taxonID	type	description	language	source
0397B63B5272FFDAFF13F890675CFF5D.taxon	description	Included genera. Chaetaster Müller & Troschel, 1842, Arthraster Forbes, 1848.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5272FFDAFF13F890675CFF5D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The diagnosis of this small family, previously unknown in the fossil record, is amended here to include the Cretaceous genus Arthraster.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Arthraster dixoni Forbes, 1848 by original designation.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Long-armed, robust chaetasterids, in which the extraxial arm is constructed of 7 rows of ossicles, including 1 row of large radials, paired rows of supero- and inferomarginals and broad actinals. Arm ossicles with tall transverse crest; abactinals of disc small, round, with raised central region. Included species. In addition to the type species, A. cristatus Spencer, 1907.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Arthraster shares a number of similarities with Chaetaster, most obviously the long, subcylindrical arms and small disc, the fact that the abactinal, marginal and actinal ossicles are of similar size, and arranged in longitudinal rows. The extraxial ossicles of the arm (radials, marginal, actinals) of Arthraster (Fig. 1 A, B) bear transverse ridges, similar to those present on the interradially positioned adradials and marginals of Chaetaster (Fig. 1 D). The abactinal ossicles of the disc of Arthraster, revealed by preparation of the abactinal surface of the holotype of A. dixoni (Fig. 1 B), are small and oval to rounded, as in Chaetaster. The differences between the genera include the smaller number of extraxial arm ossicle rows in Arthraster (7, rather than 13 in Chaetaster), and the presence of crested ridges on the arm and abactinal ossicles; the raised central regions are flat-topped in Chaetaster.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FE9D66E7FD0D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Delicately constructed 5 - rayed asteroids with long, narrow arms, small discs; marginal, abactinal and actinal ossicles of nearly equal size and shape, with raised, flat-topped central region bearing a dense cluster of short, hyaline spines; proximal arm constructed of 13 extraxial plate rows (1 radial, 4 adradial, paired supero- and inferomarginals, 4 actinals), decreasing distally to 5 close to arm tip (1 radial, paired supero- and inferomarginals).	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FE9D66E7FD0D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Asterias longipes Bruzelius, 1805	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FE9D66E7FD0D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaetaster includes a small group of living species (Mah, 2020), including, in addition to the type species (eastern central Atlantic), C. nodosus Perrier, 1875 (central western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico), C. moorei Bell, 1894 (South China Sea), and C. vestitus Koehler, 1910 (Indian Ocean).	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDFFF13FA8161C9FEED.taxon	description	Figures 1 A, B, 2 A, B 1848 Arthraster dixoni Forbes: p. 467. 1850 Arthraster dixoni Forbes: p. 336, pl. 23 fig. 1. p 1907 Arthraster dixoni Forbes. — Spencer: p. 91, pl. 18: fig. 1 only. 1913 Arthraster dixoni Forbes. — Spencer: p. 140. 1918 Arthraster dixoni Forbes. — Spencer: p. 168. 1966 Arthraster dixoni Forbes. — Spencer & Wright: U 74, fig. 64.8.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDFFF13FA8161C9FEED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arthraster in which the crest on the extraxial arm ossicles is low and weakly sculptured.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDFFF13FA8161C9FEED.taxon	materials_examined	Type. NHMUK 47000, Middle Turonian of Balcombe, Sussex, U. K.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDFFF13FA8161C9FEED.taxon	description	Description. Arms cylindrical, elongated, disc small (Fig. 1 A). Arms made up of 7 rows of extraxial ossicles, including radials (1), marginals (2 pairs) and actinals (1 pair). Actinals, inferomarginals, superomarginals in longitudinally and transversely aligned rows, bearing central, transverse crest. Radials with tall crest, concave distally. Abactinal surface of disc (Fig. 1 B) rimmed by broad supero- and inferomarginals, including single interradial pair. Abactinal ossicles of disc small, round to oval, bearing central process. Adradials small, 4 pairs in each arm, only extending into base of arm.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5273FFDFFF13FA8161C9FEED.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The well-preserved actinal surface of the holotype has been illustrated a number of times (see synonomy, above), and the basic construction of the arm has been described. However, Spencer (1918) and Spencer & Wright (1966: fig. 64.8) mistook the two rows of actinal ossicles for adambulacrals, which appear on the edges of the ambulacral groove. In 2005, I was permitted to develop the part of the abactinal surface of the disc and basal arms of the holotype, which showed considerable similarities with the same parts of the living genus Chaetaster. These include the ridged interradial marginal ossicles, and the small abactinal ossicles of the disc.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDEFF13F9A96713FE95.taxon	description	Figure 2 C – I 1970 Chaetasterina Hess: p. 1082, figs 9 – 14, pl. 3: fig. 5.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDEFF13F9A96713FE95.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for genus.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDEFF13F9A96713FE95.taxon	materials_examined	Type. The unique holotype is from the Upper Hauterivian of Neuchâtel, Switzerland (NMB Hess A 94).	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDEFF13F9A96713FE95.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The sole specimen is small (R approximately 12 mm) and probably juvenile, but well-preserved, and parts of the specimen are covered in tiny, dense spines, similar to those on Hyalinothrix. The abactinal ossicles (Fig. 2 C) of the arm are arranged in transverse rows diverging from mid-radius, very different from situation in Chaetaster in which the abactinals form well-defined columns extending from the disc to the arm tip (Fig. 1 F). The abactinals of C. gracilis (Fig. 2 E-I) are small and paxillose, with flanged, imbricating bases, like those in Hyalinothrix (Fig. 2 M) and unlike the robust, block-like ossicles of Chaetaster (Fig. 1 D, F). The inferomarginals of C. gracilis (Fig. 2 H, I) are small and similar to those of Hyalinothrix (Fig. 2 I). The body shape of C. gracilis, with short, straplike arms (Fig. 2 C, D) and broad disc, is unlike those of Hyalothrix specimens, which have long, cylindrical arms and a small disc. However, the unique specimen of C. gracilis is probably a juvenile, and many asteroid juveniles have proportionately short arms.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FC4D662EFA49.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hyalothricinae in which the arms are short and strap-like and the abactinals are arranged in poorly defined transverse rows.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FC4D662EFA49.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. C. gracilis Hess, 1970.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FC4D662EFA49.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus is referred to the Hyalothricinae on the following evidence; - presence of tufts of glassy spines on the primary external ossicles. - the small, tessellate abactinals which possess imbricating basal flanges - the small inferomarginals, equal in size to the adambulacrals The ossicle arrangement and morphology is quite different to that of the Chaetasteridae (Fig. 1 C – F) in which the abactinals form longitudinal columns of blocky ossicles.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FE4565D8FC2D.taxon	description	Included genera. Hyalinothrix Fisher, 1911; Seriaster Jangoux, 1984; Tarachaster Fisher, 1913; Chaetasterina Hess, 1970 (Mah & Fujita 2020).	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FE4565D8FC2D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Abactinals small, paxillose, imbricating; supero- and inferomarginals small, of equal size. All external ossicles bear a tuft of densely packed, glassy spines, positioned on a raised central region.	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
0397B63B5276FFDFFF13FE4565D8FC2D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Hyalinothrix was removed from the Ganeriidae Sladen, 1889 and the subfamily Hyalothricinae placed in the family Asterinidae on the basis of molecular evidence, supported by some morphological features, notably the imbricating abactinal plates and the presence of paxillae similar to those developed in some asterinids (Mah & Fujita 2020). The genus has well-developed, but small supero- and inferomarginals (Fig. 2 L); the paxillose abactinal ossicles possess imbricating basal processes and form a tessellation around the large popular pores (Fig. 2 M).	en	Gale, Andrew S. (2020): The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911. Zootaxa 4858 (1): 144-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11
