014). Table 1 compares features of Actinellopsis with Eunotia, Peronia and Actinella.</p> <p>from Round et al. 1990).</p> <p>Actinellopsis murphyi differs from A. giraffensis in the outline of the valve, having a more protracted ‘headpole’ as seen in valve view.</p> <p>The disjunct distribution between Actinellopsis murphyi from Zambia and the 50 million year old fossil Actinellopsis giraffensis from the Canadian Arctic is puzzling. The Zambian locality is subtropical and an acid habitat (pH 6.5). The Canadian Arctic of the Eocene was quite different from today, with many subtropical to tropical species known from fossil localities (Eberle &amp; Greenwood 2012). Freshwater fossil deposits of Eocene age are relatively rare (e.g. Benson et al. 2012), thus the temporal and spatial extent of Actinellopsis is not well understood. It is possible that the genus was much more widely distributed, and the species from Zambia represents a relict. Alternatively, an African-South American connection may have existed (as has been documented for many taxa, see Renner 2004 for a compilation of plant species), followed by a north-south connection in the new world between South and North America.</p> <p>This genus appears to be an example of a Lazarus taxon, where a taxon occurs in the fossil record, there is a gap in its occurrence, and it “reappears” again (Jablonski 1986). Such taxa are known in plants (e.g. Chaney 1948), invertebrates (Fraiser &amp; Bottjer 2005; Skelton &amp; Gilli 2012) and vertebrates (Friedman &amp; Coates 2006; Dawson et al. 2006). They are the result of observational gaps, due to sampling or loss via the fossilization process.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DE860DA282A27A0C6F931FB112664	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, Jonathan C.;Karthick, Balasubramanian;Kociolek, J. Patrick;Wetzel, Carlos E.;Cocquyt, Christine	Taylor, Jonathan C., Karthick, Balasubramanian, Kociolek, J. Patrick, Wetzel, Carlos E., Cocquyt, Christine (2014): Actinellopsis murphyi gen. et spec. nov.: A new small celled freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyta, Eunotiales) from Zambia. Phytotaxa 178 (2): 128-137, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.178.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.178.2.4
