taxonID	type	description	language	source
039687818D01FFBFFCC3FB42FD7BFC75.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Cyclopedus anselini n. sp. by monotypy.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D01FFBFFCC3FB42FD7BFC75.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From the Greek, “ cyclo- ” for circle, which refers to the perfect spire of the shell and is related to the names of other genera in this super-family, “ - pedus ” for child, which refers to the small size of the shell. Cyclopède is also a dedication to the French humorist Pierre Desproges.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D01FFBFFCC3FB42FD7BFC75.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Genus characterised by the small shell size and unique teleoconch sculpture of fine impressed dots arranged in spiral lines. Operculum similar to that of Ptychocochlis Simpson, 1895 in having elevated translucent lamellae expanded at the summit and connected to the succeeding whorl, thus forming a completely closed channel in cross section. However, in Ptychocochlis these lamellae form visible steps on the outer surface of the operculum, while in Cyclopedus n. gen. this surface is flat. DESCRIPTION Shell small (height from 3.0 to 3.5 mm, major diameter from 3.6 to 4.2 mm), umbilicate, dextral, broadly conical with straight outline, elevated, rather thin, light corneous, semi-translucent. Whorls 3.8 - 4.0, regularly rounded with a deep straight suture all the way to the aperture. Protoconch two whorls, with eight spiral flat ribs. Protoconch / teleoconch transition distinct because of change in microsculpture and discontinuity of growth. Surface of teleoconch with growth lines and occasional varices (discontinuity in growth); sculpture of fine impressed dots arranged in spiral lines irregularly spaced from 0.1 to 0.75 mm and inconspicuous ribs (about 40 on the body whorl) separated by 5 - 10 growth lines. Aperture circular, not cut by penultimate whorl and clearly delineated but not detached from it in fully grown specimens. Peristome complete, simple, acute, not reflected. Umbilicus open, 5.5 times smaller than major diameter, V-shaped. Operculum almost circular (about 1.8 mm in diameter), corneous, externally concave and internally convex, without any visible steps on both sides, spirally coiled, with elevated translucent lamellae expanded at the summit and connected to the succeeding whorl, thus forming completely closed channel in cross section.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D02FFBEFF19FBE3FDCAFAB8.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D02FFBEFF19FBE3FDCAFAB8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: French Guiana, Réserve naturelle des Nouragues, Nouragues field station (c. 4 ° 05 ’ N, 52 ° 41 ’ W; N 10 square), 140 m a. s. l., T. E. J. Ripken & O. Gargominy, 11. XI. 1997, leaf litter on lateritic soil in a natural forest gap (INVMAR 21029), MNHN 25066. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1 specimen used for SEM photographs, MNHN 25067. — Same data, but M 12 square, 08. XI. 1997, leaf litter on lateritic soil (INVMAR 21021), 1 specimen, MNHN 25138. — Same data, but N 15 square, 155 m a. s. l., 15. XI. 1997, leaf litter in buttresses of tree (tree code N- 15 - 138) (INVMAR 21038), 1 specimen, MNHN 25139. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Same data as paratype MNHN 25139, 3 damaged shells (MNHN). TYPE LOCALITY. — Nouragues field station (c. 4 ° 05 ’ N, 52 ° 41 ’ W), Réserve naturelle des Nouragues, French Guiana.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D02FFBEFF19FBE3FDCAFAB8.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — This species is dedicated to Anselin Baradat for the most powerful bond that ties him with the first author.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D02FFBEFF19FBE3FDCAFAB8.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — A small South American cyclophoroid species (less than 3.5 mm in height and less than 4.2 mm in diameter) characterised by its unique teleoconch sculpture of fine impressed dots arranged in spiral lines. Operculum almost circular, without any visible steps on both sides, with elevated translucent lamellae expanded at the summit and connected to the succeeding whorl, thus forming a completely closed channel in cross section.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D02FFBEFF19FBE3FDCAFAB8.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (HOLOTYPE) Shell small (height 3.2 mm, major diameter 3.7 mm), umbilicate, dextral, broadly conical with straight outline, elevated, rather thin, light corneous, semi-translucent. Whorls 3.9, regularly rounded with a deep straight suture all the way to the aperture. Protoconch two whorls, with eight spiral flat ribs. Protoconch / teleoconch transition distinct because of change in microsculpture and discontinuity of growth. Surface of teleoconch with growth lines and four varices (discontinuity in growth) in the first 3 + whorls; sculpture of fine impressed dots arranged in spiral lines irregularly spaced from 0.1 to 0.75 mm and inconspicuous ribs (about 40 on the body whorl) separated by 5 - 10 growth lines. Aperture circular, not cut by penultimate whorl and almost detached from it. Peristome almost complete, simple, acute, not reflected. Umbilicus open, 5.5 times smaller than major diameter, V-shaped. Operculum almost circular (1.8 × 1.7 mm), corneous, externally concave and internally convex, spirally coiled having the elevated translucent lamellae expanded at the summit and connected to the succeeding whorl, thus forming completely closed channel in cross section. HABITAT. — Primary forest, under leaf litter on lateritic soil.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D02FFBEFF19FBE3FDCAFAB8.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The holotype is somewhat juvenile but was chosen as the operculum was available. In fully grown specimens, the aperture is clearly delineated from the penultimate whorl although not detached. By comparison with species listed by Torre et al. (1942), Cyclopedus anselini n. gen., n. sp. seems to be the smallest known cyclophoroid in the western hemisphere.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D03FFBEFF6EFA80FBA8FD11.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudosubulina berendti Pfeiffer, 1862, by original designation.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D03FFBEFF6EFA80FBA8FD11.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Central America and Cuba. Record from Jamaica by Schileyko (2000: 840, 841) is based on mistaken classification of Sigmataxis macrospira (Adams, 1851). EMENDATIONS TO THE DIAGNOSIS. — In addition to diagnostic characters indicated by Schileyko (2000: 840, 841), genus now includes species with proximal penial stimulator, as well as with apertural dentition (see descriptions of two new species below).	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D03FFBEFF6EFA80FBA8FD11.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Thompson (2010: 197) apparently made a mistake stating the presence of an epiphallus in Pseudosubulina. There is no epiphallus in the genital apparatus of the type species (P. berendti) nor in the new species described below. The vas deferens enters the penis directly through the base of the penial retractor and there are no apparent structural differences between the proximal and distal parts of the penis that could suggest the possibility of a spermatophore creation in the former.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D03FFBBFD13FD1EFB80FA18.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: French Guiana, Réserve naturelle des Nouragues, Nouragues field station (c. 4 ° 05 ’ N, 52 ° 41 ’ W; G 17 square), 75 m a. s. l., rec. T. E. J. Ripken & O. Gargominy, 03. XI. 1997, under leaf litter near stream at thebaseofgraniticrock (INVMAR 21004), MNHN 25068. Paratypes: samedataasholotype, 2 specimens, MNHN 25069 (dissected) and 25070. — Same data, but M 12 square, 140 m a. s. l., 08. XI. 1997, leaflitteronlateriticsoil (INVMAR 21021), 5 specimens, MNHN 25071. — Same data, but N 15 square, 155 m a. s. l., T. E. J. Ripken & O. Gargominy, 15. XI. 1997, leaf litter on lateritic soil in buttresses of tree (tree code N- 15 - 138) (INVMAR 21038) MNHN 25072. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Same data as holotype, 3 damaged shells (MNHN). — Same data, but N 10 square, 140 m a. s. l., 11. XI. 1997, leaf litter on lateritic soil in a natural forest gap (INVMAR 21029), 7 damaged shells (MNHN). — Road to Cacao, 4.56548 ° N, 52.41922 ° W, 23. X. 1997, T. E. J. Ripken & O. Gargominy, on a burnand-slash stand (INVAR 20978), 1 old shell (MNHN). TYPE LOCALITY. — Nouragues field station (c. 4 ° 05 ’ N, 52 ° 41 ’ W), Réserve naturelle des Nouragues, French Guiana.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D03FFBBFD13FD1EFB80FA18.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — This species is dedicated to Theo E. J. Ripken, eminent conchologist, sparkling teacher, friend from the French Guiana field trips and co-discoverer of this species.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D03FFBBFD13FD1EFB80FA18.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Shell narrowly umbilicate, slender, turrited with straight outline and obtuse apex; consists of up to 14 evenly rounded, tightly coiled whorls with a deep straight crenulated suture. Protoconch glossy with faint radial and spiral sculpture. Surface of teleoconch with strong radial ribs, well defined on early whorls and slightly narrower than intercostal spaces, gradually disappearing below periphery on later whorls. Penis as long as free oviduct, internally with large stimulator and opposing pilaster inside its proximal part.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D03FFBBFD13FD1EFB80FA18.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (HOLOTYPE) Shell of normal size for the genus (height 13.3 mm, major diameter 2.9 mm), narrowly umbilicate, dextral, slender, turrited with straight outline, rather thin, semi-translucent, pale corneous. Whorls 13.7, evenly rounded with a deep straight crenulated suture all the way to the aperture. Protoconch 2 + whorls, glossy with faint radial and spiral sculpture. Protoconch / teleoconch transition distinct because of change in macrosculpture. Surface of teleoconch with strong radial ribs, well defined on early whorls and slightly narrower than intercostal spaces, gradually disappearing below periphery on later whorls. Growth lines visible only just before the aperture. Aperture elongated, orthocline, with approximately 90 ° columellar-basal angle, cut by penultimate whorl, with whitish parietal callus. Peristome simple, with sharp margin, not reflected except at columellar edge; reflection of columellar edge more developed in its upper part. Umbilicus tiny, not covered by columellar edge. Body white (see illustrated live specimen [paratype MNHN 25069] in Massemin et al. [2009: 420]). ANATOMY (PARATYPE MNHN 25069) Jaw thin, arcuated, vertically striated. Free oviduct long and thickened. Vagina very short. Uterus contains several embryos. Spermatheca with medium-sized oval reservoir and long duct. Penis as long as free oviduct, internally with large stimulator and opposing pilaster inside its proximal part. Vas deferens long, thin, enters penis apically through base of penial retractor and opens into long deep furrow on side of stimulator. HABITAT. — Primary forest, under leaf litter on granitic or lateritic soil.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D03FFBBFD13FD1EFB80FA18.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The description of P. theoripkeni n. sp. extends not only our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the genus Pseudosubulina (previously known with certainty from Mexico only) but also the diagnosis of the genus. Our knowledge of the anatomy of this genus is still very limited but it is evident now that internal penial structures vary from three main opposing penial pilasters in the type species (P. berendti; see Baker 1939) to the stimulator and the opposing single pilaster in P. theoripkeni n. sp. This opposing functional pair is already present in the penis of P. berendti and has been further enhanced in P. theoripkeni n. sp.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D06FFBAFD1BFA06FB57FA19.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: French Guiana, Réserve naturelle des Nouragues, Nouragues field station (c. 4 ° 05 ’ N, 52 ° 41 ’ W; K 10 square), 85 m a. s. l., T. E. J. Ripken & O. Gargominy, 20. XI. 1997, leaf litter on lateritic soil in a natural forest gap (INVMAR 21054), MNHN 25073. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 2 specimens, MNHN 25074. TYPE LOCALITY. — Nouragues field station (c. 4 ° 05 ’ N, 52 ° 41 ’ W), Réserve naturelle des Nouragues, French Guiana.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D06FFBAFD1BFA06FB57FA19.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The name of the species relates to its type locality.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D06FFBAFD1BFA06FB57FA19.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Shell not umbilicate, slender, turrited with straight outline and obtuse apex; consists of up to 10 tightly coiled, slightly shouldered whorls with a deep straight crenulated suture. Protoconch glossy with faint radial and spiral sculpture. First whorl of teleoconch with well-defined radial ribs about same width as intercostal spaces. Surface of later teleoconch whorls with well-defined broad radial ribs much wider than intercostal spaces and with extremely faint, uneven and wavy spiral sculpture. Apertural dentition consists of columellar and basal lamellae and palatal tubercule, repeated half whorl from the apertural set within penultimate whorl.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D06FFBAFD1BFA06FB57FA19.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (HOLOTYPE) Shell of small size for the genus (height 6.8 mm, major diameter 1.9 mm), not umbilicate, dextral, slender, turrited with straight outline, rather thin, translucent, pale corneous. Whorls 10, slightly shouldered with a deep straight crenulated suture all the way to the aperture. Protoconch 2 + whorls, glossy with faint radial and spiral sculpture. Protoconch / teleoconch transition distinct because of change in macrosculpture. First whorl of teleoconch with well-defined radial ribs about same width as intercostal spaces. Surface of later teleoconch whorls with well-defined broad radial ribs much wider than intercostal spaces and with extremely faint, uneven and wavy spiral sculpture. Growth lines not visible. Aperture elongated, orthocline, with approximately 90 ° columellar-basal angle, cut by penultimate whorl, with faint whitish parietal callus enhanced on columellar edge. Apertural dentition of deeply sited, strong, short palatal tubercule, perpendicular short basal lamella about same distance from aperture edge as palatal one and large spirally curving downward columellar lamella. Penultimate whorl furnished with exactly the same dentition positioned half whorl from the apertural set. Peristome simple, acute, not reflected. HABITAT. — Primary forest, under leaf litter on lateritic soil.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
039687818D06FFBAFD1BFA06FB57FA19.taxon	discussion	REMARKS With respect to shell morphology, Ischnocion triptyx (Pilsbry, 1907) (forming the monotypical genus in the Subulinidae Fischer & Crosse, 1877) described from Colombia, is somewhat similar. However, P. nouraguensis n. sp. is almost definitely a spiraxid and Ischnocion has a parietal lamella that has never been observed in any species of Spiraxidae. Yet, the taxonomic position of P. nouraguensis n. sp. is problematic even within the Spiraxidae. The entire family is in great need of revision since the anatomy is not known for most of the described species (see Baker 1926). What can be observed from the limited material available is that the Recent Spiraxidae are probably remnants of an ancient clade represented today by few well-defined generic level taxa, many of which are monotypic in the current classification. We hypothesise that similarity of the shape of embryonic whorls is much stronger evidence of phylogenetic relationships than the presence or the lack of apertural lamellae in this family. We also suggest that the presence of apertural lamellae in the Spiraxidae is a symplesiomorphic character that has been lost independently in many taxa. All six species of Jamaican Spiraxis Adams, 1850 (including all its subgenera), as well as Venezuelan Spiraxis (Ravenia) blandi (Crosse, 1873) have pointed protoconch and therefore we cannot describe P. nouraguensis n. sp. within this genus despite some similarities with Spiraxis (Euspiraxis) Pfeiffer, 1854 in the apertural armature. Thus, we describe P. nouraguensis n. sp. as Pseudosubulina based on the turrited shape of the shell with an obtuse apex, despite the presence of the apertural lamellae, which have never been recorded in this genus; refraining from the description of another monotypic generic level taxon, pending the revision of the family Spiraxidae. This extends the diagnosis of the genus Pseudosubulina, which now includes species with palatal teeth and columellar lamellae.	en	Gargominy, Olivier, Muratov, Igor V. (2012): New taxa of land snails from French Guiana. Zoosystema 34 (4): 783-792, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n4a7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n4a7
