taxonID	type	description	language	source
038987C7D41BF85A5982FE6CE20FFCEC.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Cerithium perversum var. pallescens Jeffreys, 1867; original designation. Recent, eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41BF85A5982FE6CE20FFCEC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Embryonic shell with hemispherical and arrowhead-shaped granules; larval shell with two spiral cords crossed by axial ribs; teleoconch with late development of median spiral cord; suture faintly distinct; posterior canal almost detached from aperture; presence of supranumerical cords; radular formula (6 – 8) - 1 - 1 - 1 - (6 – 8), central tooth (seven to nine cusps) and lateral teeth (eight to nine cusps) are short and broad, all marginal teeth (seven to 13 cusps) or outermost teeth hand-like with elongate basal shafts (partly based on Marshall 1983).	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41BF85A5982FE6CE20FFCEC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus has up to now six species worldwide (Bouchet & Gofas 2014), four in the western Atlantic (Rosenberg 2009). However, species previously assigned to Cheirodonta in the Caribbean actually belong to Nanaphora; see remarks of Nanaphora verbernei (Moolenbeek & Faber) comb. nov.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41BF85C5982FC65E410FC07.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MNRJ 18696. Paratypes: Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte state: MNRJ 31622, BPot 2 - MR 32 [1]. Bahia state: MNRJ 33082, 13 º 29 ’ 22 ” S, 38 º 48 ’ 43 ” W, vii / 2008 [1]; MNRJ 32901, 13 º 29 ’ 43 ” S, 38 º 49 ’ 08 ” W, v / 2007 [1]. Espírito Santo state: IBUFRJ 19688, Piúma [11]. Rio de Janeiro state: IBUFRJ 19691, Itaipú, Niterói [1]; MNRJ 32555, 23 º 05 ’ S, 40 º 58 ’ W, 100 m [1]. Other material examined. Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte state: MNRJ 31614 [3], MNRJ 31619 [1], BPot 1 - MR 41; MNRJ 31620, BPot 1 - MR 42 [2]; MNRJ 31621, BPot 1 - MR 43 [1]; MNRJ 31623, BPot 2 - MR 42 [1]; MNRJ 31624, BPot 2 - MR 44 [2]; MNRJ 32077, BPot 1 - MR 32 [1]. Bahia state: MNRJ 33805, 18 º 13 ’ S, 38 º 20 ’ W, 55 m, 21 / ix / 1995 [2]. Espírito Santo state: MNHN, Expedition MD 55 sta. DC 73, 18 º 59 ’ S, 37 º 48 ’ W, 607 - 620 m, 27 / v / 1987 [1]. Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 18591, HAB 13 - H 3 [1]; MNRJ 18624, HAB 16 - H 3 [1]. Type locality. Station HAB 13 - H 3 of Project Habitats: 21 º 43 ’ 06 ” S, 40 º 11 ’ 37 ” W, 73 m, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41BF85C5982FC65E410FC07.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name alludes to the resemblance of the shell to the cigar used by “ preto-velho ”, an entity in the Afro-Brazilian religion of Umbanda; “ mizifio ” is a common expression of him, meaning “ my son ”. Epithet as a noun in apposition.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41BF85C5982FC65E410FC07.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Brown, elongated shell; median spiral cord emerges weakly in the beginning of sixth to eighth whorl, reaching same size than abapical cord after three to four whorls; little developed suture; three supranumerical cords.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41BF85C5982FC65E410FC07.taxon	description	Description. Shell sinistral, elongated, narrow, conical, profile rectilinear (juveniles) to slightly curvilinear (adults), reaching 7.76 mm in length, 2.07 mm in width. Color light to dark brown, almost homogeneous, with nodules slightly clearer than background of shell; some shells slightly orange. Protoconch conical, 0.46 – 0.55 mm in length, 0.35 – 0.42 mm in width, with 5 – 5.5 slightly convex whorls; embryonic shell dome-shaped, covered by hemispherical (top of embryonic shell) or arrowhead-shaped (mid and bottom) granules and small vesicles, these are more concentrated in its adapical and final portion, and coalesce into axial ribs; larval shell with two spiral cords, but adapical one disappears in some just before the transition to teleoconch; about 32 slightly sigmoid axial ribs. Teleoconch with up to 13 whorls; two spiral cords (adapical and abapical) on first whorl, abapical one continuous with that of protoconch; median spiral cord emerges weakly in the beginning of sixth to eighth whorl, reaching almost same size as abapical cord (adapical one often thicker than others) after three to four whorls; 20 to 23 opisthocline axial ribs; rounded nodules of medium size; little developed suture, with a small sutural cord; little nodulose to slightly wavy subperipheral cord and two smooth to slightly wavy basal cords; three small supranumerical cords may develop near the peristome, one between median and abapical spiral cords, another between abapical and subperipheral cords and the last between subperipheral and adapical basal cords; aperture elliptical; anterior canal curved backward, being long and open, but crossed in its base by projection of outer lip; posterior canal as an orifice almost detached from aperture.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41BF85C5982FC65E410FC07.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The shells of Cheirodonta mizifio sp. nov. vary, especially relating to the strength of the adapical spiral cord on the teleoconch (being little, Fig. 2 A or considerably more, Fig. 2 B developed than remaining cords) and the number of whorls in which the median spiral cord reaches the same size as the abapical one after its emergence. In addition, shells from Bahia (Fig. 2 C) and Rio Grande do Norte (Fig. 2 D) states have the median spiral cord emerging on the sixth teleoconch whorl, but it occurs usually in the seventh / eighth whorl in specimens from Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states (Fig. 2 A – B). Shells from Rio Grande do Norte are smaller and with fewer whorls than remaining shells. This is the only species, besides the type species Cheirodonta pallescens (Jeffreys, 1867), that undoubtedly belongs to this genus, as the Pacific species Cheirodonta labiata (A. Adams, 1854) was tentatively referred to this genus (Marshall 1983) and the assignments of Cheirodonta for the western Atlantic are incorrect. The few differences between C. mizifio and C. pallescens involve the whorl of emergence of the median spiral cord [sixth to eighth whorl in C. mizifio; ninth whorl in C. pallescens (Bouchet 1985)], and the more curvilinear profile and paler shell coloration in C. pallescens (Rolán 2005: fig. 447). Although Marshall (1983) created the genus Cheirodonta based solely on its exclusive radular morphology, some conchological features can also be used to distinguish it from similar genera, such as Marshallora Bouchet, 1985. Cheirodonta possesses supranumerical cords before the peristome (Fig. 2 G), hemispherical and arrowheadshaped granules in the embryonic shell (Fig. 2 J) and an almost detached posterior canal. Species of Marshallora apparently do not develop such cords or arrowhead-shaped granules, and possess a less developed posterior canal; in addition, the suture of Cheirodonta (Fig. 2 F) is less distinct than in Marshallora. Geographic distribution. Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. Bathymetric distribution. 22 to 100 m. The depth of 607 – 620 m from Expedition MD 55 is probably incidental, derived from turbidity currents.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85C5982FC39E7ACFA8C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Triphora cana Verco, 1909; original designation. Recent, southern Australia.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85C5982FC39E7ACFA8C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Paucispiral or multispiral protoconch; paucispiral protoconch blunt-ending with spiral cords of thick, sometimes elongate nodules; multispiral protoconch with embryonic shell minutely granulose and larval shell with axial ribs crossed by two spiral cords; median spiral cord of teleoconch emerges later; presence of supranumerical cords; anterior canal open or subtubular (partly based on Wilson 1993).	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85C5982FC39E7ACFA8C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus has up to now six species worldwide (Bouchet & Rosenberg 2014 a), two in the western Atlantic (Rosenberg 2009).	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85E5982FAB9E4E9FD27.taxon	description	(Figure 3)	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85E5982FAB9E4E9FD27.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MNRJ 32604, ix / 2007. Paratypes: Brazil: Almirante Saldanha Seamount: MNRJ 33764, REVIZEE C 1 - D 1 [2]. Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 32051, 23 º 03 ’ 18 ” S, 41 º 02 ’ 06 ” W, 97 m, x / 2008 [1]; MNRJ 32066, 23 º 15 ’ 00 ” S, 41 º 06 ’ 00 ” W, 112 m, x / 2008 [2]; MNRJ 32544, 23 º 05 ’ S, 40 º 58 ’ W, 100 m [2]. Material examined of Eutriphora auffenbergi Rolán & Lee, 2008: holotype, FLMNH 419186. Type locality. 13 º 28 ’ 58 ” S, 38 º 47 ’ 51 ” W, 40 m, Bahia state, Brazil.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85E5982FAB9E4E9FD27.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor to our dear friend, Dr. Paulo Márcio Santos Costa, who helped us several times through loan of material and precise collection data.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85E5982FAB9E4E9FD27.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Median spiral cord emerges on fifth teleoconch whorl; elongated anterior canal; beige coloration of shell, protoconch darker than teleoconch.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85E5982FAB9E4E9FD27.taxon	description	Description. Shell sinistral, elongated, conical, profile slightly curvilinear, reaching 6.50 mm in length, 1.87 mm in width. Cream shell, protoconch darker than teleoconch. Protoconch conical, 0.46 – 0.53 mm in length, 0.36 – 0.40 mm in width, with about five convex whorls; embryonic shell dome-shaped, covered by rounded granules; larval shell with two spiral cords, but adapical one disappearing just before the transition to teleoconch; about 34 almost rectilinear to slightly sigmoid axial ribs. Teleoconch with up to 11 whorls; two spiral cords (adapical and abapical) on the first whorl, abapical one continuous with that of protoconch; median spiral cord emerges in the beginning of fifth whorl, reaching same size than other cords after 2 to 2.5 whorls; 20 to 22 opisthocline axial ribs; rounded nodules of medium size; distinct and well developed suture, with a small sutural cord; smooth subperipheral cord and two smooth basal cords; four supranumerical cords in the last whorl, one between adapical and median spiral cords, another between median and abapical spiral cords, another between abapical and subperipheral cords, the last between subperipheral and adapical basal cords; aperture ovate, with a projecting outer lip; anterior canal curved backward / downward, being long and almost closed, crossed at its base by projection of outer lip; posterior canal as a deep sinus, not detached from aperture.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85E5982FAB9E4E9FD27.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Eutriphora costai sp. nov. is similar to Eutriphora auffenbergi Rolán & Lee, 2008, a species up to now restricted to Florida, U. S. A (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 2008, Lee 2009), especially regarding the sculpture of protoconch, the emergence of the median spiral cord of the teleoconch, shell color and the long anterior canal. The primary differences consist of the sutural cord (small and partially hidden in the suture of E. costai, Fig. 3 F; large and exposed in E. auffenbergi), the subperipheral cord (smooth in E. costai, Fig. 3 H; moderately nodulose in E. auffenbergi), shell dimensions (up to 6.50 mm long, 11 teleoconch whorls in E. costai; up to 21.8 mm long, 17 – 18 teleoconch whorls in E. auffenbergi), more crowded nodules on the teleoconch and smaller anterior canal in E. costai. Even without knowledge of radula and anatomy, E. costai is allocated in Eutriphora by great similarities of protoconch and teleoconch with E. auffenbergi and Eutriphora armillata (Verco, 1909), the latter illustrated in Marshall (1983). The type species, Eutriphora cana (Verco, 1909), has a paucispiral protoconch, precluding further comparisons. The present generic allocation may be provisional, pending knowledge of soft bodies of E. costai.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41DF85E5982FAB9E4E9FD27.taxon	distribution	Geographic distribution. Brazil: Bahia, Almirante Saldanha Seamount, Rio de Janeiro. Bathymetric distribution. 40 to 112 m.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41FF85E5982FD19E239FB60.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Nanaphora torquesa Laseron, 1958; original designation. Recent, Australia.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41FF85E5982FD19E239FB60.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small or minute shells, bottle-shaped, and medially inflated, but restricted at base; paucispiral or multispiral protoconch; in the latter, embryonic shell reticulated or with rounded / cruciform granules; larval shell with one or two spiral cords; teleoconch with median spiral cord emerging later; suture barely distinct (based on Laseron 1958 and Marshall 1983).	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41FF85E5982FD19E239FB60.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus has up to now 13 species worldwide (Bouchet & Rosenberg 2014 b), none in the western Atlantic; however, the species previously assigned to Cheirodonta in the western Atlantic actually belong to Nanaphora (see remarks of Nanaphora verbernei comb. nov.). The genus Opimaphora Laseron, 1958 is likely a junior synonym of Nanaphora (Marshall 1983), as Laseron (1958) distinguished them by Nanaphora having a paucispiral protoconch and Opimaphora a multispiral protoconch, however this is not a valid feature for distinction between genera (Bouchet 1990). Laseron (1958) considered both genera in the extremity of the short and inflated shells of Triphoridae.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41FF8535982FAD7E274FEBF.taxon	description	(Figure 4)	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41FF8535982FAD7E274FEBF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ZMA 3.89.0 13. Paratypes: ZMA 3.89.0 14 [19]. Type locality. Curaçao. Material examined. Brazil: Alagoas state: MORG 33734, Jaraguá, Maceió, P. S. Cardoso coll. [4]. Bahia state: MZSP 64881, Salvador [1]; MORG 52591, Abrolhos, Eq. MORG coll., i / 1985 [2]. Espírito Santo state: IBUFRJ 12884, REVIZEE C 1 - VV 24 [1]; MNRJ 33982, 20 º 42 ’ 00 ” S, 40 º 24 ’ 28 ” W, Ilha Escalvada, Guarapari, 10 – 15 m, M. R. Fernandes & L. S. Souza coll., 12 / x / 2014 [1]; MNRJ 34029, 20 º 42 ’ 00 ” S, 40 º 24 ’ 28 ” W, Ilha Escalvada, Guarapari, W. Vieira coll., i / 2013 [1]. Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 18756, 22 º 42 ’ S, 40 º 40 ’ W, 2006 [4]; MNRJ 33139, 22 º 42 ’ S, 40 º 40 ’ W [1]; IBUFRJ 19686, Praia da Figueira, Angra dos Reis [3]; UERJ 5792, 23 º 01 ’ 55 ” S, 44 º 22 ’ 44 ” W, 6 m, Ilha da Gipóia, 28 / x / 2003 [4]; UERJ 5181, 23 º 06 ’ 07 ” S, 44 º 11 ’ 27 ” W, 6 m, Ponta da Enseada, Ilha Grande, 01 / xii / 2003 [2]; UERJ 3792, 23 º 11 ’ 36 ” S, 44 º 38 ’ 37 ” W, 4.5 m, Praia Vermelha, Paraty, 18 / xi / 2003 [4]. São Paulo state: MZSP 85022, Ilha da Queimada Pequena, Itanhaém, 0 - 12 m [2].	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41FF8535982FAD7E274FEBF.taxon	description	Description. Shell sinistral, elongated, almost biconical / ovoid, profile slightly or overtly curvilinear, reaching 3.66 mm in length, 1.57 mm in width. Protoconch golden-brown; teleoconch with reddish-brown background, whitened nodules; first two whorls of teleoconch lighter in color than remaining whorls; adapical spiral cord usually somewhat darker than other cords, but it may well be somewhat lighter in other shells, especially on body whorl, or not having differences in coloration among spiral cords. Protoconch conical, 0.45 – 0.55 mm in length, 0.34 – 0.39 mm in width, with 4.5 to 5 convex whorls; embryonic shell dome-shaped, with a reticulated pattern of spiral and axial threadlets; larval shell with two spiral cords, adapical one initially weaker and returning to vanish in the last whorl, disappearing just before transition to teleoconch; about 32 almost rectilinear to slightly sigmoid axial ribs. Teleoconch with up to eight whorls; two spiral cords (adapical and abapical) on the first whorl, abapical one continuous with that of protoconch; median spiral cord emerges between end of fifth and seventh whorl, reaching same size as other cords after 0.75 to one whorl; 20 to 23 axial ribs, with undulating arrangement varying from slightly prosocline (nearly orthocline) to slightly opisthocline; large rounded nodules; suture barely distinct, with a small sutural cord; nodulose subperipheral and adapical basal cords, wavy abapical basal cord; two small supranumerical cords may develop near the peristome, one between median and abapical spiral cords, the other between abapical and subperipheral cords; aperture ovate; anterior canal curved backward / downward, being small and open, but crossed on its base by projection of outer lip; posterior canal as a deep sinus, almost detached from aperture in some cases.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41FF8535982FAD7E274FEBF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original description of N. verbernei indicates that the adapical spiral cord of the larval shell emerges only on its second whorl. Amplified images of the protoconch (Fig. 4 H; Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 1994: fig. 22) show that the adapical cord, although initially weaker than the abapical one, also emerges on the first larval shell whorl. Maximum length of shells of N. verbernei from Brazil were very similar to Caribbean ones, reaching 3.66 mm and eight teleoconch whorls in the present study, but 3.50 mm (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 2007) or 3.20 mm (Moolenbeek & Faber 1989) and seven teleoconch whorls in the Caribbean. Such dimensions make N. verbernei one of the smallest species of Triphoridae in the western Atlantic. The type material of Cerithium exiguum C. B. Adams, 1850, a species originally described from Jamaica, is lost (Clench & Turner 1950). Following its original description, many similarities are shared with N. verbernei, like the ovoid shape of the shell, the “ wax ” coloration, presence of large nodules, a barely distinct suture, the short anterior canal and small shell dimensions (type material of C. exiguum reaches 2.29 mm in length, 0.89 mm in width). De Jong & Coomans (1988) recorded Triphora exigua (C. B. Adams) from Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, emphasizing the indistinct suture and the completely or partly white adapical spiral cord on the body whorl (which can also occur with N. verbernei), in addition to a maximum size of 3.7 mm in length and 1.3 mm in shell width; Díaz Merlano & Puyana Hegedus (1994) recorded T. exigua from Colombia. However, the brief original description of T. exigua also renders it similar to Sagenotriphora osclausum (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés, 1995), as mentioned by Lee (2009). To avoid taxonomic problems, Rolán & Fernández-Garcés (2007) considered T. exigua a nomen dubium. Material studied by De Jong & Coomans (1988) and Díaz Merlano & Puyana Hegedus (1994) needs to be taxonomically reevaluated, as they did not illustrate shells identified as T. exigua. Moolenbeek & Faber (1989) described the embryonic shell of N. verbernei as smooth, but the protoconch of the holotype is polished by erosion (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 1994). Rolán & Fernández-Garcés (1994) described this embryonic shell as being covered by hemispheric tubercles, but the illustrated protoconch has a fracture zone that hampers a correct evaluation. In fact, the embryonic shell of N. verbernei is reticulated (Fig. 4 I), contrary to the description of the genus Cheirodonta Marshall, 1983, whose type species C. pallescens has an embryonic shell mainly covered by granules (Marshall 1983, Bouchet 1985). Besides differences in embryonic shell sculpture, the generic allocation of N. verbernei in Cheirodonta by Rolán & Fernández-Garcés (1994) raises other conflicts with C. pallescens, like differences in radular (especially in relation to the central tooth) and shell morphology (N. verbernei with ovoid shell shape and nodulose subperipheral and adapical basal cords). In addition, all Caribbean species designated by Rolán & Fernández-Garcés (1994) and Rolán & Luque (1999) as Cheirodonta are smaller than 4.0 mm in shell length, instead of 8.0 mm in C. pallescens (Bouchet 1985). As previously mentioned, the Pacific species Cheirodonta labiata was also tentatively allocated in this genus (Marshall 1983); in fact, it is more similar to the Caribbean species Cheirodonta apexcrassum Rolán & Fernández-Garcés, 1994 and Cheirodonta miskitorum Rolán & Luque, 1999. The paucispiral protoconch of the type species of Nanaphora, Nanaphora torquesa Laseron, 1958, does not provide characters to suggest its affinities (Marshall 1983), and this is worsened by its unknown radula. However, conchological characters cited for the genus by Laseron (1958) and Marshall (1983), like the ovoid shape, small length and barely distinct suture, point to an allocation of N. verbernei in this genus. The ovoid shape of most shells of N. verbernei (Fig. 4 A, D) is an intermediate level between that of the type species (less ovoid) and that of Nanaphora albogemmata (Laseron, 1958) (more ovoid). Nanaphora is possibly a polyphyletic genus, comprising species with different embryonic shell sculpture and larval shell with one or two spiral cords (Marshall 1983). The affinity among the genera Nanaphora, Opimaphor a and Cheirodonta makes necessary a taxonomic revision of them to achieve a precise delimitation of each genus. Despite this, the following Caribbean species are herein transferred to Nanaphora: N. apexcrassum comb. nov., N. miskitorum comb. nov. and Nanaphora decollata (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés, 1994) comb. nov. Geographic distribution. Cuba (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 1994); Cayman Islands (Rosenberg 2009); Puerto Rico (Moolenbeek & Faber 1989); Grenada (Rosenberg 2009); Bonaire and Curaçao (type locality); Brazil: Alagoas, Bahia to São Paulo (present study).	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D41FF8535982FAD7E274FEBF.taxon	distribution	Bathymetric distribution. Intertidal to 90 m (Moolenbeek & Faber 1989).	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D412F8555982FEB1E41BFE9C.taxon	description	(Figure 5)	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D412F8555982FEB1E41BFE9C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MNRJ 34086, A. Bodart coll., ix / 1993. Paratypes: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 29765, 22 º 42 ’ S, 40 º 40 ’ W, 2007 [2]. Other material examined. Brazil: Espírito Santo state: MNRJ 32645 [3], MNRJ 32653 [1], MNRJ 32665 [1]: 20 º 14 ’ S, 40 º 12 ’ W, vi / 2008; MNRJ 31015, 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 34 ’ W, x / 2008 [1]; MNRJ 31009, 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 34 ’ W, xi / 2009 [1]. Type locality. Praia de Meaípe, 20 – 25 m, Guarapari, Espírito Santo state, Brazil.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D412F8555982FEB1E41BFE9C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor of Dr. Harry G. Lee, owing to his effort in the research of marine mollusks, including triphorids, and to the donation of shells (like the holotype of the present species) from his private collection.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D412F8555982FEB1E41BFE9C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell large for the genus, but with a small-sized protoconch; median spiral cord emerges between eighth and ninth whorl of teleoconch.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D412F8555982FEB1E41BFE9C.taxon	description	Description. Shell sinistral, elongated, conical, profile slightly curvilinear, reaching 5.83 mm in length, 1.80 mm in width. Protoconch golden; teleoconch with brown to light brown background, whitened nodules; first two whorls of teleoconch lighter in color than remaining whorls; adapical spiral cord may be somewhat darker than other cords. Protoconch conical, 0.41 – 0.45 mm in length, 0.30 – 0.35 mm in width, with 4.5 convex whorls; embryonic shell dome-shaped, with a reticulated pattern of spiral and axial threadlets; larval shell with two spiral cords, adapical one weakening in last whorl and disappearing just before transition to teleoconch; about 36 slightly sigmoid axial ribs. Teleoconch with up to 11 whorls; two spiral cords (adapical and abapical) on the first whorl, abapical one continuous with that of protoconch; median spiral cord emerges in eighth whorl or between eighth and ninth whorl, as a very fine cord bordering the adapical one, but reaching same size than other cords after 1.5 to 2.5 whorls; 18 to 21 axial ribs, with undulating arrangement varying from slightly prosocline (or nearly orthocline) to slightly opisthocline; large rounded nodules; barely distinct suture, with a small sutural cord; nodulose subperipheral and adapical basal cords, wavy abapical basal cord; two supranumerical cords in the last whorl, one between median and abapical spiral cords, the other between abapical and subperipheral cords; aperture elliptical; anterior canal curved backward / downward, being small and open, but crossed on its base by projection of outer lip; posterior canal as a deep sinus, almost detached from aperture in some cases.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D412F8555982FEB1E41BFE9C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Shells of Nanaphora leei sp. nov. can be barely separated in two groups: those shells with slightly larger and close nodules on the teleoconch, in addition to very nodulose subperipheral and adapical basal cords; and those with slightly smaller and separate nodules on the teleoconch in addition to equally or less nodulose subperipheral and adapical basal cords. The first group is represented by the type material (Fig. 5 A – C), and the second usually consists of worn material, listed as additional material examined (Fig. 5 D). Notwithstanding, we believe that they are the same species. Nanaphora leei shares many features with N. verbernei, like the presence of large nodules, barely distinct suture, short base and anterior canal, nodulose subperipheral and adapical basal cords, undulating axial ribs, and similar coloration. Differences include the length of the adult shell (reaching 5.83 mm in N. leei, 3.66 mm in N. verbernei), length of the protoconch (0.41 – 0.45 mm in N. leei, 0.45 – 0.55 mm in N. verbernei), shape of the shell (N. leei is never ovoid as some shells of N. verbernei), and emergence of the median spiral cord (between eighth and ninth whorl in N. leei, between end of fifth to seventh whorl in N. verbernei). Nanaphora leei also presents a restricted geographic distribution. Nanaphora decollata is also similar to N. leei and is reported only from the Caribbean; N. decollata is smaller (up to 3.95 mm in length), having a darker protoconch, granulose embryonic shell (not reticulated as in N. leei), and different coloration. Monophorus ateralbus Rolán & Fernández-Garcés, 1994, also reported only from the Caribbean, has a very heterogeneous teleoconch coloration (brown adapical and median spiral cords, white abapical cord) and earlier emergence of the median cord (between the sixth and seventh whorls). Shells of N. leei with broken apices may resemble Coriophora novem (Nowell-Usticke, 1969), a western Atlantic species (illustrations in Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 1995 and Fernandes et al. 2013); differences are related to color of nodules (whitened in N. leei, violet / greyish in C. novem), suture (less distinct in N. leei), and shape of axial ribs (undulating in N. leei, severely opisthocline in C. novem). Laseron (1958) proposed that the genus Nanaphora has shells less than 5.0 mm in length. With the exception of Nanaphora truncis Laseron, 1958 (reaching up to 6.0 mm), N. leei is the largest species of the genus, reaching 5.83 mm in shell length.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D412F8555982FEB1E41BFE9C.taxon	distribution	Geographic distribution. Brazil: Espírito Santo to Rio de Janeiro. Bathymetric distribution. 20 to 25 m.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D414F855598BFE55E685FD63.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Triphora gemmatum Blainville, 1828; monotypy. Recent, Mauritius.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D414F855598BFE55E685FD63.taxon	discussion	Remarks. See Marshall (1983) for considerations about the taxonomic use of “ Triphora ” s. l. as a “ catch-all ” taxon. The genus has up to now 171 species worldwide (Bouchet 2014), 30 in the western Atlantic (Rosenberg 2009).	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D414F8575982FCD5E5B6FDC3.taxon	description	(Figure 6)	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D414F8575982FCD5E5B6FDC3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: FLMNH 363895. Paratype: BMSM 55395 [1]. Type locality. Puerto Rico. Material examined. Bahamas: BMSM 55392, Abaco, 60 m, C. Redfern coll., 06 / viii / 1982 [1]; BMSM 55393, Abaco, 53 m, C. Redfern coll., 09 / ix / 1987 [1]; BMSM 55394, Abaco, 52 m, C. Redfern coll., 09 / ix / 1987 [4]; BMSM 55395, Abaco, 52 m, C. Redfern coll., 09 / ix / 1987 [1, paratype]; BMSM 55396, Abaco, 35 m, C. Redfern coll., 28 / vi / 1996 [1]. Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte state: MNRJ 31590, BPot 2 - MR 45 [2]. Bahia state: MNRJ 32880, Boipeba, 02 / iv / 2003 [1]; MNRJ 32897, 13 º 27 ’ 43 ” S, 38 º 49 ’ 27 ” W, v / 2007 [3]; MNRJ 32997, 13 º 28 ’ 58 ” S, 38 º 48 ’ 21 ” W, vi / 2010 [1]; MNRJ 32614, 13 º 28 ’ 58 ” S, 38 º 48 ’ 16 ” W, ix / 2007 [1]; MNRJ 33084, 13 º 29 ’ 44 ” S, 38 º 48 ’ 19 ” W [2]; MORG 52593, off Camamú, 52 m, 11 / xii / 2002 [3]; MORG 52592, Abrolhos, Eq. MORG coll., ii / 1978. Espírito Santo state: MNHN, Expedition MD 55 sta. DC 83, 18 º 50 ’ S, 37 º 57 ’ W, 60 m, v / 1987 [1]; IBUFRJ 9105, REVIZEE C 1 - C 65 [1]; MNRJ 17229, 19 º 25 ’ 37 ” S, 39 º 22 ’ 22 ” W, 43 m, x / 2003 [1]; MNRJ 30929, 19 º 26 ’ 00 ” S, 39 º 22 ’ 30 ” W, 55 m, x / 2003 [1]; MNRJ 34025, 20 º 42 ’ 00 ’’ S, 40 º 24 ’ 28 ’’ W, Ilha Escalvada, Guarapari, 2012 [1]; MNRJ 31061 [1], MNRJ 31089 [1]: 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 34 ’ W, iii / 2010; MNRJ 33024, 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 34 ’ W, ix / 2007 [4]; IBUFRJ 8682, Piúma, 1993 [1]. Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 18707, HAB 13 - H 3 [1]; MNRJ 17228, 23 º 05 ’ S, 40 º 58 ’ W, 100 m, 17 / ix / 2004 [1].	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D414F8575982FCD5E5B6FDC3.taxon	description	Description. Shell sinistral, elongated, conical, profile rectilinear, reaching 10.00 mm in length (apex missing), 2.54 mm in width. White shell. Protoconch sub-trapezoidal, 0.55 – 0.70 mm in length, 0.47 – 0.55 mm in width, with 3 to 3.5 whorls, weak distinction between protoconch and teleoconch; apex pointed, abrupt, without apparent sculpture; larval shell with a thick and keel-shaped abapical spiral cord, situated near suture, adapical spiral cord slowly emerging at end of protoconch; small, irregular and incomplete axial ribs especially concentrated on adapical portion of whorl, being more numerous and closer towards end of larval shell. Teleoconch with up to 13 whorls; two spiral cords (adapical and abapical) on first whorl, both continuous with those of protoconch; median spiral cord emerges in second whorl, eventually at the beginning of third whorl, reaching same size than other cords after half to one whorl; after fifth / sixth whorl, adapical spiral cord becomes distant from other cords and with a less pronounced profile; 16 to 20 slightly opisthocline axial ribs; rounded nodules of medium size; large and squarish interspaces among nodules; distinct and very well developed suture, with a wide sutural cord present from its origin on protoconch; narrow and slightly wavy to little nodulose subperipheral cord, two narrow and slightly wavy basal cords; a small supranumerical cord may form between abapical spiral cord and subperipheral cord; aperture elliptical; anterior canal with medium size, directed downward / backward, partially open but crossed in its base by projection of outer lip; posterior canal as a small notch, not detached from aperture.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D414F8575982FCD5E5B6FDC3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. After comparing shells of T. portoricensis from Bahamas (Fig. 6 A – B) and Brazil (Fig. 6 C – K), we found no significant differences between them. Regarding the teleoconch, the adapical spiral cord is only faintly isolated from other cords in the Caribbean shells examined because these consist mostly of juveniles, without enough whorls to have this pattern of spiral cords. Caribbean shells reach 4.4 mm with eight teleoconch whorls (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 2008), instead of 10.0 mm with 13 teleoconch whorls in Brazilian shells; however, shells with eight teleoconch whorls from Brazil are similar in length to those from the Caribbean. The color of the holotype, described as light brown with a white apex (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 2008), is typical of worn material, as shells of this species are actually white (Redfern 2013). Owing to the very scarce available material of T. portoricensis from Caribbean, mostly consisting of juveniles, more sampling of this species is required to further comparisons. The protoconch of Inella obtusa Marshall, 1983, a species from the southwestern Pacific, resembles T. portoricensis, but probably due to convergence. The atypical protoconch morphology of T. portoricensis (Fig. 6 I – J) is possibly indicative of a multispiral type derived from intracapsular metamorphosis.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D414F8575982FCD5E5B6FDC3.taxon	distribution	Geographic distribution. Bahamas (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 2008; Redfern 2013); Puerto Rico (type locality); Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro (present study). Bathymetric distribution. 35 m (Redfern 2013) to 100 m (present study). This species is found in waters shallower than 35 m, but in these cases the bathymetric data is inaccurate.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D416F8495982FD68E4E8FC64.taxon	description	(Figure 7 C – K)	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D416F8495982FD68E4E8FC64.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MNRJ 18620. Paratypes: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 31107, 22 º 42 ’ S, 40 º 40 ’ W, xi / 2007 [1]; MNRJ 32067, 22 º 42 ’ S, 40 º 40 ’ W, x / 2007 [1]; MNRJ 32404, 22 º 42 ’ S, 40 º 40 ’ W, viii / 2002 [1]; MNRJ 33527, type locality [1]; MNRJ 32549, 23 º 05 ’ S, 40 º 58 ’ W, 100 m [2]; MORG 52207 [1], MORG 52238 [1]: 23 º 05 ’ S, 40 º 58 ’ W, 100 m. Other material examined. Brazil: Amapá state: MNRJ 33392, 04 º 27 ’ 54 ” N, 49 º 58 ’ 05 ” W, 160 m, 13 / x / 2000 [18]. Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 32351, 22 º 20 ’ 29 ” S, 40 º 11 ’ 41 ” W, xii / 2004 [2]; MNRJ 19480, 22 º 42 ’ S, 40 º 40 ’ W, 110 m, 11 / iv / 2003 [1]; MNRJ 30869, 22 º 42 ’ S, 40 º 40 ’ W, 110 m, 19 / ix / 2003 [2]; IBUFRJ 19563, 22 º 48 ’ S, 40 º 45 ’ W, 110 m, iv / 1998 [7]; IBUFRJ 19576, 22 º 48 ’ S, 40 º 45 ’ W, 110 m, 27 / i / 1998 [2]; IBUFRJ 19593, REVIZEE C 1 - D 3 [1]; MORG 48290, 23 º 05 ’ S, 40 º 58 ’ W, 100 m [1]; MORG 52247, 23 º 05 ’ S, 40 º 58 ’ W, 100 m [1]. Santa Catarina state: MNRJ 32071, 26 º 38 ’ 45 ” S, 46 º 51 ’ 54 ” W, 153 m, ii / 2004 [8]; MNRJ 32622, 26 º 38 ’ 51 ” S, 46 º 52 ’ 30 ” W, 150 m, 28 / i / 2005 [3]; MORG 50071, off Itajaí, 28 / i / 2005 [4]. Material examined of Triphora cf. lilacina (Dall, 1889) in Rolán & Fernández-Garcés (2008): FLMNH 129846 [2]; FLMNH 154900 [2]; FLMNH 238675 [5]; FLMNH 279375 [1]. Type locality. Station HAB 16 - B 4 of Project Habitats: 23 º 10 ’ 01 ” S, 41 º 03 ’ 13 ” W, 107 m, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D416F8495982FD68E4E8FC64.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the sea monster Charybdis, from Greek Mythology. Epithet as a noun in apposition.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D416F8495982FD68E4E8FC64.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Median spiral cord usually emerges on seventh teleoconch whorl, reaching same size of abapical cord after about five whorls; white adapical spiral cord, brown abapical cord, median cord initially white and later becoming brown or being brown from its emergence; long anterior canal, almost closed, directed downward.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D416F8495982FD68E4E8FC64.taxon	description	Description. Shell sinistral, elongated, conical-fusiform, rectilinear profile, reaching 8.53 mm in length, 1.97 mm in width. Brown protoconch; teleoconch with white adapical spiral cord, brown to orange-brownish abapical cord, median cord initially white but later becoming brown / orange-brownish or brown / orange-brownish since its emergence; nodules lighter in color than inter-nodular spaces in all spiral cords; orange-brownish base. Protoconch conical, 0.54 – 0.60 mm in length, 0.39 – 0.42 mm in width, with 5 to 5.5 convex whorls; embryonic shell domeshaped, covered by rounded granules overall; larval shell with one spiral cord (abapical) at its beginning, the adapical cord emerging after one whorl, but disappearing just before the transition to teleoconch; about 28 almost rectilinear to slightly sigmoid axial ribs. Teleoconch with up to 14 whorls; two spiral cords (adapical and abapical) on the first whorl, abapical one continuous with that of protoconch; median spiral cord emerges between end of sixth and beginning of eighth whorl, reaching same size of abapical cord (adapical one slightly more pronounced than others) after 4.5 to six whorls; 20 to 21 opisthocline axial ribs; rounded nodules of medium size; distinct but little developed suture, with a small sutural cord; narrow and weakly nodulose to wavy subperipheral and adapical basal cords, slightly wavy to smooth abapical basal cord; two supranumerical cords may develop, one between median and abapical spiral cords, the other between abapical and subperipheral cords; aperture ovate; long anterior canal, almost closed, directed downward; posterior canal as a notch, not detached from aperture.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D416F8495982FD68E4E8FC64.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Shells of Triphora charybdis sp. nov. from Amapá (northern Brazil) and Santa Catarina (southern Brazil) are much worn, although their identification as this species is unambiguous. In a certain way, they resemble sub-fossil material, almost losing the original coloration, indicating that this species may have had a wider distribution in the past. Triphora charybdis is similar to the morphotype Triphora cf. lilacina (Dall, 1889) in Rolán & Fernández-Garcés (2008), also illustrated in the present study (Fig. 7 B). The protoconch sculpture, the coloration pattern of the teleoconch and the whorl in which the median spiral cord emerges are very similar in both. In contrast, T. charybdis has a later strenghtening of the median spiral cord (reaching the same size of the abapical cord after about five whorls, Fig. 7 F; after ~ 2.5 whorls in T. cf. lilacina, Fig. 7 B), slightly longer anterior canal directed downward (Fig. 7 H), more heterogeneous coloration between adapical (white) and abapical (brown) spiral cords on the teleoconch (the distinction of coloration is not so evident in most shells of T. cf. lilacina - Fig. 7 B), narrower and less nodulose subperipheral cord (Fig. 7 H), in addition to a more rectilinear shell profile (but slightly curvilinear profile in T. cf. lilacina). The shell of Triphora lilacina (Dall, 1889), whose lectotype is illustrated herein (Fig. 7 A) and in Rolán & Fernández-Garcés (2008), has a curvilinear profile, lilac coloration, and median spiral cord emerging only in the eleventh whorl (Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 2008), thus being greatly differentiated from T. charybdis. Shells of T. charybdis with damaged or incomplete base (without the distinct anterior canal) and with few teleoconch whorls (precluding the late development of the median spiral cord) can be mistaken for other species from the western Atlantic having a white adapical cord and a brown abapical cord. Triphora ellyae De Jong & Coomans, 1988 is easily distinguished by its smaller size, curvilinear-ovoid shell shape, and smooth subperipheral cord. Triphora atlantica (Smith, 1890) has two or three white initial teleoconch whorls, a thicker and more nodulose subperipheral cord, and larval shell with only one spiral cord (the abapical) on two whorls, but on one whorl in T. charybdis (Fig. 7 I). In Triphora elvirae De Jong & Coomans, 1988 and Eutriphora bermudensis (Bartsch, 1911), the median spiral cord is always white, but in T. charybdis it acquires a brown coloration after its emergence (Fig. 7 C-D).	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D416F8495982FD68E4E8FC64.taxon	distribution	Geographic distribution. Brazil: Amapá [subfossil?], Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina [subfossil?]. Bathymetric distribution. 80 to 160 m.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D408F84B5982FBDDE4A5FA1C.taxon	description	(Figure 8)	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D408F84B5982FBDDE4A5FA1C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: MZSP 119013, J. Coltro coll., iv / 1992. Paratypes: Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte state: MNRJ 26242, BPot 2 - MR 44 [2]; MNRJ 26243, BPot 1 - MR 41 [2]. Bahia state: MNRJ 32959, 15 º 33 ’ 44 ” S, 38 º 44 ’ 23 ” W, 38 m, 2011 [1]. Espírito Santo state: MNRJ 30749, 19 º 25 ’ 37 ” S, 39 º 22 ’ 22 ” W, 43 m, x / 2003 [2]; MZSP 119014, type locality, J. Coltro coll., iv / 1992 [1]; IBUFRJ 7568, 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 26 ’ W, 26 / viii / 1979 [1]; MNRJ 31043 [2], MNRJ 31056 [1]: 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 34 ’ W, iii / 2010; MNRJ 33023, 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 34 ’ W, ix / 2007 [4]. Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 18593, HAB 13 - H 3 [1]; IBUFRJ 19594, REVIZEE C 1 - D 3 [1]. Other material examined. Brazil: Maranhão state: IBUFRJ 17368, Banco Álvaro, Parcel Manoel Luís, 18 / vii / 1977 [1]. Rio Grande do Norte state: MNRJ 31637, BPot 2 - MR 42 [8]; MNRJ 31642, BPot 1 - MR 43 [10]; MNRJ 31644, BPot 1 - MR 41 [2]; MNRJ 31645, BPot 1 - MR 44 [3]; MNRJ 31648, BPot 2 - MR 44 [5]; MNRJ 31650, BPot 1 - MR 42 [9]; MNRJ 31651, BPot 1 - MR 45 [2]; MNRJ 32058, BPot 1 - MR 32 [1]. Bahia state: IBUFRJ 19520, REVIZEE C 5 - 13 R [1]; MNRJ 33815, 18 º 07 ’ 24 ” S, 38 º 21 ’ 00 ” W, 55 m, 21 / ix / 1995 [2]. Espírito Santo state: IBUFRJ 19463, REVIZEE C 1 - C 65 [1]; IBUFRJ 19497, REVIZEE C 1 - C 65 [1]; MNRJ 30718, 19 º 25 ’ 34 ” S, 39 º 22 ’ 16 ”, 42 m, x / 2003 [1]; MORG 52249, REVIZEE C 1 - VV 22 [1]; IBUFRJ 19544, REVIZEE C 1 - VV 21 [1]; IBUFRJ 19521, 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 26 ’ W, 29 / viii / 1979 [1]; MNRJ 31034 [1], MNRJ 31045 [1], MNRJ 31094 [1]: 20 º 47 ’ S, 40 º 34 ’ W, iii / 2010; IBUFRJ 19514, 21 º 15 ’ S, 40 º 20 ’ W, 28 / viii / 1979 [1]. Rio de Janeiro state: MNRJ 17943, HAB 13 - H 3 [1]. Type locality. Exit of Guarapari canal, Guarapari, Espírito Santo state, Brazil.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D408F84B5982FBDDE4A5FA1C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the monster Scylla, from Greek Mythology. Epithet as a noun in apposition.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D408F84B5982FBDDE4A5FA1C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Reticulated embryonic shell; median spiral cord emerges between the end of sixth to the end of tenth teleoconch whorl; teleoconch with two white initial whorls, remainder with background light brown to dark cream, dark inter-nodular spaces, whitened nodules; adapical and median spiral cords darker than abapical one.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D408F84B5982FBDDE4A5FA1C.taxon	description	Description. Shell sinistral, elongated, conical, profile rectilinear to slightly curvilinear, reaching 6.66 mm in length, 1.80 mm in width. Light brown to golden protoconch; teleoconch with about two white initial whorls, remainder whorls with background light brown to dark cream, dark inter-nodular spaces, whitened nodules; adapical and median spiral cords darker than abapical one, especially on nodules; base with same color as background of shell. Protoconch conical, 0.41 – 0.54 mm in length, 0.34 – 0.40 mm in width, with 4.5 to 5 convex whorls; embryonic shell dome-shaped, with reticulated sculpture; larval shell with two spiral cords, adapical one weakening and disappearing in the last whorl; about 30 almost rectilinear to slightly sigmoid axial ribs. Teleoconch with up to 13 whorls; two spiral cords (adapical and abapical) on the first whorl, abapical one continuous with that of protoconch; median spiral cord emerges close to adapical cord, between end of sixth and end of tenth whorl, reaching same size as abapical cord (adapical one slightly more pronounced than others in late whorls) after 1 to 2.5 whorls; 16 to 19 almost orthocline to slightly opisthocline axial ribs; rounded nodules of medium size; distinct but little developed suture, with a small sutural cord; moderately to weakly nodulose subperipheral cord, weakly nodulose to wavy adapical basal cord, wavy abapical basal cord; two small supranumerical cords may develop, one between median and abapical spiral cords, the other between abapical and subperipheral cords; aperture ovate; anterior canal directed backward / downward, moderately small and open, but crossed in its base by projection of outer lip; posterior canal as a large notch, not detached from aperture.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D408F84B5982FBDDE4A5FA1C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Triphora scylla sp. nov. varies greatly relative to the emergence and strengthening of the median spiral cord on the teleoconch, as it can emerge between the end of the sixth and the end of the tenth whorl, reaching the same size of the abapical cord after one to 2.5 whorls (Fig. 8 F). Length of protoconch also varied considerably (0.41 – 0.54 mm). All other features were consistent between shells, disregarding different maximum size attained at the adult stage. The color pattern of T. scylla is similar to that of Similiphora intermedia (C. B. Adams, 1850), a very common species in the western Atlantic (e. g., Rolán & Fernández-Garcés 1995; Redfern 2013), with the predominance of brown bands over the adapical and median spiral cords on the teleoconch; however, the distinction between darker internodular spaces and lighter nodules is much more evident in T. scylla (Fig. 8 A – C). In addition, there are differences in the emergence of the median spiral cord on the teleoconch (end of sixth to end of tenth whorl in T. scylla; fourth or fifth whorl in S. intermedia), number of protoconch whorls (4.5 to 5 in T. scylla, Fig. 8 I; about six in S. intermedia), embryonic shell sculpture (reticulated in T. scylla, Fig. 8 J; with granules in S. intermedia) and which spiral cord weakens in the last larval shell whorl (adapical cord in T. scylla, Fig. 8 I; abapical cord in S. intermedia). Triphora scylla can be differentiated from Nanaphora leei by the elongated shell profile, more heterogeneous coloration between spiral cords on the teleoconch (Fig. 8 A – C), less nodulose subperipheral and basal cords (Fig. 8 H) and nodules with a reduced size (Fig. 8 F). One of the shells illustrated by Redfern (2013: fig. 368 A) as Monophorus ateralbus resembles T. scylla, but differs in having a slightly ovoid shape (elongated in T. scylla) and an even more heterogeneous coloration between adapical / median (brown) and abapical (white) spiral cords than T. scylla. The embryonic shell sculpture of T. scylla is reticulated, thus superficially resembling the cruciform tubercles of the genus Monophorus Grillo, 1877. The genera Nanaphora and Sagenotriphora Marshall, 1983 also possess reticulated embryonic shells, however their typical species have a curvilinear shell profile, almost ovoid, instead of the elongated shape of T. scylla; in addition, T. scylla has a later emergence of the median spiral cord on the teleoconch, especially when comparing with Sagenotriphora. In this case, it is preferable to maintain T. scylla in Triphora s. l., awaiting knowledge of the species’ anatomy and morphology. Geographic distribution. Brazil: Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
038987C7D408F84B5982FBDDE4A5FA1C.taxon	distribution	Bathymetric distribution. Subtidal to 80 m.	en	Fernandes, Maurício R., Pimenta, Alexandre D. (2015): Five new species and two records of Triphorinae (Caenogastropoda, Triphoridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4012 (3): 493-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.3.5
