identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0397B63B5272FFDAFF13F890675CFF5D.text	0397B63B5272FFDAFF13F890675CFF5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889	<div><p>Family Chaetasteridae Sladen, 1889</p> <p>Amended diagnosis. Arms long, narrow, subcylindrical, disc small, interradii acutely angled. Arms constructed of 7 to 13 well defined rows of extraxial ossicles; abactinal, marginal and actinal ossicles of the arm of similar size, all carry raised central ridge. Abactinal ossicles of disc small, round to oval. (modified from Clark &amp; Downey, 1992).</p> <p>Included genera. Chaetaster Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842, Arthraster Forbes, 1848.</p> <p>Remarks. The diagnosis of this small family, previously unknown in the fossil record, is amended here to include the Cretaceous genus Arthraster.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397B63B5272FFDAFF13F890675CFF5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gale, Andrew S.	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61.text	0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arthraster Forbes 1848	<div><p>Genus Arthraster Forbes, 1848</p> <p>Type species. Arthraster dixoni Forbes, 1848 by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Long-armed, robust chaetasterids, in which the extraxial arm is constructed of 7 rows of ossicles, including 1 row of large radials, paired rows of supero- and inferomarginals and broad actinals. Arm ossicles with tall transverse crest; abactinals of disc small, round, with raised central region.</p> <p>Included species. In addition to the type species, A. cristatus Spencer, 1907.</p> <p>Remarks. Arthraster shares a number of similarities with Chaetaster, most obviously the long, subcylindrical arms and small disc, the fact that the abactinal, marginal and actinal ossicles are of similar size, and arranged in longitudinal rows. The extraxial ossicles of the arm (radials, marginal, actinals) of Arthraster (Fig. 1A, B) bear transverse ridges, similar to those present on the interradially positioned adradials and marginals of Chaetaster (Fig. 1D). The abactinal ossicles of the disc of Arthraster, revealed by preparation of the abactinal surface of the holotype of A. dixoni (Fig. 1B), are small and oval to rounded, as in Chaetaster. The differences between the genera include the smaller number of extraxial arm ossicle rows in Arthraster (7, rather than 13 in Chaetaster), and the presence of crested ridges on the arm and abactinal ossicles; the raised central regions are flat-topped in Chaetaster.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gale, Andrew S.	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FE9D66E7FD0D.text	0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FE9D66E7FD0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetaster Muller & Troschel 1842	<div><p>Genus Chaetaster Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842</p> <p>Diagnosis. Delicately constructed 5-rayed asteroids with long, narrow arms, small discs; marginal, abactinal and actinal ossicles of nearly equal size and shape, with raised, flat-topped central region bearing a dense cluster of short, hyaline spines; proximal arm constructed of 13 extraxial plate rows (1 radial, 4 adradial, paired supero- and inferomarginals, 4 actinals), decreasing distally to 5 close to arm tip (1 radial, paired supero- and inferomarginals).</p> <p>Type species. Asterias longipes Bruzelius, 1805</p> <p>Remarks. Chaetaster includes a small group of living species (Mah, 2020), including, in addition to the type species (eastern central Atlantic), C. nodosus Perrier, 1875 (central western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico), C. moorei Bell, 1894 (South China Sea), and C. vestitus Koehler, 1910 (Indian Ocean).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FE9D66E7FD0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gale, Andrew S.	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDFFF13FA8161C9FEED.text	0397B63B5273FFDFFF13FA8161C9FEED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arthraster dixoni Forbes 1848	<div><p>Arthraster dixoni Forbes, 1848</p> <p>Figures 1A, B, 2A, B</p> <p>1848 Arthraster dixoni Forbes: p. 467.</p> <p>1850 Arthraster dixoni Forbes: p. 336, pl. 23 fig. 1.</p> <p>p 1907 Arthraster dixoni Forbes. —Spencer: p. 91, pl. 18: fig. 1 only.</p> <p>1913 Arthraster dixoni Forbes. —Spencer: p. 140.</p> <p>1918 Arthraster dixoni Forbes. —Spencer: p. 168.</p> <p>1966 Arthraster dixoni Forbes. —Spencer &amp; Wright: U74, fig. 64.8.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Arthraster in which the crest on the extraxial arm ossicles is low and weakly sculptured.</p> <p>Type. NHMUK 47000, Middle Turonian of Balcombe, Sussex, U.K.</p> <p>Description. Arms cylindrical, elongated, disc small (Fig. 1A). Arms made up of 7 rows of extraxial ossicles, including radials (1), marginals (2 pairs) and actinals (1 pair). Actinals, inferomarginals, superomarginals in longitudinally and transversely aligned rows, bearing central, transverse crest. Radials with tall crest, concave distally. Abactinal surface of disc (Fig. 1B) rimmed by broad supero- and inferomarginals, including single interradial pair. Abactinal ossicles of disc small, round to oval, bearing central process. Adradials small, 4 pairs in each arm, only extending into base of arm.</p> <p>Remarks. The well-preserved actinal surface of the holotype has been illustrated a number of times (see synonomy, above), and the basic construction of the arm has been described. However, Spencer (1918) and Spencer &amp; Wright (1966: fig. 64.8) mistook the two rows of actinal ossicles for adambulacrals, which appear on the edges of the ambulacral groove. In 2005, I was permitted to develop the part of the abactinal surface of the disc and basal arms of the holotype, which showed considerable similarities with the same parts of the living genus Chaetaster. These include the ridged interradial marginal ossicles, and the small abactinal ossicles of the disc.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397B63B5273FFDFFF13FA8161C9FEED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gale, Andrew S.	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDEFF13F9A96713FE95.text	0397B63B5276FFDEFF13F9A96713FE95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetasterina gracilis Hess 1970	<div><p>Chaetasterina gracilis Hess, 1970</p> <p>Figure 2 C–I</p> <p>1970 Chaetasterina Hess: p. 1082, figs 9–14, pl. 3: fig. 5.</p> <p>Diagnosis. As for genus.</p> <p>Type. The unique holotype is from the Upper Hauterivian of Neuchâtel, Switzerland (NMB Hess A 94).</p> <p>Remarks. The sole specimen is small (R approximately 12 mm) and probably juvenile, but well-preserved, and parts of the specimen are covered in tiny, dense spines, similar to those on Hyalinothrix. The abactinal ossicles (Fig. 2C) of the arm are arranged in transverse rows diverging from mid-radius, very different from situation in Chaetaster in which the abactinals form well-defined columns extending from the disc to the arm tip (Fig. 1F). The abactinals of C. gracilis (Fig. 2 E-I) are small and paxillose, with flanged, imbricating bases, like those in Hyalinothrix (Fig. 2M) and unlike the robust, block-like ossicles of Chaetaster (Fig. 1D, F). The inferomarginals of C. gracilis (Fig. 2H, I) are small and similar to those of Hyalinothrix (Fig. 2I). The body shape of C. gracilis, with short, straplike arms (Fig. 2C, D) and broad disc, is unlike those of Hyalothrix specimens, which have long, cylindrical arms and a small disc. However, the unique specimen of C. gracilis is probably a juvenile, and many asteroid juveniles have proportionately short arms.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397B63B5276FFDEFF13F9A96713FE95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gale, Andrew S.	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FC4D662EFA49.text	0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FC4D662EFA49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetasterina Hess 1970	<div><p>Genus Chaetasterina Hess, 1970</p> <p>Diagnosis. Hyalothricinae in which the arms are short and strap-like and the abactinals are arranged in poorly defined transverse rows.</p> <p>Type species. C. gracilis Hess, 1970.</p> <p>Remarks. The genus is referred to the Hyalothricinae on the following evidence;</p> <p>- presence of tufts of glassy spines on the primary external ossicles.</p> <p>- the small, tessellate abactinals which possess imbricating basal flanges</p> <p>- the small inferomarginals, equal in size to the adambulacrals</p> <p>The ossicle arrangement and morphology is quite different to that of the Chaetasteridae (Fig. 1 C–F) in which the abactinals form longitudinal columns of blocky ossicles.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FC4D662EFA49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gale, Andrew S.	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FE4565D8FC2D.text	0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FE4565D8FC2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalinothricinae Fisher 1911	<div><p>Subfamily Hyalinothricinae Fisher, 1911</p> <p>Included genera. Hyalinothrix Fisher, 1911; Seriaster Jangoux, 1984; Tarachaster Fisher, 1913; Chaetasterina Hess, 1970 (Mah &amp; Fujita 2020).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Abactinals small, paxillose, imbricating; supero- and inferomarginals small, of equal size. All external ossicles bear a tuft of densely packed, glassy spines, positioned on a raised central region.</p> <p>Remarks. Hyalinothrix was removed from the Ganeriidae Sladen, 1889 and the subfamily Hyalothricinae placed in the family Asterinidae on the basis of molecular evidence, supported by some morphological features, notably the imbricating abactinal plates and the presence of paxillae similar to those developed in some asterinids (Mah &amp; Fujita 2020). The genus has well-developed, but small supero- and inferomarginals (Fig. 2L); the paxillose abactinal ossicles possess imbricating basal processes and form a tessellation around the large popular pores (Fig. 2M).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FE4565D8FC2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gale, Andrew S.	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
