taxonID	type	description	language	source
5DE50356A0A4A2A692264DC31E46A4D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Differs from the other Polydesmidae in Taiwan by the larger body and often a dark coloration, from the only sympatric congener Nipponesmus minor sp. n. also in the collum being broader than the head and in the gonopod showing a strongly elongate, slender and falcate telopodite (see also Key below).	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
3E7D32C0789809921714515F90355BAC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Differs from Nipponesmus shirinensis, the only other congener known from Taiwan, in the smaller size, as well as in the collum being narrower than the head and in the gonopod telopodite being stouter and shorter (see also Key below).	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
3E7D32C0789809921714515F90355BAC.taxon	description	Description: Length of both sexes ca 12 - 16 mm; width of pro- and metazona varying between specimens from 0.8 - 1.3 to 1.5 - 2.0 mm, respectively. Holotype ca 12 mm long, and 0.8 and 1.5 mm wide on pro- and metazona, respectively. Usually ♂♂ somewhat smaller than ♀♀. Coloration in alcohol from uniformly pallid (faded?) to yellowish to reddish-brown; in the latter case, sides, venter and legs light grey-brown (Figs 14 - 19). All characters as in Nipponesmus shirinensis, except as follows. Antennae a little shorter, usually reaching midway of segment 3. In width, collum <head <segment 2 <3 <4 <5 = 15 (16), thereafter body gradually tapering towards telson. Starting from segment 16 (♂, ♀), paraterga extending increasingly beyond rear tergal contour, caudal corners invariably evidently rounded, but even on paraterga 17 - 19 not spiniform (Figs 15, 18). Paraterga less evidently rounded laterally even in ♀, lateral edges mostly subparallel in ♂ (Figs 15, 18), incisions being visible. Metatergal sculpture typical, rather superficial, with three transverse rows of setiferous, polygonal bosses (Figs 15, 18). Tergal setae very short, usually retained at least on collum and / or metatergum 19 (Figs 15, 16, 18). Gonopod telopodite (Figs 20 - 23) much stouter; endomere (en) slightly longer than exomere (ex), beset with long, bacilliform setae nearly throughout, usually supplied with an evident spine (s) or tooth mesally, as well as a usually somewhat less prominent pulvillus near base; ex often not so strongly unciform apically, often with an additional lateral tooth in distal part.	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
43192597324A3CC494E846D9C06FCDC2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Differs from the other Epanerchodus species known from Taiwan in the variable, mostly medium size, coupled with the caudal corner of most of the paraterga being pointed, and in the gonopod telopodite being relatively slender, complex, highly variable in shape and armature (see also Key below).	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
2CD2D68D3BC1D7D6C732CDF16DBF03D7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Differs from the other Epanerchodus species, in particular from the apparently especially similar Epanerchodus orientalis, in the mostly square, broader and slightly upturned paraterga, coupled with the gonopod showing an unusually densely setose coxa and a remarkably stout telopodite (see also Key below).	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
2CD2D68D3BC1D7D6C732CDF16DBF03D7.taxon	description	Description: Length ca 16 (paratype) or 20 mm (holotype); width of midbody pro- and metazona 1.5 and 2.9 mm (paratype) or 1.5 and 3.0 mm (holotype), respectively. Coloration in alcohol uniformly light red-brown to red-brown; venter and legs yellowish (Figs 37 - 39). All characters as in Epanerchodus orientalis except as follows. Antennae rather long, slender, only slightly clavate, reaching behind segment 3 dorsally; antennomere 3 longest, clearly longer than highest 5 th; antennomeres 5 and 6 each with an evident, compact, distodorsal group of bacilliform sensilla; antennomere 7 with a minute dorsoparabasal cone and a distodorsal group of microscopic sensilla. In width, collum <head ≤ segment 2 ≤ 3 <4 <= 5 - 16, thereafter body gradually tapering towards telson (Fig. 39). Paraterga strongly developed, starting from collum, slightly upturned, set high, mostly level to a very faintly convex dorsum, slightly below dorsum only on collum and segment 2; paraterga on collum small, subtriangular, a small lateral incision in front of a narrowly rounded caudal corner; front shoulders drawn forward only paraterga 2 and 3, straight and subrectangular on paraterga 4, onward straight but directed increasingly caudolaterad; caudal edge nearly straight on paraterga 2 - 7, thereafter caudal corner increasingly acutangular, nearly always narrowly rounded, only on segment 19 spiniform and nearly pointed, mostly lying nearly level to rear tergal contour until segment 15, onward extending increasingly beyond it (Figs 37 - 39). Paraterga 2 with 3 - 4 small lateral incisions, all following poreless segments with three, all pore-bearing ones with four, small but evident incisions, each usually bearing a small seta on top at lateral margin. Metatergal sculpture typical, rather obliterate, with three indistinct transverse rows of setiferous, polygonal bosses (Figs 37 - 39). Tergal setae very short, mostly retained, a little longer only on collum and in rear row on metatergum 19 (Figs 37, 39). Stricture between pro- and metazona wide and smooth. Limbus very thin, microdenticulate. Epiproct rather short, conical (Fig. 39), preapical papillae prominent. Hypoproct semi-circular; caudal, paramedian, setiferous papillae evident and well-separated. Sterna without modifications, very densely setose (Figs 40, 41). Legs long and slender, evidently enlarged (Figs 42), ca 1.6 - 1.7 times as long as midbody height, prefemora not swollen dorsally, acropodite (femur + postfemur + tibia + tarsus) with sphaerotrichomes ventrally (Fig. 42). Gonopods (Figs 40, 43, 44) with large, subquadrate, medially fused coxae carrying numerous long setae ventromedially. Telopodite mostly hidden inside gonocoel, unusually stout, subfalcate, prefemoral (densely setose) portion about half as long as entire telopodite; endomere (en) short, simple, with a subapical knob laterally and a rounded tip, as well as with two subunciform processes (s and p); hairy pulvillus very evident, exomere totally suppressed.	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
1E6074F2D2D90C7A4A845B83F08AF89E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Due to the presence of a strong and spiniform exomere, this new species joins the few congeners hitherto referred to the erstwhile genus Usbekodesmus (see above the synonymy with Epanerchodus), but differs in the distal half of the gonopod telopodite being represented by only two spiniform branches showing no additional outgrowths (see also Key below).	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
1E6074F2D2D90C7A4A845B83F08AF89E.taxon	description	Description: Length of both sexes ca 8 - 11 mm; width of pro- and metazona varying between specimens from 0.8 - 1.3 to 1.1 - 1.7 mm, respectively. Holotype ca 9 mm long, and 0.8 and 1.1 mm wide on pro- and metazona, respectively. Coloration in alcohol from pallid to uniformly light grey, yellow or very light red-brown, sometimes head faintly marbled light red-brown; venter and legs yellowish to greyish (Figs 45 - 49). All characters as in Epanerchodus orientalis except as follows. Antennae rather long and evidently clavate, reaching behind end (♂) or midway (♀) of segment 3 dorsally; antennomere 3 longest, considerably longer than a relatively stout, yet highest, 5 th (Figs 45); antennomeres 5 and 6 each with a small, compact, distodorsal group of bacilliform sensilla; antennomere 7 with a minute dorsoparabasal cone and a distodorsal group of microscopic sensilla. In width, collum <segment 2 = 3 <4 <head = 5 - 15 (Fig. 46), thereafter body gradually tapering towards telson (♂, ♀) (Fig. 48). Paraterga moderately developed, starting from collum, set high but invariably lying slightly below a faintly convex dorsum; paraterga on collum small, subtriangular, with a small lateral incision in front of a rounded caudal corner; front shoulders drawn forward and slightly convex only paraterga 2 - 4, thereafter straight, increasingly well rounded and directed increasingly caudolaterad; caudal corner on pataterga 2 - 5 subrectangular and narrowly rounded, starting from 6 th increasingly acutangular and beak-shaped, starting from segment 9 first faintly and then extending increasingly beyond rear tergal contour (Figs 45 - 48). All poreless segments with three, all pore-bearing ones with four, small but evident incisions, each usually bearing a small seta on top at lateral margin. Metatergal sculpture typical, moderately developed, with three indistinct transverse rows of setiferous, polygonal bosses (Figs 46 - 48). Tergal setae very short, mostly retained, a little longer only on collum and in rear row on metatergum 19. Stricture between pro- and metazona wide and smooth. Limbus very thin, microdenticulate. Epiproct rather short, conical (Fig. 48), only slightly bent ventrad, preapical papillae evident. Hypoproct semi-circular; caudal, paramedian, setiferous papillae evident and well-separated. Sterna without modifications, very densely setose. Legs rather short, slender, in ♂ evidently enlarged (Figs 45), ca 1.5 - 1.6 (♂) or 1.1 - 1.2 times (♀) as long as midbody height, ♂ prefemora not swollen dorsally, together with femora beset with bifid setae ventrally, acropodite (postfemur + tibia + tarsus) with sphaerotrichomes ventrally (Fig. 51). Gonopods (Figs 50, 52, 53) with large, subquadrate, medially fused coxae carrying only a few long setae ventrally. Telopodite slender and simple, prefemoral portion relatively short, exomere (ex) spiniform, endomere (en) only a little longer than ex, apex bent unciform mesally, devoid of any outgrowths near base; hairy pulvillus evident.	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
95DD5FFE3343DB6126C944477AED0505.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Differs from other Epanerchodus species in the distal half of the gonopod telopodite being particularly stout, with the endomere represented only by a short spine supplied with a similarly short spine at its base (see also Key below). This new species seems to be particularly similar to Epanerchodus pinguis sp. n. in sharing the gonopod which shows a densely setose coxa and a very stout telopodite (apparently, both being synapomorphies), but differs in the entire leg telopodites (prefemur + femur + postfemur + tibia + tarsus) being supplied with sphaerotrichomes ventrally, and the endomere and its basal process rudimentary and spiniform.	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
95DD5FFE3343DB6126C944477AED0505.taxon	description	Description: Length ca 15 mm; width of pro- and metazona 1.3 and 2.5 mm, respectively. Coloration in alcohol pallid. Superficially, also very similar to Epanerchodus pinguis sp. n., except as follows. In width, collum <head <segment 2 = 3 <4 <5 <6 - 15 (Figs 54), thereafter body gradually tapering towards telson (Fig. 55). Paraterga strongly developed, starting from collum, set high, subhorizontal to very faintly upturned, lying slightly below dorsum only on collum and segment 2; mid-dorsum invariably extremely faintly convex, nearly flat; front shoulders mostly straight, drawn forward only on paraterga 2 and 3, thereafter directed increasingly caudolaterad and increasingly well rounded anterolaterally; caudal corner on paraterga 3 - 12 subrectangular and narrowly rounded, starting from 13 th increasingly acutangular and evidently extending increasingly beyond rear tergal contour, but nearly pointed and beak-shaped only on segment 19 (Figs 54, 55). Paraterga 2 - 5 and all following pore-bearing segments with four, following poreless ones with three, small but evident incisions, each usually bearing a small seta on top at lateral margin. Metatergal sculpture typical, moderately developed, with three indistinct transverse rows of setiferous, polygonal bosses (Figs 54, 55). Tergal setae very short, mostly retained, a little longer only on collum and in rear row on metatergum 19. Stricture between pro- and metazona wide and smooth. Limbus very thin, microdenticulate. Epiproct rather short, conical (Figs 55, 56), only slightly bent ventrad, preapical papillae evident. Hypoproct semi-circular; caudal, paramedian, setiferous papillae distinct and well-separated (Fig. 56). Sterna without modifications, densely setose. Legs long and rather slender, only slightly enlarged (Figs 56, 57), ca 1.7 - 1.8 times as long as midbody height, prefemora not swollen dorsally, entire telopodite (prefemur + femur + postfemur + tibia + tarsus) with sphaerotrichomes ventrally (Fig. 58). Gonopods (Figs 57, 59, 60) with large, subquadrate, medially fused coxae carrying numerous setae ventrally. Telopodite especially stout, prefemoral portion relatively prominent, taking up about one-third of telopodite length, endomere (en) like a short spine supplied with another, somewhat shorter spine (p) near base; both accessory seminal chamber and hairy pulvillus evident.	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
2A4613F95AC9F50F75AD7E4D730459D3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Differs from other Epanerchodus species in the distal half of the gonopod telopodite being particularly long, flagelliform, coupled with the presence of two rounded teeth at the base of the endomere (see also Key below). From the other congeners known from Taiwan, this new species differs also in the absence of sphaerotrichomes on ♂ legs.	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
2A4613F95AC9F50F75AD7E4D730459D3.taxon	description	Description: Length of both sexes ca 8 - 11 mm; width of pro- and metazona varying between specimens from 0.8 - 1.0 to 1.4 - 1.5 mm, respectively. Holotype ca 9 mm long, and 0.9 and 1.4 mm wide on pro- and metazona, respectively. Coloration in alcohol pallid to light grey- to red-brown (Figs 61 - 65). All characters as in Epanerchodus orientalis except as follows. Antennae rather long and evidently clavate (Figs 61, 64), reaching behind segment 3 dorsally. In width, collum <segment 2 <head = 3 = 4 <5 - 15 (16) (Fig. 62), thereafter body gradually tapering towards telson (Fig. 63). Paraterga well-developed, starting from collum, set high, subhorizontal to very faintly upturned, mostly nearly level to a very faintly convex dorsum, only on collum and segment 2 lying clearly below dorsum; paraterga on collum small, subtriangular, a small lateral incision in front of a rounded caudal corner; front shoulders drawn forward and slightly convex only paraterga 2 and 3, straight on paraterga 4, thereafter increasingly well rounded and directed increasingly caudolaterad; caudal edge straight on segments 2 - 4, thereafter increasingly bisinuate and acutangular caudolaterally; starting from segment 10, caudal corners extending increasingly beyond rear tergal contour, spiniform on segments 17 - 19 (Figs 61 - 65). All poreless segments with three, all pore-bearing ones with four, small but evident incisions, each usually bearing a small seta on top at lateral margin. Metatergal sculpture typical, moderately developed, with three indistinct transverse rows of setiferous, polygonal bosses (Figs 62, 63). Tergal setae very short, mostly retained, a little longer only on collum and in rear row on metatergum 19. Stricture between pro- and metazona wide and smooth. Limbus very thin, microdenticulate. Epiproct rather short, conical (Fig. 65), only slightly bent ventrad, preapical papillae evident. Hypoproct semi-circular (Fig. 65); caudal, paramedian, setiferous papillae evident and well-separated. Sterna without modifications, very densely setose. Legs rather long, slender, only slightly incrassate (Figs 61, 64 - 66), ca 1.7 - 1.8 times (♀) as long as midbody height, prefemora not swollen dorsally, sphaerotrichomes missing (Fig. 66). Gonopods (Figs 67, 68) with large, subquadrate, medially fused coxae carrying only a few long setae ventrally. Telopodite simple and especially slender, prefemoral portion relatively short, endomere (en) flagelliform, with two small dentiform outgrowths at base; hairy pulvillus evident.	en	Golovatch, Sergei I., Mikhaljova, Elena V., Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2011): The millipede family Polydesmidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of five new species (Polydesmida, Diplopoda). ZooKeys 93: 9-42, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.93.1167
