taxonID	type	description	language	source
03884F74FFCD8B68450BCBE2932496ED.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Barleria L.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCD8B68450BCBE2932496ED.taxon	description	Perennial, herbs, shrubs or rarely small trees, with cystoliths, these sometimes occurring in adjacent cells to form “ double cystoliths ”; leaves opposite, sometimes subrosulate; inflorescences terminal or axillary, varying from flowers solitary to held in complex dichasial or monochasial cymes or thyrses; flowers subtended by paired bracteoles, bracts and / or bracteoles inconspicuous or conspicuous, sometimes with multiple whorls of bracts subtending the flowers; calyces varying from equally to highly unequally 5 - lobed or reduced to 4 highly unequal lobes through fusion of the anterior pair of lobes; corollas variable in size, shape and color, strongly bilabiate to subactinomorphic, rugula absent, aestivation quincuncial (i. e., lateral lobes outermost in bud); androecium either of 4 stamens, then didynamous to strongly so, or of 2 stamens plus 2 – 3 staminodes, anthers in taxa with 2 stamens bithecous, anthers in taxa with 4 stamens either all bithecous or with 2 pairs bithecous and 2 pairs monothecous, thecae in bithecous stamens ± equally inserted on filament, parallel or slightly sagittate, with or more often without short basal appendages; stigma either 2 - lobed or with only 1 lobe developing, this either linear or enlarged and flattened; capsule fusiform or conspicuously rostrate, or sometimes stipitate, 2 – 4 - seeded, retinacula present, without fracturing placentae; seeds discoid to lenticular, surfaces often covered in hygroscopic trichomes, these rarely sparse or absent; pollen variable, frequent forms include (1) globose, 3 - porate or 3 - colporate with a coarsely reticulate exine, (2) prolate, 3 - colporate with a finely reticulate exine, or (3) globose to subprolate 3 - porate (to 6 - porate), with a gemmate, verrucose or rugose sculpturing of the exine.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCD8B68450BCBE2932496ED.taxon	discussion	Note. – The tribal name Russeggereae predates Barlerieae by seven years and so has nomenclatural priority. Russeggereae was described by Meisner to accommodate two genera described by Endlicher, Russeggera (= Lepidagathis) and Schwabea, the latter of which is an excluded name in the current classification. This name has never been used since its first description, whereas the name Barlerieae has been applied frequently to this tribe as currently circumscribed (e. g., Manktelow & al., 2001; McDade & al., 2008; Champluvier & Darbyshire, 2012; Darbyshire & al., 2019 a, c; Comito & al., in rev.), and a comparison of citations on Google Scholar reveals 124 references to Barlerieae but 0 references to Russeggereae. There is no option under the Code (Turland & al., 2018) to conserve names between the ranks of family and genus, but under Art. 56, rejection of a name at any rank can be proposed. The current authors are therefore preparing a proposal to reject the name Russeggereae, given that abandoning Barlerieae would be a “ disadvantageous nomenclatural change ” (Art. 56.1). In the meantime, we maintain Barlerieae over Russeggereae in the current classification. A description of Barlerieae is provided above to clarify the circumscription of this tribe.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCD8B684679CBE29282916D.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Lankesteria Lindl.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCD8B684679CBE29282916D.taxon	description	Perennial herbs or shrubs with cystoliths; leaves opposite; inflorescences of dense terminal spikes or thyrses, often with conspicuous imbricate bracts or the bracts linear in some species, paired bracteoles linear and inconspicuous; corolla yellow, orange, or white, salverform, subactinomorphic or with sinus between the two adaxial lobes at a wider angle than the other lobe sinuses, with trifurcating traces to the lobes, filament curtain absent, aestivation left-contort; androecium of 2 stamens plus (typically) 2 staminodes, anthers bithecous, thecae inserted equally on the filament and held at an equal height; stigma capitate, the lobes oblique; capsule 2 - seeded, seeds with hygroscopic trichomes covering the surfaces, surface with concentric rings of ridges, the trichomes attached to (and hiding) these ridges (fide Manktelow & al., 2001); pollen 3 - porate, triangular in polar view with flattened apertural faces, pores surrounded by a granular circular area, interapertural areas otherwise reticulate.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCD8B68450BC9A2975296ED.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Physacanthus Benth.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCD8B6B4679CC629709958D.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Whitfieldia Hook.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCD8B6B4679CC629709958D.taxon	description	Perennial herbs or shrubs with cystoliths; leaves opposite; inflorescences variously spiciform or racemoid thyrses, sometimes compounded into a panicle, or fasciculate, glomerulate or shortly umbellate; individual flowers or floral units subtended by paired bracts (or bracteoles), these often conspicuous, clasping and sometimes partially connate at least in bud; calyces equally to somewhat unequally 5 - lobed; corolla ranging from subactinomorphic to bilabiate, with traces trifurcating in the lobes, filament curtain absent, aestivation left-contort (also reported as ascending-cochlear but this not observed by the current authors); androecium of 4 stamens (rarely reduced to 2 stamens plus 2 staminodes in some flowers), with or without an additional staminode, anthers bithecous, thecae inserted equally on the filament and held at an equal height; stigma capitate, the lobes symmetrical; capsule 2 - to 4 - seeded, seeds (where known) with concentric rings of coarse scales at least towards margin, surfaces lacking trichomes; pollen lenticular, 2 - pororate, with a pronounced marginal girdle (this typically psilate), or rarely globose and pantoforate, areas around the pores granular or micro-echinate.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCD8B6B4679CC629709958D.taxon	discussion	Note. – If Ritonia Benoist proves to be a member of Whitfieldiinae, then the description of the androecium must be modified to include 2 stamens plus 2 staminodes as a nonaberrant trait.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCE8B6B4629CF0292CE930D.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Dolichostachys elongata Benoist, sp. nov.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCE8B6B45FBCDC292E6956D.taxon	type_taxon	Type: Graptophyllum Nees.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCE8B6B45FBCDC292E6956D.taxon	description	Perennial (rarely annual) herbs or shrubs or small trees with cystoliths; leaves opposite; inflorescences terminal to axillary, form highly variable, inflorescences consisting of 1 - to many-flowered dichasia in leaf axils or in axils of bracts in axillary and / or terminal spikes, racemes, or thyrses (or, when branched, in panicles of these), flowers subtended by paired bracteoles, bracts and / or bracteoles inconspicuous or conspicuous; corollas variable in size, shape and color, bilabiate to only weakly zygomorphic, rugula absent; androecium either of 4 stamens or of 2 stamens plus 2 staminodes, 2 pairs of stamens (or pairs comprising 1 stamen plus 1 staminode) sometimes with filaments basally fused, anthers in taxa with 2 stamens either bithecous or monothecous, anthers in taxa with 4 stamens either all bithecous or with 1 pair bithecous and 1 pair monothecous, thecae of a pair subequally or unequally inserted on filament, parallel or slightly oblique, with or without short basal appendages; stigma usually bilobed, but sometimes subfunnelform (e. g., some Chileranthemum); capsule clavate, (2 –) 4 - seeded, retinacula present and not separating from inner capsule wall at maturity; seeds (where known) discoid to lenticular, surfaces variously ornamented or smooth, trichomes absent; pollen most frequently prolate and 3 - colporate, 6 - pseudocolpate but can be 4 - colporate, 8 - pseudocolpate or sometimes 4 - por (or) ate and echinate (in Isotheca and some Herpetacanthus).	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCE8B6B4629C86293B791CD.taxon	description	Perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees with cystoliths; leaves opposite, isophyllous to strongly anisophyllous; inflorescences varying from terminal to axillary or sometimes ramiflorous or cauliflorous, inflorescence form highly variable, ranging from open dichasia to spicate or paniculate thyrses, to contracted few-branched dichasia or flowers solitary, flowers subtended by paired bracteoles, bracts and / or bracteoles inconspicuous or conspicuous; corollas variable in size, shape and color, bilabiate, upper lip often hooded, rugula absent, lower lip often with 2 raised ridges and a central furrow running into the throat; androecium of 2 stamens and no staminodes (except in Ptyssiglottis staminodifera where 2 staminodes present), anthers bithecous or (Monothecium only) monothecous, thecae of a pair subequally or unequally inserted on filament, parallel or slightly oblique, with or more commonly without basal appendages; stigma 2 - lobed; capsule (where known) clavate, 4 - seeded, retinacula present and not separating from inner capsule wall at maturity; seeds (where known) lenticular, surfaces variously ornamented, often tuberculate, trichomes absent; pollen most frequently prolate and 3 - colporate, 6 - pseudocolpate but with variation up to 4 - or 5 - colporate, 8 - or 10 - pseudocolpate, and also spheroidal pantoporate. Below, we validate names for two genera from Madagascar that have been applied in the literature and in various databases for several decades now but were not validly published at the time of original description. The status of these genera within the classification of Acanthaceae remains to be further researched. These validations thus serve to facilitate future discussion. Small diagnostic descriptions are provided to aid identification of these two poorly known taxa; full descriptions are available in the original publications (Benoist, 1962).	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCE8B6B45FBC8C296D4908D.taxon	description	Perennial herbs or shrubs with cystoliths; leaves opposite; inflorescences in 1 - to many-flowered dichasia, these borne in leaf axils or in axils of bracts along spikes, racemes, or thyrses, which are sometimes branched into panicles, flowers subtended by paired bracteoles, bracts and / or bracteoles inconspicuous or conspicuous; corollas variable in size, shape and color, rugula absent; androecium of 2 stamens and no staminodes (4 stamens in Chalarothyrsus), anthers bithecous (monothecous in Clinacanthus), thecae of a pair equally or subequally inserted on filament, parallel to sagittate, lacking basal appendages; stigma usually 2 - lobed; capsule clavate, 2 – 4 - seeded, retinacula present and usually not separating from inner capsule wall at maturity (separating slightly in Henrya and Tetramerium); seeds distinct and expelled from capsule on dehiscence (indistinct by fusion with retinacula and capsule wall, and not expelled from capsule valves in Aphanosperma and Chalarothyrsus); seeds compressed, surfaces and margin smooth or variously ornamented, trichomes usually absent (hygroscopic trichomes present in Henrya insularis); pollen usually 3 - colporate, 6 - pseudocolpate (see Daniel & al., 2008 for rare variants).	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCE8B6A4629CE42973F97ED.taxon	description	Validating description in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 109: 133. 1962.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCE8B6A4629CE42973F97ED.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material seen. – Madagascar, R. Mananara, fl. Aug. 1912, Perrier de la Bâthie 9445 (P [P 00089214] *).	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCE8B6A4629CE42973F97ED.taxon	discussion	Notes. – When describing Dolichostachys elongata, Benoist (1962) cited the two specimens listed above but did not designate a type specimen, thus the names of the genus and species were not validly published under Art. 40 of the Code (Turland & al., 2018). This is rectified here by selection of a type specimen. As Benoist provided full descriptions for the genus and species (in Latin), the names can continue to be attributed to him but with priority from the present publication. Dolichostachys remains unplaced within Justicieae. The combination of an androecium comprising two stamens with parallel thecae and (apparently) lacking staminodes, a 2 - lipped corolla with the lower lip deeply divided into 3 lobes and lacking raised venation in the throat, and a slender spiciform inflorescence suggests possible affinity to Tetrameriinae, but Isoglossinae cannot be ruled out. Benoist (1962) described the pollen as spherical and smooth with three pores. Triporate pollen is observed in some Isoglossinae, notably in Brachystephanus (Champluvier & Darbyshire, 2009), but in those cases the grains are still conspicuously “ girdled ” as in other Isoglossinae. It is possible that Benoist misinterpreted this pollen type.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCF8B6A4679CD029557926D.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Asystasia intrusa (Forssk.) Blume (= A. gangetica (L.) T. Anderson subsp. micrantha (Nees) Ensermu).	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCF8B6A4679CD029557926D.taxon	discussion	Salpinctium was separated from Asystasia by Edwards & Getliffe Norris (1989) on the basis of having compressed bicolporate pollen and an elongate linear corolla tube. However, Ensermu & al. (1992) noted that bicolporate pollen is also recorded in at least one species of Asystasia in Africa, and pollen is quite variable in the genus. Whilst the corolla tube in Asystasia is usually infundibuliform, the length and width of the tube is variable and in A. vogeliana from West and Central Africa it is long and slender. Salpinctium was not upheld by Ensermu & Vollesen (in Darbyshire & al., 2015) and this decision is followed here. Combinations in Asystasia are already available for two of the three species treated in Salpinctium by Edwards & Getliffe Norris (1989); below we make the new combination for the third species, which is endemic to Eswatini.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCF8B6A450BCC4295FE96ED.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material seen. – Madagascar, chaine du Vohibory (a l’ ouest d’ Ivohibe), fl. 1 Nov 1924, Humbert 3071 (P [P 00089213] *); Prov. de Farafangana, entre Vondrozo et Ivohibe, fl. 18 Sep 1926, Decary 5373 (P [P 00089212] *).	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCF8B6A450BCC4295FE96ED.taxon	discussion	Notes. – Benoist (1946) described Rhinacanthus breviflorus based on three collections (Decary 5373; Humbert 3071, 6532) of which he designated Humbert 6532 as the type. As there are several specimens of this gathering, we designate (above) one of those at P as lectotype. When Benoist (1962) later described his new genus Vavara containing the single species V. breviflora, he failed to record that it was based on R. breviflorus despite citing the same three collections (without any type designation on this occasion). Therefore, Vavara was not validly published under Art. 41 of the Code (Turland & al., 2018). This is rectified here by formalizing the new combination. Vavara breviflora closely resembles some species of Dicliptera, most notably in corolla morphology, but the unique arrangement of the anthers with the two thecae widely separated by 0.8 – 1 mm appears to be diagnostic. Benoist (1946) recorded the corolla as being sulphur-yellow, which would be an additional diagnostic character, as Dicliptera has corollas that range from white to purple or red. However, on Decary 5373, the flower color is recorded as “ white, slightly pink ”. We therefore consider it likely that Benoist’ s (1946) record of the flower color is erroneous. We are confident that this genus belongs within Justicieae-Justiciinae but molecular data are needed to reveal its position in relation to Dicliptera and allied genera.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCF8B6A450BCAE296DB910D.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Vavara breviflora (Benoist)	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCF8B6A450BCAE296DB910D.taxon	description	Benoist ex I. Darbysh. & E. Tripp, comb. nov. Validating description in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 109: 134. 1962. Resembling Dicliptera Juss. in its corolla tube twisted through ± 180 ° resulting in a resupinate corolla limb and sternotribic flower but differing in the anther thecae of each stamen being widely separated by long extension of the anther connective (versus thecae immediately superposed or slightly overlapping).	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCF8B654679CE029530902D.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Aphelandra cristata (Jacq.) R. Br. ex W. T. Aiton (= A. pulcherrima (Jacq.) Kunth).	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFCF8B654679CE029530902D.taxon	description	= Rhombochlamys Lindau in Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 659. 1897, syn. nov. – Type: Rhombochlamys rosulata Lindau (≡ Aphelandra rosulata (Lindau) Wassh.). = Encephalosphaera Lindau in Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 4: 322. 1904, syn. nov. – Type: Encephalosphaera vitellina Lindau.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFC08B654629C9A29273968D.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Mimulopsis solmsii Schweinf.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFC08B654629C9A29273968D.taxon	description	The Malagasy monospecific genus Ionacanthus was synonymized with Mellera by Tripp & al. (2013 a) on the basis of phylogenetic data derived from Sanger sequencing but was later included within a RADseq dataset (Tripp & Darbyshire, 2020) where it was resolved within Mimulopsis (including Epiclastopelma). This latter result better aligns with morphological features, as Ionacanthus shares with Mimulopsis the unique arrangement of the anthers in which the outermost theca of each of the longer pair of stamens has a conspicuous curved appendage, while the other thecae have much shorter appendages or lack appendages. Ionacanthus is therefore here transferred to Mimulopsis.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFC08B654629CAE2934E930D.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Stenandriopsis thompsonii S. Moore.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFC08B654629CAE2934E930D.taxon	discussion	Vollesen (1992) transferred OW species previously treated within Stenandriopsis to Stenandrium, which had previously been treated as a NW genus, citing a lack of morphological evidence for their separation. However, the NW and OW clades are clearly separated phylogenetically (McDade & al., 2005) and so Stenandriopsis is resurrected here. Combinations are available for all but two of the species of OW Stenandrium; as such, the new combinations are made below. McDade & al. (2005) sampled one of the three species of Achyrocalyx in their phylogenetic analysis of Acanthoideae and found it to be resolved within the Stenandriopsis clade, related to the two sampled species of Malagasy Stenandriopsis. Achyrocalyx was separated from Stenandriopsis by Benoist (1930) on the basis of having a bilabiate corolla versus corolla with five subequal lobes. However, McDade & al. (2005) noted that several species of Stenandriopsis have a zygomorphic corolla and, further, that plants of Achyrocalyx share with Malagasy Stenandriopsis the character of having leaves in pseudowhorls, a trait that Vollesen (1992) used in placing African and Malagasy species of Stenandriopsis into different sections. Hence, Achyrocalyx is best placed in Stenandriopsis and the new combinations are made here.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFC18B64450BCC02937194CD.taxon	type_taxon	– Type: Stenostephanus lobeliiformis Nees.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
03884F74FFC18B64450BCC02937194CD.taxon	discussion	Kalbreyeriella has been distinguished from morphologically similar genera (i. e., most NW Isoglossinae, which are now included in Stenostephanus) by the combination of its spicate inflorescences, rostrate corolla buds, relatively long and narrow upper lip of the corolla, and triangular and apically acute (minutely 3 - lobed) lower lip of the corolla (e. g., Leonard, 1958; Wasshausen, 2013). However, based on morphological similarities, species of Razisea and Kalbreyeriella have been suggested as better placed in Stenostephanus (Daniel, 1999). Phylogenetic results of Kiel & al. (2006) support the inclusion of Kalbreyeriella in Stenostephanus. Stenostephanus can be characterized by bilabiate, more or less tubular corollas lacking a rugula, two stamens with monothecous anthers, these held with the style adjacent to the upper lip of the corolla, staminodia lacking, and capsular fruits with the retinacula remaining attached to the fruit wall. These plants also share pollen that is banded or “ girdled ” (i. e., “ Gürtelpollen ” sensu Lindau, 1895). More recently, McDade & al. (2019) subsumed a species of Costa Rican Kalbreyeriella into Stenostephanus.	en	Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600
