identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0388DF54FFC73A3264B9FD682D4D6B87.text	0388DF54FFC73A3264B9FD682D4D6B87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nectophrynoides viviparus (Tornier 1905) Tornier 1905	<div><p>Nectophrynoides viviparus (Tornier, 1905)</p><p>Pseudophryne vivipara Tornier, 1905, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 39: 855.</p><p>Nectophrynoides werthi Nieden, 1910, Sitzungsber. Gess. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 10: 439.</p><p>Tornierobates vivipara Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 19.</p><p>Nectophrynoides vivipara Noble, 1926, Am. Mus. Novit., 212: 15. Barbour and Loveridge, 1928, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50: 191.</p><p>Nectophrynoides viviparus Perret, 1971, Ann. Fac. Sci. Cameroun, 6: 99.</p><p>Nectophrynoides viviparus Anon., 1996, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 53: 229.</p><p>Type locality Kratersee des Nyisilvulkans (Ngosi Crater Lake, Fig. 1).</p><p>Translation from original text: Species collected from various localities in German East Africa, i.e. Dar es Salam (collected by Werth and Emin Pascha), in Rungwe and the Kinga mountains (collected by S. Fülleborn). The specimens in which viviparity was detected originate from the collection donated to the museum by medical officer Dr. S. Fülleborn with the support of the Academy (of Sciences).</p><p>Description of the lectotype (measures in mm) ZMB 21775, adult female (Fig. 2). Dissected at lower mid ventral region. Embryos presumably removed and separately stored in small jar (18 embryos, 2.0-2.2 diameter= head and body including yolk; total length variable: 4.8-6.4). Distance from tip of snout to urostyle 32.9, width of head at jaw articulation 12.6, length of tibia 15.0, length of foot 14.4; tympanum and tympanic annulus easily discernible, ovoid shape 1.5 in diameter; parotoid glands present as a smooth glandular mass, 7.8 in length and 5.4 at widest point starting on the dorsal surface just behind the eye, directed posteriorly; snout relatively short, nostrils closer (2.2) to the snout tip than to each other (2.7) and also to the corner of the eyes (3.5); interorbital distance 6.7; eyes sunk and just about visible ventrally; eye diameter 3.2 right and left, width of eyelid, right 2.7 and left 2.3; interorbital distance 3.8 (difficult to measure as eyes are almost sunken into skull); canthus rostralis concave; arms and legs relatively slender; continuous glandular mass on both arms and legs; on arms, glands are continuous on dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces of radius/ulna, not present on humerus; on legs, glands are continuous on dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces of tibiofibulae and tarsal joints, not present on femur; continuous glandular mass on lateral and dorsal margin of the foot, attenuating to the margin of the phalange; rudimentary webbing on hands and feet; first finger shortest with second and fourth equal in size shorter than third finger which is the longest (6.4); first and second toe equal in size, third and fifth toes equal and larger, with fourth toe longest (10.5); small inner metatarsal tubercle, and large expanded outer metatarsal tubercle (1.8), shortest toe 3.0; the body skin is smooth both on glandular and non-glandular areas.</p><p>Colour pattern of lectotype in preservative Dorsal ground colour light brown with lighter cream patches on head region and parotoid glands; dark brown patches on posterior lateral margins, femoral and humerus regions of the specimen; glands present on lower arm, tibia and foot; ventral colour pattern is cream coloured, slightly white on the centre of ventral region.</p><p>Variation in material The material from Berlin comprises a range of embryos and adult specimens (SUL: 10.8-32.9). The addition of SHCP material includes adult specimens (SUL: 32.0-40.0). The larger size reported by Channing &amp; Howell (2006) for N. viviparus is based on 166 specimens collected by A. Loveridge from the Ulugurus (e.g. males reach max SUL 56, and females c. 60; Barbour &amp; Loveridge 1928; Channing &amp; Howell 2006). It is unclear whether there are significant geographical differences in SUL between populations. This will require examination of specimens across all the assumed distribution range of the species (e.g. Ulugurus, Udzungwa and Rubeho; Channing &amp; Howell 2006). We present morphometric data and SUL ratios for key measures for the specimens of N. viviparus from the Southern Highlands (Table 2).</p><p>Barbour &amp; Loveridge (1928) noted colour variation in Uluguru material of Nectophrynoides viviparus and hinted at a correlation with the habitats they were found – or “very slowly” changing their colouration to suit their habitat. Colour range from jet-black dorsal and ventral regions with glands marked rusty brown. Variations of this include dorsal regions coloured greenish, rufous-brown, bright yellow, in patches. The colour of the glands vary from rusty brown, to a lighter cream colour. In topotypic material colours from the original type series are all discoloured but Tornier (1905) provided some brief comments on their colour at the time of their descriptions (see Appendix 1) and remarked that juveniles are uniform blackish brown. Dorsal parts of back and legs fade as well to a colour that is clear chocolate brown. Dorsal surfaces are irregularly blackish brown and clear chocolate brown. From a recent collection in the Southern Highlands we noted colour variation (Fig. 3). For dorsal and ventral surfaces we observed specimens jet black with cream light brown coloured glands. The chin region was often also lighter coloured being a cream light brown. Differences to this pattern included specimens with a mid dorsal reddish-brown colouration and ventral region reddish brown. We also observed specimens with a light brown/yellow colouration completely covering dorsal and ventral aspects (Fig. 3).</p><p>Habitat information Nectophrynoides viviparus has been collected in montane forest from approx. 1800 to 2700 m a.s.l. This includes wet, open, secondary and disturbed montane forest, including logged Hagenia forest. In addition specimens have been collected in montane grassland and ericaceous heathland near the forest edge.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388DF54FFC73A3264B9FD682D4D6B87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Loader, Simon P.;Poynton, John C.;Davenport, Tim R. B.;Rödel, Mark-Oliver	Loader, Simon P., Poynton, John C., Davenport, Tim R. B., Rödel, Mark-Oliver (2009): Re-description of the type series of Nectophrynoides viviparus (Bufonidae), with a taxonomic reassessment. Zootaxa 2304: 41-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275339
0388DF54FFCD3A3D64B9FF772F8C6FE7.text	0388DF54FFCD3A3D64B9FF772F8C6FE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudophryne vivipara	<div><p>Pseudophryne vivipara</p><p>Diagnosis: tympanum visible at least in adults, tip of forth toe exceeds tip of snout, fifth toe shorter than third, viviparous</p><p>Description: snout pointed; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region slightly concave, snout slightly longer than eye diameter; nares positioned below canthus rostralis, directed a bit caudally; interorbital space as wide as upper eyelid; pupil horizontal; tympanum present but not very distinct, small about 1/3 of eye diameter, coloured dark brown; head comparatively large, markedly separated from body; finger considerably long, widely splayed from each other and in life certainly not laying together; first finger much shorter than second, second only half the length of third finger, fourths finger shorter than third bit longer than second; skin below fingers without prominent bulges, like swollen; first toe much shorter than second, second much shorter than third, third shorter than fourth, fifths shorter than forth and third; below toes and on sole of foot the tubercles are only almost plain, roundish bulges, as are the outer and inner metatarsal tubercle; when hind legs pulled forward, hock already extending snout tip, toes extending snout by far; skin smooth; parietal glands remarkably large but not very prominent; no breast fold that would reach from one armpit to the other; as juveniles uniform blackish brown; they fade much later on; first the belly gets branching clear yellow spots, which extend in size in a way that finally a white-yellowish venter is covered with numerous blackish brown points; dorsal parts of back and legs fade as well to a colour that is clear chocolate brown; finally the animals have dorsal surfaces that are irregularly blackish brown and clear chocolate brown. The species is viviparous.</p><p>The lower parts of both oviducts are enlarged; internal walls smooth without diaphragms or protrusions where eggs or larvae could lie or adhere, at the lowest ends both oviducts fuse to one large cavity. In both oviducts a large number of mature frog-larvae lay loosely and independently from each other. In an especially large female the right oviduct had 37, the left oviduct 30, a total of 67 larvae. Accordingly a younger specimen carried less. The young have no “amnion” and apparently are far developed; i.e. they have the head and mouth shapes of adult animals, the eyes are large and fully developed, and the deep black iris distinctly contrasts from the only sparsely pigmented and hence still colourless individual. The vertebrae sit on the bulbously bloated body like a just closed medulla on a cleavage egg. The abdominal cavity is filled with a huge amount of unused yolk. The vertebrae end with a long, round tail. Both hind and front extremities are already visible as buds. The posterior buds seem to be a bit further developed. The vent is positioned between the hind legs and originates a bit further dorsally than them.</p><p>The facts that these larvae do not have fins on the tail, that the extremities are well developed, the vent is positioned above the hind legs, and head and mouth already have the definite shape, makes it certain that this frog species is not only viviparous but gives birth to even young frogs that are fully metamorphosed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388DF54FFCD3A3D64B9FF772F8C6FE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Loader, Simon P.;Poynton, John C.;Davenport, Tim R. B.;Rödel, Mark-Oliver	Loader, Simon P., Poynton, John C., Davenport, Tim R. B., Rödel, Mark-Oliver (2009): Re-description of the type series of Nectophrynoides viviparus (Bufonidae), with a taxonomic reassessment. Zootaxa 2304: 41-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275339
