identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF729DF1FBA01D7C.text	038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF729DF1FBA01D7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chaetolabis) atroviridis (Townes) Townes	<div><p>Chironomus (Chaetolabis) atroviridis (Townes)</p><p>Tendipes (Chaetolabis) atroviridis Townes, 1945: 114 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: Pine dock, 3 males, 10.vi. &amp; 31.vi. 1969; Grand Rapids Government Wharf, 1 male, 28.vi.1969.</p><p>The males from Lake Winnipeg have an AR of 3.58–3.95, 14–16 sensilla chaetica in apical 1/3–1/4 of ta1 of p2 and 9–11 sensilla chaetica in apical 1/4 of ta l of p3.</p><p>Distribution. The species was previously known from Massachusetts and Ontario to Idaho and British Columbia, and south to Iowa and Virginia (Townes 1945: 115, Oliver et al. 1990: 42).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF729DF1FBA01D7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF729FA0FD891B17.text	038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF729FA0FD891B17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) anthracinus Zetterstedt	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) anthracinus Zetterstedt</p><p>Chironomus anthracinus Zetterstedt, 1860: 6499 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: 2 km off Selkirk (Horse) Island, 2 males, 7.vi. 1969. The Lake Winnipeg males have an AR of 4.90–4.95(2), 15–17(2) sensilla chaetica in apical half of ta1 of p2 and 12–14(2) in apical half of ta1 of p3.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. The species is widely distributed in the Holarctic region, In North America it is known from British Columbia, Alberta, Sakatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York and California (Saether 1975 fig. 1, Oliver et al. 1990: 42, Saether &amp; Spies 2011, Martin 2012). In North America the species appears to be more common in mesotrophic to moderately oligotrophic lakes, while in Europe it is the character-form of the profundal zone of moderately eutrophic lakes (Saether 1975: 3127). No larvae were caught in the bottom samples.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF729FA0FD891B17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF72998BFCA01946.text	038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF72998BFCA01946.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) atrella Townes	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) atrella Townes</p><p>Tendipes atrella Townes, 1945: 124 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: 10 km ESE Pearson Reef, 1 male, 1 female, 5.vi. 1969. The single adult male collected has an AR of 4.14, 21 sensilla chaetica on p2 and 18 on p3. A female presumably belonging to C. atrella has 65 sensilla chaetica on p2, 34 on p3.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. The species is known from prairie sloughs, pools and lakes from Prince Edward Island to Alberta and British Columbia, and south to Massachusetts, California, Colorado and New Mexico (Townes 1945: 124, Oliver et al. 1990: 42, Martin 2012.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF9CFFCDFF72998BFCA01946	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF9CFFCCFF729B79FB811E7B.text	038B2C37FF9CFFCCFF729B79FB811E7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) atritibia Malloch	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) atritibia Malloch</p><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) atritibia Malloch, 1934: 16 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: 0.5 km off George Island, 1 male, 13.vii. 1969; Old Fishing Dock, 1 male, 18.viii. 1971; Calder’s Dock, 3 males, 26.viii. 1971.</p><p>Of the five males caught in light traps three are intersexes. The normal male has an AR of 4.08, 7 sensilla chaetica on p2 and 6 on p3. The male intersexes have female antennae, 38–54 sensilla chaetica on p2 and 42(1) sensilla chaetica on p3.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. The species was previously known from New York, Québec, Ontario, Northwest Territories, British Columbia and Washington (Townes 1945:131, Saether 1970: 7, Saether &amp; McLean 1972: 11, Johnson &amp; Brinkhurst 1971: 1696, Wiederholm 1976: 24, Oliver et al. 1990: 42). Martin (2012) mentions that most specimens listed by Townes (1945), other than the type, probably are C. cucini Webb.</p><p>The larva is of the C. salinarius type and characteristic for mesotrophic to moderately oligotrophic lakes (Saether 1975: 3130, Wiederholm 1976: 30). Although no larvae were found in bottom samples from Lake Winnipeg, the species is present in some areas of the northern basin and in the Narrows.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF9CFFCCFF729B79FB811E7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF9AFFC8FF729DBBFDED1D79.text	038B2C37FF9AFFC8FF729DBBFDED1D79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) bifurcatus Wulker, Martin, Kiknadze, Sublette et Michiels	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) bifurcatus Wülker, Martin, Kiknadze, Sublette et Michiels</p><p>(Figs 3 D–F, 4 A–D, 5, 9)</p><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) bifurcatus Wülker, Martin, Kiknadze, Sublette et Michiels, 2009: 36 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: 4 km off Grand Rapids, 7 males, 8.vi. 1969; 0.5 km off George Island, 8 males, 12.vii. 1969; 3 km off Grand Rapids, 14 males, 13.vii. 1969; 10 km off (Sturgeonskin point) Long Point, 16 males, 14.vii. 1969; 3 km off McCreary Island, 15 males, 15.vii. 1969; Gull Harbour, 3 males, 16.vii. 1969; Gimli Government Wharf, 2 males, 24.vii. 1969; Victoria Beach, 2 males, 25.vii. 1969; 3 km off George Island, 51 males, 27.vii. 1969; Grand Rapids Government Wharf, 42 males, 28.vii. 1969; 5 km off Selkirk (Horse) Island, 2 males, 29.vii. 1969; Pine Dock, 34 males, 31.vii. &amp; 2.ix. 1969; 3 km off Grand Rapids, 28 males, 4.ix. 12969; 15 km E off Long Point, 2 males, 6.ix. 1969; McBeth Harbour, 2 males, 7.ix. 1969; Beaver Point, 475 males, 9.vi. – 27.viii. 1971; 20 Mile Creek, 14 males, 28.vii. –1.ix. 1971; Old Fishing Dock, 11563 males, 16.vi.</p><p>–18.viii. 1971; Calder's Dock, 8266 males, 9.vi. –8.ix. 1971; Hecla Island, 1580 males, 27.vii. –25.viii. 1971. Emergence traps: Beaver Creek, 10 males, 3.vi. –26.vii. 1971. Rearing specimens: 16 km East Long Point, 1 male, 10.vi. 1969; 24 km SSE Long Point, 2 males, 10.vi. 1969; Saskatchewan River Buoy, 1 male, 13.vii. 1969; NNE of Reindeer Island, 1 male, 15.vii. 1969; NNE of Reindeer Island, 1 male, 27.x. 1969; Centre South basin, 1 male, 31.x. 1969; Outer buoy of Red River, 1 male, 17.iii. 1970; N outer buoy Red River, 17.iii. 1970. South Basin: 281 larvae, 4.vi. –31.x. 1969; Narrows: 8 larvae, 2.ix. –12.x. 1969; North Basin, 121 larvae, 1 pupa, 4.vi. –31.x. 1969.</p><p>Normal adult males from Lake Winnipeg have an AR of 3.43–4.05, 3.88 (14); 7–19, 13 (10) sensilla chaetica on p2; and 7–18, 13 (10) sensilla chaetica on p3. The adult females have 88–114, 104 (6) sensilla chaetica on p2; 94–122, 107 (7) sensilla chaetica on p3. 21 % of the males caught in light traps are male intersexes with completely female antenna (Saether &amp; Galloway 1980 table 3). Some samples, however, have up to 95% intersexes.</p><p>The female genitalia of C. bifurcatus from Lake Winnipeg are illustrated by Saether (1977 fig. 81 F–G).</p><p>The immatures of C. bifurcatus are illustrated (Figs 3 D–F, 4 A–D). The pupa drawn, with 6–7 filamentous Lsetae on segment VIII, is the only one which has more than 5 filamentous L-setae. The head capsule lengths of different instars is shown in Fig. 9. The species, together with C. entis, completely dominate other Chironomus species in the lake.</p><p>Remarks. Although the species morphologically appear inseparable from C. decorus Johannsen, Johannsen (1905) notes that “this species is common in ... ponds and ditches …”. C. decorus does not occur in lakes, but some of the described members of the C. decorus -group do. Butler et al. (1995) note that C. decorus -group sp. 1, now C. bifurcatus (Wülker et al. 2009), is common in the profundal of North Dakota lakes. Their C. decorus -group sp. 2, while common in lakes from Lake Waskesui to Mississippi, tends to be in shallower areas. Other described members of the C. decorus -group are C. blaylocki Wülker, Martin, Kiknadze, Sublette et Michiels, and the two marine species described by Martin et al. (2010). Comparison of the present material to the description of C. bifurcatus supports show that the present species can be identified as C. bifurcatus .</p><p>Distribution and ecology. The C. decorus group to which C. bifurcatus belongs is known from all over North America (Townes 1945: 122, Oliver et al. 1990: 42). However, according to Sublette &amp; Sublette (1974) and Martin (2012) several unnnamed species, are included in the records. C. bifurcatus appears in North America to have taken the ecological niche occupied by C. anthracinus in Europe, i.e. it is a character form of the profundal zone of moderately eutrophic lakes (Saether 1975: 3127, 3131). It is found in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota and Kansas (Martin 2012).</p><p>In Lake Winnipeg the species is the dominant Chironomus species in the benthos of the South Basin (Figs 1, 5). Most imagines were caught in the light traps from 1971 (Fig. 5), but these were all set in the Narrows. There apparently are two generations a year.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF9AFFC8FF729DBBFDED1D79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF99FFC8FF729FA3FE651A49.text	038B2C37FF99FFC8FF729FA3FE651A49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) crassicaudatus Malloch	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) crassicaudatus Malloch</p><p>Chironomus crassicaudatus Malloch, 1915: 453 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: Victoria Beach, 2 males, 9.vi. 1969; Gull Harbour, 9 males, 16.vi. 1969; Victoria Beach, 1 male, 25.vi. 1969; Matheson Island Government Wharf, 22 males, 26.vi. 1969; McBeth Harbour, 1 male, 30.vi. 1969; Pine Dock, 2 males, 31.vi. 1969; Beaver Point, 67 males, 18.vi. –7.vii. 1971; Old Fishing Dock, 18 males, 16.vi. –11.viii. 1971; Calder's Dock, 35 males, 11.vi. –2.ix. 1971; Hecla Island, 47 males, 27.vii. –25.viii. 1971.</p><p>Normal non-parasitized males from Lake Winnipeg have an AR of 3.90–4.64, 4.21 (21); 31–64, 44 (10) sensilla chaetica in apical 1/3 of ta1 of p2; and 34–54, 43(10) sensilla chaetica in apical 1/3 of ta l of p2. Male intersexes with completely female antenna and female sternite VIII have 157–190, 171(5) sensilla chaetica on p2;170–210, 198 (5) sensilla chaetica on p3, indicating that these are the numbers found in females. The hypopygia of a normal male and that of a male intersex are illustrated in Saether &amp; Galloway (1980 fig. 8C, D).</p><p>Distribution and ecology. The species was previously known from natural lakes, impoundments, deep pools of large rivers and deeper farm ponds. It is most common in the southeastern and central United States, extending west to the central plains. All known localities are east of the Rocky Mountains (Wülker et al. 1971: 21, Oliver et al. 1990: 42, Martin 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF99FFC8FF729FA3FE651A49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF99FFC7FF72984DFEFD1C8E.text	038B2C37FF99FFC7FF72984DFEFD1C8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus dilutus Shobanov, Kiknadze et Butler	<div><p>Chironomus dilutus Shobanov, Kiknadze et Butler</p><p>(Fig. 2 A)</p><p>Chironomus (Camptochironomus) dilutus Shobanov, Kiknadze et Butler, 1999: 315 . Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans auct. nec Fabricius, 1805: 38.</p><p>? Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans var. pallidivittatus Malloch, 1915: 445, not sensu Edwards 1929, see remarks under next species.</p><p>Material examined. CANADA, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Freshwater Institute Laboratory Culture, 2 females, 15.i. 1973, J.F. Flannagan; Saskatchewan, LeRoy, 2 females, 7.vi. 1967, A.L. Hamilton. Lake Winnipeg light traps: 3 km off Grand Rapids, 3 males, 13.vi. 1969; 10 km off (Sturgeonskin point) Long Point, 1 male, 14.vi. 1969; 3 km off McCreary Island, 1 male, 15.vi. 1969; Victoria Beach, 1 male, 25.vi. 1969; Grand Rapids Government Wharf, 10 males, 28.vi. 1969; 5 km off Selkirk (Horse) Island, 2 males, 29.vi. 1969; McBeth Harbour, 19 males, 30.vi. 1969.</p><p>Normal non-parasitized males from Lake Winnipeg have a wing length of 4.07–5.16, 4.61 mm (10); an AR of 3.00–3.86, 3.55 (14); 20–38, 29 (10) sensilla chaetica on ta1 of p2; and 20–43, 25 (10) sensilla chaetica on ta1 of p3. The females have 170–220 (3) sensilla chaetica on p2, 160–250 (3) sensilla chaetica on p3. The male hypopygium and antenna are illustrated in Saether &amp; Galloway gynandromorph, the others caused by mermithid infection (Saether &amp; Galloway 1980 fig. 7A, D, as C. tentans) while the female genitalia are illustrated by Saether (1977 fig.</p><p>82A–C). Eight of 25 males were intersexes, one a probable gynandromorph, the others caused by mermithid infections (Saether &amp; Galloway 1980).</p><p>Remarks. It is now realized that Townes (1945) was correct in not recognizing Camptochironomus Malloch as a separate subgenus. Martin (2012) use the name camptochironomus-cytocomplex for species previously placed in the subgenus.</p><p>According to Shobanov et al. (1999) Nearctic records of C. tentans Fabricius belong to C. dilutus Shobanov, Kiknadze &amp; Butler, but see Spies &amp; Saether (2004) and remarks under C. pallidivittatus sensu Edwards. According to Martin (2012) there are an eastern race and a western race to which the Lake Winnipeg population belong. C. pallidivittatus is a senior synonym of C. dilutus if reexamination of the type not can show that there is no possibility for it to belong to another species such as the Nearctic C. tentans presently found only in Alaska. If such a possibility exists C. pallidivittatus could be declared a nomen dubium.</p><p>Shobanov et al. (1999: 317) gives the number of sensilla chaeticae as near 80. If they mean ta1 of mid and hind leg combined the number is in accordance with the present specimens.</p><p>Hein &amp; Schmulbach (1971) found hybridization between C. dilutus (as tentans) and C. pallidivittatus sensu Edwards. Hybridization appears also to be present in the Lake Winnipeg material (Fig. 2 C, D). However, mermithid infections are common in Lake Winnipeg and although most specimens are more severely affected (Saether &amp; Galloway 1980) the illustrated hypopygia could also be caused by more slight changes. caused by parasitazion.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. C. dilutus is known from lakes, ponds, puddles and brackish waters across the northern U.S. and Canada (Townes 1945: 135 as C. tentans, Shobanov et al. 1999: 315, Martin 2012). C. dilutus appears to occupy the same habitats as C. tentans preferring shallow stagnant waters where the bottom is covered by abundant organic detritus. The larvae are euryoxybiontic and thrive where organic pollution is high (Townes 1945: 126, 136).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF99FFC7FF72984DFEFD1C8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF96FFC6FF729938FB4B18DC.text	038B2C37FF96FFC6FF729938FB4B18DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) entis Shobanov	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) entis Shobanov</p><p>(Figs 3 A–C, 6 A–E, 7, 9)</p><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) entis Shobanov, 1989a, 1989b: 341 .</p><p>Chironomus plumosus f. semireductus auct. pro parte</p><p>Chironomus muratensis Chang et al. 1993, 1994, not Ryser, Sholl et Wülker.</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: Matheson Island Government Wharf, 5 males, 3 females, 5.vi. &amp; 26.vii. 1969; 4 km off Grand Rapids, 22 males, 8.vi. 1969; Victoria Beach, 110 males, 9.vii. &amp; 25.vii. 1969; Pine Dock, 9 males, 10.vii. 1969; 0.5 km off George Island, 131 males, 11.vii. &amp; 12.vii. 1969; 3 km off Grand Rapids, 1755 males, 13.vii. &amp; 4.ix. 1969; 10 km off (Sturgeonskin point) Long Point, 4471 males, 14.vii. 1969; 3 km off McCreary Island, 344 males, 15.vii. 1969; Gull Harbour, 28 males, 5 females, 16.vii. 1969; Gimli Government Wharf, 197 males, 24.vii. 1969; 3 km off George Island, 1578 males, 1 female, 27.vii. 1969; Grand Rapids Government Wharf, 728 males, 28.vii. &amp; 5.ix. 1969; 5 km off Selkirk (Horse) Island, 487 males, 29.vii. 1969; McBeth Harbour, 202 males, 30.vii. &amp; 7.ix. 1969; Pine Dock, 5 males, 31.vii. 1969; 15 km E off Long Point, 6 males, 6.ix. 1969; Beaver Point, 413 males, 18.vi. –27.viii. 1971; 20 Mile Creek, 2 males, 5.viii. 1971; Old Fishing Dock, 839 males, 9.vi. –5.viii. 1971; Calder's Dock, 373 males, 11.vi. –8.ix. 1971; Hecla Island, 12 males, 27.vii. &amp; 11.viii. 1971. Emergence traps: Beaver Creek, 6 males, 22.vii. –11.viii. 1971. Rearing specimens: NNE of Reindeer Island, 4 males, 11.vi. 1969; NW Disbrowe Point, 1 male, 11.vii. 1969; Saskatchewan River Buoy, 1 male, 13.vii. 1969; East of Selkirk Island, 1male, 29.vii. 1969; West of Selkirk Island, 3 males, 29.vii. 1969; East McCreary Island, 3 males, 31.vii. 1969; Anama Bay, 1 male, 31.vii. 1969; 13 km SE Bigstone Point, 1 male, 1 female, 3.ix. 1969. South Basin, 55 larvae, 9.vii. –31.x. 1969; Narrows, 302 larvae, 1 pupa, 4.vi. –31.x. 1969; North Basin, 356 larvae, 8 pupae, 4.vi. –31.x. 1969.</p><p>Normal unparasitized males from Lake Winnipeg have an AR of 4.80–6.61, 5.46 (115); 30–55, 36 (10) sensilla chaetica on p2; 20–36, 24 (10) sensilla chaetica on p3; and fall completely within the redescription of C. plumosus (L.) by Strenzke (1959: 19). The females have 130–220, 178 (10) sensilla chaetica on p2; 140–252, 217 (10) sensilla chaetica on p3. Genitalia of normal male and female, gynandromorphs and intersexes are illustrated in Saether &amp; Galloway (1980 figs. 5–6). The female genitalia are also illustrated in Saether (1977 fig. 81 D–E).</p><p>The immatures (Figs 3 A–C, 6 A–E) are also typical C. plumosus except that the larva has blood-gills of semireductus type (Lenz 1954 –62: 161; Shobanov 1989). Although the blood-gills overlap in length between C. entis and C. plumosus the head capsule measurements show that only one is species involved. The head capsule lengths of different instars is shown in Fig. 9.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. C. entis in North America (as C. f. semireductus) is known from British Columbia and Manitoba, and from Washington, Colorado, North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Indiana (Saether 1970: 8, 1975: 3130; Saether &amp; McLean 1972: 11; Wiederholm 1976: 27; Kiknadze et al. 2000: 859; Martin 2012). In the Palaearctic region C. entis is known from freshwater in Norway, Finland, Estonia, Chech Republic, Russia and Switzerland (Kiknadze et al. 2000: 859, Saether &amp; Spies 2011).</p><p>In Lake Winnipeg C. entis is the most common Chironomus species in the benthos of the narrows and the north basin (Figs 1, 7). Although many adult specimens were caught in the light traps from 1971 (Fig. 5) even more were caught on the light traps set on the ship in 1969. There apparently are two generations a year.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF96FFC6FF729938FB4B18DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF94FFC4FF729A2BFB1A1F90.text	038B2C37FF94FFC4FF729A2BFB1A1F90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) maturus Johannsen	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) maturus Johannsen</p><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) maturus Johannsen, 1908: 279 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: 15 km E off Long Point, 1 male, 6.ix. 1969. The species is redescribed by Sublette &amp; Sublette (1974: 2). The single adult male from Lake Winnipeg has 13 sensilla chaetica on p2 and 16 on p3.</p><p>Distribution. The species was previously known from Alaska, New York and Ontario to Manitoba, Alberta and California, and south to Louisiana and New Mexico (Oliver et al. 1990: 42, Martin 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF94FFC4FF729A2BFB1A1F90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF95FFC4FF7298C5FA301888.text	038B2C37FF95FFC4FF7298C5FA301888.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) riparius Meigen	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) riparius Meigen</p><p>Chironomus riparius Meigen, 1804: 13 . Tendipes thummi Kieffer, 1911: 36 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: 15 km E off Long Point, 1 male, 6.ix 1969; 20 Mile Creek, 1 male, 1.ix. 1971. North Basin: 3 larvae, 4–12.vi. 1969; South Basin, 1 larva, 4–12.vi. 1969.</p><p>The two males examined have an AR of 3.00–3.17, 5–9 sensilla chaetica on p2 and 6–11 on p3. The taxonomic status of C. riparius and C. thummi is treated by Credland (1973). A few larvae probably belonging to C. riparius were present in the bottom samples.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. The species was previously known from all over the Holarctic region and also is recorded from the Near East and the Neotropical region (Saether &amp; Spies 2011). Townes (1945:125) mentions the species from all over North America, and also gives a record from Argentina. The species is often very common in heavily polluted waters and typically saprophilous (Townes 1945: 126, Thienemann 1954: 646–648, Martin 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF95FFC4FF7298C5FA301888	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF95FFC4FF729C0BFE721AD1.text	038B2C37FF95FFC4FF729C0BFE721AD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus pallidivittatus Malloch sensu Edwards 1929	<div><p>Chironomus pallidivittatus Malloch sensu Edwards 1929</p><p>(Fig. 2 B–D)</p><p>? Chironomus tentans var. pallidivittatus Malloch, 1915: 445 .</p><p>Chironomus (Camptochironomus) pallidivittatus Malloch sensu Edwards 1929: 382 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: 2 km off Selkirk (Horse) Island, 1 female, 7.vi. 1969; Pine Dock, 1 male, 31.vi. 1969; Hecla Island, 17 males, 27.vii. &amp; 11.viii. 1971.</p><p>Normal non-parasitized males (Fig. 2 B) from Lake Winnipeg have a wing length of 3.77–4.14, 3.93 mm (6); an AR of 2.38–2.70, 2.52 (6); 10–20, 16 (7) sensilla chaetica on ta1 of p2; and 11–14, 13 (7) sensilla chaetica on ta1 of p3. A female presumed to belong to this species has 33 sensilla chaetica on p2, 46 sensilla chaetica on p3. The female genitalia are illustrated by Saether (1977 fig. 82D–E). Two of 8 males are intersexes caused by mermithid infection (Saether &amp; Galloway 1980). Some specimens look as if they might be hybrids between C. pallidivittatus and C. dilutus, but are obviously closer to C. pallidivittatus (Fig. 2 C, D).</p><p>Remarks. It may be more correct to name this species pallidivittatus Malloch sensu Beerman (1955) since Beerman did not confirm the identity of his material with that of Edwards. Hein &amp; Schmulbach (1971) mention that Oliver examined the lectotype of C. tentans var. pallidivittatus Malloch and found that it did not differ significantly from material of C. tentans . Accordingly a new name is needed for C. palllidivittatus sensu Edwards. However, this should await further examination of available type material. Martin et. al. (2011) propose to recognize the usage of Chironomus (Camptochironomus) pallidivittatus sensu Edwards 1929 and to suppress the Chironomus pallidivittatus Malloch 1915 name. However, the first two authors of the paper had not seen the paper prior to publication and disagree since the name Chironomus pallidivittatus sensu Edwards cannot be introduced in use since its homonomy with Chironomus pallidivittatus Malloch.</p><p>Chironomus vockerothi Rasmussen (Rasmussen 1984) is quite similar, but is slightly smaller with a wing length of 3.1–3.7 mm, a longer superior volsella, and well developed scutal tubercle. The scutal tubercle, however, is well developed also in the present specimens.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. C. pallidivittatus sensu Edwards is known from streams, lakes, ponds, puddles and brackish waters of the Palaearctic region except North Africa, and from North America, where the exact distribution is not known since the two species was regarded as a synonym of C. tentans by Townes (1945: 135, Palmén &amp; Aho 1966: 229, Kiknadze et al. 1998, Saether &amp; Spies 2011). According to Palmén &amp; Aho (1966: 230) the habitat preference apparently coincides with that of C. tentans . Martin (2012) mentions the species from Saskatchewan and North and South Dakota.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF95FFC4FF729C0BFE721AD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF92FFC3FF7299C5FC4D192C.text	038B2C37FF92FFC3FF7299C5FC4D192C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus)	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) f. fluviatilis</p><p>(Fig. 4 E–H)</p><p>Material examined. North Basin, 2 larvae, 2.ix. –12.x. 1969.</p><p>Two larvae of this type (Lenz 1954–62 fig. 73) were found near the outlet of the lake and illustrated in Fig. 4 E– H. Wülker (2007) describes two new species from the near-shore sediments of Lake Michigan, C. mozleyi Wûlker and C. winnelli Wülker. These larvae apparently belong to one of these species.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Larvae of this type are known from large Russian rivers and from saline lakes in western Siberia (Lenz 1954–62: 161) and have been reported from all of the Laurentian Great Lakes with the exception of Lake Superior (Winnell &amp; White 1984). Mozley (1975: 98) found the larvae commonly in Lake Michigan, and states that the imagines from these larvae are close to C. decorus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF92FFC3FF7299C5FC4D192C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729B90FAFB187B.text	038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729B90FAFB187B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus)	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) sp. A.</p><p>Material examined. North Basin: 1 larva, 2–10.ix 1969.</p><p>One Chironomus larva could not be associated with any species or larval type was found near the outlet.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729B90FAFB187B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729EE6FC3D1BD1.text	038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729EE6FC3D1BD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) plumosus	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) plumosus larval type</p><p>(Fig 6 F–I)</p><p>Material examined. Narrows, 1 larva, 2. –10.ix. 1969; North Basin, 1 larva, 2. –10.ix. 1969. Only two larvae of C. plumosus type were found. They are, however, too small to belong to C. plumosus (L.), but could for instance belong to C. atrella found in the North Basin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729EE6FC3D1BD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729DBBFC6D1EB4.text	038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729DBBFC6D1EB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) staegeri (Lundbeck) Lundbeck	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) staegeri (Lundbeck)</p><p>Chironomus staegeri Lundbeck, 1898: 271 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light trap: 4 km off Grand Rapids, 1 male, 8.vi. 1969.</p><p>The single specimen found has an AR of 5.00, 19 sensilla chaetica on p2 and 13 sensilla chaetica on p3.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. The species is known from deep natural lakes as well as shallow permanent pools of northeastern and central United States, northern, eastern and central Canada and from Greenland, Finland and the Russian Far East. It occurs south to Alabama and west to California, but is not common in the west (Wülker et al. 1971: 21, Oliver et al. 1990: 43, Saether &amp; Spies 2011, Martin 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729DBBFC6D1EB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729F6EFB761C33.text	038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729F6EFB761C33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus) tuxis Curran	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) tuxis Curran</p><p>Chironomus tuxis Curran, 1930: 31 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: East of McCreary Island, 1 male, 31.vii. 1969; 12 km ENE Winnipeg Beach, 2 males, 17.iii. 1970.</p><p>The adult males examined have an AR of 3.22–3.44, 6–8 sensilla chaetica on p2 and 7 on p3. Distribution. The species was previously known from Manitoba, Ontario and Maine, Massachusetts and New Jersey to Michigan and south to Florida (Townes 1945: 123, Oliver et al. 1990: 43, Martin 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF92FFC3FF729F6EFB761C33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF93FFC2FF729C9AFBA618A1.text	038B2C37FF93FFC2FF729C9AFBA618A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Lobochironomus)	<div><p>Chironomus (Lobochironomus) sp.</p><p>(Fig. 8 C)</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: Pine Dock, 2 males, 31.vii. 1969; Hecla Island, 1 male, 24.viii. 1971.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. The adult male is characterized by its brown thorax and abdomen, its pale haltere knob, relatively high frontal tubercles, strongly spatulate anal point, low LR1 (1.73–1.78), few sensilla chaetica (4–9 on each of p2 and p3), and its superior volsella with a broad apical part immersed in the basal part.</p><p>Adult male (n = 3, except when otherwise stated)</p><p>Total length 4.56–5.83 mm. Wing length 2.69–3.35 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.69–1.86. Wing length / length of profemur 2.32–2.40. Thorax pale greenish brown with blackish brown markings. Abdomen brown. Haltere knob pale.</p><p>Head. AR 2.85–3.04. Temporals 28–31(2). Clypeus with 22–34 setae. Tentorium 183–218 µm long. Stipes 186–216 µm long. Frontal tubercles 23–28 µm high, 8–10 µm wide, about as in Shilova (1980 fig. 8A1). Palp lengths (in µm): 40–62, 53–77, 203–240, 186–233, 266–326.</p><p>Thorax. Antepronotum bare. Dorsocentrals 16–30, acrostichals 12–14, prealars 5–8, supraalar 1. Scutellum with 14–21 setae.</p><p>Wing. VR 1.07–1.08. Brachiolum with 2–3 setae, R with 32–41, R1 with 23–39, R4+5 with 41–47 setae. Squama with 10–26 setae.</p><p>Legs. Sensilla chaetica 5–9 at 0.71–0.79 to 0.92–0.94 of ta1 of p2, 4–6 at 0.72–0.74 to 0.92–0.93 of ta1 of p3. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1.</p><p>Fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4 p1 1160–1395 824–1076 1631–1866 (2) 891–1009 (2) 689–807 (2) 555–622 (2) p2 1177–1395 992–1269 689–807 370–487 252–353 168–235 p3 1311–1479 1294–1631 992–1194 521–723 370–471 235–303</p><p>continued.</p><p>ta5 LR BV SV BR p1 193–235 (2) 1.73–1.78 (2) 1.62–1.63 (2) 1.32 (2) 3.5 (1) p2 84–126 0.64–0.69 2.89–3.27 3.15–3.33 3.8–4.9 p3 101–143 0.73–0.77 2.62–2.93 2.58–2.63 5.0–6.9 (2) Hypopygium (Fig. 8 C). Tergite IX with 32–38 setae, laterosternites IX each with 3–5 setae. Phallapodeme 123–153 µm long. Transverse sternapodeme 60–67 µm long. Anal point 24–28 µm wide at apex, 11 µm wide at narrowest point. Gonocoxite 205–228 µm long, superior volsella with broad and flat apical part immersed in basal part and its microtrichia, gonostylus 205–240 µm long. HR 0.95–1.00, HV 2.22–2.43.</p><p>Remarks. This species also appears most closely related to C. (L.). dorsalis Meigen ( C. (L.) longipes Staeger) (Townes 1945: 112, Langton &amp; Pinder 2007: 159, Martin 2012), but differs in the wider projection of the superior volsella. It most probably represent a new species, but in view of the incomplete descriptions of related species and the lack of associated immatures it is better to refrain from naming the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF93FFC2FF729C9AFBA618A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF93FFC2FF729DBBFF731E26.text	038B2C37FF93FFC2FF729DBBFF731E26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus (Chironomus)	<div><p>Chironomus (Chironomus) sp. B</p><p>(Fig. 3 G, H)</p><p>Material examined. Emergence trap: Beaver Creek, 1 pupa, 19.vii. 1971. A pupal exuviae of a size comparable to C. entis, but differing distinctly in the broken shagreen pattern is illustrated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF93FFC2FF729DBBFF731E26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF90FFC0FF72992FFB331D32.text	038B2C37FF90FFC0FF72992FFB331D32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Benthalia brunneipennis (Johannsen) Johannsen	<div><p>Benthalia brunneipennis (Johannsen)</p><p>(Fig. 8 A, B)</p><p>Chironomus brunneipennis Johannsen, 1905: 205 .</p><p>Tendipes (Einfeldia) brunneipennis (Johannsen), Townes 1945: 111.</p><p>Benthalia brunneipennis (Johannsen), Martin 2012.</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: Pine Dock, 3 males, 10.vii. 1969.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. The adult male is characterized by its brown thorax, abdomen and haltere knob; large frontal tubercles; strongly spatulate anal point and pediform basal part of superior volsella.</p><p>Adult male (n = 3, except when otherwise stated)</p><p>Total length 5.76–6.45 mm. Wing length 2.84–3.10 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.96–2.08. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.67–2.81. Coloration brown with blackish brown vittae. Also abdomen and haltere knob brown.</p><p>Head. AR 2.81–2.98. Temporals 30–35 (2). Clypeus with 19–22 setae. Tentorium 210–245 µm long. Stipes 170–220 µm long. Frontal tubercles 41–50 µm high, 22–23 µm wide, about as in Shilova (1980 fig. 8A2). Palp lengths (in µm): 50–64, 58–68, 168–183, 185–196, 283–303.</p><p>Thorax. Antepronotum bare. Dorsocentrals 13–18, acrostichals absent, prealars 4–5, supraalar 1. Scutellum with 15–21 setae.</p><p>Wing. VR 1.08–1.10. Brachiolum with 2 setae, R with 9–11, R4+5 with 2–5 setae. Squama with 21–27 setae.</p><p>Legs. Sensilla chaetica 23–31 at 0.36–0.40 to 0.88–0.94 of ta1 of p2; 17–27 at 0.34–0.44 to 0.86–0.94 of ta1 of p2. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 2.</p><p>fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4 p1 1061–1104 859–920 1594–1693 711–736 595–607 485 p2 1135–1178 1024–1085 595–656 313–331 227–239 129–135 p3 1202–1288 1257–1374 920–1006 454–491 350–380 172–196 continued.</p><p>ta5 LR BV SV BR p1 178–190 1.83–1.90 1.79–1.86 1.18–1.23 2.4–2.7 (2) p2 86–98 0.57–0.60 3.63–3.64 3.45–3.69 2.8–2.8(2) p3 110–129 0.71–0.73 3.03–3.17 2.65–2.74 3.6–4.1 (2) Hypopygium (Fig. 8 A, B). Tergite IX with 30–36 setae, laterosternites IX each with 4 setae. Phallapodeme 132–154 µm long. Transverse sternapodeme 75–100 µm long. Anal point 25–26 µm wide at apex, 8–14 µm wide in middle. Gonocoxite 231–237 µm long, base of superior volsella pediform, gonostylus 262–272 µm long. HR 0.85–0.89, HV 2.15–2.38.</p><p>Remarks. This species is closely related to B. natchitocheae Sublette (Sublette 1964: 124), but differs in the larger wing length, lower LR1, and in the shape of the enlarged base of the superior volsella.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF90FFC0FF72992FFB331D32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF91FFC0FF729FE1FDA01B23.text	038B2C37FF91FFC0FF729FE1FDA01B23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Einfeldia pagana Meigen	<div><p>Einfeldia pagana Meigen</p><p>Chironomus pagana Meigen, 1838: 7 .</p><p>Einfeldia synchrona Oliver, 1971: 1591 .</p><p>Material examined. Lake Winnipeg light traps: Beaver Point, 1 male, 27.vii. 1971.</p><p>Only one adult male was found with an AR of 2.49, a wing length of 3.37, 6 sensilla chaetica in apical third of ta1 of p2 and 4 sensilla chaetica in apical fifth of ta1 of p3.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. The species is known from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Saether &amp; Spies 2011). In North America it is known from British Columbia to Québec, New York, Michigan, South Dakota and Mississippi (Oliver et al. 1990: 46). E. synchrona was described by Oliver (1971) from a shallow, semiartificial cattle pond near Ottawa, Ontario.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF91FFC0FF729FE1FDA01B23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF91FFDFFF729997FA311E40.text	038B2C37FF91FFDFFF729997FA311E40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Einfeldia Kieffer	<div><p>Key to Nearctic males of Einfeldia Kieffer, Benthalia Lipina and Chironomus subgen. Lobochironomus Ryser, Wülker et Scholl</p><p>1. Thorax and abdomen brown to blackish brown; frontal tubercles large, about twice as long as wide; LR1 1.7–2.2; haltere knob brown or pale........................................................................................ 2</p><p>- Thorax pale green with ochraceous to brownish-black markings, abdominal tergites uniformly green or mostly brown, frontal tubercles small to absent, LR1 1.3–1.7, haltere knob pale....................................................... 6</p><p>2. Anal point strongly spatulate, at least 1.8 times as wide at apex as at narrowest point; wing length greater than 2.1 mm; haltere knob brown or pale.................................................................................... 3</p><p>- Anal point only slightly spatulate, less than 1.5 times as wide at apex as at narrowest point; wing length less than 2.0 mm, haltere knob pale....................... Chironomus (Lobochironomus) austini Beck et Beck (Beck &amp; Beck 1970 fig. 7g).</p><p>3. LR1 1.46–1.78, sensilla chaetica 3–10 in apical third of each of p2 and p3, several acrostichals, frontal tubercles moderately large............................................................................................... 4</p><p>- LR1 1.87–2.20, sensilla chaetica 23–31 in apical 2/3 of each of p2 and p3 (at least in B. brunneipennis), acrostichals few or absent, frontal tubercles very large....................................................................... 5</p><p>4. Superior volsella with the broad and flat apical part partly immersed in the basal part and its microtrichia (Fig. 8 C), LR1 1.7–1.78, dorsocentrals 16–30, tergite IX with 32–38 setae......................... Chironomus (Lobochironomus) sp.</p><p>- Superior volsella with apical part more narrow and less immersed in basal part, LR1 1.46–1.60, dorsocentrals 38–42, tergite IX with 3–13 setae................................................... Chironomus (Lobochironomus) mendax Storå</p><p>5. Basal part of superior volsella foot-shaped (Fig. 8 A, B), wing length 2.8–3.1 mm ............................................................................................... Benthalia brunneipennis (Johannsen) (Fig. 8 A, B).</p><p>- Basal part of superior volsella club-shaped (Sublette 1964 fig. 40, 41), wing length less than 2.7 mm ......................................................................... Benthalia natchitochea Sublette (Sublette 1964 fig. 40–41).</p><p>6. Basal abdominal tergite mostly brown, LR1 about 1.7................................................................................................... Chironomus (Lobochironomus) dorsalis (Meigen) (Townes 1945 fig. 127).</p><p>– Basal abdominal tergite uniformly green, LR1 1.3–1.6........................................................ 7</p><p>7. Anal point slightly spatulate and relatively narrow, Gonostylus not inflated, not abruptly constricted before apex........................................................................... E. chelonia Townes (Townes 1945 fig. 129).</p><p>- Anal point very broad, gonostylus inflated and abruptly constricted before apex............................................. Einfeldia pagana (Meigen) (Townes 1945 fig. 128; Oliver 1971 fig. 1–4 as E. synchrona Oliver, fig. 5 as E. pagana)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF91FFDFFF729997FA311E40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
038B2C37FF8EFFDFFF729C79FBDA1B45.text	038B2C37FF8EFFDFFF729C79FBDA1B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironomus	<div><p>The Chironomus group in Lake Winnipeg</p><p>At least 16 species of the Chironomus group occur in Lake Winnipeg. Chironomus (C.) bifurcatus and C. (C.) entis both are very common and distributed all over the lake (Fig. 1). The larvae of C. bifurcatus are most common in the South Basin, while C. entis is more common in the Narrows and in the North Basin. The remaining species of Chironomus are represented by only a few specimens in the bottom samples (Fig. 1).</p><p>The fluviatilis type probably is one of two species described by Wülker (2007) from the near-shore sediments of Lake Michigan, C. mozleyi Wûlker and C. winnelli Wülker. The significance of the different Chironomus species as indicators of trophic levels is nicely demonstrated by their distribution in Lake Winnipeg. The oligotrophic fluviatilis type is limited to the extreme northern part of the lake which is isolated from the rest of the lake by a strong current from the outlet of the Saskatchewan River to the outlet. The mesotrophic to moderately eutrophic C. entis is most common in the narrows and in the north basin, while the more eutrophic C. bifurcatus is among the dominant chironomids of the south basin (Figs. 1, 5, 7) present in the same locality and especially the early instars difficult to separate. The inverse of Dyar's Rule or 0.71 is more useful in order to identify earlier instars. This rule is applicable for all examined chironomid larvae from Lake Winnipeg and is further discussed in Saether (2009; 2010a, b; 2011). The head capsule lengths of the instars of are given in Fig. 9. For both species the variations in head capsule lengths were the median ±11–25%, and the median of one instar was 50–56% higher than the preceding instar. The variation thus is somewhat larger than in the other species examined from Lake Winnipeg and the difference between instars is slightly smaller. (57%–63% in other examined species). The larger than normal range probably is caused by the spring generation being slightly larger than the fall generation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2C37FF8EFFDFFF729C79FBDA1B45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Saether, Ole A.	Saether, Ole A. (2012): The Chironomus group (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Zootaxa 3275: 1-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280836
