identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038DFC71512B9346FF1F8D37054E152B.text	038DFC71512B9346FF1F8D37054E152B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelochismus aestuarium Estuary Clingfish	<div><p>Trachelochismus aestuarium, new species.</p><p>Estuary Clingfish</p><p>Figs. 2, 3, 4A,B, 5A,B, 6</p><p>Trachelochismus sp.; Stewart (2015:1543, couplet 12, Fig. 24)</p><p>Holotype. NMNZ P.057566, 24.0 mm SL; New Zealand, Northland, Ngunguru River estuary at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.50684&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.629665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.50684/lat -35.629665)">Ngunguru</a>, 1–2 meters depth, 35°37.78'S 174°30.41'E, 0 9 March 2016, I. Middleton, K. W. Conway, S. Hannam, G. Short, T. Trnski.</p><p>Paratypes. All New Zealand. North Island: Auckland: AIM MA451, 2, 29.1 –35.0 mm SL; Waitemata Harbour, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.96666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.96666/lat -36.816666)">Papakohatu (Crusoe) Island</a>, 36°49'0.0"S 174°58'0.0"E, 0 4 May 1931 .— AIM MA3082, 1, 37.4 mm SL; Whangateau Harbour between Emu Point and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.92667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.808334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.92667/lat -36.808334)">Motuihe Island</a> wharf, 36°48'30"S 174°55'36"E, 0 3 July 1979 .— AIM MA4968, 2, 26.8–27.8 mm SL; Whangateau Harbour, near entrance to Omaha River, 0–2 meters depth, 20 June 1982 .—AIM MA76154, 1, 24.0 mm SL; Waitemata Harbour, Emu Point, 36°47'49.0"S 174°54'44.1"E, 24 March 1933.— AIM MA30483, 1, 39.1 mm SL; Hauraki Gulf, Buckland Beach at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.90118&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.866665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.90118/lat -36.866665)">Tamaki Estuary</a>, 36°52'00.0"S 174°54'04.3"E, October 2011 .— AIM MA80711, 2, 23.2–29.2 mm SL; Waitemata Harbour between Motuihe and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.96333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.77889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.96333/lat -36.77889)">Motutapu</a>, 18 meters depth, 36°46'44"S 174°57'48"E, 28 March 1930 .— NMNZ P.008053, 2, 41.3–42.5 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.78334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.433334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.78334/lat -36.433334)">Fairchild Island</a>, North Auckland; 36°26.00'S, 175°47.00'E, October 1955 . Bay of Plenty: NMNZ P. 012187, 1, 13.7 mm SL; off south end of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.37833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.671665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.37833/lat -37.671665)">Motiti Island</a>, 16–20 meters depth, 37°40.30'S, 176°22.70'E, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. NZOI BS738 /R96, 21 January 1979 .— NMNZ P.047977, 12, 21.8–31.8 mm SL; Whangapoua Harbour, East Coromandel, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.63333/lat -36.75)">Zostra</a> near mangroves, 36°45.00'S, 175°38.00'E, 16 April 2002 . Marlborough Sounds: NMNZ P.024704, 1, 24.3 mm SL; Off Cone Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.77&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.921665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.77/lat -40.921665)">D'Urville Island</a>, 15 meters depth, 40°55.30'S, 173°46.20'E, 27 February 1990 . Northland: AIM MA77653, 1, 22.7 mm SL; Parengarenga Harbour, Parenga Channel 400 meters west of Ngamungu Point, 1 meter depth, 17 October 1992 .— AIM MA80328, 1, 21.3 mm SL; Parengarenga Harbour between Te Pua Point and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.94667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.94667/lat -34.525)">Dog Island</a>, 0.3 meters depth, 34°31'30"S 172°56'48"E, 17 October 1993 .— AIM MA 122277, 6 (2C&amp;S), 25.3–34.0 mm SL; Tauranga Port, 26 March 2015.—AIM MA38045, 1, 30.0 mm SL; TCWC 17172.01, 2, 11.3–24.9 mm SL; same locality as holotype, 14 February 2015 .—AIM MA143002, 4, 16.2– 21.6 mm SL; AIM MA 121550, 2, 18.0– 20.5 mm SL; TCWC 17266.03, 2 (1 SEM), 24.6 mm SL; same as holotype.— NMNZ P.008091, 1, 21.9 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.08333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.08333/lat -37.65)">Tauranga Harbour</a>, 37°39.00'S, 176°05.00'E, on Zostra mudflats, August 1956 .— NMNZ P.009927, 1, 32.9 mm SL; off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.806667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.325/lat -34.806667)">Ranganui Bay</a>, rock dredge, 25 meters depth, 34°48.400'S, 173°19.50'E, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. NZOI BS870 /O161, 27 January 1981 .— NMNZ P.009933, 6, 10.4–19.9 mm SL; off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.77667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.416668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.77667/lat -34.416668)">Spirits Bay</a>, 29 meters depth, 34°25.00'S, 172°46.60'E, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. NZOI BS916 /O662, 3 February 1981 .— NMNZ P.009934, 42, 10.1–24.6; off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.80333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.426666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.80333/lat -34.426666)">Spirits Bay</a>, 23 meters depth, 34°25.60'S, 172°48.200'E, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. NZOI BS915 /O661, 0 3 February 1981 .— NMNZ P.009935, 1, 14.5 mm SL; off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.826668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.25/lat -34.826668)">Ranganui Bay</a>, 23 meters depth, 34°49.60'S, 173°15.00'E, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. NZOI BS871 /O617, 27 January 1981 .— NMNZ P. 012194, 4, 22.5–32.9 mm SL; off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.806667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.325/lat -34.806667)">Ranganui Bay</a>, 25 meters depth, 34°48.40'S, 173°19.50'E, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. NZOI BS870 /O616l, 27 January 1981 .— NMNZ P.024564, 5, 22.6–31.6 mm SL; Hope Passage (Albert Channel), between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.25/lat -35.216667)">Rawhiti Point</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.25/lat -35.216667)">Cable Bay</a>, 4–6 meters depth, 35°13.00'S, 174°15.00'E, 22 October 1983 .— NMNZ P.025328, 1, 30.7 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.826668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.25/lat -34.826668)">Off Ranganui Bay</a>, 23 meters depth, 34°49.60'S, 173°15.00'E, R/V Tangaroa, Stn. NZOI BS871 /O617, 27 January 1981 .— NMNZ P.025676, 4, 13.4–25.2 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.5/lat -35.816666)">Whangarei Heads</a>, 35°49.00'S, 174°30.00'E. — NMNZ P.049305, 1, 20.7 mm SL; Whangarei Harbour, channel NW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.815" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.48/lat -35.815)">Darch Point</a>, 5–7 meters depth, 35°48.90'S, 174°28.80'E, 0 3 April 1997 . — NMNZ P.057565, 1, 16.4 mm SL; Estuary at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.5115&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.570168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.5115/lat -35.570168)">Matapouri</a> below eastern road bridge, 35°34.21'S, 174°30.69'E, 0 2 February 2015 .— NMNZ P.057565, 1, 21.3 mm SL; Sand spit side of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.50583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.50583/lat -35.633)">Ngunguru River</a> estuary, 0 meters depth, 35°37.98'S, 174°30.35'E, 0 7 January 2015 . Waikato: NMNZ P.049204, 1, 29.4 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.85283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.008667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.85283/lat -37.008667)">Tairua Harbour</a>, 37°00.52'S, 175°51.17'E, 21 February 2001 . Wellington: NMNZ P.008060, 2, 22.0– 31.3 mm SL; Wellington Harbour, midway between Ward Island and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.86667/lat -41.25)">Eastbourne</a> shore, 4 meter depth, 41°15.00'S, 174°52.00'E, Stn. VUW R/ V Tirohia, BS 272, 18 March 1971 .— NMNZ P.008062, 1, 40.2 mm SL; Foveaux Strait, between Stewart Island and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.76666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.76666/lat -46.533333)">Bluff</a>, 46° 32.00'S, 167°46.00'E, 0 4 November 1970 .— NMNZ P.008064, 1, 38.9 mm SL; Foveaux Strait, between Stewart Island and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.76666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.76666/lat -46.533333)">Bluff</a>, 46°32.00'S, 167°46.00'E, 0 4 November 1970 .— NMNZ P.053660, 1, 45.5 mm SL; Off Days Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.2825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.9/lat -40.2825)">Eastbourne</a>, 17–20 meters depth, 40°16.95'S, 174°54.00'E. — NMNZ P.049250, 4, 18.0– 31.1 mm SL; Pauatahanui Estuary, Porirua Harbour, low tide channel, amongst Ulva, hand net 0–1 meters depth, 41°06.00'S, 174°54.00'E. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.9/lat -41.1)">South Island</a>: Otago: AIM MA6949, 1, 29.2 mm SL ; Otago Harbour, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.665/lat -45.833332)">Portobello Bay</a>, 4-5 meters depth, 45°50'00.0"S, 170°39'54.0"E, 0 6 January 1988 .— NMNZ P.008058, 1, 28.4 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.65/lat -45.833332)">Portobello</a>, Otago Peninsula; 45°50.00'S, 170°39.00'E, 13 August 1962 .— NMNZ P. 012302, 1, 22.8 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.65/lat -45.833332)">Portobello</a>, Otago Peninsula, 15 meters depth, 45°50.00'S, 170°39.00'E, 0 9 November 1952 .— NMNZ P.054768, 1, 32.7 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=170.66234&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.823" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 170.66234/lat -45.823)">Portobello Bay</a>, Otago Peninsula, 1 meter depth, 45°49.38'S, 170°39.74'E NIWA Stn. SVDUD2287, 0 5 August 2003 . Tasman: NMNZ P.008065, 1, 25.4 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.73334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.73334/lat -40.516666)">Puponga</a>, North-west Nelson; 40°31.00'S, 172°44.00'E; 5–11 m; FM Climo, 10 Mar 1971 .</p><p>Diagnosis. A species of Trachelochismus distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: adhesive disc region A without flattened papillae at centre; apapillate area of adhesive disc region A equal in width or wider than region C; flap along posterior margin of anterior nostril a short, thin blade; lachrymal canal pores 2 and 3 flush with surface of skin or weakly elevated above skin; suborbital, mandibular and postorbital rows of superficial neuromasts located in shallow grooves with smooth borders; suborbital row continuous, extending along ventral margin of orbit; postorbital row with 3 superficial neuromasts; a single gill raker along the anterior edge of ceratobranchial 1; 8 dorsal-fin rays; 7 anal-fin rays; 25 pectoral-fin rays; 32 vertebrae (14 + 18); in life, a single dark brown or black irregular streak on lateral surface of head posterior to eye.</p><p>Description. General body shape as in Figure 2. Morphometric characters listed in Table 2.</p><p>Head large, slightly dorsoventrally compressed. Body moderately dorsoventrally compressed anteriorly, becoming increasingly laterally compressed posteriorly at region of dorsal and anal fins. Widest point of head wider than widest point of body (immediately behind head). Body width and depth tapering gradually posteriorly. Eye large, positioned on dorsolateral surface of head; orbit visible in ventral view. Centre of eye closer to tip of snout than to posterior margin of operculum. Snout short, broad, anterior margin rounded. Anterior nostril a small tubular opening, with short, thin blade-like flap extending from posterior margin. Posterior nostril tubular, situated along anterdorsal margin of orbit. Gill membranes united and free from isthmus.</p><p>Mouth terminal, large; posterior tip of upper jaw reaching imaginary vertical line through centre of orbit when mouth closed. Upper lip fleshy, narrowest at centre; separated from snout by shallow groove. Lower lip fleshy, narrowest at centre, expanded into large lobes adjacent to lower jaw symphysis; lobes extend ventromedially to border anterior margin of mandibular rows of superficial neuromasts. Premaxilla with outer row of larger conical teeth with slightly recurved tips and medial patch of 20–30 smaller conical teeth on lingual surface adjacent to symphysis. Dentary with broad patch of conical teeth with slightly recurved tips anteriorly, tapering to single row of conical teeth posteriorly. Pharyngeal jaws comprising patch of 18–21 small conical teeth with slightly recurved tips on pharyngobranchial toothplate 3 and three rows of 6–11 small conical teeth with slightly recurved tips along ceratobranchial 5. 5–8 gill rakers located along anterior and posterior edge of ceratobranchials 2–3 and anterior edge of ceratobranchial 4; 1 gill raker located along anterior edge of ceratobranchial 1 (absent on either left or right side in two C&amp;S specimens examined). Gill filaments associated with ceratobranchials 1–4 (3.5 gill filaments of Briggs, 1955); ceratobranchial 1–3 each with holobranch; hemibranch only on ceratobranchial 4. Basihyal spatulashaped; anterior edge tipped with cartilage. Branchiostegal rays 6; two anteriormost rays articulating medially with hyoid bar along anterior ceratohyal; posterior rays articulating with hyoid bar laterally, including 3 along anterior ceratohyal and 1 straddling junction between anterior and posterior ceratohyals.</p><p>Cephalic lateral-line system with 2 pores in nasal canal; 2 pores in postorbital canal; 3 pores in lachrymal canal; 3 pores in preopercular canal; 3 pores in mandibular canal. Second (LC2) and third (LC3) lachrymal canal pores flush with surface of skin or weakly elevated above skin surface. Suborbital, postorbital and mandibular rows of neuromasts located within shallow grooves; borders of grooves smooth, without paired-fleshy swellings adjacent to superficial neuromasts. 11–12 superficial neuromasts in suborbital row; 3 superficial neuromasts in postorbital row; 4–5 superficial neuromasts in mandibular row. Suborbital row extending along ventral margin of orbit; continuous.</p><p>Dorsal-fin rays 7 or 8. Anal-fin rays 7 or 8. Principal caudal-fin rays 5 + 5, dorsal procurrent rays 8, ventral procurrent rays 8. Pectoral-fin rays 25. Pelvic-fin rays I.4. All fin rays unbranched and segmented. Caudal fin rounded, tips of principal caudal fin rays extended slightly beyond fin margin. Caudal-fin skeleton comprised of upper and lower hypural plates; epural and parhypural triangular and similar in size. Dorsal-fin origin situated slightly anterior to imaginary vertical line through anal-fin origin. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted between neural spines of vertebrae 17/18. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted between hemal spines of vertebrae 18/19 or 19/20. Total number of vertebrae 32, consisting of 14 abdominal and 18 caudal vertebrae. Ribs 11, associated with vertebrae 3–13. Epicentrals 20, associated with vertebrae 2–21.</p><p>Adhesive disc large, double (Fig. 5A); anterior margin smooth; posterior margin weakly crenulated. Disc region A without papillae at centre; lateral margins with 3–4 transverse rows of papillae. Apapillate region of disc region A equal in width or wider than region C. Disc region B with 4–5 transverse rows of papillae. Disc region C with 3–4 rows of papillae. Papillae of disc region A decreasing in diameter towards outer margin of disc. Papillae of disc region B and C decreasing in diameter towards outer margin of inner disc. Dorsal postcleithrum a small, thin bone, irregular in shape; articulating with dorsal face of ventral postcleithrum (Fig. 5B). Ventral postcleithrum larger than dorsal postcleithrum; irregular in shape, wider laterally than medially, with convex anterior and posterior outlines (Fig. 5B). Fimbrae along posteriorlateral margin of ventral postcleithrum well-developed. Ventral postcleithra articulating along ventral midline via a well-developed cap of dense connective tissue. Skin associated with last pelvic-fin ray attaching to base of pectoral fin opposite 4th lowermost pectoral-fin ray.</p><p>Colouration. In alcohol, head and body background colour pale yellow, without noticeable markings. In formalin and shortly after initial transfer to alcohol, body with irregular dark red to orange markings covering entire dorsal and lateral surface and ventral surface posterior to adhesive disc (Fig. 2). Head with irregular dark red stripe on lateral surface extending from posterior margin of orbit to point just anterior to operculum; increasing in depth posteriorly. Fins hyaline.</p><p>In life, background colour highly variable, ranging from pale pink to green (Fig. 6). Entire dorsal and lateral surface of body and head, and ventral surface of body posterior to adhesive disc covered with light to dark brown erythrophores. Erythrophores responsible for myriad of irregular markings over dorsal and lateral surface of body, ranging from thin dark brown markings that coalesce to form a mottled pattern against lighter background colour, to broader dark brown saddle-like markings along dorsal midline that may or may not extend ventrad over lateral surface of body (Fig. 6C). Dorsal, anal and caudal fins with irregular light to dark brown markings. Pectoral fin transparent. Dark brown to black streak passing through eye on lateral surface of head; increasing in depth posteriorly. Dorsal margin of streak solid; ventral margin irregular, edged in brilliant white (Fig. 6C).</p><p>Distribution. Trachelochismus aestuarium is known only from shallow (0–29 meters in depth) bay and estuarine areas along the coast of New Zealand (Fig. 7) usually in association with mixed shell-bryozoan rubble benthic communities. Several paratypes have also been collected in association with Zostra and mangroves. At the type locality in the Ngunguru River estuary at Ngunguru, T. aestuarium is found predominantly in association with spent shells of bivalves over a substrate of fine sand and silt at depths below the low tide mark (0–3 meters in depth). Though T. aestuarium has been collected throughout coastal New Zealand, the majority of specimens have been collected from along the northeast coast of the North Island (Northland, Auckland, Waikato, to the Bay of Plenty).</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin aestuarium, a tidal inlet of the sea, reflecting the presence of this species in estuaries. A noun in apposition.</p><p>Comparisons. Trachelochismus aestuarium differs most noticeably from T. pinnulatus and T. melobesia by the shape of the flap associated with the anterior nostril, head profile, and live colouration. In T. aestuarium the flap associated with the posterior margin of the anterior nostril is thin and blade-like (Fig. 4A) and does not reach the anterior margin of the orbit when pressed backwards against the head. In T. melobesia the flap is also blade-like but much longer (Fig. 4E), reaching past the anterior margin of the orbit when pressed backwards. In T. pinnulatus, the flap is short (i.e., not reaching the anterior margin of the orbit when pressed backwards) but scallop-shaped, with a broad, crenulated dorsal margin (Fig. 4C). In Trachelochismus aestuarium lachrymal canal pores 2 and 3 are flush with surface of skin, or only weakly elevated above the surface of the skin (Fig. 4A). In T. melobesia and T. pinnulatus these pores are located at the end of short tubes that overlap the dorsal margin of the upper lip when the mouth is closed (Fig. 4C, E). In life, T. aestuarium exhibits a single dark brown to black streak posterior to the orbit with an irregular ventral margin that is bordered by white compared to multiple darkly coloured stripes alternating with thin white stripes radiating from the posteroventral margin of the orbit in T. melobesia and T. pinnulatus .</p><p>Trachelochismus aestuarium is further distinguished from T. melobesia by the absence (vs. presence) of papillae along the centre of disc region A (compare Fig. 5A vs. 5E), a greater interorbital width (31–38% HL vs. 18–22% HL), the presence (vs. absence) of gill rakers along the anterior edge of ceratobranchial 1, fewer dorsal-fin rays (8 vs. 11), a greater number of pectoral-fin rays (25 vs. 23) and caudal vertebrae (18 vs. 16), a greater number of superficial neuromasts in the mandibular (4–5 vs. 3) and postorbital rows (3 vs. 2), a continuous (vs. discontinuous) suborbital row of superficial neuromasts (compare Fig. 3 vs. 8), and the absence (vs. presence) in life of a broad solid or broken pinkish marking that is edged with white and extends over most of the dorsal surface anterior to the origin of the dorsal fin (see Plate 7 B in Paulin &amp; Roberts, 1992; Fig. 9 herein).</p><p>Trachelochismus aestuarium is further distinguished from T. pinnulatus by the absence (vs. presence) of paired-fleshy swelling associated with superficial neuromasts on the surface of the head and most obviously those located in the suborbital, mandibular and postorbital rows (Fig. 1), by having the suborbital, mandibular and postorbital rows of superficial neuromasts contained within a shallow (vs. deep) groove (compare Fig. 4A,B vs. 4C,D), fewer gill-rakers along the anterior margin of ceratobranchial 1 (1 vs. 3), and by the width of the apapillate area of adhesive disc region A (as wide or wider than region C vs. narrower; compare Fig. 5A vs. 5C).</p><p>Uncorrected p distances for the 684 bp sequence of the COI gene analysed herein between T. aestuarium and its congeners range from 4.8 ( T. pinnulatus) to 12.9 ( T. melobesia) (Table 3).</p><p>Phylogenetic Relationships. The phylogenetic position of Trachelochismus aestuarium differed between the topologies resulting from the analyses of the different gene data sets. Trachelochismus aestuarium and T. pinnulatus are sister groups in the topologies resulting from the analyses of the mitochondrial genes (Fig. 9A), whereas T. aestuarium is placed as the sister taxon to T. melobesia + T. pinnulatus in topologies resulting from the analyses of ZIC1 (Fig. 9B). At least one morphological character, the absence of papillae at the centre of adhesive disc region A (a derived condition within Gobiesocidae; K.W. Conway, pers. obs.), provides evidence in support of the hypothesis that T. aestuarium and T. pinnulatus are sister species. Though a detailed investigation of the morphology of the three species of Trachelochismus has yet to be conducted, we are aware of no apomorphic characters that would support the alternative hypothesis that T. melobesia and T. pinnulatus are sister groups.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DFC71512B9346FF1F8D37054E152B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	King, Cragen	King, Cragen (2017): A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa 4319 (3): 531-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.6
038DFC715138935BFF1F88A8015D119E.text	038DFC715138935BFF1F88A8015D119E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dellichthys morelandi All	<div><p>Dellichthys morelandi:</p><p>All New Zealand. TCWC 17173.03, 1, 21.2 mm SL; Northland: Matapouri, Mermaid Pool, 35°33'32.1"S 174°30'51.3"E, 2 March 2015 .— TCWC 17174.03, 1, 23.0 mm SL; Northland: Tutukaka, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.54262&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.625942" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.54262/lat -35.625942)">Dolphin Bay</a>, 35°37'33.4"S 174°32'33.4"E, 2 March 2015 .— TCWC 17264.02, 3, 20.7–33.8 mm SL; Northland: Tutukaka, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.5344&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.618664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.5344/lat -35.618664)">Pacific Bay</a>, 35°37'07.2"S 174°32'03.8"E, 8 March 2016 .— TCWC 17269.03, 1, 37.1 mm SL; Northland: Rawhiti, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.2939&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.28289" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.2939/lat -35.28289)">Taupiri Bay</a>, 35°16'58.4"S 174°17'38.0"E, 10 March 2016 .— TCWC 17270.06, 5 (2 C&amp;S), 17.9–31.6 mm SL; Northland: Tutukaka, rocky bay between Tutukaka reserve and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.54161&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.611305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.54161/lat -35.611305)">Kukutauwhao Island</a>, 35°36'40.7"S 174°32'29.8"E, 11 March 2016 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DFC715138935BFF1F88A8015D119E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	King, Cragen	King, Cragen (2017): A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa 4319 (3): 531-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.6
038DFC715138935BFF4F8BAC03D01046.text	038DFC715138935BFF4F8BAC03D01046.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplocrepis puniceus (Richardson 1846)	<div><p>Diplocrepis puniceus:</p><p>NMNZ P.037447, 30 (3 C&amp;S), 19.6–77.7 mm SL; New Zealand: West Coast, reef flats south of 14 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=171.26666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 171.26666/lat -42.32)">Mile Creek</a>, 42°19'12.0"S 171°16'00.0"E, 20 February 2000.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DFC715138935BFF4F8BAC03D01046	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	King, Cragen	King, Cragen (2017): A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa 4319 (3): 531-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.6
038DFC715138935BFF4F8A14038B10D2.text	038DFC715138935BFF4F8A14038B10D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gobiesox papillifer Gilbert 1890	<div><p>Gobiesox: G. papillifer .</p><p>MCZ 44836, 1, 41.0 mm SL; Panama, Punta Paitilla, 19 April 1962. — MCZ 44846, 1, 35.0 mm SL; Panama, Fort Amador, 7 June 1962. G. punctulatus . TCWC 16451, 9, 22.0–32.0 mm SL; USA : Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea, rocky shore at Lamboglia, 10 July 2008.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DFC715138935BFF4F8A14038B10D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	King, Cragen	King, Cragen (2017): A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa 4319 (3): 531-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.6
038DFC715138935BFF4F8AF804621742.text	038DFC715138935BFF4F8AF804621742.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haplocylix littoreus All	<div><p>Haplocylix littoreus:</p><p>All New Zealand. ANSP 113598, 2, 83.0–85.0 mm SL; Northland, Cape Brett, 26 February 1960 .— NMNZ P.003414, 4 (1C&amp;S), 38.0– 68.5 mm SL; Northland, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.83333/lat -34.45)">Spirits Bay</a>, 34°27'00.0"S 172°50'00.0"E, 14 November 1963 . — TCWC 17267.02, 1, 64.8 mm SL: Northland, Tutukaka, rocky bay between Tutukaka reserve and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.54161&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.611305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.54161/lat -35.611305)">Kukutauwhao Island</a>, 35°36'40.7"S 174°32'29.8"E, 9 March 2016 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DFC715138935BFF4F8AF804621742	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	King, Cragen	King, Cragen (2017): A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa 4319 (3): 531-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.6
038DFC715138935BFF4F8D68016F170A.text	038DFC715138935BFF4F8D68016F170A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904	<div><p>Lepadichthys frenatus:</p><p>ROM 65285, 2, 12.9–30.8 mm SL; New Caledonia .— ROM 65289, 2, 24.4–32.1 mm SL; New Caledonia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DFC715138935BFF4F8D68016F170A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	King, Cragen	King, Cragen (2017): A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa 4319 (3): 531-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.6
038DFC715138935BFF4F8DD005101403.text	038DFC715138935BFF4F8DD005101403.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelochismus pinnulatus (Forster 1801)	<div><p>Trachelochismus: T. pinnulatus</p><p>. BMNH 1873.12.13.89, holotype of Trachelochismus guttulatus (photograph only); Wellington Harbour. —CMC F212, holotype of Crepidogaster simus; Lytellton Harbour, Christchurch.— AIM MA656094, 6, 19.1–57.2 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.13069&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.152473" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.13069/lat -34.152473)">Northland</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.13069&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.152473" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.13069/lat -34.152473)">Three Kings Islands</a>, Great Island, North West Bay, 10- 13meters depth, 34°09'08.9"S 172°07'50.5"E, 13 April 2013. —NMNZ P.002582, 2, 58.0–73.0 mm SL; Tasman, Tory Channel, 41°14.38'S 174°10.92' E, May 1958.— NMNZ P.013573, 3 (2 C&amp;S), 34.3–39.0 mm SL; Wellington, Makara, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.70917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.70917/lat -41.216667)">Makara River</a> delta, 41°13.00'S 174°42.55'E, 26 February 1983. — NMNZ P.016388, 3, 48.0–62.0 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.6105&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-48.023335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.6105/lat -48.023335)">Southland</a>, Snares Island, Station point, 48°01.40'S 166°36.63'E, 27 November 1984. — NMNZ P.055195, 1, 57 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.06822&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.174057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.06822/lat -34.174057)">Three Kings Islands</a>, Rock-walled cove on west side of South West Island, 34°10'26.6"S 172°04'05.6"E, 13 April 2013. — TCWC 17269.06, 2 (1 SEM), 27.8–29.0 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.2939&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.28289" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.2939/lat -35.28289)">Rawhiti Coast</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.2939&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.28289" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.2939/lat -35.28289)">Taupiri Bay</a>, 35°16'58.4"S 174°17'38.0"E, 10 March 2016. T. melobesia . ANSP 113591, 3, 14.3–21.9 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.2939&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.28289" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.2939/lat -35.28289)">Northland</a>, Bay of Islands, east tip of Urupukapuka Island, 16 February 1960. — AIM MA5221, 5, 14.8–27.2 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.915&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.02833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.915/lat -35.02833)">Northland</a>, Cavalli, Putataua Bay, 35°01'42.0"S 173°54'54.0"E, 18 May 1984. — TCWC 17171.01, 9, 15.3–21.5 mm SL; Northland, Tutukaka, rocky bay between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.54161&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.611305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.54161/lat -35.611305)">Tutukaka</a> reserve and Kukutauwhao Island, 35°36'40.7"S 174°32'29.8"E, 1 March 2015. —TCWC 17265.05, 17, 9.4–27.7 mm SL; same as TCWC 17171.01, 8 March 2016.— TCWC 17173.01, 4, 14.0– 24.2 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.51425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.558914" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.51425/lat -35.558914)">Northland</a>: Matapouri, Mermaid Pool, 35°33'32.1"S 174°30'51.3"E, 2 March 2015. — TCWC 17174.01, 9 (1 SEM), 14.7–29.3 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.54262&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.625942" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.54262/lat -35.625942)">Northland</a>: Tutukaka, northern reef of Dolphin Bay, 35°37'33.4"S 174°32'33.4"E, 2 March 2015. —TCWC 17264.05, 14, 13.5–25.8 mm SL; TCWC 17264.06, 2 (C&amp;S), 19.2–22.0 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.5344&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.618664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.5344/lat -35.618664)">Northland</a>: Tutukaka, Pacific Bay, 35°37'07.2"S 174°32'03.8"E, 8 March 2016. — TCWC 17268.06, 15, 12.1–27.2 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.2542&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.221916" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.2542/lat -35.221916)">Northland</a>: Bay of Islands, Kaimarama Bay, 35°13'18.9"S 174°15'15.1"E, 10 March 2016. —TCWC 17516.12, 25, 9.4–30.1 mm SL; same as TCWC 17265.01, 11 March 2016.— TCWC 17279.02, 8, 11.0– 25.9 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.36601&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.34661" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.36601/lat -35.34661)">Northland</a>: Bland Bay, 35°20'47.8"S 174°21'57.6"E, 11 March 2016.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DFC715138935BFF4F8DD005101403	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	King, Cragen	King, Cragen (2017): A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa 4319 (3): 531-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.6
