taxonID	type	description	language	source
0396878AD02DFFE19388F9F2BE86F9A0.taxon	description	Records. New to Neotropics, recently established in North America. COSTA RICA, Heredia, Cariari, Pocosí, Finca Prima Vera, 0 – 100 m, Mar. 1996, trunk of standing Tectona grandis (teak, Verbenaceae), M. Arguedas (2 beetles), 29 July 1997, 15 – 20 cm dbh 6 years-old standing teak killed by Nectria nauriticola fungus, L. R. Kirkendall (1); Heredia, La Selva Biological Station 10 o 26 ’ N, 84 o 01 ’ W, 50 – 150 m elevation, 26 July 1996, trunk of felled Vochysia ferruginea (Vochysiaceae) L. R. Kirkendall (1); La Selva, ground-level UV light traps in second growth forest, 4 Aug. (1) and 24 Sept. (2), 11 Nov. (1), 1998, and 8 Feb. and 29 Mar. 1999 (1 each); La Selva, canopy UV light trap in old-growth forest, 2 Feb. 1999, ALAS project (1); La Selva, Malaise traps near treefalls not far from a forest edge, Nov. 1998 and Aug. 1999, ALAS project (1 each date); La Selva, 7 July 1999, 8 cm dia. broken branch of Pourouma bicolor (Urticaceae) (1) and 1 cm dia. broken branch of Protium pittieri (Burseraceae), L. R. Kirkendall (1); La Selva, 8, 17 & 19 Dec. 2003, 8 Mar. 2004, woody petiole of fallen leaf of Cecropia insignis (Urticaceae; not breeding), old growth forest, Justin Calabrese (1 each date); La Selva, 26 – 27 Mar. 2004, canopy UV light 30 m up Lecythis ampla (Lecythidaceae) tree at CCL 350 in old-growth forest ca. 300 m from secondary forest (abandoned plantation), Gunther Brehm (1); La Selva, 27 – 28 Mar. 2004, ground-level UV light at SUR 900 in old-growth forest near border with secondary-growth forest, Gunther Brehm (1); La Selva, 27 Mar. 2004, 1.5 cm branch with green leaves of cut-up, fallen Topobea maurofernandeziana (Melastomataceae) at CEN 565, L. R. Kirkendall (2); La Selva (ALAS project), 16 Feb. – 18 April 2004, 5 combined Malaise / flight intercept traps, secondary forest (402); same place and period, 5 combined Malaise / flight intercept traps, primary forest (134); La Selva, 24 June – 11 July 2006, secondary forest and forest edges, 21 collections from 13 thin, fallen Castilla elastica (Moraceae) branches, 1 from fallen Cecropia leaf, Hanne Andersen; Prov. Alajeula, Canõ Negro, 49 m, 1 – 5 Sept. 2005, J. Azofeifa, Y. Cárdenas, M. Moraga, ecotono, INBio collection # 84533 (1); Prov. Limón, La Suerte Biological Station, 10 o 26 ’ 30 ” N, 83 o 46 ’ 15 ” W, pitfall traps in secondary forest and a grove of exotic bamboo, 14 May 2005 (22) and 16 Sept. 2006 (10), light trap in secondary forest 12 April 2006 (1), Erica McAlister. PANAMA, Colon Prov. San Lorenzo Protected Area, 917 ’ N 79 º 58 ’ W 130 m elevation, old-growth forest, 22 Sept. 2003 to 30 Oct. 2004, ground level UV light traps, R. Kitching (149), ground level flight intercept traps, A. Tishechkin (76), flight intercept traps at different heights, R. K. Didham, L. L. Fagan & M. Rapp, 0 m (136), 1.3 m (61), 7 m (119), 14 m (27), 21 m (3), 28 m (1), pit fall traps, E. Medianero (7), Malaise traps, S. Pinzon & N. D. Springate (2); same site, beating 2 cm dia. recently dead branches of Calliandra sp. (Fabaceae) 15 Oct. 2003, F. Ødegaard (1), beating 3 cm dia. recently dead branches of Poulsenia armata (Moraceae) 28 May 2004, F. Ødegaard (1).	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
0396878AD02DFFE19388F9F2BE86F9A0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among xyleborine ambrosia beetles, Xylosandrus crassiusculus is easily recognizable by the combination of shape (Fig. 1 a, b), separated procoxae (placing it in Xylosandrus), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and characteristic declivity with its dull surface and dense, scattered fine granules (Fig. 1 c; see also Rabaglia et al., 2006).	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
0396878AD02DFFE19388F9F2BE86F9A0.taxon	discussion	Comments. Like many other xyleborines, this stout, medium-sized Oriental species has been transported through commerce to many parts of the world (CAB International, 2005 b). First detected in North America in 1974, it has rapidly spread throughout the southeastern U. S., westwards as far as Texas and northwards as far as Maryland (Atkinson et al., 1988; Bright & Skidmore, 2002; Rabaglia, 2003; Rabaglia et al., 2006; Wood & Bright, 1992). Small populations have recently become established in Oregon as well, introduced via hardwood railroad ties (CAB International, 2005 b; LaBonte et al., 2005). This aggressive species is considered a high-risk quarantine pest, and is recorded as killing otherwise healthy nursery stock and saplings (especially transplants) where it has been introduced in Africa and the U. S. (Atkinson et al., 1988; Browne, 1963; CAB International, 2005 b; Roberts, 1969; Schedl, 1962). For example, X. crassiusculus has caused considerable mortality to Cinchona planted in Java (Kalshoven, 1924), to Aucoumea kleiniana and Khaya ivoriensis plantations in Ghana (Browne, 1963), to peach orchards in South Carolina (Kovach & Gorsuch, 1985), and to potted Quercus shumardii and Ulmus parviflora in a nursery in Florida (Atkinson et al., 2005). It is not known if the species can kill healthy plants or branches in natural forests. Local populations are known to have spread successfully into native tropical forests on Hawaii (Samuelson, 1981) and in peninsular Malaysia (Maeto et al., 1999). The species normally breeds in smaller diameter stems or branches of a wide variety of host plant families; in Costa Rica it has been also collected several times from the woody petioles of fallen Cecropia leaves, though no breeding activity has been observed in them. Although common in small diameter breeding material, X. crassiusculus has also been collected from larger trunks and from timber (Atkinson et al., 1988). The stratification data from flight intercept traps in the Panama study, suggest that this species normally flies at heights under 10 m above the ground. The earliest neotropical records are from a teak plantation and from La Selva Biological Research Station, both near the Caribbean port of Limón, northeast Costa Rica. The specimens from teak were taken from one of several trees which had apparently been initially weakened or killed by a lightning strike. The ambrosia beetles attacking the affected trees were primarily Euplatypus parallelus (Fabricius) and Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, and included X. ferrugineus (Fabricius), X. volvulus (Fabricius) and the platypodines Megaplatypus latreillei (Chapuis) and M. liratus (Blandford). La Suerte Biological Station is located 22 km E of La Selva, and less than 10 km NW of the teak plantations. The pitfall traps were baited with feces (monkey, human, cow, or chicken) and contained ethanol as a preservative. (Many scolytine beetles were found in the traps, presumably attracted by the ethanol.) If X. crassiusculus had been established much earlier in northeast Costa Rica, specimens would certainly have been collected. Before 1996, no X. crassiusculus were collected by J. Saunders in the 1960 s during thesis research on a cacao farm only about 40 km SE of La Selva; at La Selva in Malaise traps run by P. E. Hanson and helpers (1991 – 1993, as part of a country-wide Malaise trap network); or during extensive trapping and hand-sampling associated with the ALAS arthropod survey in the early and mid- 1990 s. Some of the above records are from old-growth (primary) forest, though all of these are from sites less than 1 km from secondary-growth forest and almost all were sampled along or very close to established trails. This species is now the second most frequently collected scolytine breeding in small branches at La Selva Biological Station, after Xylosandrus morigerus — another well-established Asian exotic. Curiously, the two native central American congeners [X. curtulus (Eichhoff), X. zimmermanni (Hopkins)] are rarely collected by hand or in traps in Costa Rica – Panama, and native genera of ambrosia beetles specialized to small branches, such as Coptoborus and Theoborus, are infrequently encountered and uncommon in traps. Many hundreds of individuals of X. crassiusculus have been collected from La Selva Biological Station since 1996. The single specimen found by the nation-wide insect inventory being conducted by INBio is from Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, located approximately 90 km NW of La Selva and ca 15 km S of Lake Nicaragua. Taken together, these finds suggest that the species is now well established and widespread in the north and east of Costa Rica; it is also likely that it has spread into southern Nicaragua as well. The large numbers of this species collected in the old growth forest in the Colón region of Panama indicate a well-established population there as well, but lack of earlier research in the region means that the age of the population is unknown. Since there has not been any other intensive collecting of wood-breeding insects along the Caribbean coast of southern Central America, we cannot say whether the collections from Heredia and Colón represent separate introductions or two samples from one continuous population. However, there are no specimens from southeastern Costa Rica in the country-wide general insect collections of the national biodiversity institute INBio. Nor has the species been found in flight intercept trap, Malaise, or UV light collections from Belize or Nicaragua conducted in the 1990 s (Kirkendall, unpublished data). The species is not yet known from South America (Wood, 2007).	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
0396878AD028FFE09388F9F7B93BFA98.taxon	description	Records: New to Americas. COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Osa Conservation Area, Estación Esquinas, 200 m, coll. # 2273, July 1993, INBio specimen barcode CRI 001839038; same locality, Malaise trap, coll. # 3087, June 1994, J. F. Quesada & M. Segura, INBIO barcode INB 0003504987; Puntarenas, Golfito, Estaci \ n Agujas, Sendero Ajo, 250 – 350 m elevation, coll. # 57259, 18 July 1999, large diameter Brosimum utile (Moraceae), R. Gonzalez Manual, INBio barcodes INB 0003310007, INB 0003310009, INB 0003310010, INB 0003310011, INB 0003310012, INB 0003310014; Puntarenas, Golfito, Estaci \ n Agujas, Sendero Homo, 300 m elevation, coll. # 61424, 12 Aug. 2000, in trunk, A. Azofeifa, INB 0003127510. PANAMA, Panama Prov., Gamboa, 99 ’ N 79 º 44 ’ W, 50 m elevation, 28 Dec. 1995, at lights in second growth forest, F. Ødegaard (1); Darien Prov., Darien National Park, Pirre, Rancho Frio, 30 July 2002, Malaise trap, A. Santos & R. Miranda (1); Colon Prov., San Lorenzo Protected Area, 9 º 17 ’ N 79 º 58 ’ W, 130 m elevation, old-growth forest, 22 Sept. 2003 – 30 Oct. 2004, ground level UV light traps, R. Kitching (2), ground level flight intercept traps, A. Tishechkin (19), sticky traps, Y. Basset (14), pit fall traps, E. Medianero (1), canopy fogging, J. Schmidl & J. Bail (1), flight intercept traps at different heights, R. K. Didham, L. L. Fagan & M. Rapp, 0 m (53), 1.3 m (61), 7 m (33), 14 m (91), 21 m (115), 28 m (84), 35 m (26); Panamá Prov, Alto de Espave, 100 m elevation, 19 Dec. 2003, flight intercept trap, L. Guerra (1); Panama Prov., Cerro Azul, 800 m elevation, 4 Mar. 2004, flight intercept trap, L. Guerra (1). In addition, there are many specimens of this species in vials of unidentified Scolytinae collected by Hector Barrios (Univ. Panamá) from flight intercept traps in the dry tropical forest of Parque Natural Metropolitano (Panamá Prov., close to Panama City) in 1996 – 1997 (Kirkendall, unpublished identifications).	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
0396878AD028FFE09388F9F7B93BFA98.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species was identified by direct comparison with Sri Lanka specimens determined by Karl E. Schedl and Malaysian specimens determined by Roger A. Beaver. The overall shape, conical scutellum (diagnostic for Xyleborinus), and pattern of teeth on the declivital margin (Fig. 1 d) are characteristic.	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
0396878AD028FFE09388F9F7B93BFA98.taxon	discussion	Comments. This small, slender Oriental ambrosia beetle occurs naturally from Sri Lanka to Southeast Asia, and Indonesia to Sulawesi (Beaver, 2005). In what was the first report of the species from West Africa (from Gabon), Xyleborinus exiguus was one of the most numerous of the scolytines collected during intensive insect trapping from Jan. – Mar. 1999 (Basset et al., 2001; Beaver, 2005). Multiple specimens have been collected from two localities in southwest Costa Rica (Osa Peninsula and Golfito), and hundreds from scattered localities in central Panama, plus one from Darien National Park in southern Panama. Based on these records, it is probable that there is one continuous population in southern Central America, stretching from southwestern Costa Rica to (at least) the border between Panama and Colombia, but this needs to be corroborated by further collecting. It is only a matter of time before this species becomes established in South America; S. L. Wood did not see specimens of this species during his preparation of a monograph of the bark beetles of South America (Wood, 2007). It seems likely that this population was introduced to Panama via shipping from Asia, though a West African origin cannot be ruled out.	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
0396878AD029FFE39388FA30B93CFB38.taxon	description	Records. Recently discovered in North America (Rabaglia et al., 2006; Thomas, 2005); one previous record for Neotropics, a single specimen from an unidentified branch in the Panama Canal Zone in July 1979 (Wood 1980). COSTA RICA, Heredia, La Selva Biological Station 10 o 26 ’ N, 84 o 01 ’ W, 50 – 150 m elevation, 8 April 1982 (1) & 7 April 1983 (1), H. A. Hespenheide; La Selva, 12 July 1996 (1), 2 cm branch of Protium panamense, and 31 July 1997, 3 cm branch of Cedrela odorata (1), L. Kirkendall; La Selva, Project ALAS Malaise traps in old-growth forest emptied on 15 Feb. 1993 (1), 1 May 1993 (1), 2 May 1993 (1), 1 July 1993 (1), 15 Feb. 1994 (1), one in secondary growth forest, 2 April 1993 (2). The Malaise traps in old-growth forest are within 500 m of more disturbed habitats with the exception of a trap (M / 08) which is ca 1100 m inside oldgrowth forest. PANAMA, multiple collections from old-growth forest in Prov. Col \ n, San Lorenzo Protected Area: 1. Feb. 2002, beating dead branches of Brosimum utile in the understory, F. Ødegaard (1); 1 – 13 Oct. 2003, flight intercept trap at 14 m height, R. Didham & L Fagan (1); 11 – 15 Oct. 2003, sticky trap, Y. Basset (1); 31 May 2004, beating dead branches of Tocoyena pittieri (Rubiaceae), F. Ødegaard (1).	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
0396878AD029FFE39388FA30B93CFB38.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species was identified by direct comparison with authenticated specimens in The Natural History Museum (London). This species was sorted for several years as an unidentified species in the endemic genus Theoborus, in the ALAS collections. Though Euwallacea and Theoborus are not closely related (Jordal, 2002), these taxa are quite similar; E. fornicatus and most described and undescribed Theoborus from Central America have a carinate posterolateral declivital margin which extends from interstriae 7 or striae 7 on the disc (Fig. 1 e, h), and E. fornicatus and Theoborus have similar body proportions, a suture on the antennal club continued on the posterior face (Fig. 1 g, arrow), and a crenulate margin of the pronotum. This species can be identified using the key to Xyleborus in Wood (1982). However, it could easily key to Theoborus in that work (op. cit., p. 69), if one does not have great familiarity with antennal club structure in this group, though it does not to key any species in that genus. Euwallacea fornicatus can be distinguished from native Theoborus species of Central America by a combination of size, shape, and details of the elytra (Wood, 1982).	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
0396878AD029FFE39388FA30B93CFB38.taxon	discussion	Comments. The single Panama collection (Wood 1980) remained the only New World record until North American specimens were collected from the ornamental tree Delonix regia (Fabaceae) in Dade County, Florida in 2002, and in 2003 in Los Angeles County, California, from four different hosts (Acer negundo, Alnus rubra, Platanus racemosa, and Robinia pseudoacacia); since then, repeated collections in Dade and Broward counties suggest that E. fornicatus is solidly established in the southern tip of Florida (Haack, 2006; Thomas, 2005). This Old World species is notorious as a pest of tea (“ the shot-hole borer of tea ”), in Sri Lanka and southern India, Borneo, and Java; elsewhere, it is a pest in plantations, recently reforested plots, and nurseries (Browne, 1961; CAB International, 2005 a; Kalshoven, 1958). Most attacks are to twigs and small branches or stems. Euwallacea fornicatus seems to be much less abundant than the previously discussed species, with very few specimens yet known despite the intensive sampling of wood-boring insects at the collection sites. As with X. crassiusculus, we cannot say if the disjunct distribution (northeast Costa Rica – central Panama) reflects lack of sampling in the intervening region or separate populations resulting from multiple introductions. Wood (2007) reports a series of specimens from Manaus, Brasil, but with no collection data.	en	Kirkendall, Lawrence R., Ødegaard, Frode (2007): Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273913
